Tesis Carlos Alberto Quiñones Leyva

8/18/2019 Tesis Carlos Alberto Quiñones Leyva

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UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DEL ESTADO DEMORELOS

FACULTAD DE HUMANIDADES

KANT Y LA PARADOJA DE LA DEDUCCIÓN TRASCENDENTALDE LAS CATEGORÍAS EN LA CRÍTICA DE LA RAZÓN PURA

TESIS

QUE PARA OBTENER EL TÍTULO DE: LICENCIADO EN FILOSOFÍA

PRESENTA:CARLOS ALBERTO QUIÑONES LEYVA

ASESOR: MTRO. ANTOINE RUFS CALDERÓN

Cuernaa!a" M#r" a Mar$# %e &'(&

DEDICATORIA


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La presente inesti!a"i#n es e$ %r&t' (e &n tra)a*' "'ntin&' +&e "',en-# a"e /a "asi

"in"' a0's "&an(' "',en"1 $'s est&(i's (e %i$'s'%2a. A+&2 se res&,e3 n' s#$' ,i

es%&er-'3 sin' (e t'(as a+&e$$as pers'nas +&e "ir"&n(an e$ pe+&e0' / %ra!,entari'

espe"t4"&$' +&e es ,i i(a. L' ,4s se!&r' es +&e se (i$&/an a$!&n's (e $'s n',)res

entre ,is re"&er('s3 / n' p'r in!ratit&(3 sin' p'r ,i in"apa"i(a( (e p'(er re"'r(ar$'s

t'('s. A t'(as esas pers'nas +&e p&e(a '$i(ar / +&e se re"'n'-"an en $' +&e /' %&i3 $'

+&e s'/ / $' +&e p&e(' ser $es (e(i"' este tra)a*' / ,i ,4s sin"er' a!ra(e"i,ient'.

A ,2 %a,i$ia3 p'r a!&antar,e / ap'/ar,e in"'n(i"i'na$,ente en esta %'r,a (e i(a +&e

es $a %i$'s'%2a. Un sin"er' a!ra(e"i,ient'. A ,is pr'%es'res a +&ienes (e)' ,&"' p'r s&

pa"ien"ia3 s& ent&sias,' / s& pasi#n p'r $a %i$'s'%2a: a $a Dra. E$i-a)et C4e-

5a$en"ia3 e$ Li". Car$'s M'n"a(a 6i$3 e$ Dr. R'(ri!' Mier3 e$ Mtr'. Harriet 6ar"2a (e

5i"&0a3 $a Mtra. R&t Se$ene 6ar"2a Hern4n(e-3 $a Li". Mari"r&- Cisner's3 $a Dra. 7ri8a

Lin(i! Cisner's. Un sin"er' a!ra(e"i,ient'.

A$ Mtr'. Ant'ine R&%s Ca$(er#n3 a!ra(e-"' s& pa"ien"ia3 s&s "'nse*'s3 p'r+&e s1 +&e

"',part' s& pasi#n p'r $a %i$'s'%2a3 / p'r+&e n' a si(' s#$' &n !&2a en este pr'/e"t'3

sin' +&e a si(' &n "',pa0er'. A$ Mtr'. E(!ar M'ra$es F$'res3 (e +&ien a(,ir' e$ ri!'r /

$a sa)i(&r2a ,2sti"a +&e trans,ite3 9Ora pro nobis, Edgar

A$ Dr. Fran"is"' Ira"eta Fern4n(e- p'r s& ap'/' / s& (isp'si"i#n sie,pre a (is"&tir s')re pr')$e,as 8antian's. Ta,)i1n a!ra(e-"' a$ Dr. E%ra2n La-'s O"'a (e$ Instit&t'

(e Inesti!a"i'nes Fi$'s#%i"as (e $a UNAM p'r a)er,e e"' part2"ipe (e &n (i4$'!'

"'n $a tra(i"i#n 8antiana3 / p'r $a "'n%ian-a. A$ pr'/e"t' PAPIIT IN)''*(& +Ra!,#na-,%a%

!r./,!a0 a-!an!e1 2 -.3,/e1 %e -a /ra%,!,4n 5an/,ana6 p'r $a )e"a +&e ,e 't'r!ar'n para

"'n"$&ir ,i tesis. P'r ;$ti,'3 per' n' ,en's i,p'rtantes3 a ,is "',pa0er's (e $a

"arrera3 p'r s& ap'/'3 s& a,ista( / $as (is"&si'nes +&e sie,pre t&i,'s / enri+&e"ier'n

n&estra %'r,a"i#n. Per' s& a,ista( $' a$e s'$a,ente. A ita3 a t'('s e$$'s a!ra(e-"' en'r,e,ente

a!&antar,e en ,is )&en's / ,a$'s rat's.

A t'('s $'s +&e s1 '$i('3 &n sin"er' a!ra(e"i,ient'.

Ín%,!e %e C#n/en,%#1

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?. La (e(&""i#n tras"en(enta$: $a para('*a (e @ant.............. p. .

?.? Ante"e(entes ist#ri"'s (e $a De(&""i#n: $a Dissertatio / $a (1"a(asi$en"i'sa.. p.

?. La pri,era Crítica: $'s pi$ares (e $a episte,'$'!2a 8antiana / $a %i$'s'%2atras"en(enta$.p. ?

?..? Int&i"i#n / "'n"ept': $a ,eta%2si"a (e $a eperien"ia (e @ant..p. ?a La in,e(iate- (e $a int&i"i#n..........p. ?) E$ es+&e,a "'n"ept&a$ (e $a eperien"ia: $a De(&""i#n Meta%2si"a.p. G

. La te'r2a 8antiana (e $'s "'n"ept's..p.

.? E$ "'n"ept' en @ant.p.

.?.? La nat&ra$e-a (e$ "'n"ept' en @ant.p.

.?. Tip's (e "'n"ept's / $a %&n"i#n (e s2ntesis.p. JJ

. Materia / %'r,a (e $'s "'n"ept's...p. J

a La %'r,a (e $'s "'n"ept's. p. K

) La ,ateria (e $'s "'n"ept's.. p. KK

. La De(&""i#n Tras"en(enta$: re%erir "'n"ept's a ')*et's.. p. K

.? E$ si!ni%i"a(' (e $a De(&""i#n en @ant: Quid iuris s. Quid facti : $a ne"esi(a(

(e $a (e(&""i#n tras"en(enta$.p. GK

. Las a,)i!e(a(es (e @ant en t'rn' a$ pr'/e"t' (e $a De(&""i#n: Re%erir "'n"ept's a ')*et's..p. ?

.. Ep2$'!': e$ pr')$e,a (e $as (e(&""i'nes tras"en(enta$es.....p.

.J C'n"$&si#n........p. .

Bi)$i'!ra%2a....p. G

In/r#%u!!,4n

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En $a Crítica de la Razón Pura @ant ep'ne $a ne"esi(a( (e rea$i-ar &na De(&""i#n

Tras"en(enta$ (e $'s "'n"ept's p&r's / a tra1s (e 1sta pr')ar $a rea$i(a( ')*etia (e

est's ,is,'s. @ant (e%ine e$ ')*eti' (e este 's"&r' pasa*e (e (iersas %'r,as / est'

p$antea pr')$e,as en s& interpreta"i#n. P'r &n $a('3 en este ensa/' t',' $a epresi#n

8antiana +&e (i"e +&e &na De(&""i#n Tras"en(enta$ es $a ep$i"a"i#n (e "#,' se

re%ieren $'s "'n"ept's a ')*et's. Este re%erir a ')*et's / $a interpreta"i#n +&e a!' (e $a

rea$i(a( ')*etia ,e a"en er +&e a/ &n resa)i' (e @ant en t'rn' a $a p'si)i$i(a( (e$

"'n'"i,ient' (e $'s ')*et's "',' s'n en s2 ,is,'s.

En &na "arta (e ? (iri!i(a a s& (is"2p&$' / e(it'r Mar"&- Her- 3 @ant

presenta $' +&e a$!&n's int1rpretes an ist' "',' e$ a"ta (e na"i,ient' (e $a Crítica” /

ta,)i1n pare"e es)'-ar $a ne"esi(a( (e ep$i"ar "#,' es +&e $'s "'n"ept's se re%ieren

a ')*et's3 es (e"ir3 $a De(&""i#n Tras"en(enta$. In"$&s' $$a,a a esta ep$i"a"i#n $a"$ae (e$ se"ret' (e $a ,eta%2si"a est' es3 $a ep$i"a"i#n (e "#,' se re$a"i'nan

n&estras representa"i'nes "'n s& ')*et'. L' +&e piens' se (e,&estra en esta "arta es

+&e "&an(' @ant a)$a (e ')*et' se est4 re%irien(' a $'s ')*et's en s2 / es p'r es'

+&e a"i$a tant' en 't'r!ar &na resp&esta satis%a"t'ria a este pr')$e,a (e $a re$a"i#n (e

n&estra representa"i#n "'n s& ')*et'. Esta pre!&nta $e $$ea a re"'nsi(erar $as tesis +&e

ep'ne en s& Dissertatio / "',ien-a $a (1"a(a si$en"i'sa ('n(e $a ,ente (e @ant se

en"&entra rea$'ran(' s& %i$'s'%2a3 +&e t'(a2a presenta e"'s $ei)ni-ian's.

En e$ pri,er "ap2t&$' ep'n!' a$!&n's ante"e(entes ist#ri"'s (e $a De(&""i#n

Tras"en(enta$ / "#,' se "'ne"tan "'n a$!&nas tesis (e$ $$a,a(' @ant pre"r2ti"'3

t',an(' en "&enta $a "arta a Her-. Desp&1s ep'n!' a !ran(es ras!'s $a p'st&ra

$$a,a(a "r2ti"a / a$!&nas "&esti'nes !enera$es (e $a %i$'s'%2a tras"en(enta$ +&e

s&p'nen $a $$a,a(a re'$&"i#n "'perni"ana. L' +&e se p&e(e ')serar a (eta$$e es +&e

$a n'"i#n "entra$ +&e se a ,'(i%i"a(' "'n ta$ re'$&"i#n es $a (e ')*et' / es est' $'

+&e $e a (a(' a @ant $a s'$&"i#n a$ pr')$e,a +&e a)2a p$antea(' en $a "arta a Her-.

L's "'n"ept's /a n' se re%ieren a ')*et's en s23 sin' a ')*et's en senti('

%en',1ni"' p&es s','s n's'tr's $'s +&e p'ne,'s $as "'n(i"i'nes (e p'si)i$i(a( (e

ta$es ')*et's. Ep'n!'3 p&es3 $' +&e Her)ert Pat'n a $$a,a(' $a ,eta%2si"a (e $a

eperien"ia (e @ant.

E$ "ap2t&$' ('s est4 (e(i"a(' a ep$i"itar "&4$ es $a %&n"i#n (e$ "'n"ept' en $a te'r2a

8antiana (e $a eperien"ia / trat1 (e ep'ner $' +&e se p&e(e enten(er p'r $a ,ateria /

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$a %'r,a (e$ "'n"ept'. Estas ('s n'"i'nes apare"en en $a Crítica re$a"i'na(as "'n

'tr's "'n"ept's "$aes (e $a episte,'$'!2a (e @ant3 "',' %en#,en'3 eperien"ia e

int&i"i#n / s& pr')$e,4ti"a n' se a!'ta en @ant sin' +&e pertene"e a &n 4,)it' ,4s

a,p$i' (e $a %i$'s'%2a.

Esper' a)er ep&est' "'n "$ari(a( $a pr')$e,4ti"a3 p&es parte (e este tra)a*' es

tratar (e sa"ar a $a $&- $as a,)i!e(a(es en e$ pr'/e"t' (e $a De(&""i#n Tras"en(enta$ /

$a ,ateria (e $'s "'n"ept's est4 en estre"a re$a"i#n "'n e$$as. La ,ateria (e $'s

"'n"ept's pare"e re%erirse a $as n'tas +&e est4n in"$&i(as en e$ "'n"ept'3 / ta,)i1n a

$as int&i"i'nes3 per' $a "'nsi(era"i#n ,4s %&erte (e @ant es +&e $a ,ateria (e$

"'n"ept' s'n $'s ')*et's. E$ an4$isis se "entra en $'s "'n"ept's p&r's / en e$ pape$ tan

i,p'rtante +&e $es asi!na @ant en $a eperien"ia. A&n+&e @ant n' a)$a ,&"' (e $'s

"'n"ept's e,p2ri"'s3 ,e pare"e +&e n' $e representan &n pr')$e,a "',' $'s "'n"ept'sp&r's / $a ne"esi(a( (e &na De(&""i#n Tras"en(enta$ es (e)i(' a esa (i!ni(a(

epist1,i"a +&e $es asi!na @ant: ser p&r's. P'r es' es tanta $a ne"esi(a( (e $a

De(&""i#n3 p&es si n' a/ ta$3 n&estr's "'n"ept's p&r's se re(&"ir2an a &na ,era %i""i#n

(e n&estra ,ente.

En e$ "ap2t&$' tres a)'r(' $' +&e @ant $$a,a quid iuris / "#,' es +&e s&r!e $a ne"esi(a(

(e &na *&sti%i"a"i#n tras"en(enta$ (e $as "ate!'r2as. A pesar (e $a n&ea p'st&ra +&e

apare"e en $a Crítica, ar!&,ent' +&e e$ pr'/e"t' (e @ant (e esta)$e"er $a *&sti%i"a"i#n

tras"en(enta$ (e $as "ate!'r2as3 a$ ,en's en s& %'r,&$a"i#n "',' rea$i(a( ')*etia3

presenta a$!' (e$ ie*' pr'/e"t' (e $a "arta a Her-. La p'st&ra (e @ant ta,p'"' es "$ara

a$ respe"t' p&es *a,4s ep$i"a "&4$ es $a (i%eren"ia entre rea$i(a( ')*etia / a$i(e-

')*etia. Es (e s& tet' +&e (e)e,'s in%erir $' +&e si!ni%i"an a,)'s t1r,in's. En este

p&nt' est'/ (e a"&er(' "'n Henr/ A$$is'n p&es $a n'"i#n (e rea$i(a( ')*etia tiene

%&ertes e"'s 'nt'$#!i"'s e interpret' +&e este pr'/e"t' es a)an('na(' par"ia$,ente p'r

@ant en $a se!&n(a e(i"i#n (e $a De(&""i#n. N' es e$ ;ni"' pr')$e,a (e $a De(&""i#n e$

ep$i"ar "&4$ es s& ')*eti' sin' ta,)i1n $a %'r,a (e ar!&,enta"i#n. Para est'3 Dieter

Henri" a e"' &n ,in&"i's' an4$isis +&e presenta,'s en t'rn' a $a n'"i#n 8antiana

(e $a (e(&""i#n.

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La para('*a (e $a (e(&""i#n i,p$i"a (e"ir +&e @ant n' a a)an('na('

p$ena,ente $a p'st&ra pre"riti"a? / "'nsera esti!i's (e $a p'st&ra anteri'r p'(e,'s

"'n'"er $'s ')*et's en s23 ' se ,&estra a"i$ante en t'rn' a s& "'n"ept' (e ')*et'. La

(istin"i#n tras"en(enta$ entre %en#,en' "'sa en s2 es en parte resp'nsa)$e (e esta

para('*a. C',' @ant a%ir,a3 &n %en#,en' es &na representa"i#n +&e n' p&e(e eistir

%&era (e n's'tr's / &na "'sa en s2 es e$ ')*et' "'nsi(era(' "',' in(epen(iente (e

n&estras %a"&$ta(es "'!n's"itias /3 p'r $' tant'3 s& "'n'"i,ient' est4 e$a('. La

$e!a$i(a( (e $as "ate!'r2as +&e @ant +&iere pr')ar pare"e re%erirse a$ ,&n('

%en',1ni"'3 / en este senti(' @ant pare"e "'ntentarse "'n $' +&e $$a,a a$i(e-

')*etia (e $'s "'n"ept's p&r's.

