Teoría y Práctica Moderna de Elliott 3

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7+6 Jknfw gjrrcg~mqfw

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7+?+ Jknf ?

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7+>+ Jknf F

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7+3+ Jknf O

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7+1+ Jknf G

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7+0 Jknf T

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7+4+ Gjrrcggmjkcw ck FOG

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FOG kj xjnrcejw fk~mgmxfr gsfi cw if xfs~f gjrrcg~mqf vsc wc cw~æ ncwfrrjiifknj) wfiqjvsc wcf sk ~rmfk`sij+

Gfrfg~cråw~mgfw `ckcrficw

6+ Skf qc vsc df ~cremkfnj skf wcgsckgmf ck gmkgj jknfw xjncejw fk~mgm%

xfr vsc FI ECKJW wc`smræ skf gjrrcggm÷k FOG+ Ck if ef}jråf nc ijwgfwjw if jknf G wjorcxfwfræ ci ct~rcej nc if jknf F+

?+ If gjrrcggm÷k f skf wcgsckgmf ck gmkgj jknfw kjrefieck~c wcræ ef}jrck xrcgmj } ~mcexj vsc ifw gjrrcggmjkcw nck~rj nc if xfs~f ck gmkgj jk%nfw xrcgcnck~c+




Xfs~fw gjrrcg~mqfw

7+ If jknf F xscnc wcr skf wcgsckgmf ck gmkgj j ck ~rcw jknfw+ Gsfknjqcejw skf wcgsckgmf nc ~rcw jknfw fxfrcgc if xrc`sk~f joqmf } cw wfocr

wm cwfw ~rcw jknfw wjk sk FOG gjexic~j j wjifeck~c if jknf F nc skFOG+ Wm if wcgsckgmf ofbj cw~snmj cw eckjr ck ~mcexj } xrcgmj vsc ifw

jknfw ? } gsf~rj fk~crmjrcw nc sk `rfnj mkacrmjr) ij eæw xrjofoic cwvsc wcf if jknf F nci FOG+

>+ Skf qc vsc ci ecrgfnj df`f skf wcgsckgmf ck gmkgj jknfw gjk~rf if

~cknckgmf nc if gjrrcggm÷k) ~ckcejw skf wcöfi es} ascr~c nc vsc if gj%rrcggm÷k df ~cremkfnj+ Ifw jknfw O $gjrrcggm÷k nc if gjrrcggm÷k- wscickwsonmqmnmrwc ck 7 jknfw+

3+ Xrmkgmxmj nc fi~crkfkgmf2 Wm if jknf ? cw sk FOG) if jknf > wcræ es}xrjofoiceck~c skf gjrrcggm÷k gjexicbf $gsfivsmcr wcgsckgmf vsc kj cw skmexsiwj j sk FOG-+ Wm if jknf wc`sknf cw skf gjrrcggm÷k gjexicbf) if

jknf gsfr~f wcræ gjk esgdf xrjofomimnfn sk FOG+ Ij eæw gjeòk cw skf

jknf wc`sknf nmosbfknj sk FOG+ ^feomík ~ckcejw if emwef fi~crkfkgmfck~rc ifw jknfw F } O nci FOG+

1+ Skf gjrrcggm÷k ck gmkgj jknfw wcræ xfr~c nc skf gjrrcggm÷k ef}jr+ Ifw

gjrrcggmjkcw wc ncwfrrjiifk ck fi eckjw sk FOG+ Wm ~ckcejw skf gjrrcg%gm÷k ck gmkgj jknfw) es} xrjofoiceck~c wcf if jknf F nc sk FOG+

7+4+6 Cbcexij2 Fgcrmkjt ck gjrrcggm÷k FOG




Am`srf 7%6

Ck if am`srf 7%6 xjncejw qcr sk `ræamgj nc Fgcrmkjt nc Efrj nc ?888 f wcx~mce%orc nc ?886+ If xfr~c nc ck ecnmj cw gifrfeck~c gjrrcg~mqf) } ijw ct~rcejw wjk njwjknfw mexsiwmqfw vsc wc wsonmqmnck ck gmkgj jknfw gifrfeck~c+ Ck cw~c cbcexij vscnfgifrj if mexjwmomimnfn nc xrcncgmr ifw xfs~fw gjrrcg~mqfw gsfknj qfk eæw fiiæ nci FOG+Ck if jknf $O- qcejw vsc ifw wsojknfw FOGNC ~jefk skf ajref ~j~fieck~c ficf~jrmf+Wc`srfeck~c dfgmcknj sk cwascrj nc mef`mkfgm÷k wc xscnc ’ckgfbfr― sk rcgsck~j gj%rrcg~mqj xfrf if jknf $O- mkgis}cknj gjrrcggmjkcw gjexicbfw gjkcg~fnfw xjr jknfw t+Wmk ceofr`j if xrjofomimnfn nc vsc fi`smck wcf gfxf nc xrcncgmr gjk fk~cifgm÷k jobc%~mqjw nc xrcgmj } ~mcexj nck~rj nc if jknf $O- cw gifrfeck~c eåkmef+ Ifw gjrrcggmjkcwgjexicbfw es} gjeòkeck~c ~rffk gmkgj jknfw wjifxfnfw wmk mnck~mamgfgm÷k gifrf+

Skf qc qmw~jw gmkgj wc`eck~jw if~crficw wc xscnck wm~sfr ijw jobc~mqjw nc xrcgmj }~mcexj xfrf if jknf $G- gjej ci 688# nc if jknf $F-+ Fi kj wsxcrfr if jknf $O- ci kmqci

gjrrcwxjknmck~c fi rc~rjgcwj nci 1?# nc if jknf $F-) } wmcknj íw~f gmkgj jknfw f ifofbf) cw~fof gifrj vsc Fgcrmkjt dfråf kscqjw eåkmejw xjr ncofbj nci amkfi nc if jknf$F- gjrrcwxjknmck~c f ?0+4> csrjw+

Xjr j~rf xfr~c qcejw vsc if jknf $G- nc Fgcrmkjt wc ncwgjexjkc ck gmkgj jknfw ncifw gsficw if jknf wc`sknf cw f ws qc skf gjrrcggm÷k fognc wmk mnck~mamgfr+ Ifw jknfw Gwscick wcr ncqfw~fnjrfw } ck cw~c gfwj kj df wmnj skf ctgcxgm÷k+

Ck cw~c cbcexij nc Fgcrmkjt) if rc`if nc if fi~crkfkgmf cw gseximnf rm`srjwfeck~cck ci $F-%$O-%$G- } ck ifw wsojknfw wc`sknf } gsfr~f nc $F- } $G-+

7+4+? Cbcexij2 FOG ck ci Kmllc}




Xfs~fw gjrrcg~mqfw

Am`srf 7%?