La a$i(e- ')*etia se re%erir2a a$ &s' (e $'s "'n"ept's "'n re$a"i#n a $'s

%en#,en's / $a rea$i(a( ')*etia ser2a e$ pensar +&e $as "ate!'r2as rea$,ente sere%ieren a $'s ')*et's en s2. P'r es' @ant a)an('na esta n'"i#n en $a se!&n(a e(i"i#n3 /

es +&e $e "',pr',et2a a intr'(&"ir &na n'"i#n pare"i(a a $a (e $a "'sa en s2 e$ ')*et'

tras"en(enta$3 a+&e$$' +&e !aranti-a $a re$a"i#n (e n&estr' "'n'"i,ient' "'n s& ')*et'.

Per' a+&2 entran en *&e!' 'tras "'nsi(era"i'nes respe"t' a$ "'n"ept' (e ')*et' en @ant.

T',' $a n'"i#n (e para('*a (e =aa88' Hinti88a +&e ta,)i1n ar!&,enta a$!' pare"i('3

a&n+&e ,i p'st&ra n' es tant' &na "r2ti"a (e @ant "',' &na $$a,a(a (e aten"i#n a

"iertas a,)i!e(a(es +&e se /er!&en en t'rn' a$ ')*eti' (e $a De(&""i#n. Hinti88a

a)$a (e$ "'n"ept' pr')$e,4ti"' (e "'saens2 "',' $2,ite (e$ "'n'"i,ient' &,an':

sa)er +&e eiste &n $2,ite a)s'$&t' a $' +&e e$ instr&,ent' p&e(e a"er esp'seer "'n'"i,ient' (e$ ,is,' tip' +&e pres&,i)$e,ente n's per,itir4 traspasar e$ $2,ite. Ca,)ie,'s $a ,et4%'ra: para %i*ar &n $2,ite (e $' +&e p'(e,'s "'n'"er3(e)e,'s sa)er +&1 a/ (e$ 'tr' $a(' (e$ $2,ite. Si n' p'(e,'s a"er $' ;$ti,'3ta,p'"' p'(e,'s a"er $' pri,er'.

N' ,e atreer2a a ase!&rar +&e @ant est&iese (e a"&er(' "'n $a p'st&ra (e Hinti88a3 /

/' n' '/ tan $e*'s "',' para ase!&rar +&e @ant +&iere "'n'"er $'s ')*et's en s23 ,4s

1 Est' es3 +&e $as representa"i'nes inte$e"t&a$es ' "'n"ept&a$es n's pr'p'r"i'nan &n "'n'"i,ient' (e $'s ')*et's "',' s'n en s2,is,'s. Para &na ep'si"i#n )ree (e esta p'st&ra. C%r. Cap. ?.

2 Hinti88a3 =aa88'3 La para('*a (e$ "'n'"i,ient' trans"en(enta$ en I. Ca)rera e(. Arguentos trascendentales, UNAMIIF3M1i"'3 3 p..

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)ien ,e $i,it' a se0a$ar $a a,)i!e(a( +&e se presenta3 / +&e +&i-4s a pesar (e @ant3 $e

i,pi(e p'(er a%ir,ar +&e $'s "'n"ept's p&r's se re%ieren a ')*et's en s2 ,is,'s.

(7 La %e%u!!,4n /ra1!en%en/a-0 -a 8ara%#9a %e Kan/

(7( An/e!e%en/e1 :,1/4r,!#1 %e -a %e%u!!,4n0 -a Dissertatio 2 -a %;!a%a 1,-en!,#1a

E$ ? (e Mar-' (e ? @ant ')t&' e$ p&est' (e Professore Ordinario der !ogi" und

#etap$%sic en $a Uniersi(a( (e @Vni!s)er!. Se trata)a (e &n p&est' +&e @ant a)2a

s'$i"ita(' (es(e a"2a +&in"e a0's / +&e p'r arias ra-'nes n' a)2a ')teni(' en ?KK.

Antes (e +&e @ant p&(iera as&,ir s& t2t&$' (e Ordinario (e)2a (e%en(er p;)$i"a,ente

&na tesis en $at2n: Disertación &naugural . @ant $a tit&$# De undi sensibilis atque

intelligibilis fora et principiis Dissertatio Diserta"i#n s')re $a %'r,a / $'s prin"ipi's (e$

,&n(' sensi)$e / e$ inte$i!i)$e.

Este tra)a*'3 "',' )ien ap&nta Man%re(3 se trata (e &na ')ra "',p&esta

r4pi(a,ente "'n e$ %in (e "&,p$ir "'n a+&e$$'s re+&eri,ient's a"a(1,i"'s3 per' s&

i,p'rtan"ia est4 en +&e presenta &n r',pi,ient' "'n e$ $$a,a(' per2'(' pre"r2ti"'. J En

este tra)a*' se p&e(en i(enti%i"ar a$!&n's s&p&est's %&n(a,enta$es / )ien "'n'"i('s (e

$a %i$'s'%2a "r2ti"a (e @ant3 en tant' +&e:

('s #r(enes an3 p'r "'nsi!&iente3 a en%rentarse3 p'r+&e ('s %a"&$ta(es se en%rentan: $asensi)i$i(a( / e$ enten(i,ient'3 a,)as "apa"es (e "'n'"i,ient's n' inter"a,)ia)$es. <"a(a &n' (e est's #r(enes tiene s&s %'r,as ' $e/es / s& ,ateria pr'pia. E$ espa"i'3 / e$tie,p'3 ser4n $as %'r,as a priori (e $a int&i"i#n sensi)$e. L' ,is,' '"&rrir4 "'n e$enten(i,ient': @ant )&s"a $a %'r,a a priori (e$ enten(i,ient' /3 "',' es (e,asia(' pr'nt'a;n para pensar en $as "ate!'r2as3 &e$e a t',ar $a ie*a i(ea (e $'s "'n"ept's inana$i-a)$es3+&e se presenta a'ra a $a ,anera (e Lei)ni-3 p'r 'tra parte "',' $as $e/es ' $'sprin"ipi's inte$e"t&a$es. K

La Dissertatio (e ? representa &n !ir' en $a e'$&"i#n (e$ pensa,ient' (e @ant3 +&ien

a;n est4 in,ers' en e$ s&e0' ('!,4ti"'G (e$ ra"i'na$is,' a&n+&e en%renta(' a $a

3 @&en3 Man%re(3 'ant( a )iograp$% 3 Ca,)ri(!e Uniersit/ Press3 USA3 ?3 p. ?.

4 *de+

5 5$ees"a&Wer3 Her,an3 !a eolución del pensaiento de 'ant 3 tra(. Ri"ar(' 6&erra3 UNAM3 ?G3 p. K.

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tra(i"i#n $ei)ni-i'W'$%%iana en a$!&n's p&nt's. D'n(e se a (istan"ia('

"'nsi(era)$e,ente es en $a nat&ra$e-a (e$ espa"i' / es a tra1s (e esta (isp&ta entre

Lei)ni-NeWt'n +&e $a %i$'s'%2a "r2ti"a se a a)rien(' "a,in'.

5$ees"a&Wer si!&e este re"'rri(' (e @ant +&e a (e$ ra"i'na$is,' W'$%%ian' a$

e,piris,' neWt'nian' / a"e $' +&e $$a,a &n inentari' (e$ peri'(' pre"r2ti"': ?

?. Las "'sas ree$an s& presen"ia / s& nat&ra$e-a en $'s (at's (e $a eperien"ia: n'

a/3 p&es3 &n sa)er rea$ sin ta$es (at's.. E$ "'n'"i,ient' rea$ est4 $i,ita(' a$ "'nteni(' (e $a eperien"ia.. La ra-#n n' es $i,ita(a en s23 sin' +&e est4 $i,ita(a en s& "'nteni(' p'r $a

eperien"ia.

Es &n @ant +&e (es"'n%2a (e $a ,eta%2si"a?? "',' &n "'n'"i,ient' tras"en(ente p&es

n's (i"e +&e e$ "'n'"i,ient' est4 $i,ita(' a $a eperien"ia3 $' "&a$ n' i,p$i"ar2a +&e &n

"'n'"i,ient' as2 n' sea p'si)$e3 sin' +&e $a eperien"ia? n' p&e(e pr'eer$'.? Pr&e)a

(e est' es +&e @ant “ pensaba todaía en -../ que $abía conceptos independientes del

6 @ant &ti$i-a esta epresi#n para a"er re%eren"ia a s& %&erte in"$ina"i#n a"ia e$ ra"i'na$is,' / $e atri)&/e a H&,e e$ e"' (ea)er$e (esperta(' (e s& s&e0' ('!,4ti"'. C%r. @ant3 Prolegoena3 Pr#$'!'3 p. .

7 5er. Beiser3 Fre(eri"83 0'ant1s intellectual deelopent( -.234-.5-3 en Pa&$ 6&/er e(. 6$e Cabridge copanion to 'ant 3 USA3?3 p. JG.

8 5er. &bíd+, p. KJ @ant est4 (e a"&er(' en +&e e$ espa"i' n' p&e(e ser "'nsi(era(' &n ente i(ea$ ' "',' &n ente (e ra-#n3 a $a,anera (e Lei)ni-. E$ espa"i' es tras"en(ente /3 p'r e$$'3 $a "'n(i"i#n (e p'si)i$i(a( (e $a eperien"ia eterna. Per' 1$ "'n"$&/e3a(e,4s3 +&e e$ espa"i' a)s'$&t' n' es ')*et' (e eperien"ia3 (e $a ,is,a ,anera +&e $a re$a"i#n (e $as "'sas "'n e$ espa"i'a)s'$&t' n' es (ire"ta,ente per"epti)$e.

9 5er. 6&/er3 Pa&$3 'ant and t$e clais of "no7ledge3 Ca,)ri(!e3 USA3 3 p. ??. 6&/er ep$i"a +&e e$ re"a-' (e @ant (e &naar,'n2a preesta)$e"i(a en %a'r (e &na intera""i#n rea$ entre $as s&stan"ias re%$e*a &na "'n"ep"i#n (e$ "'nteni(' (e$ "'n'"i,ient'e,p2ri"' / ,eta%2si"' ,4s neWt'niana +&e $ei)ini-iana.

10 5er. &bíd .3 pp. JKK.

11 En s& ')ra3 8ue9os de un isionario3 @ant a)$a en &n t'n' sar"4sti"' (e $a ,eta%2si"a W'$%%iana $' "&a$ (a "&enta (e$ "a,)i' +&een s& esp2rit& se est4 $$ean(' a "a)'3 ta$ e- apenas (espertan(' (e$ s&e0' ('!,4ti"'.

12 5er 5$ees"a&Wer3 Her,an3 &bíd+, p. J. @ant n' es e,pirista. 5$ees"a&Wer (i"e +&e @ant e en $a eperien"ia &n p&nt' (eparti(a3 per' $a "ien"ia se "'nstit&/e ,4s a$$4 se!;n $a %a"t&ra (e &na "ien"ia ra"i'na$.

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espacio % tiepo, en el sentido requeridos % que una etafísica genuina, libre de todo lo

eraente sensible, era posible+” -2 Las p'st&ras episte,'$#!i"as?K (e $a Dissertatio

esta)an3 (e a"&er(' "'n 5$ees"a&Wer3 in%$&en"ia(as t'(a2a p'r $'s :ueos Ensa%os

(e Lei)ni-:

La int&i"i#n "'n'"e3 p&es3 $as "'sas en s&s %en#,en's sensi)$es. E$ enten(i,ient' (e"2a Lei)ni- "'n'"e $as "'sas "',' s'n. P'r tant'3 p'r $as %'r,as inte$e"t&a$es"'n'"e,'s $as "'sas "',' s'n en s2 ,is,as3 %&era (e$ a$"an"e (e s& "apta"i#n sensi)$e.?G

La (istin"i#n 8antiana (e $as %a"&$ta(es? es3 p'r tant'3 pre"r2ti"a3 si!&ien(' $a %a,'sa

"$asi%i"a"i#n.? A(e,4s3 se p&e(e ')serar t'(a2a &na in"$ina"i#n a"ia e$ ra"i'na$is,'

a&n+&e n&n"a a"ept# a"r2ti"a,ente e$ W'$%%is,' en e$ e"' (e +&e @ant (istin!a entre$'s p$enoena ;fenóenoser+ Beiser3 Fre(eri"83 Op+ Cit+, p. KG.

19 @&en3 Man%re(3 &bíd, p. ?.

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')*et's "',' cosas en sí &n ret'rn' in%$&en"ia(' p'r Lei)ni-. La (')$e estr&"t&ra (e$:

,&n(' sensi)$e / ,&n(' inte$i!i)$e / $as %a"&$ta(es pre%i!&ra t'(a $a Dissertatio3

a&n+&e n' es e$ ,a/'r ,1rit' (e este tra)a*'. En este aspe"t'3 +&i-4s $' ,4s n'e('s'

ser2a:

$a te'r2a "r2ti"a (e $as %'r,as a priori (e $a sensi)i$i(a( p&ra,ente re"eptia: e$ espa"i' /e$ tie,p' s'n p'si)$es en tant' %'r,as a priori (e $a int&i"i#n / "'n'"e ;ni"a,ente $'s%en#,en's (e $as "'sas. La (istin"i#n !ra(&a$ 's"&r'"$ar' es ree,p$a-a(a p'r $a(istin"i#n !en1ri"a: re"epti'esp'nt4ne'. A &na %a"&$ta( $as "'sas $es s'n (a(as $a 'tra $aspiensa p'r s& pr'pia a&t'ri(a(. @ant se %i!&ra a;n +&e (etr4s (e$ "'n*&nt' (e(eter,ina"i'nes sensi)$es3 $a "'sa es"'n(e &na esen"ia interna3 'nt'$#!i"a3 +&e es"apa at'(a inesti!a"i#n e,p2ri"a.

@ant se 'p'ne a Lei)ni- a$ %&n(a,entar s& (istin"i#n (e %a"&$ta(es en &n "riteri' (e

!ra('3 (i"e 6&/er3 (e (i%erente (i!ni(a( epist1,i"a?. Para Lei)ni-3 se re(&"e a &na

proporción desigual de claridad( la intuición es la representación oscura, el concepto larepresentación clara del ob?eto. La ,eta%2si"a "'n"e)i(a (e esta %'r,a3 $i)era(a (e

t'(a "'nta,ina"i#n (e $a sensi)i$i(a(3 ten(r2a $a p&re-a ra"i'na$ +&e tant' Lei)ni- "','

@ant )&s"a)an en $a ,eta%2si"a3 $'s "'n"ept's (e $as "'sas en s2 s'n (a('s p'r e$

enten(i,ient'.

Per' "',' ap&nta $a "ita anteri'r3 n' se trata en @ant (e &na (istin"i#n (e !ra('3

sin' (e !1ner' / (e &na "&a$i(a( +&e pertene"e a "a(a %a"&$ta(. La ap'rta"i#n ,4s

%&n(a,enta$ (e est's a0's es $a (e +&e e$ espa"i' / e$ tie,p' s'n %'r,as a priori (e $a

int&i"i#n / e$ "a,)i' (e "riteri'3 en e$ "&a$ $as %a"&$ta(es n' s'n (i%erentes p'r s&

!ra(' (e "$ari(a( sin' p'r e$ !1ner' (e ')*et's a $'s "&a$es representan / s&s %'r,as

' prin"ipi's.

Si )ien3 "',' se n't# antes3 n' p'(e,'s a)$ar t'(a2a (e "ate!'r2as en e$ senti(' (e

$a %i$'s'%2a "r2ti"a3 @ant ten2a /a )ien presente +&e $'s prin"ipi's pertene"ientes a$

inte$e"t':

20 5$ees"a&Wer3 Her,an3 &bíd, p. KG.

21 6&/er3 Pa&$3 Op+ Cit+, p. ?J. La sensi)i$i(a(3 p'r s2 ,is,a3 (e)e representar "'sas ,era,ente "',' apare"en3 / e$enten(i,ient'3 p'r s2 ,is,'3 (e)e "'n'"er$as "',' e$$as s'n rea$,ente. La tra(&""i#n es ,2a

22 &bíd+ p. K.

23 Beiser ta,)i1n ap&nta +&e esta r2!i(a (istin"i#n entre ra-#n / sensi)i$i(a( ,ar"a e$ %ina$ (e%initi' "'n $a tra(i"i#n ra"in'a$ista3+&e e2a entre a,)as %a"&$ta(es &na (istin"i#n tan s#$' (e !ra('. >er+ Beiser3 Fre(eri"83 Op+ Cit+3 p. J.

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eran "'nnat's a$ inte$e"t' p&r'. Eran a)stra2('s p'r $a aten"i#n a s&s ')*et's "'n'"asi#n (e $a eperien"ia (e $e/es na"i(as en $a ,ente. N&n"a entran en $asrepresenta"i'nes sensi)$es "',' partes (e e$$a. P'r $' tant'3 n' p&(ier'n p'si)$e,enteser a)stra2('s (e estas representa"i'nes sensi)$es3 sin' +&e tienen +&e enir (e$ inte$e"t',is,' J

Es i,p'rtante se0a$ar3 "',' $' a"e Man%re(3 +&e esta $$a,a(a p&re-a )&s"a(a p'r

@ant3 se p$antea "asi pri,era,ente en &n senti(' 1ti"'3 K "',' e$ per%e""i'na,ient' (e

&na ,'ra$3 +&e n' ')t&iera s&s prin"ipi's (e $a eperien"ia sin' +&e est&iera

ase!&ra(a "',p$eta,ente a priori .

E$ ,1t'(' +&e @ant p'ne en *&e!' en $a Dissertatio es e$ (e liberar al

entendiiento del condicionaiento sensible que lo aenaza” @3 / 5$ees"a&Wer

in!eni'sa,ente se (a "&enta +&e e$ separatis,' (e $as %a"&$ta(es ep&est' a+&2 ten(r4

+&e (ar pas' a$ &ni'nis,' a)s'$&t'3 $' "&a$ ep$i"a (i"ien(' +&e e$ @ant "r2ti"' /a n'

tratar4 (e (istin!&ir para separar enten(i,ient'sensi)i$i(a(3 sin' +&e ser4 e$ +&e

)&s+&e $a %'r,a (e re$a"i'nar a,)as %a"&$ta(es3 "'nsi(er4n('$as "','

"',p$e,entarias3 $a &na (e $a 'tra en e$ "'n'"i,ient'.

Este peri'(' (e$ pensa,ient' (e @ant es $a sa$i(a (e &na 1p'"a t&r)&$enta. Es &n

,',ent' (e transi"i#n ('n(e ep'ne @ant &na tesis +&e ser4 %&n(a,enta$ para e$

s&r!i,ient' (e$ pensa,ient' "r2ti"'. 5$ees"a&Wer $' $$a,a e$ res&$ta(' (e$ pri,er

24 @&en3 Man%re(3 &bíd+, p. ?.

25 &bíd+, ?. En s&s $e""i'nes (e 1ti"a3 n's (i"e Man%re(3 @ant (istin!&2a entre &na ,'ra$ )asa(a en e$ senti,ient' (e $'se,piristas / 'tra en $as i(eas (e $a ra-#n.

26 5$ees"a&Wer3 Her,an3 &bíd+, p. KG?.

27>er . CRP A?. En $a (e(&""i#n tras"en(enta$ (e $as "ate!'r2as preten(2a,'s s#$' a"er "',prensi)$e esta re$a"i#n entreenten(i,ient' / sensi)i$i(a(

28 5$ees"a&Wer3 Her,an, &bíd+, p. .

29>er+ Beiser3 Fre(eri"83 Op+ Cit+, p. K. Si $'s ?GXs %&er'n &na (1"a(a t&r)&$enta para @ant3 ent'n"es $'s ?Xs s'n$$a,a('s "'n *&sti"ia $a (1"a(a si$en"i'sa.

30>er . 5$ees"a&Wer3 Her,an, p. ?.

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per2'(' (e si$en"i'3? /a +&e $a Dissertatio pre%i!&ra e$ "riti"is,' / "'nsa!ra s& r&pt&ra

"'n e$ W'$%%is,': $e a (e*a(' a @ant "'n $a i(ea$i(a( s&)*etia (e $as %'r,as

"'!n's"itias. Las pri,eras ')*e"i'nes (e $a Dissertatio $e inier'n a @ant (e a$!&n's

inte$e"t&a$es (e $a 1p'"a "',' Men(e$ss'n / La,)ert.

Prin"ipa$,ente3 a,)'s pensa('res re"a-a)an $a i(ea (e +&e espa"i' / tie,p' n'

%&eran ')*eti's3 sin' ,eras %'r,as s&)*etias (e $a sensi)i$i(a(:

Or!&$$'s' (e s& (es"&)ri,ient' @ant en2a &n e*e,p$ar (e s& tra)a*' a s&s,4s (esta"a('s "r2ti"'s: La,)ert3 S&$-er / Men(e$ss'n. t&' +&e "a,)iar (e pare"er "&an(' re"i)i# $as resp&estas. La,)ert a(,it2a $a (istin"i#n espe"2%i"a(e $as %a"&$ta(es3 per' se 'p'n2a a$ i(ea$is,' (e $a sensi)i$i(a( %'r,a$. Lai(ea$i(a( s&)*etia (e$ tie,p' (e)e i,p$i"ar ne"esaria,ente $a i(ea$i(a( (e$"a,)i'. E$ a-ar +&is' +&e $as reseras (e S&$-er / Men(e$ss'n %&esen (e $a,is,a nat&ra$e-a3 / $a &nani,i(a( (e s& "ens&ra (e)i#3 "'n *&st's ,'ti's3"'n,'er a$ a&t'r. @ant re%$ei'n# !ran tie,p' s')re e$$'.

< est' a @ant $e pare"2a &n err'r (e "',prensi#n (e)i(' a +&e n' a)2a p'(i(' ep$i"ar

"'n "$ari(a( s& pensa,ient'.J Cassirer ep$i"a +&e e$ pr')$e,a era +&e $as ')*e"i'nes

(e est's ('s %i$#s'%'s n' penetra)an en e$ er(a(er' / pr'%&n(' senti(' (e $a te'r2a /

"'n%&n(2an e$ i(ea$is,' tras"en(enta$ "'n e$ i(ea$is,' p&ra,ente psi"'$#!i"'. K @ant

,is,' sent2a +&e a;n ten2a +&e tra)a*ar en s&s ar!&,ent's / reisar aspe"t's (e s&

Dissertatio.

Ten2a e$ #agister 'ant &n 'rari' (e "$ases )astante apreta(' /a +&e $a "ar!a

a"a(1,i"a $e ')$i!a)a a i,partir a$ ,en's ? 'ras (e "&rs's a $a se,ana3 / a est'

31 &bíd+ p. J. E$ pr'%ess'r 5$ees"a&Wer ep$i"a $a eisten"ia (e &n pri,er per2'(' (e si$en"i' en $a "arrera inte$e"t&a$ (e @ant3 $'a"e sin (&(a para espe"i%i"ar +&e a a)i(' &n "a,)i' en s& pensa,ient' / a"er n'tar (e este pri,er peri'(' &na pie(ra (e t'+&e(e$ i(ea$is,' 8antian': $a i(ea$i(a( s&)*etia (e espa"i' / tie,p'.

32>er+ Cassirer3 Ernst3 'ant, ida % doctrina3 Tra(. Yen"es$a' R'"es3 FCE3 3 p. ?K. L's repar's (e a,)'s %i$#s'%'s i)an(iri!i('s "'in"i(ente,ente "'ntra e$ ,'(' "',' en"'ntra)an epresa(a en $a (iserta"i#n (e @ant $a te'r2a (e $a i(ea$i(a( (e$espa"i' / e$ tie,p'. C$ar' est4 +&e esta te'r2a n' entra0a)a3 (e p'r s23 na(a s'rpren(ente / para(#*i"' para nin!&n' (e $'s ('s3p&es $a "'n"ep"i#n (e$ espa"i' / e$ tie,p' "',' si,p$es 'r(ena"i'nes (e $'s %en#,en's esta)a "'nsi(era)a "',' &n' (e $'sprin"ipi's per,anentes (e $a %2si"a $ei)ni-iana / "'n 1$ n's en"'ntra,'s "'nstante,ente3 presenta(' )a*' $as ,4s (iersas %'r,as3 e$a $iterat&ra %i$'s#%i"a (e$ si!$' Z5III. $' ;ni"' +&e p'(2a "a&sar$es etra0e-a era e$ e"' (e +&e $a (iserta"i#n pare"iera

"'nertir esta i(ea$i(a( (e$ espa"i' / e$ tie,p' en &na si,p$e s&)*etii(a( (e a,)'s.

33 5$ees"a&Wer3 Her,,an3 Op+ Cit+, p. G.

34 @&en3 Man%re(3 &bíd, p. ??.

35 Cassirer3 Ernst3 Op+ Cit+, p. ?K.

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(e)en a0a(irse 'tras a"tii(a(es "',' e$ (i"tar "'n%eren"ias3 (e est' eisten a$!&nas

+&e*as3 /a +&e $a sa$&( (e @ant n' era #pti,a.G Basta pensar est' para $$e!ar a $a i(ea

(e +&e @ant era &n in(ii(&' +&e tra)a*a)a ,&"2si,'3 tant' en as&nt's a"a(1,i"'s

"',' en $a e$a)'ra"i#n (e s& pr'pi' pensa,ient'.

A partir (e est'3 @ant "',ien-a $a llaada (1"a(a si$en"i'sa3 $a "&a$ $e e,p&*a en

'tras (ire""i'nes. Es $' +&e 5$ees"aW&er $$a,a e$ 0planteaiento del problea crítico” B

+&e est4 en&n"ia(' en %'r,a &n tant' a&stera en $a "arta (e$ ? Fe)rer' (e ?.

Esta "arta3 +&e para a$!&n's "',entaristas J representa e$ a"ta (e na"i,ient' (e

$a Crítica de la Razón Pura $' "&a$ "riti"an (&ra,ente LeWis Yite Be"8J? /

5$ees"aW&er J es (e ita$ i,p'rtan"ia para "',pren(er e$ pas' (e"isi' a $a (1"a(a

(e$ si$en"i' / e$ p$antea,ient' (e$ pr')$e,a "r2ti"'. En $a "arta @ant se epresa (e $a

si!&iente %'r,a:

N' ,e ar2a nin!&na in*&sti"ia si &ste( se ,'$estase p'r $a a&sen"ia t'ta$ (e ,isresp&estas a s&s "artas: per' si se sintiera &ste( a sa"ar "'nse"&en"ias (esa!ra(a)$es s')ree$$'3 ten(r2a +&e per,itirse &ste( +&e ,e a"'!iera a$ "'n'"i,ient' +&e &ste( tiene (e ,i,anera (e pensar. En e- (e e"&sar,e3 +&ier' (ar$e &n pe+&e0' res&,en (e$ ,'(' en +&ean esta(' '"&pa('s ,is pensa,ient's3 +&e s'n3 en $as 'ras (e '"i'3 $'s "a&santes (e ,i(e,'ra en es"ri)ir "artas. J

36 &bíd, p. ?.

37 C%r. Ta,)i1n Cassirer3 Ernst3 Op+ Cit+, pp. KK.

38 Be"83 LeWis3 TW' Wa/s '% Rea(in! @antXs Letter t' Her-: C',,ents 'n Car$ en E"8art FVrster , 'ant1s transcendentaldeductions, 8tanford Uniersit/ Press3 ?3 p.?.

39 5$ees"a&Wer3 Her,an3 Op+ Cit+, p. G. Se trata (e$ pr')$e,a (e $a ')*etii(a( (e $'s "'n"ept's.

40 >er+ Cassirer3 Ernst3 Op+ Cit+, p. ?K.

41 Be"83 LeWis3 Op+ cit+, p. .

42 5$ees"a&Wer3 Her,,an3 Op+ Cit+, p. GGK.

43 @ant3 Correspondence, Tra(. Arn&$% >Wei!3 Ca,)ri(!e Uniersit/ Press3 USA3 ?3 p. ?.

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La pri,era i,presi#n (e$ ini"i' (e $a "arta (e @ant es s& (is"&$pa "'n Her- p'r n' a)er

resp'n(i(' "'n pr'ntit&( a s&s ,isias. Es "',prensi)$e +&e '"&pe3 a $a $&- (e $'s

a"'nte"i,ient's "',' s& n',)ra,ient' (e Ordinario / n;,er' (e 'ras (e $e""i'nes

+&e (a3 a)s'rt' "',' est43 $as 'ras (e '"i' tratan(' (e res'$er a $as ')*e"i'nes (e s&

Dissertatio3 +&e $e a$e*a in"$&s' (e $a "'rtes2a (e resp'n(er a s& (is"2p&$' Her-.

Es a+&2 ('n(e @ant ree$a +&e est4 a"ien(' p$anes para &n tra)a*' +&e 0quizs” ten!a

e$ t2t&$' (e !os líites de la 8ensibilidad % la Razón” 22 +&e "'nstar4 (e ('s partes: &na

%en',en'$'!2a !enera$ / &na ,eta%2si"a s#$' en tant' a s& nat&ra$e-a / a$ ,1t'('. Si

a+&2 @ant se re%iere a $a Crítica ' si se re%iere a &n pr')$e,a en espe"2%i"' $a De(&""i#n

Tras"en(enta$ es a$!' +&e p&e(e "&esti'narse.


15/101

representa"i#n +&e se re%iere a &n ')*et' sin a)er si(' a%e"ta(' p'r 1$ p&e(e ser p'si)$e. [C#,' es +&e "'n"&er(an "'n est's ')*et's /a +&e este a"&er(' n' a si(' a$"an-a('"'n a/&(a (e $a eperien"ia\ [C#,' $a %a"&$ta( (e$ enten(i,ient' $'!ra $a "'n%'r,i(a("'n $as "'sas en s2 ,is,as est4 a;n en &n esta(' (e 's"&ri(a(. J

De est' p'(e,'s (e"ir +&e $a "arta (e @ant n's presenta &n %&t&r' $i)r' ,en"i'na(' /aantesJ / a'ra n's p$antea &na pr')$e,4ti"a3 $a (e sa)er "#,' es p'si)$e +&e $'s

"'n"ept's p&r's (e$ enten(i,ient'3 +&e no s'n a)stra2('s (e $a eperien"ia3 / +&e

ta,p'"' $es (an a $'s ')*et's s& ser3 p&e(en sin e,)ar!'3 re%erirse a $as "'sas en s2

,is,as. La (i%i"&$ta( +&e n's p$antea n' (e)e t',arse a $a $i!era3 /a +&e @ant $a

"'nsi(era e$ pr')$e,a "entra$ (e $a ,eta%2si"a.