Ck ci `ræamgj nci Kmllc} nc if am`srf 7%? wc xscnc fxrcgmfr vsc ifw jknfw O nc ifwgjrrcggmjkcw xscnck ~jefr gsfivsmcr ajref+ Gsfknj cw ci gfwj nc skf gjrrcggm÷k kj%jr~jnjtf) cw~f wscic ~ckcr gmkgj wc`eck~jw fognc+ Cqmnck~ceck~c gsfknj cw~fejw

nck~rj nc if jknf O ci xjncr nc xrcnmggm÷k nc kscw~rj xf~r÷k nc Ciimj~~ cw gfwm ksij)xjr ij vsc kjw imem~frcejw f cwxcrfr vsc wc gjexic~ck ijw gmkgj wc`eck~jw if~crficw+Ck ci `ræamgj nci Kmllc} xjncejw jowcrqfr vsc if jknf G cw es} gjr~f ~jnfqåf) xjr

~fk~j wc cwxcrfk kscqfw gfånfw) ci jobc~mqj nci 38# wjk ijw 4788 xsk~jw) sk kmqci es}gcrgfkj fi vsc wc escw~rf+ Kjrefieck~c skf jknf G wcræ fi eckjw ci 1?# nc if jknf F)xjr ij vsc wc`srfeck~c wc figfkgc ci rc~rjgcwj nci 1?# vsc vscnf ck ijw 3788 xsk~jw+

7+=+ Rm`%Rf`w

Sk Rm`Rf` cw skf am`srf nc ~rcw jknfw vsc wc wsonmqmnc ck skf jknf F) skf gjrrcg%gm÷k } j~rf jknf nc mexsiwj+ If jknf F xscnc ncwgjexjkcrwc ck ~rcw jknfw j ck gmkgj+If jknf O wjij gjrrm`c im`crfeck~c f if jknf F) kskgf ~j~fieck~c+ If Am`srf 7%7 escw%~rf sk cbcexij nc Rm`%Rf` vsc gjrrm`c sk ecrgfnj figmw~f+

^cjråf } Xræg~mgf Ejncrkf nc Ciimj~~=



Am`srf 7%7

Ck if am`srf 7%7 ci Rm`%Rf` FOG ~mckc ifw wm`smck~cw gfrfg~cråw~mgfw

6+ If gjrrcggm÷k gjemckf ncwxsíw nc if ~cremkfgm÷k nc skf xfs~f nc gmkgj jk%nfw

?+ If jknf F xscnc ~ckcr gmkgj j ~rcw jknfw7+ If jknf O cw skf gjrrcggm÷k nc if gjrrcggm÷k nc `rfnj ef}jr+ If jknf O nc%

oc ncwgjexjkcrwc ck 7 jknfw>+ If jknf G wsxcrf ci amkfi nc if jknf F3+ If jknf G wc wsonmqmnc ck 3 jknfw

7+=+6 Cbcexij2 Rm`%Rf` ck ci MOCT




Xfs~fw gjrrcg~mqfw

Am`srf 7%>

Ck if am`srf 7%> wc escw~rf sk `ræamgj nc ifr`j xifj nci MOCT+ Ncwnc Acorcrj nci

=1 $f if mvsmcrnf nci `ræamgj - dfw~f Efrj nci ?888 kscw~rj åknmgc rcfim÷ sk FOG vscwc wsonmqmnc xcracg~feck~c+ Gsfknj wc ~jef ci jrm`ck nc nf~jw fk~crmjr fi föj =1) ifam`srf xfrcgc ckgfbfr ecbjr ck sk mexsiwj) wmk ceofr`j sk rcgsck~j jobc~mqj nci `rfam%gj ejw~rfnj mknmgf sk FOG+ Ck gsfivsmcrf nc ijw njw gfwjw wc xrcqcåf amkfimfgm÷k ncxfs~f ck Efrj nci ?888 gjej qcrcejw f gjk~mksfgm÷k+

Ci jrm`ck nc nf~jw nc sk `ræamgj xscnc efrgfr if nmacrckgmfck~rc njw rcgsck~jw) xcrj ck ijw `rfnjw nc jknf mkacrmjrcw circgsck~j wcræ ci emwej } ~feomík ifw gjkgiswmjkcw f ecnmj }gjr~j xifj+

Nc Aco =1 f Formi nci =4 ~ckcejw skf jknf F wsonmqmnmnf ck gmkgj jknfw+ Gjej wsc%ic wcr gjeòk ck ifw jknfw G qcejw sk ejqmemck~j es} qmjick~j ck Jg~sorc nci =0+ Kj%~fr vsc ijw grfwd osrwæ~micw wscick wcr jknfw G) gjej ci nci ?=+

Nc Formi f Jg~sorc nci =4 ~ckcejw skf jknf O gifrfeck~c nmqmnmnf ck ~rcw jknfw+Fi m`sfi vsc fk~cw) if wsojknf G ejw~r÷ `rfk qmjickgmf) wc iicq÷ sk 70# nc ifw `fkfkgmfwnc if jknf F+

Nc Jg~ =4 f Efrj nci ?888 ~ckcejw if jknf G vsc mknmgf ci amkfi nc if wsomnf nci

MOCT xjr esgdj ~mcexj+ If gfkfimfgm÷k nci FOG xrjkjw~mgfof gjk ~jnf xcracggm÷k cieætmej nci föj ?888+




7+=+? Cbcexij2 Rm`%Rf` ck Fgcrmkjt

If ~cjråf giæwmgf nc Ciimj~~ kj xcrem~c vsc if jknf F nc sk Rm`%Rf` wcf sk ~rcw+ Wmkceofr`j) wc dfk ckgjk~rfnj esgdj gfwjw ck ijw vsc wsgcnc fwå+ Ck if am`srf 7%3 ~ckc%ejw sk cbcexij nc Rm`%Rf` gjrrcwxjknmck~c f sk `ræamgj mk~rfnmfrmj nc Fgcrmkjt+ Ifjknf F wc wsonmqmnc ck sk ~rcw } f ws qc if jknf F nci ~rcw wc wsonmqmnc j~rf qc ckskf gjrrcggm÷k fog+ Vscnf ofw~fk~c gifrj vsc xjncejw cwxcrfr gjwfw es} nmacrck~cwnc ifw xfs~fw gjrrcg~mqfw+ C~mvsc~fr skf xfs~f gjrrcg~mqf eæw fiiæ nci FOG cw skf qcr%nfncrf ~frcf nc grcf~mqmnfn+ J~rj cbcexij nc Rm`f` FOG gjk if jknf F wmcknj sk ~rcwwc xscnc qcr eæw fncifk~c ck if am`srf 7%66+

Am`srf 7%3

7+=+7 Cbcexij2 Rm`%Rf` ck mk~rfnmfrmj nci MOCT

Qfejw f qcr fdjrf sk cbcexij nc FOG njknc if jknf $f- cw sk gmkgj+ Sk cbcexij ncm`f` njknc ci xrmecr mexsiwj wc ct~cknm÷ ck ws ~crgcrf jknf cw es} gjeòk+ Qcejwcw~j ck if am`srf 7%1 njknc xjncejw fxrcgmfr vsc ci mexsiwj vsc gjexjkc if jknf $f- cwsk mexsiwj gjk ~crgcrf jknf ct~cknmnf+ Kj~fr vsc ck ci mexsiwj gjrrcwxjknmck~c f ifjknf $g- if ~crgcrf wsojknf ~feomík wc ct~mcknc+ Cw~fw xfs~fw kjrefieck~c gfkfimfkes} omck+ Ci `ræamgj 7%1 ejw~rfnj cw sk mk~rfnmfrmj nc 68 emks~jw nci MOCT ck Ef}jnci ==+

^cjråf } Xræg~mgf Ejncrkf nc Ciimj~~6?



Xfs~fw gjrrcg~mqfw

Am`srf 7%1

7+68+ Gjrrcggmjkcw Xifkfw

Skf gjrrcggm÷k xifkf cw skf cw~rsg~srf $F%7%3-) cw ncgmr) Jknf F) gjrrcggm÷k) me%xsiwj+ Nmamcrc nci m`f` ck vsc if jknf G nc if xifkf kj wjorcxfwfræ gifrfeck~c ci amkfinc if jknf F+

Am`srf 7%0

Skf gjrrcggm÷k xifkf nc~crmjrf eckjw if ~cknckgmf xrmkgmxfi vsc sk m`f` c mknmgfskf ascrf wso}fgck~c f afqjr nc ~cknckgmf xrmkgmxfi ef}jr+




Ck if am`srf 7%0 ~ckcejw skf rcxrcwck~fgm÷k nc if gjrrcggm÷k xifkf FOG+ Ifw gfrfg%~cråw~mgfw nc if xifkf FOG wjk


?+ If jknf F xscnc ~ckcr gmkgj j ~rcw jknfw7+ If jknf O wc fgcrgfræ fi ct~rcej nc if jknf 3 fk~crmjr+ If jknf O ncoc ncw%

gjexjkcrwc ck 7 jknfw>+ If jknf G wc fgcrgf fi amkfi nc if jknf F1+ If jknf G wc wsonmqmnc ck 3 jknfw

7+68+6 Cbcexij2 Xifkf ck Ec~rjqfgcwf

Am`srf 7%4

Qcejw sk `ræamgj nc Ec~rjqfgcwf vsc escw~rf skf ajrefgm÷k xifkf ck if am`srf 7%4+ If jknf $F- xscnc wcr sk ~rcw j sk gmkgj) kj cw~æ gifrj ck ci `ræamgj km ~fexjgj cwrcicqfk~c xscw dcejw qmw~j }f vsc if jknf F nc skf xifkf } nc sk Rm`%Rf` xscnck wcrm`sficw+ Xcrj ij vsc wå vsc cw~æ gifrj cw vsc if jknf $O- cw sk ~rcw } if jknf $G- cw skgmkgj+ If jknf $O- wc ncwgjexjkc ck ~rcw jknfw gifrfw njknc if jknf G cw fxrjtmefnf%eck~c ci 61?# nc if jknf F+ If jknf G nc $O- cw gifrfeck~c sk mexsiwj ck gmkgj jknfwgjk ct~ckwm÷k nc ~crgcrf } fi~crkfkgmf xcracg~f ck~rc ifw jknfw wc`sknf } gsfr~f+ If

jknf $G- cw j~rf xfs~f nc mexsiwj ck gmkgj jknfw gjk skf vsmk~f jknf níomi } if wc`sknf

^cjråf } Xræg~mgf Ejncrkf nc Ciimj~~6>



Xfs~fw gjrrcg~mqfw

} gsfr~f dfgmcknj fi~crkfkgmf+ If jknf wc`sknf cw wmexic } if gsfr~f cw sk m`%f`+ ]fvsc Ec~rjqfgcwf wsxcrf feofw iåkcfw nc ~cknckgmf xjnåfejw xckwfr vsc cw skf gjrrcg%gm÷k mrrc`sifr) wmk ceofr`j wm ~ckcejw ck gsck~f gj~mfgmjkcw nc gmcrrc if jknf $O- kjwsxcrf ci gjemckj nc if jknf $F-+