E$ pr')$e,a ten(r4 +&e ser en%'"a(' (es(e 'tra perspe"tia3 p&es "',' a+&2

ar!&,enta Be"83 $a pa$a)ra +&e &ti$i-a @ant para (e"ir ')*et's ' "'sas en s2 ,is,as es

Dinge2B / 1sta tiene &n senti(' ,4s %&erte (e esencia en e$ senti(' (e $a ,eta%2si"a

W'$%%iana. La pre!&nta3 sin e,)ar!'3 /a pre%i!&ra e$ p$antea,ient' "r2ti"'3 a&n+&e n' p'r

es' es "r2ti"a3 p&es @ant si!&e a)$an(' (e &na re$a"i#n entre ')*et's en s2 ,is,'s /

$as representa"i'nes inte$e"t&a$es. P'(r2a,'s ep$i"ar $a 's"&ri(a( (e este pr')$e,a

+&e se p$antea en $a "arta (e $a si!&iente %'r,aK:

? C#,' es +&e ,i enten(i,ient' p&e(e %'r,ar p'r s2 ,is,' "'n"ept's (e "'sas

Dinge "',p$eta,ente a pri'ri3 / "'n $'s "&a$es $as "'sas 8ac$en (e)en

ne"esaria,ente a"'r(ar. C#,' ,i enten(i,ient' p&e(e %'r,&$ar prin"ipi's reales +&e "'n"iernen a $a

p'si)i$i(a( (e ta$es "'n"ept's3 "'n $'s "&a$es $a eperien"ia (e)e estar en &n

a"&er(' ea"t'3 / $'s "&a$es s'n in(epen(ientes (e $a eperien"ia. C#,' n&estra %a"&$ta( (e enten(i,ient' $'!ra $a "'n%'r,i(a( "'n $as "'sas

Dinge< en s2 ,is,as.

47 @ant3 Correspondence, p. ?J. La tra(&""i#n es ,2a

48 5er. &nfra+, J?.

49 Ca/!i$$3 H'War(3 A 'ant1s dictionar%, B$a"8We$$3 USA3 ?3 pp. JK.

50 Be"83 LeWis3 Op+ cit+, p. J.

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La ep$i"a"i#n +&e pi(e @ant n' es $a re$a"i#n (e$ "'n"ept' "'n $'s ')*et's (e $a

eperien"ia3 /a +&e $a re$a"i#n entre &n ')*et' en s2 ,is,' / &n "'n"ept' n'

"'rresp'n(e a $a p'st&ra "r2ti"a +&e n's p$antear4 @ant ,4s a(e$ante. [P&e(e ser est'

e$ ante"e(ente ,4s (ire"t' (e $a (e(&""i#n tras"en(enta$ (e $a CRP )a*' $a #pti"a (e &n

@ant +&e n' a (a(' e$ sa$t' p$en' a $a %i$'s'%2a "r2ti"a\ Be"8 a)$a (e &n pri,er pas' en

$a Re'$&"i#n C'perni"ana.

esta)a t'(a2a pensan(' +&e p&e(e a)er &n "'n'"i,ient' "'n"ept&a$ p&r' a pri'ri (e$'s nouena n' piens' +&e est4 tratan(' "'n e$ pr')$e,a (e "',' &na representa"i#n apri'ri p&e(e representar &n ')*et' e,p2ri"' +&e "a&sa e$ "'nteni(' per' n' $a %&n"i#n"'n"ept&a$ (e $a representa"i#n. Q&i-4s p&(' a)er "re2(' +&e $'s "'n"ept's inte$e"t&a$esno se ap$i"an a $'s ')*et's (e $a eperien"ia. K?

Si @ant +&iere (e"ir ')*et's "',' ')*et's (e $a eperien"ia ent'n"es $a "arta s2

representa &n ante"e(ente "$ar' (e $a De(&""i#n Tras"en(enta$. Si +&iere (e"ir3 en

"a,)i'3 ')*et's "',' cosas en sí Be"8 t',a nouena en este senti('3 a&n+&e

"'nsi(era,'s +&e esta i(enti%i"a"i#n es in"$&s' "'n%&sa en $a "arta (e @ant a Her-

ent'n"es e$ pr')$e,a n' es e$ ,is,' +&e se p$antea en $a De(&""i#n tras"en(enta$ en $a

CRP(

La ep$i"a"i#n (e $a %'r,a se!;n $a "&a$ $'s "'n"ept's a priori p&e(en re%erirsea ')*et's egenstnde


17/101

,1t'(' / s&s $2,ites. Desp&1s (e e$$' tra)a*ar1 $'s prin"ipi's p&r's (e $a ,'ra$i(a(.Respe"t' a $a pri,era parte3 (e)er4 ser p'si)$e para ,2 p&)$i"ar$a (entr' (e tres ,eses.K

Es %a"ti)$e (e"ir3 en "'ntra (e Be"8 / 5$ees"aW&er3 +&e $a "arta representa &n pr'!ra,a

/ n' s#$' &n esta(' (e $a "&esti#n3 $' +&e s2 es +&e pr')a)$e,ente se trata (e &npr'/e"t' (istint' @ant se (i' "&enta (e $a i,p'si)i$i(a( (e$ ,is,' asta (esp&1s / $'

,4s se!&r' es +&e per,ane"iese para sie,pre irres'$&)$e %'reer &ns'$e(.KJ

5$ees"aW&er ta,)i1n epresa e$ )a$an"e +&e representa e$ p$antea,ient' (e$ pr')$e,a

+&e @ant ep'ne en $a "arta / (a $as "$aes para p'(er interpretar$'3 p&es:

@ant n' (&(a3 (e nin!&na ,anera3 (e $a "'n%'r,i(a( (e$ "'n"ept' / (e$ ')*et'3 per'pi(e s& *&sti%i"a"i#n ra"i'na$. L's "'n"ept's (e $'s +&e trata s'n $as $e/es (e$ enten(i,ient'e$ ')*et'3 $as esen"ias (e $as "'sas en s2. Es a+&2 ('n(e se ,ani%iesta t'(a $a !rae(a( (e$pr')$e,a: 9&n a pri'ri +&e representa a$!' en s2 M&"'s (e s&s "',enta('res s'n (e'pini#n (e +&e $a "arta ,en"i'na(a pr&e)a as2 +&e @ant a (e"i(i(' $a s&erte (e $a(e(&""i#n tras"en(enta$. Sin (&(a en esta "arta se p$antea e$ pr')$e,a3 per' es' es t'('.P'r 'tra parte3 &n' (e $'s (at's a"t&a$es (e$ pr')$e,a es in"',pati)$e "'n $a %&t&ra(e(&""i#n3 a sa)er: $a "'sa en s2. KK

La "arta a Mar"&- Her- n's (e*a "'n $a i,a!en (e &n @ant +&e a"i$a s')re &na

pr')$e,4ti"a para $a "&a$ n' tiene resp&esta in,e(iata +&i-4s ni si+&iera "'n"ien"ia

p$ena (e$ pr')$e,a3 p&es as&,e +&e $e t',ar4 tres ,eses. L' ,4s se!&r' es +&e $a

perp$e*i(a( 8antiana ante $a "&esti#n p$antea(a en $a "arta es +&e3 "',' )ien ap&nta en

$a De(&""i#n A3 e$ as&nt' res&$ta3 )a*' $a #pti"a (e$ "'n'"i,ient' (e $'s ')*et's en s2,is,'s (istinta (e $a Crítica


18/101

pr')$e,a. 5$ees"aW&er /a (i*' +&e @ant *a,4s (&(a (e $a "'n%'r,i(a( entre "'n"ept'

/ ')*et'3 s#$' pi(e &na *&sti%i"a"i#n ra"i'na$. De a"&er(' "'n 5$ees"aW&er3 a!re!a,'s3

+&e a(e,4s (e $a n&ea n'"i#n (e ')*et' "',' ')*et' (e $a eperien"ia @ant

ne"esita &na "'sa ,4s para res'$er este at'$$a(er':

Intente,'s p&es3 p'r &na e-3 si n' a(e$anta,'s ,4s en $as tareas (e $a ,eta%2si"as&p'nien(' +&e $'s ')*et's (e)en "'n%'r,arse a n&estr' "'n'"i,ient'3 "'sa +&e "'n"&er(a/a ,e*'r "'n $a (esea(a p'si)i$i(a( (e &n "'n'"i,ient' a priori (e (i"'s ')*et's3 &n"'n'"i,ient' +&e preten(e esta)$e"er a$!' s')re 1st's antes (e +&e n's sean (a('s. K

Si @ant n' s&p&siera (e ante,an' $a Re'$&"i#n C'perni"ana +&e n's ep$i"a en e$

Pr#$'!' a $a se!&n(a e(i"i#n3 se!&ir2a en e$ ,is,' at'$$a(er' p$antea(' en $a "arta3

&na e,presa i,p'si)$e. Per' este ,1t'(' i,p$e,enta(' est4 'p&est' a $a (istin"i#n (e

$a Dissertatio en &n senti('3 a tra1s (e$ inte$e"t'3 /a n' n's representa,'s $'s ob?etos

en sí : a+&e$$a pri,era apre"ia"i#n (e n&estr' "'n'"i,ient' ra"i'na$ a priori 3 a sa)er3 +&e 1stes#$' se re%iere a %en#,en's / +&e (e*a3 en "a,)i'3 $a "'sa en s2 "',' n' "'n'"i(a p'r n's'tr's. K

L's aatares 8antian's +&e an (e $a Dissertatio a $a p&)$i"a"i#n (e $a CRP $e $$ean a &n

"a,)i' en e$ ,1t'(' +&e $e per,ite (ar $a pista para p$antear s& s'$&"i#n a$ pr')$e,a (e

$a re$a"i#n entre $a representa"i#n / $'s ')*et's. Se trata (e &n "a,)i' +&e a%e"ta n' s#$'

a esta parte espe"2%i"a3 sin' a t'(a $a %i$'s'%2a ,is,a (e @ant. Una tesis %&n(a,enta$ K

%re"&ente a $' $ar!' (e $a CRP 3 se epresa ,4s ' ,en's (e $a si!&iente %'r,a:

Per,ane"e para n's'tr's a)s'$&ta,ente (es"'n'"i(' +&1 sean $'s ')*et's en s23in(epen(iente,ente (e t'(a esa re"eptii(a( (e n&estra sensi)i$i(a(. E$ ,4s "$ar'"'n'"i,ient' (e$ %en#,en' (e $'s ')*et's3 +&e es $' ;ni"' +&e (e e$$'s n's es (a('3 *a,4sn's ar2a "'n'"er en +&1 "'nsisten en s2 ,is,'s. G

57 CRP 3 B Z5I.

58 @ant3 CRP 3 B ZZ.

59 Cfr+ Beiser3 Fre(eri"83 Op+ Cit+, p. K. Beiser ep$i"a +&e a&n+&e arias (e $as tesis prin"ipa$es (e $a pri,era Crítica se anti"ipanen $a Dissertatio t'(a2a n' se "r&-a $a p&erta (e $a %i$'s'%2a "r2ti"a. T'(a2a n' se p$antea e$ pr')$e,a (e $a p'si)i$i(a( (e $'s *&i"i'ssint1ti"'s a pri'ri3 ni $a tesis "entra$ (e$ i(ea$is,' (e @ant3 +&e $'s ')*et's (a('s en n&estra eperien"ia s'n %en#,en's / n' "'sas ens2.

60 @ant3 CRP 3 AJ ]B KG.

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19/101

La s'$&"i#n 8antiana iene "'n "iertas restri""i'nes / ')e(e"e a &na ne"esi(a(

,et'('$#!i"a. Pri,era instan"ia3 (esapare"e $a p'si)i$i(a( (e$ enten(i,ient' (e "'n'"er

$as "'sas "',' s'n en s2 ,is,as. S#$' as2 se (isipar2a e$ pr')$e,a (e $a "arta (e Her-3

p&es si $'s "'n"ept's p&r's (e$ enten(i,ient' se ap$i"an3 /a n' a ')*et's en s2 ,is,'s3

sin' a %en#,en's3 / s#$' "'n'"e,'s ')*et's (e $a eperien"ia a tra1s (e e$$'s3 se

p&e(e rea$i-ar a+&e$$' +&e @ant pe(2a en $a "arta: &na *&sti%i"a"i#n ra"i'na$3 &na

(e(&""i#n tras"en(enta$.

Y'$!an! Car$ e3 a (i%eren"ia (e Be"83 &na re%eren"ia espe"2%i"a a $a De(&""i#n

tras"en(enta$ / a $' +&e 1sta (e)e resp'n(er: la relación de las categorías con los

ob?etos de la eFperiencia”+3- N' est4 e+&i'"a(' p&es $a ei(en"ia (e $a "arta inita a

pensar en +&e &na De(&""i#n es $' +&e se ne"esita. < es i,p'rtante er +&e +&i-4s n'

se re%iere a &na (e(&""i#n tras"en(enta$:G

La s'$&"i#n pr'p&esta (eter,ina a$ ,en's e$ 'ri!en (e n&estr's "'n"ept's a priori 3 per'n' s& *&sti%i"a"i#n3 s& ap$i"a)i$i(a( a $a eperien"ia. En 'tras pa$a)ras3 para &sar $ater,in'$'!2a p'steri'r (e @ant3 n's a (a(' s#$' &na (e(&""i#n ,eta%2si"a / n' &natras"en(enta$. @ant t'(a2a n' a $$e!a(' a $a "r&"ia$ (istin"i#n entre quid iuris / quid facti 3$a pre!&nta (e $a *&sti%i"a"i#n / $a (e$ 'ri!en (e$ "'n'"i,ient'. 7$ pare"e pensar +&e(eter,inar e$ 'ri!en (e &n "'n"ept' es (eter,inar s& *&sti%i"a"i#n. G

Tenien(' "',' ei(en"ia $a "arta3 Beiser ep$i"a +&e t'(a2a @ant n' a %'r,&$a('

a(e"&a(a,ente $a pre!&nta / +&e t',a p'r (e(&""i#n tras"en(enta$3 $' +&e $&e!'$$a,ar4 &na (e(&""i#n ,eta%2si"a. C'n est' @ant n' n's (a pistas (e$ ,1t'(' +&e $e

a/&(e a (e,'strar es'3 es ,4s3 se!&i,'s a Be"8 / Beiser a$ (e"ir +&e t'(a2a n' se

ep$i"ita )ien e$ pr')$e,a p&es s#$' a/ &na pista3 per' +&e n' n's per,ite ase!&rar +&e

@ant /a ten!a $a s'$&"i#n.

L' +&e s2 res&$ta ne"esari' a"eptar es +&e /a (es(e prin"ipi's (e ? a/

intent's en @ant (e (ar resp&esta a$ pr')$e,a (e $a re$a"i#n entre $as "ate!'r2as / $'s

61 Y'$%!an!3 Car$3 @antXs %irst (ra%ts '% te (e(&"ti'n en E"8art FVrster , 'ant1s transcendental deductions, 8tanford Uniersit/Press3 ?3 p. KG.