If jknf $O- wc ncwgjexjkc ck ~rcw jknfw vsc ajrefk skf am`srf vsc kj wc ckgsck%~rf ck if ~cjråf giæwmgf nc Ciimj~~+ Ck cw~f ~cjråf giæwmgf f if jknf O nc sk m`%f` wc icctm`c vsc rc~rjgcnf eckjw nc sk 1?# f if jknf F+ ^feomík wc nmgc vsc ck skf xifkf ifjknf O kj xscnc wcr if vsc eckjw nsrc+ Nc fgscrnj gjk if ~cjråf giæwmgf if jknf $O- kjcw xifkf km Rm`%Rf`+ ^fexjgj cw skf gjrrcggm÷k gjk~mksf km mrrc`sifr+ Ck~jkgcw) vsc cw:

F cacg~jw xræg~mgjw } nc fgscrnj gjk ij ejw~rfnj ck cw~c imorj) if jknf $O- cw skfgjrrcggm÷k FOG ck Rm`%Rf` xscw~j vsc if jknf G wsxcrf gifrfeck~c ci ct~rcej nc ifjknf F+ Ci xrmecr jobc~mqj nc xrcgmj xfrf G crf ci 688# nc F) } skf qc wsxcrfnj ciwm`smck~c crf ci 61?#+ Ec~rjqfgcwf wc vscn÷ f es} xjgj nci jobc~mqj nci 61?#+

^fk~j ck sk Rm`Rf` gjej ck skf xifkf) if jknf Fxscnc wcr mexsiwmqf j gjrrcg~mqf+ If jknf O wmcexrcwcræ gjrrcg~mqf } if jknf G wmcexrc mexsiwmqf

7+66+ Gjrrcggm÷k Mrrc`sifr

Ifw gjrrcggmjkcw eæw gjeskcw wjk ijw Rm`f` } ifw xifkfw+ Wmk ceofr`j ck askgm÷knci figfkgc nc ifw jknfw O } G ~cknrcejw ~feomík gjrrcggmjkcw mrrc`sifrcw } gjrrcg%

gmjkcw gjk~mksfw+ Ck cw~c fxfr~fnj qcrcejw if gjrrcggm÷k mrrc`sifr) vsc wc gfrfg~crmfxjr skf jknf O vsc wsxcrf ci gjemckj nc if jknf F } skf jknf G vsc wsxcrf ci amkfi ncif jknf F+

Am`srf 7%=

Ck if am`srf 7%= ~ckcejw skf rcxrcwck~fgm÷k nc if gjrrcggm÷k mrrc`sifr+ Ifw gfrfg%

~cråw~mgfw nc skf gjrrcggm÷k mrrc`sifr FOG wjk2





?+ If jknf F xscnc ~ckcr gmkgj j ~rcw jknfw7+ If jknf O wsxcrf ci ct~rcej nc if jknf 3 fk~crmjr+ If jknf O ncoc ncwgje%

xjkcrwc ck 7 jknfw>+ If jknf G wsxcrf ci amkfi nc if jknf F0+ If jknf G wc wsonmqmnc ck 3 jknfw

7+66+6 Cbcexij2 Gjrrcggm÷k mrrc`sifr ck ^sofgct

Am`srf 7%68

Ck ci `ræamgj 7%68 gjrrcwxjknmck~c f ^sofgct qcejw skf gjrrcggm÷k gjk~mksf+ Ncw%xsíw nc sk mexsiwj gifrj ck gmkgj jknfw ~ckcejw skf jknf F vsc cw sk ~rcw+ Xjw~crmjr%eck~c ~ckcejw skf jknf O vsc ~feomík cw sk ~rcw xcrj vsc wjorcxfwf gifrfeck~c ciamkfi nc if jknf $6-) xjr ij vsc ck cw~c ejeck~j ci fkfimw~f xscnc xckwfr vsc }f cw~f%ejw ck if jknf $7-+ Xcrj kj cw fwå) ci xrcgmj qjiqm÷ fi jrm`ck nc if jknf O c mkgiswj ij wj%orcxfw÷) dfgmcknj skf gjrrcggm÷k gjk~mksf+ Xfrf gjkamrefr if am`srf) ci ct~rcej nc if

jknf O f 6+61 ncocræ wcr wjorcxfwfnj+ Ck gsfivsmcr gfwj ci rcgsck~j ejw~rfnj cw ci




Xfs~fw gjrrcg~mqfw

eæw xrjofoic) } ci dcgdj nc vsc wc ~ck`fk 3 jknfw f if ofbf fi amkfi nci `ræamgj mknmgfvsc if ~cknckgmf ofbmw~f wc`smræ ws gfemkj+

7+6?+ Gjrrcggm÷k Gjk~mksf

Cw~c ~mxj nc gjrrcggm÷k fxfrck~f wcr skf gjk~mksfgm÷k nc if ~cknckgmf) eæw vsc skfgjrrcggm÷k xrjxmfeck~c nmgdf+ Wc if gjkwmncrf skf gjrrcggm÷k xjrvsc vscnf ck~rc njwmexsiwjw ck gmkgj jknfw+ Skf gjrrcggm÷k gjk~mksf meximgf `rfk ascrf ck if nmrcggm÷k ncif ~cknckgmf xrmkgmxfi ncwxsíw nc if gjrrcggm÷k+ Ifw gjrrcggmjkcw gjk~mksfw wjk xjgjarcgsck~cw+

Am`srf 7%66

Ck if am`srf 7%66 ~ckcejw skf rcxrcwck~fgm÷k nc if gjrrcggm÷k gjk~mksf+ Ifw gfrfg%~cråw~mgfw nc skf gjrrcggm÷k gjk~mksf FOG wjk


?+ If jknf F xscnc ~ckcr gmkgj j ~rcw jknfw } cw ofw~fk~c xcvscöf gjexfrfnfgjk ifw jknfw O } G

7+ If jknf O wsxcrf ci ct~rcej nc if jknf 3 fk~crmjr4+ If jknf G rc~rjgcnc fi`j f if jknf O } kj wsxcrf ci amkfi nc if jknf F

7+6?+6 Cbcexij2 Gjrrcggm÷k Gjk~mksf ck Fefjk




Am`srf 7%6?

Ck if am`srf 7%6? wc escw~rf skf gjrrcggm÷k gjk~mksf ck ci qfijr Fefjk+ If gj%

rrcggm÷k gjk~mksf cw xfr~c nc if jknf wc`sknf fi fif+ Gjej wc df mknmgfnj) cw~f gj%rrcggm÷k xrjkjw~mgfof sk ascr~c ejqmemck~j fi fif+ If fi~crkfkgmf ck~rc ifw jknfw wc%`sknf } gsfr~f cw xcracg~f+

7+67 Afiij nc G

Fi m`sfi vsc ci afiij nc vsmk~f) ci afiij nc G ~mckc skfw meximgfgmjkcw es} mexjr~fk%~cw ck ci ejqmemck~j xjw~crmjr nci xrcgmj+ Iifefrcejw afiij nc G f skf ajrefgm÷k FOG

njknc if jknf G wc vscnf es} gjr~f) eckjw nci 1?# nc if jknf F+ Ck if am`srf fk~crmjr7%6? xscncw qcr vsc if jknf G vsc fgfof ci ?> nc Bsimj cw es} xcvscöf gjexfrfnf gjkif jknf F+ Cw~j dfgc xckwfr vsc ci ejqmemck~j xjw~crmjr nci xrcgmj fi fif xscnc wcres} ascr~c) gjej wsgcnm÷+ Ci `ræamgj nc Fefjk nc if am`srf 7%6? ~mckc skfw gfrfg~c%råw~mgfw es} osckfw xfrf efk~ckcr sk mexsiwj fi fif amfoic xscw if gjeomkfgm÷k nc af%iij nc G gjk gjrrcggm÷k gjk~mksf cw es} figmw~f+

7+67+6 Cbcexij2 Afiij nc G ck ci WX388




Xfs~fw gjrrcg~mqfw

Am`srf 7%67

Ck if am`srf 7%67 qcejw gjej ci mknmgfnjr WX388 ~rff sk FOG njknc if jknf G cwsk 38# nc if jknf F+ Ncwnc cwc ejeck~j gjemckf sk ncwgckwj nci xrcgmj vsc) fskvsckcgcwm~f gjkamrefgm÷k) xfrcgc vsc gjk~mksfræ ck ajref mexsiwmqf+ Nc gsfivsmcr ajref ifwsomnf ncwnc ci 68 nc Jg~sorc cw gifrfeck~c gjrrcg~mqf) xjr ij vsc if ~cjråf nc Ciimj~~cw~foicgc vsc cw sk ncwgfkwj ck ci gfemkj fk~cw nc gjk~mksfr gjk if ~cknckgmf ofbmw~f+

Ck if am`srf 7%6> qcejw ij ncqfw~fnjr vsc xscnc wcr sk afiij nc G+ Ncwnc ci ?6 ncwcx~mceorc nci ?886 fi ?? nc Efrj nci ?88? ci ecrgfnj esknmfi cw~sqj wsomcknj+Esgdjw fkfimw~fw nmbcrjk vsc if grmwmw dfoåf ~cremkfnj ncomnj f if mexjr~fk~c rcqfijrm%fgm÷k nc ijw åknmgcw } ijw qfijrcw+ Wmk ceofr`j) xfrf ci fkfimw~f nc Ciimj~~ cw~fof gifrjvsc ijw eåkmejw nc wcx~mceorc nci ?886 wc wjorcxfwfråfk+ Ci afiij nc G wc ckgfr`÷ nc

imem~fr fi fif ci rcgjrrmnj } xrjkjw~mgfr sk ascr~c ejqmemck~j ck nmrcggm÷k gjk~rfrmf)gjej wsgcnm÷+

^cjråf } Xræg~mgf Ejncrkf nc Ciimj~~6=



Am`srf 7%6>

7+6>+ ^rmæk`sijw

Sk ~rmæk`sij wjk gmkgj afwcw gjrrcg~mqfw wc`smnfw vsc rcaicbfk skf wm~sfgm÷k nccvsmimormj ck~rc gjexrfnjrcw } qckncnjrcw+ Ncwxsíw nc cw~f am`srf kjrefieck~c wcxrjnsgmræ sk mexsiwj ræxmnj+ Wscick nfrwc ck jknfw gsfr~fw) gjk ij vsc f ecksnj xrc%gcnck f sk òi~mej ~rfej f afqjr nc ~cknckgmf xrmkgmxfi+ ^feomík wc nfk ck if xjwmgm÷knc jknf O } ~feomík gjej jknfw T+ Gsfknj if jknf wc`sknf wcf sk ~rmfk`sij) xscnc wcrvsc cw~c ~rmfk`sij ajrec xfr~c nc skf gjrrcggm÷k ef}jr gjej sk njoic j ~rmxic ~rcw+Ijw ~rmæk`sijw kjrefieck~c xrcgcnck f if jknf amkfi nci ejqmemck~j+ Gjej cbcexijxræg~mgj nc ~rmfk`sij ck if jknf gsfr~f ~ckcejw ci `ræamgj nci MOCT nci gfxå~sij ? ck ifam`srf ?%6>) ck ci vsc wc cw~foicgc ci amkfi nc if xfs~f gjexic~f nc gmkgj jknfw ck ijw

3788 xsk~jw) gjmkgmnmcknj if xrj}cggm÷k nci 688# nc if jknf xrmecrf gjk ci 688# nc ifjknf ’f― nci ~rmfk`sij+

Sk ~rmæk`sij wc gjexjkc nc gmkgj afwcw gjrrcg~mqfw fi~crkfk~cw $F) O) G) N) C- } wcncwximc`f if~crfieck~c j gjk skf icqc ~cknckgmf fi fif j f if ofbf+ Gjej xrjxmcnfncwfnmgmjkficw nmrcejw vsc cw es} mkswsfi vsc ifw jknfw F } O wcfk m`sficw+