62 >er . Cap. . Para &na (istin"i#n entre (e(&""i#n tras"en(enta$ / (e(&""i#n e,p2ri"a.

63 Beiser3 Fre(eri"83 Op+ Cit+, p. KJ.

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20/101

')*et's / +&e "'nstit&/e &na (e $as piezas centrales de su filosofía teor=tica,” 32 +&e es

a+&e$$a en $a +&e @ant pas# !ran parte (e s& (1"a(a si$en"i'sa:

Sa)e,'s +&e $a ersi#n %ina$ (e $a Crítica se es"ri)i# (entr' (e "&atr' ' "in"' ,eses3per' +&e @ant a)2a esta(' tra)a*an(' en e$$a3 / espe"ia$,ente en $a (e(&""i#n (e $as

"ate!'r2as3 p'r "asi (ie- a0's. GK

A'ra "'niene pasar a est&(iar $' +&e @ant trata (e rea$i-ar en $a CRP "&an(' trata (e

ais$ar $'s e$e,ent's )4si"'s +&e "'nstit&/en $a eperien"ia / parte (e $a (istin"i#n entre

Enten(i,ient' / Sensi)i$i(a(3 +&e "',' e,'s ep&est'3 pr'iene (e &na 1p'"a

anteri'r a $a CRP 3 per' +&e presenta &n !ir' %&n(a,enta$.

(7& La 8r,3era Crítica0 -#1 8,-are1 %e -a e8,1/e3#-#


21/101

conociientos que poseeos, sisteticaente ordenados por la razón pura” 3 /

estar2a (e a"&er(' "'n Beiser en re$a"i'nar 1sta "'n &na (e%ini"i#n (e$ @ant (e ?G

"',' $a "ien"ia +&e (eter,ina $'s $2,ites (e $a ra-#n &,ana. ? Si )ien $a %i$'s'%2a

"r2ti"a a)2a na"i('3 a;n (e)2a ser ,a(&ra(a. Des(e antes (e $a Dissertatio, a @ant $e

a)2an pre'"&pa(' e$ pr')$e,a (e$ %&n(a,ent' (e $a ,eta%2si"a3 $$a,as (e &n ie*'

a,'r3 +&e (&rar4n asta e$ %ina$ (e s& i(a. < as23 en $a CRP GHI la pregunta

fundaental continJa siendo =sta( Kqu= % cunto puede conocer el entendiiento % la

razón con independencia de toda eFperienciaL

En e$ Pr#$'!' B se en%ati-a3 sin e,)ar!'3 $a ne"esi(a( (e &n "a,)i' (e ,1t'(' J en

$a ,eta%2si"a para +&e p&e(a se!&ir e$ "a,in' se!&r' (e $a "ien"ia3K / se re%iere

se!&ra,ente a$ senti(' (e &n inentari' (e "'n'"i,ient's a pri'ri3 es un tratado sobre

el =todo” .G La %i$'s'%2a tras"en(enta$ tiene "',' se$$' inerente $a re'$&"i#n"'perni"ana3 (e a+&2 se (e(&"en "'nse"&en"ias i,p'rtantes ta$es "',' $a

in"'!n's"i)i$i(a( (e $as "'sas "',' s'n en s2 ,is,as / +&e se ,en"i'ne +&e 1sta es $a

"$ae para &na ,eta%2si"a "ient2%i"a / re%'r,a(a.

Es re$eante n'tar +&e @ant n' ,en"i'na en e$ Pr#$'!' (e ?? na(a s')re ta$

re'$&"i#n. Q&i-4s est' sea "a&sa (e $a in"',prensi#n (e$ p;)$i"' / (e $a ne"esi(a(

(e rea"er ,&"'s pasa*es para $a se!&n(a e(i"i#n e inte!rar &n n&e' Pr#$'!'

70 CRP 3 A ZZ

71 Beiser3 Fre(eri"83 Op+ Cit+, p. .

72 &bid . p. K.

73 CRP 3 A Z5II

74 CRP, B Z5I

75 CRP 3 B ZI

76 CRP, B ZZII.

77 StraWs'n3 Peter F.3 6$e bounds of sense3 Met&en3 USA3 ?K3 p. .

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22/101

ep$i"itan(' e$ ,1t'(' +&e per,ita "',pren(er s& %i$'s'%2a. Si ep'ne,'s )ien e$

,1t'(' 8antian'3 se i$&,inan a$!&n's aspe"t's (e $a CRP :

Si $a int&i"i#n t&iera +&e re!irse p'r $a nat&ra$e-a (e $'s ')*et's3 n' e' "#,' p'(r2a"'n'"erse a$!' a priori s')re esa nat&ra$e-a. Si3 en "a,)i'3 es e$ ')*et' en "&ant' ')*et'

(e $'s senti('s e$ +&e se ri!e p'r $a nat&ra$e-a (e n&estra %a"&$ta( (e int&i"i#n3 p&e(erepresent4rse,e %4"i$,ente ta$ p'si)i$i(a(. ' )ien s&p'n!' +&e $'s ')*et's '3 $' +&e es$' ,is,'3 $a eFperiencia3 ;ni"a %&ente (e s& "'n'"i,ient' en "&ant' ')*et's (a('s3 se ri!ep'r ta$es "'n"ept's.

+&e s#$' "'n'"e,'s a priori (e $as "'sas $' +&e n's'tr's ,is,'s p'ne,'s en e$$as.

@ant pr',ete en este Pr#$'!' +&e si "a,)ia,'s e$ ,1t'(' (e $a ,eta%2si"a p'(e,'s

ase!&rar$e e$ "a,in' se!&r' (e &na "ien"ia3 / para @ant e$ ,'(e$' (e $a ,ate,4ti"a /

$a %2si"a s'n $'s +&e a a "'nsi(erar3 p&es a,)'s3 a&n+&e e$ se!&n(' par"ia$,ente: son

dos conociientos teóricos que deben deterinar sus ob?etos a priori .

Es (e"ir3 +&e en$a ,eta%2si"a ta,)i1n (e)e,'s (eter,inar a$!' a priori 3 p'r es' tene,'s +&e s&p'ner

+&e $'s ')*et's se (eter,inan p'r n&estra %a"&$ta( "'!n's"itia3 en $&!ar (e +&e sea a$

re1s. S#$' as2 es p'si)$e pensar $a e,presa (e $a CRP sin +&e n's pare-"a a$!'

a)s&r('.

La %i$'s'%2a "r2ti"a se pr'p'ne (eter,inar es's e$e,ent's a pri'ri +&e (eter,inan

$'s ')*et's para que p'(a,'s "'n'"er$'s. E$ senti(' (e esta pr'p'si"i#n es +&e eiste

&n "'n'"i,ient' anteri'r a $'s ')*et's +&e n's s'n (a('s. Deter,inar "&4$ es este

"'n'"i,ient' es inesti!ar +&1 es $' +&e n&estra %a"&$ta( (e "'n'"er p'ne en $'s

')*et's para p'(er "'n'"er$'s:

a&n+&e t'(' n&estr' "'n'"i,ient' e,pie"e con $a eperien"ia3 n' p'r es' pr'"e(e t'('1$ de $a eperien"ia. ?

78 CRP, B Z5IIZ5III.

79 CRP, B Z.

80 CRP, B?. E$ ,is,' @ant ep$i"a +&e en e$ 'r(en te,p'ra$3 nin!;n "'n'"i,ient' pre"e(e a $a eperien"ia / t'(' "'n'"i,ient'"',ien-a "'n e$$a. Este anteri'r se re%iere a &n 'r(en tras"en(enta$3 "',' "'n(i"i#n (e p'si)i$i(a( (e $a eperien"ia3 / p'r tant'3n' te,p'ra$.

81 CRP, B?.

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A+&e$$'s e$e,ent's +&e a"en p'si)$e n&estr' "'n'"i,ient' (e ')*et's3 entien(e @ant3

n' p&e(en enir (e n&estra eperien"ia (e e$$'s3 sin' +&e es anteri'r en e$ senti('

+&e /a ep&si,'s. La eperien"ia ,is,a $'s s&p'ne. A $a inesti!a"i#n +&e rea$i-a @ant

a $' $ar!' (e t'(a $a CRP )ien p'(r2a a!re!4rse$e e$ a(*eti' trascendental” 3 ta$ "',' 1$

,is,' $' entien(e:

L$a,' trascendental t'(' "'n'"i,ient' +&e se '"&pa3 n' tant' (e $'s ')*et's3 "&ant' (en&estr' ,'(' (e "'n'"er$'s3 en "&ant' +&e ta$ ,'(' a (e ser p'si)$e a priori+ Un siste,a(e se,e*antes "'n"ept's se $$a,ar2a filosofía trascendental+ Da(' +&e n' )&s"are,'s%&era (e$ enten(i,ient' $' +&e 1ste a$,a"ena3 n' se n's p&e(e '"&$tar

Si )ien es %4"i$ "'n"e)ir $a i(ea (e &n "'n'"i,ient' (e $'s ')*et's (e $a eperien"ia3 $a

i(ea (e$ ,'(' (e "'n'"er$'s es &na i(ea +&e @ant ep$'ta s')re,anera. Es ese ,'('

e$ +&e n's a ep$i"itar en s& ')ra episte,'$#!i"a. Ha/ +&e "',pren(er3 en t1r,in's

!enera$es3 +&1 "',p'nentes a priori entran en *&e!' para "'nstit&ir $a eperien"ia,is,a. Ta$ "',' a (i"' @ant3 (e a$!&na %'r,a3 n' se n's p&e(en '"&$tar.J

(7&7( In/u,!,4n 2 !#n!e8/#0 -a 3e/a=.1,!a %e -a e>8er,en!,a %e Kan/

a? La ,n3e%,a/e$ %e -a ,n/u,!,4n

Es &n $&!ar "',;n en e$ 4,)it' a"a(1,i"' / p'r ,'ti's tant' sint1ti"'s "','

pe(a!#!i"'s3 re(&"ir $a ri"a ,&$tip$i"i(a( (e "'n"ept's / s&s re$a"i'nes +&e en&e$e

82 N' te,p'ra$ ni psi"'$#!i"'.

83 CRP, A?? ] B KG

84 Esta epresi#n es ,4s "',prensi)$e a $a $&- (e $a %i$'s'%2a ,'(erna (e$ si!$' Z5IIZ5III. >er . R'rt/3 Ri"ar(3 P$ilosop$% and t$eirror of nature, PUP3USA3 ?3 pp. JKGJ. Ri"ar( R'rt/ a"e &n an4$isis (eta$$a(' (e "#,' esta n'"i#n n'e('sa (e $a ,ente(e ,ente"','ra-#n a ,ente"','arenainterna p.G? s&r!e "'n Des"artes / est4 /a presente en s&s #editacionesetafísicas. Se trata (e$ (&a$is,' "artesian' ,ente"&erp' / $as i,p$i"a"i'nes +&e (e(&"e Des"artes (e s& (istin"i#n. Entre e$$as3+&e na(a est4 ,4s "er"an' a $a ,ente +&e e$$a ,is,a / p'r $' tant' p&e(e er (entr' (e s2 R'rt/ a)$a (e &n a""es'prii$e!ia('. @ant n' est4 $e*'s3 en este senti('3 (e s& 1p'"a3 p&es a&n+&e s& inesti!a"i#n ten!a e$ a(*eti' (e tras"en(enta$ sep'(r2a a"er &na ana$'!2a entre e$ ,1t'(' 8antian' / $' +&e Des"artes $$a,a ,e(ita"i#n en s& Pr#$'!' a $as #editaciones +&e(e%ine "',' desligar su espíritu del coercio de los sentidos % librarlo por copleto de toda suerte de pre?uiciosM . Est'pre%i!&ra $a %'r,a"i#n (e $' +&e R'rt/ $$a,a e$ O*' Intern' Inner E/e +&e ')sera $a 5i(a Interna Inner Li%e (e $a ,ente ('n(ese en"&entran $as i(eas3 ' "',' (ir2a L'"8e: la otra fuente de donde la eFperiencia proee de ideas al entendiiento es la

percepción de las operaciones interiores de nuestra propia ente al estar ocupadas en las ideas que tieneM las cuales operacionescuando el ala refleFiona sobre ella % las considera de todas las diferentes actiidades de nuestra ente, de las cuales, puestoque teneos de ellas conciencia % que podeos obserarlas nosotros 0en” nosotros isos Esta fuente de origen de las ideas latiene todo $obre en sí iso, % aunque no es un sentido, %a que no tiene nada qu= er con ob?etos eFternos, con todo se pareceuc$o % puede llarsele con propiedad sentido interno. Ensa%o3 II3 Cap. ?3 ^J En t'(' "as'3 esta "'n"ep"i#n tiene s& 'ri!enen Des"artes / a e$$a ret'rna $a );s+&e(a interi'r (e &na "erte-a +&e "&$,ina "'n e$ p'si"i'na,ient' (e$ 0Pienso, luego so%” "',';ni"' %&n(a,ent' "erter'3 p&es es bien eFtra9o decir que conozco % coprendo s distintaente unas cosas, cu%a eFistenciae parece dudosa % e son desconocidas % no e pertenecen, que aquellas otras de cu%a erdad esto% persuadido % e sonconocidas % pertenecen a i propia naturaleza, en un palabra, que a í iso. que nada $a% que e sea s fcil de conocerque i propio espíritu+ Des"artes3 #editaciones3 II. Si e$ enten(i,ient' a$,a"ena a$!' +&e n' se n's p&e(e '"&$ar es p'r+&es&p'ne &na "'n"ep"i#n (e $a ,ente "',' a+&e$$' +&e n' es ,4s "er"an' / a""esi)$e a n's'tr's ,is,'s3 n&estra "'n"ien"ia.

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&n siste,a %i$'s#%i"' a "iertas %#r,&$as +&e3 si )ien3 s'n a&t'ri-a(as p'r $'s ,is,'s

pensa('res3 (e)en ep$i"itarse en s& "',p$e*i(a( para p'(er a(+&irir p$en' senti('. Es

)ien "'n'"i(' e$ dictu 8antian' +&e (a "&enta (e $a ne"esaria re$a"i#n +&e (e)e (arse

entre $a Sensi)i$i(a( / e$ Enten(i,ient' para +&e ten!a,'s "'n'"i,ient' es (e"ir3 +&e

los pensaientos sin contenido son acíosM las intuiciones sin conceptos son

ciegas+ K

Si @ant ret',a $a (istin"i#n esta)$e"i(a en $a Dissertatio entre e$ ,&n(' sensi)$e / e$

,&n(' inte$i!i)$eG s#$' $' a"e para "a,)iar$a "'nsi(era)$e,ente. A'ra se trata (e

!aranti-ar $a relación entre a,)as %a"&$ta(es: Sensi)i$i(a( / Enten(i,ient'. Se trata (e

('s #r(enes3 (e $'s "&a$es n' p'(e,'s inter"a,)iar s&s %&n"i'nes: 0:i el entendiiento

puede intuir nada, ni los sentidos pueden pensar nada+ El conociiento Jnicaente

puede surgir de la unión de abos”+5. Est' i(enti%i"a &n ras!' (e$ @ant +&e se $$a,a"r2ti"': $a (istin"i#n (e ('s #r(enes (epen(ientes &n' (e$ 'tr' en e$ "'n'"i,ient'.