^cjråf } Xræg~mgf Ejncrkf nc Ciimj~~?8



Xfs~fw gjrrcg~mqfw

If iåkcf nc gfkfi mexjr~fk~c cw if iåkcf ON+ Ijw ~rmæk`sijw kjrefieck~c kj gfkfimfkomck) wjij > xsk~jw kjw ncamkck ifw ckqjiqck~cw nci ~rmæk`sij2 if iåkcf ON } if iåkcf FG+Wm jowcrqfejw sk ctgcwj nc xsk~jw nc ~jvsc if am`srf xjnråf wcr xfr~c nc sk ~rmæk`sijxcrj kj if am`srf gjexic~f+ Es} arcgsck~ceck~c if jknf ’c― nc sk ~rmfk`sij wc wfinræ

nci gfkfi ~rffnj j ci amkfi vscnfræ ofw~fk~c nck~rj+

Nck~rj nc ijw ~rmæk`sijw nmw~mk`smrcejw njw gifwcw2

j ^rmfk`sij gjk~rfg~mqj $j ~rmfk`sij-j ^rmfk`sij ctxfkwmqj $j ~rmfk`sij mkqcr~mnj-

7+6>+6 ^rmæk`sij gjk~rfg~mqj

Ifw nsnfw vsc xjncejw farjk~fr emck~rfw wc cw~f ncwfrrjiifknj sk ~rmæk`sij wjk

esgdfw) cw xjwmoic vsc ij vsc wjwxcgdfejw vsc cw sk ~rmæk`sij wcf skf gjrrcggm÷k gje%xicbf j skf am`srf ~cremkfi } dfw~f vsc kj rjexck if am`srf kj ~cknrcejw gcr~cf nc ifnmrcggm÷k nci ecrgfnj+

Am`srf 7%63

Nc ifw gmkgj afwcw gjrrcg~mqfw if jknf F kj ~mckc vsc wcr eæw `rfknc vsc if jknf O)ci rcw~j wcræk xrj`rcwmqfeck~c eckjrcw gjk skf jknf C vsc wcræ if eæw xcvscöf ncircgsck~j+ Ck if am`srf 7%63 ~ckcejw sk cbcexij nc ~rmfk`sij gjk~rfg~mqj ck ~cknckgmffigmw~f) njknc if jknf ’o― cw im`crfeck~c ef}jr vsc if jknf ’f―+

7+6>+? ^rmæk`sij ctxfkwmqj j mkqcr~mnj

Ck sk ~rmæk`sij ctxfkwmqj if jknf F j if jknf O wcræ if eæw xcvscöf nc ifw gmkgj jk%nfw gjrrcg~mqfw+ If jknf C wcræ if eæw ifr`f ck xrcgmj) ~mcexj } `ckcrfieck~c wcræ ifvsc cw~c eæw wsonmqmnmnf+ If jknf C kjrefieck~c rjexc if iåkcf nc ~cknckgmf F%G




Am`srf 7%61

Ck if am`srf 7%61 ~ckcejw sk cbcexij nc ~rmfk`sij ctxfkwmqj+ Ci cwgfxc xjw~crmjr fsk ~rmæk`sij nc cw~c ~mxj kjrefieck~c kj wsxcrfræ ci jrm`ck nc if jknf C f eckjw vsc if

am`srf ctxfkwmqf gjkgis}f skf gjrrcggm÷k nc `rfnj ef}jr+ Sk ~rmæk`sij ctxfkwmqj ~fe%omík xscnc wcr if xrmecrf xfr~c nc skf gjrrcggm÷k gjexicbf+

7+6>+7 _cvsmwm~jw nc ~rmfk`sij

Ck `ckcrfi) ifw gfrfg~cråw~mgfw nc sk ~rmfk`sij wjk2

6+ Ncoc ~ckcr gmkgj wcèck~jw vsc c~mvsc~frcejw gjej fognc?+ ^jnjw } gfnf skj nc ijw gmkgj wcèck~jw wjk xfs~fw gjrrcg~mqfw+ Ci rc~rjgcwj

eåkmej gjk rcwxcg~j fi wcèck~j fk~crmjr cw nci 38#) gjk if ctgcxgm÷k nc ifjknf O vsc gjrrc`mræ xjr ij eckjw ci 74# f if jknf F+7+ Gsfknj wc ~cremkc) ci xrcgmj rcgjrrcræ if nmw~fkgmf nci wcèck~j eæw ifr`j)

kjrefieck~c ci F>+ If jknf C kj iic`f f ~jgfr if iåkcf FG gjk ofw~fk~c arcgsckgmf

If gfkfimfgm÷k nc sk ~rmfk`sij wc rcfimf skmcknj ifw wsxscw~fw jknfw FG } ifw jk%nfw ON+ Xfrf if gfkfimfgm÷k cw mexjr~fk~c rcwfi~fr vsc if jknf F f qcgcw xscnc wcreæw xcvscöf vsc if jknf O) mkgiswj ck ~rmæk`sijw gjk~rfg~mqjw+

Ck ijw ~rmæk`sijw djrmjk~ficw ci xsk~j njknc wc skck ifw iåkcfw nc ~cknckgmf FG }ON kjrefieck~c mknmgf sk xsk~j grå~mgj ck ci ecrgfnj vsc wscic gjmkgmnmr gjk sk `mrjijgfi nci xrcgmj+ $Arjw~!Xrc~gdcr-

7+6>+> Cbcexij nc ~rmfk`sij mkqcr~mnj

Ck if am`srf 7%60 ~ckcejw sk gfwj rcfi nc ~rmfk`sij mkqcr~mnj+ Kj cwxcrcw vsc ifwjknfw mk~crecnmfw nc sk ~rmfk`sij mkqcr~mnj wc wsonmqmnfk ~fk gifrfeck~c gjej ck cw~c

cbcexij+

^cjråf } Xræg~mgf Ejncrkf nc Ciimj~~??



Xfs~fw gjrrcg~mqfw

Am`srf 7%60

7+6>+3 Cbcexij2 Ckncwf dfgmcknj sk ~rmfk`sij

Ck if am`srf 7%64 qcejw sk `ræamgj nc Ckncwf ck ci vsc wc fxrcgmf g÷ej wc gsexicgjk xcracggm÷k ci jobc~mqj nc cwgfxc nci ~rmfk`sij+ Wc emnc if ijk`m~sn nc if jknf eæwifr`f $if jknf ’f― ck cw~c gfwj-) } wc wm~òf fi amkfi nc if jknf ’c―) xrjxjrgmjkfknj fwå cijobc~mqj nc xrcgmj+ Ci jobc~mqj nc xrcgmj cw ci eåkmej xrcgmj cwxcrfnj+ Ck if am`srf 7%

64 ci xrcgmj rcoj~÷ ck cw~c kmqci) xcrj kj wmcexrc wsgcncræ cw~j+

Am`srf 7%64




7+6>+1 Cbcexij2 ^cica÷kmgf e÷qmicw ~rffknj sk ~rmæk`sij

Qcejw ncofbj ci `ræamgj wcefkfi nc ^cica÷kmgf E÷qmicw ck if am`srf 7%6=+ Cw~c qf%

ijr cw~æ rcfimfknj skf xfs~f gifrfeck~c gjrrcg~mqf vsc fxfrck~ceck~c cw sk ~rmfk`s%ij+ Qcejw skf xrmecrf jknf gjrrcg~mqf $F- ncwnc ci gjemckj nc ws cw~rckj ck ojiwf)gjk sk eætmej nc 66+>0 Csrjw ci 63 nc Nmgmceorc nci ?888 $cw~c eætmej df vscnfnjascrf nci `ræamgj- dfw~f ci eåkmej nc >+73 figfkfnj ci 6> nc Wcx~mceorc nci ?886+Cw~f jknf cw sk Rm`%Rf` gjk skf jknf G vsc cw sk 638# if ijk`m~sn nc if jknf F+ Ifjknf O ck ci ecnmj nci Rm`%Rf` cw skf gjrrcggm÷k mrrc`sifr gs}f jknf ’o― wjorcxfwfim`crfeck~c ci gjemckj nc if jknf /f/ } gs}f jknf ’g― wjorcxfwf ci amkfi nc if ’f―+ Ifgjkamrefgm÷k nc vsc if jknf ofbmw~f cw sk Rm`%Rf` if ~ckcejw gjk if wsxcrfgm÷k nc ifiåkcf nc ~cknckgmf 8%O) kj nmosbfnf ck ci `ræamgj) ck eckjw ~mcexj nci vsc ~frn÷ ck

ajrefrwc if jknf G+ Cw~j jgsrrm÷ ck if rcgsxcrfgm÷k xjw~crmjr fi eåkmej nci 6> nc Wcx%~mceorc+

If wm`smck~c jknf gjrrcg~mqf $O- qf ncwnc ci kmqci >+73 dfw~f ci eætmej ijgfi nc=+?3 Csrjw figfkfnj ci ?7 nc Kjqmceorc nci ?886+ Cw~f jknf ~feomík cw sk ~rcw $xs%rfeck~c gjrrcg~mqf-) } wm xfwærfejw f `ræamgj nmfrmj) wc qcråf gjej gfkfimf xcracg~f%eck~c+

If wm`smck~c jknf gjrrcg~mqf $G- qf ncwnc ijw =+?3 Csrjw dfw~f ijw 3+?1 gjk acgdfnc ?4 nc Bskmj nci ?88?+ Cw~æ gjexscw~f xjr sk Rm`%Rf`) vsc gjk if wsxcrfgm÷k nc if

iåkcf 8%O nc cw~c m`f` mknmgfnf ck fsi ck ci `ræamgj kjw efrgf if amkfimfgm÷k nc ifjknf $G- } xjr ~fk~j if gjkamrefgm÷k nc if xfs~f+

^cjråf } Xræg~mgf Ejncrkf nc Ciimj~~?>



Xfs~fw gjrrcg~mqfw

Am`srf 7%6=

Dcejw nmosbfnj if wm~sfgm÷k nci ~rmfk`sij } njknc cw~fejw ck cw~c ejeck~j+ Cwxc%rfejw if amkfimfgm÷k nc if jknf $N- ck ci ck~jrkj nc ijw 0+4 Csrjw fskvsc ci jobc~mqjeåkmej gjrrcwxjknmck~c fi 38# wjk ijw 0+?3 csrjw+ If wsxcrfgm÷k nc if iåkcf nc ~cknck%gmf ofbmw~f 8%O ~jnfqåf kj cw ij wsamgmck~ceck~c gifrf ck `ræamgj wcefkfi) xjr ij vsccwxcrfrcejw f qcr wm cw~f wsxcrfgm÷k wc gjkamref+

_cwseck2 Ck ci ejeck~j ejw~rfnj ck ci `ræamgj nc if am`srf 7%6= ^cica÷kmgf E÷qm%icw cw~æ rcfimfknj skf xfs~f gjrrcg~mqf ck ajref nc ~rmæk`sij+ Nc ifw 3 jknfw vscajrefk sk ~rmæk`sij) ^CE fxfrck~f ~ckcr gjexic~fnfw 7 nc ciifw+ If amkfimfgm÷k nc ifjknf $N- if wm~sfejw ck ci ck~jrkj nc ijw 0+4 Csrjw gjk sk jobc~mqj eåkmej nc 0+?3+gsfknj if jknf $N- ~cremkc) ofbj if wsxjwmgm÷k nc ~rmfk`sij) ci xrcgmj ncocræ gfcr ksc%qfeck~c xfrf dfgcr if jknf $C-+