La pri,era parte (e $a CRP es $a D'"trina Tras"en(enta$ (e $'s E$e,ent's +&e

se s&)(ii(e en Est1ti"a Tras"en(enta$ / L#!i"a Tras"en(enta$3 en "a(a &na se trata

(e (eter,inar +&1 e$e,ent's a priori "'nstit&/en $as "'n(i"i'nes (e p'si)i$i(a( (e $a

eperien"ia3 es (e"ir3 +&1 pertene"e en e$ ')*et' (e "'n'"i,ient' a n&estr' odo (e

"'n'"er$'3 +&1 $' a"e p'si)$e "',' ta$ es i,p'rtante n' "'n%&n(ir $' +&e "a(a %a"&$ta(

"'ntri)&/e:

separar / (istin!&ir "&i(a('sa,ente &na (e 'tra. P'r e$$' (istin!&i,'s $a "ien"ia (e $asre!$as (e $a sensi)i$i(a( en !enera$3 es (e"ir3 $a est1ti"a3 respe"t' (e $a "ien"ia (e $as re!$as(e$ enten(i,ient' en !enera$3 es (e"ir3 (e $a $#!i"a.

Si e$ tra)a*' (e $a Crítica se re(&*ese a si,p$e,ente a (istin!&ir $' +&e "a(a %a"&$ta(

"'ntri)&/e3 s& e,presa n' ser2a ,en's $a)'ri'sa3 per' e$ dictu 8antian' ep'ne $a

85 CRP, AK?] B K.

86 5er. n'ta ?.

87 CRP, AK?] B KG

88 CRP, AK] B G

89 *de+

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i(ea (e $a ne"esaria re$a"i#n (e a,)as %a"&$ta(es / est' es +&i-4s $' +&e $as partes ,4s

's"&ras / (i%2"i$es tratan (e (e,'strar. Es i,p'rtante ir se0a$an(' $' +&e (istin!&e a

"a(a &na (e estas %a"&$ta(es:?

N&estr' "'n'"i,ient' s&r!e )4si"a,ente (e ('s %&entes (e$ psi+&is,': $a pri,era es $a

%a"&$ta( (e re"i)ir representa"i'nes re"eptii(a( (e $as i,presi'nes $a se!&n(a es $a%a"&$ta( (e "'n'"er &n ')*et' a tra1s (e ta$es representa"i'nes esp'ntanei(a( (e $'s"'n"ept's. A tra1s (e $a pri,era se n's da &n ')*et' 6e!enstan( gegebenerstand<Fa"&$ta( (e re"i)ir representa"i'nes Fa"&$ta( (e "'n'"er &n ')*et' a tra1s (e

ta$es representa"i'nes.Re"eptii(a( (e $as i,presi'nes Esp'ntanei(a( (e $'s "'n"ept's

A tra1s (e 1sta se n's da &n ')*et' A tra1s (e 1sta $' pensa,'s

Int&i"i#n Ansc$auung C'n"ept' )egriff< Int&i"i#n Int&i"i#n "'n"ept' "'n"ept'p&ra e,p2ri"a p&r' e,p2ri"'

90 5er. StraWs'n3 P.3 6$e bounds of sense3 Me&ten3 USA3 ?K3 p. J. E$ "'ra-#n (e $a Crítica de la Razón Pura3 / s&s pasa*es,4s (i%2"i$es3 est4n "'nteni('s en $a Diisi#n tit&$a(a Ana$2ti"a Tras"en(enta$ Pensa,'s +&e se re%iere a $a De(&""i#nTras"en(enta$ / e$ Es+&e,atis,' (e $'s "'n"ept's p&r's (e$ enten(i,ient'.

91 51ase. @ant3 !ecciones de lógica” tra(. Mar2a =es;s L')eiras3 A8a$3 Espa0a3 3 p. ?. ('s %a"&$ta(es %&n(a,enta$es3esen"ia$,ente (i%erentes

92 CRP, AK ] BJ

93 Fa$8sntein3 L'rne3 @antXs Trans"en(enta$ Aesteti" en Bir(3 6raa,3 A copanion to 'ant 3 B$a"8We$$3 USA3 G3 p. ?J.

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"'ntiene sensa"i#n "'ntiene sensa"i#n

D's %a"&$ta(es +&e a"en +&e n&estr' "'n'"i,ient' se re%iera a ')*et'sJ

egenstnde. De esta ,is,a (&a$i(a( s')re $a +&e /a i"i,'s 1n%asis3 a)$a Peter

StraWs'nK "',' ine$&(i)$e en "&a$+&ier pensa,ient' %i$'s#%i"' s')re $a eperien"ia:

conceptos generales e instancias particulares (e es's "'n"ept's3 en"'ntra('s en $a

eperien"ia. Per' es ,&/ i,p'rtante (istin!&ir antes (e a qu= se refieren n&estras

%a"&$ta(es3 e$ edio #ittel ' odo Art cóo se re%ieren a es's ')*et's e$ "'n'"i,ient'

(e "a(a &na (e 1stas. A$ prin"ipi' (e $a Est1ti"a @ant $' espe"2%i"a (e ,anera estri"ta:

Sean "&a$es sean e$ ,'(' ' $'s ,e(i's "'n +&e &n "'n'"i,ient' se re%iere a $'s')*et's3 $a intuición Ansc$auung es e$ ,'(' p'r ,e(i' (e$ "&a$ e$ "'n'"i,ient' se re%ierein,e(iata,ente unittelbar a (i"'s ')*et's / es a+&e$$' a +&e ap&nta t'(' pensa,ient'

en "&ant' ,e(i'. Ta$ int&i"i#n ;ni"a,ente tiene $&!ar en $a ,e(i(a en +&e e$ ')*et' n's es(a('. La "apa"i(a( re"eptii(a( (e re"i)ir representa"i'nes3 a$ ser a%e"ta('s p'r $'s')*et's3 se $$a,a sensibilidad / e$$a es $a ;ni"a +&e n's s&,inistra intuiciones. P'r ,e(i' (e$enten(i,ient'3 $'s ')*et's s'n en "a,)i'3 pensados / (e 1$ pr'"e(en $'s conceptos. G

Antes (e ep$i"ar "&4$ es $a nat&ra$e-a (e $a int&i"i#n es i,p'rtante p'ner en "$ar' &na

n'ta ,4s (e a"&er(' a $a (istin"i#n entre $as %a"&$ta(es +&e ,en"i'na,'s. Est' se

en"&entra en $a !ógica Nsc$e / n's per,itir4 "',pren(er ,4s a %'n(' +&1 (i%eren"ia

eiste:

$a (i%eren"ia lógica entre enten(i,ient' / sensi)i$i(a(, se!;n $a "&a$ 1sta n' pr'p'r"i'nana(a ,4s +&e int&i"i'nes a+&1$3 p'r e$ "'ntrari'3 na(a ,4s +&e "'n"ept's. A,)as%a"&$ta(es %&n(a,enta$es se p&e(en "'nsi(erar "ierta,ente (es(e 'tr' p&nt' (e ista / sep&e(en (e%inir (e 'tra ,anera. A sa)er: $a sensi)i$i(a( "',' &na %a"&$ta( (e receptiidad 3 e$enten(i,ient' "',' &na %a"&$ta( (e $a espontaneidad . Esta ep$i"a"i#n3 e,per'3 n' es$#!i"a3 sin' etafísica+

Esta (istin"i#n $#!i"a / ,eta%2si"a (e $as %a"&$ta(es se0a$a a pr'%&n(i(a( "#,' s'n

(i%erentes. In"$&s' (es(e ('s p&nt's (e ista. La ,e(ita"i#n (e @ant en t'rn' a $a

int&i"i#n / e$ ,'(' "#,' re$a"i'na n&estr' "'n'"i,ient' a ')*et's es +&e 1sta re%iere e$

94 P'r e$ ,',ent' a/ +&e pensar este ')*et's "',' algo +&e a%e"ta n&estra sensi)i$i(a( / pr'(&"e en n's'tr's

representa"i'nes. M4s tar(e espe"i%i"are,'s &n p'"' ,4s (e est'.

95 StraWs'n3 Peter F.3 6$e bounds of sense3 Met&en3 USA3 ?K3 p. .

96 A?]B

97 . @ant3 !ecciones de lógica3 tra(. Mar2a =es;s L')eiras3 A8a$3 Espa0a3 3 p. ?.

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28/101


29/101

representa"i#n (e espa"ia$i(a(3 es (e"ir a priori . Este "ar4"ter "'n"ept&a$ n' p&e(e

ap$i"arse a$ espa"i' ni a$ tie,p'3 p&es pertene"e a &n 'r(en +&e n's per,ite

representar int&ir particulares3 $' "&a$ en e$ "as' (e$ "'n"ept' res&$ta i,p'si)$e p'r s&

(e%ini"i#n ,is,a3 +&e i,p$i"a $a !enera$i(a(.

(7&7& E- e1@ue3a !#n!e8/ua- %e -a e>8er,en!,a0 -a %e%u!!,4n 3e/a=.1,!a

L' +&e es e$ Enten(i,ient' >erstand a si(' (e%ini('?G p'r @ant "',' "ierta "apa"i(a(

(e pr'(&"ir representa"i'nes ' $a "apa"i(a( (e pensar &n ')*et' (e $a int&i"i#n.? E$

res&$ta(' (e $a Est1ti"a Tras"en(enta$ $$e# a @ant a pensar +&e ta,)i1n p'(r2a

en"'ntrar en e$ Enten(i,ient' &na (istin"i#n entre el pensaiento puro de los ob?etos /

e$ pensaiento epírico de los isos”+-/5 Est' si!ni%i"a +&e $a $#!i"a +&e se a)strae

(e todo "'nteni(' ser2a $a L#!i"a Tras"en(enta$3 / +&i-4s +&e se,e*ante e,presa

ta,)i1n (e)er2a '"&parse (e$ origen (e n&estr' "'n'"i,ient' (e ')*et's3 &n 'ri!en n'e,p2ri"'.

C'n $a esperan-a3 p&es3 (e +&e a/a ta$ e- "'n"ept's +&e se re%ieran a priori a')*et's3 n' en "&ant' int&i"i'nes p&ras ' sensi)$es3 sin' si,p$e,ente en "&ant' a"t's (e$enten(i,ient' p&r' a"t's +&e s'n3 p'r tant'3 "'n"ept's3 per' (e 'ri!en n' e,p2ri"' niest1ti"' 3 n's a"e,'s $a i(ea (e &na "ien"ia (e$ "'n'"i,ient' p&r' inte$e"t&a$ / ra"i'na$3&n "'n'"i,ient' a tra1s (e$ "&a$ pensa,'s $'s ')*et's p$ena,ente a priori . Se,e*ante"ien"ia3 +&e (eter,inar2a e$ 'ri!en3 a,p$it&( / $a a$i(e- ')*etia (e es's "'n'"i,ient's3ten(r2a +&e $$a,arse lógica trascendental 3 si )ien ;ni"a,ente en $a ,e(i(a en +&e ta$es$e/es se re%ieren a ')*et's a priori 3 ?

106 Esta (e%ini"i#n t',a (istintas %'r,as a $' $ar!' (e $a Ana$2ti"a (e $'s C'n"ept's. L' +&e (istin!&e en esta (e%ini"i#n pare"e ser,4s +&e na(a en re$a"i#n "'n $a Sensi)i$i(a(. Per' pensa,'s +&e a/ &na "'nei#n estre"a entre $$a,ar a$ Enten(i,ient':%a"&$ta( (e *&-!ar3 %a"&$ta( (e $as re!$as3 %a"&$ta( (e $'s *&i"i's3 Aper"ep"i#n tras"en(enta$.

107 CRP 3 AK?] BK

108 CRP, AKK]B

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En $a "ita anteri'r se p&e(e apre"iar &n' (e $'s si!ni%i"a('s +&e @ant atri)&/e

p'steri'r,ente a $a De(&""i#n Tras"en(enta$ e$ +&e a/a conceptos que se refieran

a priori a ob?etos” . Es i,p'rtante (e"ir +&e $a pa$a)ra +&e &ti$i-a @ant a+&2 para (esi!nar

')*et's es egenstnde3 +&e tiene &n si!ni%i"a(' $e*'s (e$ ie*' Ding (e $a "arta a Her-

+&e ,en"i'na,'s. P'r e$ ,',ent'3 )aste (e"ir +&e a apare"i(' ta,)i1n &n "'n"ept'

i,p'rtante en t'rn' a $'s "'n"ept's p&r's: (e $a a$i(e- ')*etia ob?e"tie ltig"eitI+

Las ei!en"ias 8antianas a"er"a (e este ";,&$' (e "'n"ept's s'n )ien (istin!&i(as3 a$

i!&a$ +&e $as int&i"i'nes p&ras3 @ant )&s"a n' /a en e$ "ar4"ter int&iti' (e $a

Sensi)i$i(a(3 sin' en $a nat&ra$e-a (is"&rsia (e$ Enten(i,ient' cóo su lugar de

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31/101

@ant re"'n'"e en Arist#te$es s& in!eni' en $a );s+&e(a (e s&s "'n"ept's3 sin e,)ar!'3

$e repr'"a %&erte,ente +&e n' $'s )&s"# (e a"&er(' a &n prin"ipi' sin' +&e $'s re"'!i#

"',' se!;n se $e presenta)an. E$ prin"ipi' $' e,'s pasa(' +&i-4s p'r a$t' n's'tr's

a"e &n ,',ent'3 per' a'ra a/ +&e a"er$' ep$2"it': se trata (e a"t's (e$

enten(i,ient'. L's "'n"ept's +&e @ant +&iere )&s"ar $'s $$a,a as2. A"t' tiene

per%e"ta,ente &na "'nn'ta"i#n (e $acer 3 (e esp'ntanei(a(3 +&e "ara"teri-a a$

Enten(i,ient':

P'(e,'s re(&"ir t'('s $'s a"t's (e$ enten(i,ient' a *&i"i's3 (e ,'(' +&e e$entendiiento p&e(e representarse "',' &na facultad de ?uzgar 3 /a +&e3 se!;n $' (i"'anteri'r,ente3 es &na %a"&$ta( (e pensar. Pensar es "'n'"er ,e(iante "'n"ept's. Eiste3 p'r tant'3 $a p'si)i$i(a( (e a$$ar t'(as $as %&n"i'nes (e$ enten(i,ient' si p'(e,'srepresentar ea&stia,ente $as %&n"i'nes (e &ni(a( en $'s *&i"i's. ??

Est' es $' +&e Pa&$ 6&/er $$a,a $a pista "$&e (e $a De(&""i#n Meta%2si"a +&e e$

"'n'"i,ient' t',a $a %'r,a (e$ *&i"i'??3 per' a(&"e +&e @ant n' $a ep$'ta tant' "','

(e)er2a3 / ,4s )ien $a (e*a a$ ,ar!en "&an(' (e)er2a e"ar ,an' (e e$$a. Ta,)i1n

@e,p S,it e en $a "ita anteri'r $a "$ae3 per' en 'tr' senti(': entre e$ pensa,ient'

ana$2ti"' / (is"&rsi'.??J Si es p'si)$e re(&"ir $'s a"t's (e$ enten(i,ient' a *&i"i's3 es

a$!' +&e @ant t',a)a p'r &n tra)a*' /a e$a)'ra('3 p&es $a:

$#!i"a a t',a(' e$ "a,in' se!&r' (es(e $'s tie,p's ,4s anti!&'s3 es a$!' +&e p&e(ein%erirse (e$ e"' (e +&e n' a ne"esita(' (ar &n pas' atr4s (es(e Arist#te$es A'ra)ien3 $'s $2,ites (e $a $#!i"a est4n se0a$a('s "'n p$ena ea"tit&( p'r ser &na "ien"ia +&e n'a"e ,4s +&e ep'ner (eta$$a(a,ente / (e,'strar "'n ri!'r $as re!$as %'r,a$es (e t'('pensa,ient'3 sea 1ste a priori ' e,p2ri"'3 sea "&a$ sea s& "',ien-' ' s& ')*et'. ??K

112 CRP3 A G]BJ

113 Te (e(&"ti'n '% te "ate!'ries: te Metap/si"a$ an( Trans"en(enta$ De(&"ti'ns en 6&/er3 Pa&$ E(it'r en 6$e Cabridgecopanion to 'ant1s critique of pure reason, CP, USA3 ?3 p. ?G.

114 C%r. @e,p3 S,it3 A coentar% to 'ant1s critique of pure reason, p. ?. La pista para $as "ate!'r2as n' (e)e seren"'ntra(a en $as "ara"ter2sti"as inerentes (e$ pensa,ient' ana$2ti"'3 ' en s&s pr'(&"t's espe"2%i"'s p'r e*e,p$'3 "'n"ept's3 sin's#$' en $' +&e3 (esp&1s (e t'(a a)stra""i#n per,ane"e (e $'s pr'(&"t's +&e e$ pensa,ient' sint1ti"' "rea. Ca(a tip' (e *&i"i'ana$2ti"'3 a$ ana$i-ar$'3 (es"&)rir4 in"$&ir a$!&na %&n"i#n espe"2%i"a3 %&n"i#n a partir (e $a "&a$ $'s %a"t'res "'n"ept&a$es s'nre$a"i'na('s a3 / &ni%i"a('s &n's "'n 'tr's e$e,ent's en e$ *&i"i'. Esta %&n"i#n (e &ni(a( es en "a(a "as' &na "ate!'r2a a priori (e$enten(i,ient'.

115 CRP3 Pr#$'!' B 5IIIIZ.

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34/101

prin"ipi' a se!&ir en e$ (es"&)ri,ient' (e $'s "'n"ept's p&r's (e$ enten(i,ient'. P'r $a

si!&iente ana$'!2a +&e tra-a @e,p S,it:

En &n &s' (e$ enten(i,ient'3 p'r ,e(i' (e s&s a"tii(a(es sint1ti"as3 !enera (e $a,&$tip$i"i(a( (a(a $'s ')*et's "',p$e*'s (e $a eperien"ia sens'ria$. A$ a"er est'3 interpreta/ 'r!ani-a $a ,&$tip$i"i(a( a tra1s (e "'n"ept's +&e se 'ri!inan de sí iso. En 'tr'3(is"ri,ina / "',para3 / (e a2 (eria del contenido de la eFperiencia sensorial $'s "'n"ept's!en1ri"'s (e $a $#!i"a tra(i"i'na$. A'ra @ant pare"e ar!&,entar en esta se""i#n3 +&e si $a(i%eren"ia en e$ 'ri!en (e $'s "'n"ept's en est's ('s "as's se (e*ara (e $a('3 / siaten(i1ra,'s s'$a,ente a$ "ar4"ter ,4s !enera$ (e s&s respe"tias a"tii(a(es3en"'ntrar2a,'s +&e p'seen &na "ara"ter2sti"a %&n(a,enta$3 p'r (e"ir3 +&e epresan%&n"i'nes (e &ni(a(. Esta "ara"ter2sti"a "',;n a $'s ('s tip's (e a"tii(a( p&e(e ser (e%ini(a (esp&1s "',' sient' $a &ni(a( (e$ a"t' a tra1s (e$ "&a$ &na ,&$tip$i"i(a( es"',pren(i(a )a*' &na s'$a representa"i#n. ?

Est's ('s tip's (e a"tii(a( $'s se0a$a @e,p S,it "',' pensa,ient' (is"&rsi' /

pensa,ient' sint1ti"' / rea$i-an $a ,is,a a"tii(a(. La pri,era se en"ar!a (e (ar

&ni(a( en $'s *&i"i's?3 ,ientras +&e $a 'tra 'r!ani-a &na ,&$tip$i"i(a( para !enerar $'s

')*et's (e $a eperien"ia. De esta ana$'!2a @ant a a ep$i"ar +&e a,)as s'n %&n"i'nes

(e &ni(a(.

Un "'n"ept' !en1ri"' ' a)stra"t' epresa "&a$i(a(es "',&nes epresa(as en "a(a &n'(e$ n;,er' (e "'nteni('s "',p$e*'s. Es en s2 ,is,' &n "'nteni('. Una "ate!'r2a3 p'r 'traparte3 es sie,pre &na %&n"i#n (e &ni(a( en $a "&a$ $'s "'nteni('s s'n interpreta('s. N' es&n "'nteni('3 sin' &na %'r,a (e 'r!ani-a"i#n (e$ "'nteni('. S#$' p&e(e tener epresi#n ene$ a"t' t'ta$ (e *&-!ar3 n' en &n s'$' e$e,ent' (e ta$ "'n"ept' (is"&rsi'. A$ ar!&,ent'(e @ant3 "'nsiste a'ra en $a pr&e)a (e$ anteri'r pres&p'ne $a "ate!'r2a. ?

L's "'n"ept's !en1ri"'s (e $'s +&e a)$a S,it p&e(en pensarse "',' "'n"ept's

e,p2ri"'s3 p'r e*e,p$'3 en e$ *&i"i': T'(' ,eta$ es &n "&erp'3 e$ "'n"ept' (e "&erp'

re(&"e $a arie(a( sin aten(er a s&s parti"&$ari(a(es (e $'s ,eta$es a $a &ni(a( a

tra1s (e$ "'n"ept' (e "&erp'. De ,anera an4$'!a3 $a a"tii(a( sint1ti"a pr'"e(e "'n e$

enten(i,ient' +&e 'r!ani-a &na ,&$tip$i"i(a( (e $a int&i"i#n a tra1s (e &na %'r,a (e

&ni(a( "',' $a (e s&stan"ia / atri)&t'. E$ 1n%asis +&e a"e S,it es +&e $a a"tii(a(

(is"&rsia %'r,a('ra (e *&i"i's s&p'ne $a a"tii(a( sint1ti"a. De a+&2 s&p'ne @ant +&e:

128 @e,p3 S,it3 &bide, p.?.

129 Cr%. Prolegoena3 ^. Di"e @ant3 )&s+&1 &na a""i#n (e$ enten(i,ient' +&e "'nt&iese t'(as $as (e,4s / +&e se(i%eren"iase s#$' pr' (istintas ,'(i%i"a"i'nes ' ,',ent's en e$ $$ear $' ,;$tip$e (e $a representa"i#n )a*' $a &ni(a( (e$ pensa,ient'en !enera$ / ent'n"es en"'ntr1 +&e ta$ a""i#n "'nsiste en e$ *&-!ar.

130 @e,p3 S,it3 &bide, p.?.

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La ,is,a %&n"i#n +&e (a &ni(a( a $as (istintas representa"i'nes en un ?uiciopr'p'r"i'na ta,)i1n a $a ,era s2ntesis (e (i%erentes representa"i'nes en una intuición &na&ni(a( +&e3 en t1r,in's !enera$es3 se $$a,a "'n"ept' p&r' (e$ enten(i,ient'.... P'r "'nsi!&iente3 e$ ,is,' enten(i,ient' / p'r ,e(i' (e $'s ,is,'s a"t's "'n +&e pr'(&*' en$'s "'n"ept's $a %'r,a $#!i"a (e &n *&i"i' a tra1s (e $a &ni(a( ana$2ti"a3 intr'(&"e ta,)i1nen s&s representa"i'nes &n "'nteni(' tras"en(enta$ a tra1s (e $a &ni(a( sint1ti"a (e $'(iers' (e $a int&i"i#n ??

E$ enten(i,ient'3 (e%ini(' "',' &na %a"&$ta( (e *&-!ar3? $e a (a(' e$ prin"ipi' para

+&e $as "ate!'r2as n' s&r*an (e %'r,a rapsódica” - ni $as re"'*a,'s segJn se nos

presenten” .?J La se!&ri(a( +&e @ant ,ani%iesta a$ presentar $a ta)$a (e $as "ate!'r2as

(eria(a (e $a (e $'s *&i"i's es3 in"$&s'3 pe(ante:?K

En e%e"t'3 (i"as %&n"i'nes a!'tan e$ enten(i,ient' p'r enter'3 as2 "',' ta,)i1n"a$i)ran s& "apa"i(a( t'ta$. Esta es $a $ista "',p$eta (e $'s "'n"ept's p&r's 'ri!inari's(e $a s2ntesis "'nteni('s a priori en e$ enten(i,ient' p&r'. E%e"tia,ente3 s#$' a tra1s (ee$$'s es "apa- (e enten(er a$!' (e $' ari' (e $a int&i"i#n3 es (e"ir3 pensar &n ')*et' (e $a

;$ti,a. ?G

La eperien"ia s'$a,ente es p'si)$e a tra1s (e (i"as "ate!'r2as3 +&e s'n $as +&e $a

a"en inte$i!i)$e. Esas "ate!'r2as est4n re$a"i'na(as3 ' (erian (e $a "'n"ep"i#n

8antiana (e$ enten(i,ient' "',' %a"&$ta( (e $'s *&i"i's "',' &n conociiento ediato

de un ob?eto” 3? &n pensa,ient' +&e es conocer ediante conceptos” .?


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e$ enten(i,ient' / ta,)i1n s& prin"ipi' "',;n para (es"&)rir$as3 per' n' a si('

a"$ara(' +&1 es &n "'n"ept' ni "#,' es p'si)$e "'n'"er ')*et's a tra1s (e e$$'s3 sin'

s#$' pensar$'s?J / s#$' se an e"' ei(entes a$!&nas pistas +&e (e)er4n

"',p$etarse en e$ si!&iente aparta('. A "'ntin&a"i#n presenta,'s $a ta)$a (e $'s *&i"i's /

$a (e $as "ate!'r2as:?J?

Ta)$a (e =&i"i's Ta)$a (e "ate!'r2as Cantidad Cantidad Uniersa$es Uni(a( Parti"&$ares P$&ra$i(a( Sin!&$ares T'ta$i(a(Cualidad Relación Cualidad Relación

A%ir,ati's Cate!#ri"'s Rea$i(a( S&stan"ia

Ne!ati's Hip't1ti"'s Ne!a"i#n Ca&saIn%init's Dis/&nti's Li,ita"i#n C',&ni(a(

#odalidad #odalidad Pr')$e,4ti"'s P'si)i$i(a( Asert#ri"'s Eisten"ia Ap'(2"ti"'s Ne"esi(a(

&7 La /e#r.a 5an/,ana %e -#1 !#n!e8/#17

In/r#%u!!,4n

Es inne!a)$e +&e @ant ep'ne en s& Crítica &na te'r2a s')re e$ pape$ s&stan"ia$ +&e

*&e!a e$ concepto )egriff


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pri,era parte (e $a L#!i"a Tras"en(enta$ (e$ "'n"ept'3 (e $' +&e $$a,a: la referencia

;bezie$en< a ob?etos.?JK

Per' $a i(ea (e$ Enten(i,ient' >erstand "',' %a"&$ta( (is"&rsia (e$ "'n'"i,ient' '

"apa"i(a( inte$e"t&a$ (e apreen(er enti(a(es &niersa$es n' es &na n'e(a(

8antiana3 e in"$&s' est4 presente (es(e $'s ini"i's en Arist#te$es3 p'r e*e,p$' / a $'

$ar!' (e $a ist'ria (e $a %i$'s'%2a.?JG

La n'e(a( 8antiana (e)e )&s"arse3 pre"isa,ente3 en e$ ai',a (e +&e ni $a

%a"&$ta( (e $as int&i"i'nes ni $a %a"&$ta( (e $'s "'n"ept's p&e(en pr'p'r"i'narn's

"'n'"i,ient' p'r separa('.?J

A&n+&e "',' )ien ap&nta Terr/ Pin8ar(3 esta en!a0'sa i,a!en sen"i$$a +&e se

,&estra int&i"i'nes / "'n"ept's "',' %'r,an(' $a estr&"t&ra (e $a eperien"ia n'

s#$' es "'ntr'ersia$ sin' +&e res&$ta ta,)i1n (i%2"i$ (e ep$i"itar $' +&e rea$,ente +&iere(e"ir3?J si )ien3 +&i-4s3 na(ie a)2a presta(' (e,asia(a aten"i#n ni ,a/'res es%&er-'s

para en"'ntrar este "'n*&nt' (e "'n"ept's e i(eas +&e "'n%'r,an n&estr' pensa,ient'

/ $a eperien"ia (e$ ,&n(' "',' @ant.?J

E$ r'$ +&e para @ant tienen $'s "'n"ept's "'n respe"t' a $a tra(i"i#n es n'ta)$e,ente

(istint' (e s&s ante"es'res / %r&"t2%er' para $'s int1rpretes p'steri'res3 p'r es' "'niene

(espe*ar $a nie)$a +&e p&e(a a)er respe"t' a e$$'. ?K

143 A]B ?K. Es interesante er +&e @ant a%ir,a tener &na inten"i#n +&e "'in"i(e "'n Arist#te$es3 a&n+&e s& (esarr'$$' seaparte n'ta)$e,ente (e e$$a. C%r. &nfra+ p. K.

144 StraWs'n3 P.F.3 6$e bounds of sense, Met&en3 USA3 ?K3 p. ?.

145 CRP 3 A. P&e(en "itarse (iers's pasa*es ('n(e @ant ep$i"a $a ne"esi(a( (e (ar "&enta (e e$$' a $' $ar!' (e est's "ap2t&$'s.

146 Fa$8enstein3 L.3 Op+ Cit+3 p. ?J.

147 CRP 3 AK?]B KG.

148 Pin8ar(3 T.3 eran p$ilosop$%( -.3/4-.5/( t$e legac% of idealis”, CUP3 3 U@3 pp. G.

149 StraWs'n3 P.F3 Op+ Cit+, p. ?K.

150 Est' se a"$arar4 ,4s a(e$ante.

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La pa$a)ra concepto (eria (e$ !rie!' `#bc s& p'$ise,ia per,ite $a tra(&""i#n

p'r ra-#n3 pa$a)ra3 (is"&rs' / est4 estre"a,ente in"&$a(a3 para Arist#te$es3 "'n $a

esen"ia3?K? ('n(e 1ste e$ "'n"ept' es a+&e$$' +&e se s&strae a $a (iersi(a( ' $a

,&ta"i#n (e $'s p&nt's (e ista / 'pini'nes. De esta %'r,a tiene "iertas "'nn'ta"i'nes

,eta%2si"as a $' $ar!' (e $a tra(i"i#n %i$'s#%i"a3 / e$$' (es(e P$at#n. Es en e$ senti('

rea$ista +&e s&e$en enten(erse $as "ate!'r2as "',' GHI deterinaciones de la realidad

” 3?K a&n+&e ta,)i1n Arist#te$es ep$i"a +&e s'n $as (istintas %'r,as (e pre(i"ar s')re

e$ ser.?K Est' p&e(e ep$i"arse (e $a si!&iente %'r,a:

Arist#te$es parte (e &n p&nt' (e ista $in!2sti"'3 / (e ta$ ,anera $as "ate!'r2as s'n$'s ,'('s p'r $'s +&e e$ Ser se pre(i"a (e $as "'sas3 en $as pr'p'si"i'nes /3 p'r $' tant'3 $'spre(i"a('s %&n(a,enta$es (e $as "'sas. en se!&n(' $&!ar3 "',' n'"i'nes +&e sirenpara inesti!ar / "',pren(er $a rea$i(a( ,is,a. ?KJ

Si )ien e$ (e)ate a si(' ininterr&,pi(' en t'rn' a si $a "&esti#n es &n pr')$e,a

$in!2sti"' & 'nt'$#!i"'3 es ei(ente +&e $a "&esti#n se *&e!a en $'s ('s p'$'s se trata (e

,'('s (e$ ser / %'r,as (e pre(i"ar s')re e$ ser. Pare"e +&e Arist#te$es n'

(i%eren"ia)a ' n' $e pare"2a ne"esaria &na (istin"i#n entre a,)as "&esti'nes. @ant

parte (es(e &na perspe"tia (istinta en t'rn' a $as "ate!'r2as ' "'n"ept's p&r's3 / sin

e,)ar!'3 /a e,'s a)$a(' (e +&e s& inten"i#n es i(enti%i"a)$e "'n $a (e Arist#te$es.?KK

C'n est' +&e(ar4 patente +&e @ant i-' &na ren'a"i#n (e esta );s+&e(a (e $as

"ate!'r2as esen"ia$es a&n+&e n' parti# (e $'s ,is,'s pres&p&est's / +&e as2 se

p&e(e "',pren(er +&e e$ pr')$e,a (e si a/ ' n' &n es+&e,a (e "'n"ept's esen"ia$es

pare"e ser n' s#$' (e "ar4"ter $istórico3 a&n+&e sea "riti"a(' (es(e $as perspe"tias (e

151 A))a!nan'3 C'n"ept' en Ni"'$a A))a!nan'3 Diccionario de filosofía, FCE3 ?3 M1i"'3 p.

152 A))a!nan'3 Cate!'r2a en Ni"'$a A))a!nan'3 Diccionario de filosofía, FCE3 ?3 M1i"'3 p. ?JJ.

153 Ca/!i$$3 H.3 A 'ant dictionar%, B$a"8We$$ P&)$isin!3 3 U@3 p. ?.

154 Ni"'$a3 A))a!nan'3 Cate!'r2a3 &de+

155 Pat'n3 H. =.3 Op+ Cit+, p.K. Pat'n ep$i"a +&e a pesar (e +&e $a ,eta%2si"a (e @ant retiene t'(a2a a$!&n's aspe"t's (e $'si(ea$es ie*'s (e $a ,eta%2si"a3 (e*a esta (e ser &na ,eta%2si"a espe"&$atia a $a +&e $e "'n"ierne $a rea$i(a( en s2. Se "'nierte3as23en &na Meta%2si"a (e $a Eperien"ia3 / $e "'n"iernen $as "ara"ter2sti"as &niersa$es / ne"esarias (e $'s ob?etos (e $a eperien"ia3 entant' +&e ')*et's (e $a eperien"ia.

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$a %i$'s'%2a "'nte,p'r4nea3 / +&e para @ant ten2a &n a$'r esen"ia$ / %&n(a,enta$ en s&

siste,a %i$'s#%i"'. Es (e esta %'r,a es "',' Si$i' M'ta p&es para 1$ si!&en tenien('

&n pape$ %&n(a,enta$ en n&estra intera""i#n "'n e$ ,&n(' ep$i"ita esta i,p'rtan"ia

s')re $as "ate!'r2as:

N&estra intera""i#n "'n e$ ,&n(' a si(' tra(i"i'na$,ente pensa(a "',' ,e(ia(a p'r $'s "'n"ept's en $a ,e(i(a en +&e $'s &ti$i-a,'s para "$asi%i"ar ')*et's3 ,e,'ri-ar in%'r,a"i#n i,p'rtante3 a"er re%eren"ias3 (ar ep$i"a"i'nes3 res'$er pr')$e,as3 a"er !enera$i-a"i'nes3 a)$ar / "',pren(er &n $en!&a*e si!ni%i"ati'3 a(e,4s (e ,&"as 'trasa"tii(a(es inten"i'na$es3 $as "&a$es ser2an a)s'$&ta,ente ininte$i!i)$es sin ape$ar a $asrepresenta"i'nes "'n"ept&a$es. ?KG

Es "'neniente a"er n'tar +&e a(e,4s (e $a i,p'rtan"ia +&e a si(' (a(a tant' p'r

Arist#te$es "',' p'r @ant a s&s siste,as "ate!'ria$es3 a/ ta,)i1n n'ta)$es

"'nsi(era"i'nes +&e $'s $in!istas si!&en (4n('$e re"iente,ente a $as %&n"i'nes"'n"ept&a$es (e$ ',)re +&e $$a,an trans%'r,a"i#n si,)#$i"a.

La trans%'r,a"i#n si,)#$i"a (e $'s e$e,ent's (e $a rea$i(a( ' (e $a eperien"ia enconceptos es e$ pr'"es' p'r e$ "&a$ se "'ns&,a e$ p'(er ra"i'na$i-ante (e$ esp2rit&. E$pensa,ient' n' es &n si,p$e re%$e*' (e$ ,&n(' "ate!'ri-a $a rea$i(a(3 / en esta %&n"i#n'r!ani-a('ra est4 tan estre"a,ente as'"ia(' a$ $en!&a*e +&e se p&e(e sentir $atenta"i#n (e i(enti%i"ar pensa,ient' / $en!&a*e (es(e este p&nt' (e ista. ?K

@ant (a &na i,p'rtan"ia a n&estra %a"&$ta( (e "'n"ept&a$i-ar / estar2a (e a"&er(' en

est'3 a&n+&e $' ,4s se!&r' es +&e n' &)iera s&s"rit' $a tesis (e +&e e$ pensa,ient' /

e$ $en!&a*e se p&e(en i(enti%i"ar. Para @ant3 pensar es conocer ediante

conceptos” 3?K / este tras%'n(' epist1,i"' a si(' ,'(i%i"a(' p'r &n' $in!2sti"' en $a

%i$'s'%2a / e$ pensa,ient' "'nte,p'r4ne'.

La i(ea (e +&e se a en"'ntra(' &n siste,a (e "ate!'r2as &niersa$ i,p$i"a +&e

n' se est4 in(i"an(' "ate!'r2as (e$ $en!&a*e3 $' "&a$ es "riti"a(' p'r Beneniste3 /a +&e

para 1$3 e$ ,is,' Arist#te$es n' a"2a ,4s +&e en&,erar "ate!'r2as (e$ $en!&a*e

,ientras pensa)a +&e esta)a en&,eran(' $'s prin"ipa$es atri)&t's (e$ Ser. Esta "r2ti"a

p'(r2a ser ap$i"a)$e a$ ,is,' @ant3 a&n+&e (e)e,'s t',ar en "&enta +&e @ant s2 ten2a

156 M'ta3 Pint'3 S.3 Escepticiso del significado % teorías de conceptos, tra(. La&ra Manr2+&e-3 Antr'p's3 3 M1i"'3 p. ??.

157 Beneniste3 7.3 Probleas de lingística general &, tra(. =&an A$,e$a33 Si!$' ZZI3 ?3 M1i"'3 p. .

158 CRP 3 A G]B J

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41/101


42/101

A&n+&e $'s pre(e"es'res e,piristas / ra"i'na$istas (e @ant (istin!&2an entre i(eas e

i,presi'nes3 sie,pre ten(2an a ,irar a &na "'n pre%eren"ia (e $a 'tra. ?

@ant per,ane"e (entr' (e $a tra(i"i#n "artesiana en s& s&p&est' (e a)$ar

a"er"a (e $'s "'n"ept's $'s "&a$es &na pers'na p'see "',' si %&eran "iert's tip's (e

íte en s& ist'ria ,enta$.

Tant' "'n"ept's "',' int&i"i'nes pare"en ser3 para @ant3 enti(a(es +&e ienen aeistir en la ente / +&e rea$i-an $a %&n"i#n (e representar enti(a(es $as "&a$es p'(r2an 'n' eistir %&era (e $a ,ente. ??

Esta es $a interpreta"i#n +&e A+&i$a $$a,a pres&p&est' ,enta$ista / )asta s#$' re"'r(ar

)ree,ente a$!;n pasa*e (e $as #editaciones para (arse "&enta (e$ pare"i(' +&e tiene

"'n Des"artes.

Entre is pensaientos3 &n's s'n "',' $as i,4!enes (e $as "'sas / s#$' a 1st's"'niene pr'pia,ente e$ n',)re (e i(ea: A'ra )ien: entre t'(as $as i(eas +&e est4nen í 3 a(e,4s (e $a +&e ,e representa a ,2 ,is,'3 $a "&a$ n' p&e(e a+&2 '%re"er (i%i"&$ta( a$!&na ?

E$ tet' (e Des"artes "'ntiene n&,er's's pasa*es +&e (an "&enta (e esta

interpreta"i#n (e $as i(eas "',' eistien(' en í” 3 entre is pensaientos” / es

"',;n pensar +&e3 en a$!;n senti('3 @ant est4 "'n"i)ien(' $a nat&ra$e-a (e $'s

"'n"ept's en senti(' si,i$ar. R')ert H'We$$ ta,)i1n interpreta as2 a @ant:

De a"&er(' "'n @ant3 "'n'"e,'s p'r ,e(i' (e representa"i'nes >orstellungen


43/101


44/101

Se trata3 ent'n"es3 (e ep$i"ar "#,' es p'si)$e "'n'"er a tra1s (e "'n"ept's: est' es3

pensar .? A (i%eren"ia (e $a Sensi)i$i(a( +&e es pasia / a $a +&e e$ ')*et' $e es ,e*'r

(i"'3 (e)e ser$e dado3 $'s "'n"ept's se %&n(an en $a espontaneidad .

Est' +&iere (e"ir +&e $a nat&ra$e-a (e$ "'n"ept' / (e$ Enten(i,ient' ,is,' n' s#$' se

(istin!&e "',p$eta,ente (e t'(' $' e,p2ri"'3 sin' (e t'(a $a sensi)i$i(a(.?

L' anteri'r si!ni%i"a3 a&n+&e p&e(e res&$tar pr')$e,4ti"'3 ?? +&e esta %a"&$ta( n' est43 en

"iert' senti('3? ne"esita(a (e &n ')*et' +&e $e sea (a('. Es ,4s3 esta %a"&$ta(

preten(e a"er &s' (e "'n'"i,ient's p&r's / trata (e &ti$i-ar$'s ,4s a$$4 (e $'s $2,ites

(e $a eperien"ia.

A (i%eren"ia (e $a int&i"i#n3 e$ "'n"ept' n' se re%iere in,e(iata,ente ? a $'s

')*et's3 / est' si!ni%i"a a$!' i,p'rtante respe"t' a $a nat&ra$e-a (e$ pensa,ient'3 ta$"',' @ant $' "'n"i)e. La int&i"i#n / $a in,e(iate- s'n n'"i'nes in"&$a(as

estre"a,ente para @ant3 as2 "',' ta,)i1n $' es $' "'n"ept&a$ / $' ,e(iat'. La

i,p'rtan"ia (e est' es ne!ar +&e para n's'tr's a/a $a p'si)i$i(a( (e &na intuición

intelectual p&es el entendiiento $uano no constitu%e por sí iso una facultad

intuitia, ni es capaz de acoger en sí las intuiciones .?J

Est' e+&ia$e a (e"ir +&e n&estr' enten(i,ient' est4 sie,pre en &na re$a"i#n ,e(iata

"'n e$ ,&n(' / ne"esita (e algo s para p'(er pr'(&"ir "'n'"i,ient'. La "&esti#n es

+&e s#$' tene,'s esta %a"&$ta( +&e piensa / +&e3 "',' se er4 ,4s a(e$ante3 (epen(e

(e $a sensi)i$i(a( / s&s int&i"i'nes. N's +&e(a ent'n"es tratar (e ep'ner ,4s

179 CRP3 AGJ]BJ.

180 CRP3 AGK]B

181 @e,p3 S,it3 A coentar% 3 p. .

182 A&n+&e @ant (i!a +&e en ;$ti,a instan"ia t'(' pensa,ient' (e)e a"er re%eren"ia a &n ')*et'.

183 C'$',er3 E&se)i3 El pensaiento alen de 'ant a eidegger+ 6oo &( !a filosofía trascendental( 'ant, Her(er3 Espa0a3 3p. ?.

184 CRP 3 B?K.

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(eta$$a(a,ente "&4$ es $a nat&ra$e-a "'n"ept&a$ ' (e$ pensar3 / "#,' es +&e "'nstit&/e

&n e$e,ent' esen"ia$ (e $a eperien"ia.

&7(7( La na/ura-e$a %e- !#n!e8/# en Kan/

Si $'s "'n"ept's s'n esen"ia$es para e$ pensa,ient'3 / e$ enten(i,ient' s#$' p&e(e

"'n'"er a tra1s (e e$$'s3 se (e)e a)rir &n a)is,' entre $a int&i"i#n +&e n's (a

parti"&$ares ')*et's +&e a%e"tan n&estra sensi)i$i(a( / $a "ara"ter2sti"a (e$ "'n"ept'

+&e n' sire para pensar e$ ')*et' (e $a int&i"i#n:

L' "'n"ept&a$ es (e a$!&na %'r,a representati' (e $' !enera$ para @ant3 (ea+&e$$' +&e p&e(e ser instan"ia(' en a$!&na instan"ia parti"&$ar ' instan"ias $' int&iti'es representati' (e ta$es instan"ias parti"&$ares en s2 ,is,as. ?K

Es a partir esta (&a$i(a( +&e re"'rre $a CRP entre int&i"i'nes / "'n"ept's (e ('n(e (e)e

partir &n an4$isis (e$ "'n"ept' en @ant. Es esta ,is,a (&a$i(a( &na (e $as +&e

StraWs'n?G re"&pera ,4s (e $a inesti!a"i#n 8antiana s')re $as "'n(i"i'nes +&e a"en

p'si)$e $a eperien"ia.

Anteri'r,ente3 e,'s ep&est' +&e $a (i%eren"ia entre "'n"ept' e int&i"i#n n' es

(e !ra(' "',' pensa)a Lei)ni- sin' (e nat&ra$e-a est'3 se!;n A+&i$a3 se a

"'nsi(era(' sie,pre &n aan"e respe"t' a $a tra(i"i#n e,pirista / ra"i'na$ista +&esie,pre prii$e!ia)a a$ &n' ' a$ 'tr'.? StraWs'n est4 (e a"&er(' "'n @ant en est':

si a$!;n ')*et' entra en n&estra eperien"ia "'ns"iente (e)e,'s ser "apa"es(e "$asi%i"ar$' (e a$!&na %'r,a3 re"'n'"er$' "',' p'se/en(' a$!&nas"ara"ter2sti"as !enera$es. De"ir +&e (e)e,'s tener "'n"ept's !enera$es para +&ee$ "'n'"i,ient' e,p2ri"' sea p'si)$e es s#$' (e"ir +&e (e)e,'s tener a$!&nasa)i$i(a(es para re"'n'"er est's ')*et's. ?

185 A+&i$a3 Ri"ar( E.3 'ant1s t$eor% of concepts3 @antSt&(ien N

Tesis Carlos Alberto Quiñones Leyva

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