Wm kjw ejqcejw fncifk~c ck ci ~mcexj } xfwfejw fdjrf f if am`srf 7%?8) qcejw vscif jknf $N- wc f`j~f ck 0+?> rc~rjgcnmcknj sk 38# f if jknf $G- xjr ij vsc gsexic ifrc`if ? nc ijw rcvsmwm~jw nc ~rmæk`sijw+ Xjw~crmjreck~c qcejw if jknf $C- vsc ck ci`ræamgj ~jnfqåf kj escw~rf amkfimfgm÷k+ If amkfimfgm÷k gjexic~f nc if xfs~f ~rmfk`sifrif ~cknrcejw gjk if wsxcrfgm÷k nc if iåkcf ON+ Ci jobc~mqj nc xrcgmj wc gfigsif föfnmck%nj f if jknf $C- if ijk`m~sn nc if jknf eæw ifr`f) vsc ck cw~c gfwj cw if jknf $F-+




Am`srf 7%?8

7+6>+0 Cbcexij2 WFK ajrefknj sk ~rmfk`sij




Xfs~fw gjrrcg~mqfw

Am`srf 7%?6

Gjk arcgsckgmf if jknf ’c― nci ~rmfk`sij vscnf ascrf nc ifw iåkcfw ncimem~fnjrfw nci~rmfk`sij+ Qcejw ck if am`srf 7%?6 sk cbcexij nc Wfk~fkncr ck `ræamgj wcefkfi ck ci

vsc wsgcnc cw~j ck ci ~rmfk`sij nck~rj nc if jknf $F-+If jknf $F- gjk~mckc sk ~rmfk`sij+ If jknf $F- gjexic~f xscnc wcr skf nmf`jkfi ncmkmgmj $23- j skf gjrrcggm÷k ck ~rcw jknfw+ Ncwnc sk xsk~j nc qmw~f nc cwxcgsifgm÷k kjcw rcicqfk~c xfrf if xjwmgm÷k fg~sfi xscw if jknf $G- ncoc wsonmqmnmrwc ck gmkgj wsojk%nfw m`sfieck~c+ If jknf $O- cw gifrfeck~c skf gjrrcggm÷k fog ck ~rcw jknfw vsc ~crem%kf ci ?1 nc Formi+ If gfkfimfgm÷k fk~mgmx÷ sk jobc~mqj fircncnjr nc ijw 3 csrjw+ Emck%~rfw WFK cw~í xjr ckgmef nci gfkfi nmosbfnj xjncejw xckwfr vsc if gjrrcggm÷k FOG nc`rfnj mk~crecnmj $ck xfrík~cwmw- df ~cremkfnj+ Ck ci `ræamgj wcefkfi if xrscof nc vscif gjrrcggm÷k ~cremk÷ if ~cknrcejw gjk if wsxcrfgm÷k nc ijw 0+7 csrjw) xjrvsc cw~j mk%nmgf vsc if vsmk~f jknf nc $G- df wmnj rc~rjgcnmnf ~j~fieck~c+ Nc ejeck~j) ck ci ej%

eck~j ejw~rfnj cw~j fòk kj df wsgcnmnj fi rcoj~fr WFK gjk ci kmqci nc rc~rjgcwj nci74# ck 1+0= csrjw+ Wmk ceofr`j wc xscnc xfwfr f `ræamgj nmfrmj xfrf famkfr sk xjgjeæw } gjexrjofr vsc }f ~cremk÷ if vsmk~f nc if vsmk~f nc $G-+

7+6>+4 Cbcexij2 ^rmfk`sij jknf gsfr~f ck Fefncsw




Am`srf 7%??

Ck if am`srf 7%?? qcejw sk ~rmfk`sij ck if xjwmgm÷k nc jknf gsfr~f ck Fefncsw+ Wcxscnc fxrcgmfr gjej if jknf ’c― nci ~rmfk`sij wc wfic nc ifw iåkcfw nc ~cknckgmf) fi`jvsc gjej dcejw gjeck~fnj cw ofw~fk~c gjeòk+

Xscw~j vsc FEW kj df xjnmnj wsxcrfr ijw 3+>7 dcejw c~mvsc~fnj ~jnf if jknf gjejsk FOG+ If fi~crkf~mqf gifrf cw vsc FEW cw~í dfgmcknj if jknf wc`sknf xifkf gjrrcw%xjknmck~c f skf jknf xrmecrf vsc ~cremkf ck 3+>7+ Gjk ci rcgsck~j ejw~rfnj) Fefncswxrcwck~f sk afiij nc G $wmcexrc vsc kj wsxcrck ijw 3+>7-+ Dcejw qmw~j }f vsc sk afiijnc G mknmgf `rfk xj~ckgmfi ofbmw~f+ If wsxcrfgm÷k nc ijw 3+>7 mkqfimnfråf ci rcgsck~jejw~rfnj+ Emck~rfw cw~cejw xjr ncofbj nc 3+>7 ci afiij nc G xrjkjw~mgf gfånfw mexjr%~fk~cw+

7+63+ Gjeomkfgmjkcw njoicw } ~rmxicw+

F qcgcw ifw gjrrcggmjkcw wc gjeximgfk skmíknjwc qfrmfw gjrrcggmjkcw+ Ifw gjrrcg%gmjkcw wmexicw wc skck xfrf ajrefr gjrrcggmjkcw eæw gjexicbfw+ Gsfknj wjwxcgdcejwvsc cw~fejw fk~c skf gjrrcggm÷k gjexicbf ij ecbjr cw xcrefkcgcr ascrf nci ecrgfnjdfw~f vsc ~cremkc+ Ci xjncr nc xrcnmggm÷k vsc ~ckcejw fk~c skf gjrrcggm÷k gjexicbfcw ksij+ ^rffrcejw iåkcfw nc ~cknckgmf } cwxcrfrcejw f if wsxcrfgm÷k nc cw~fw iåkcfwnc ~cknckgmf fk~cw nc ~jefr xjwmgmjkcw+




Xfs~fw gjrrcg~mqfw

7+63+6 Gjeomkfgm÷k njoic

Skf gjeomkfgm÷k njoic cw xjr ncamkmgm÷k skf xfrcbf nc gjrrcggmjkcw skmnfw xjr skfjknf T+ Gsfknj cw~fw gjrrcggmjkcw wjk wmexicw FOGw) ij iifefrcejw sk njoic ~rcw+ Sk

njoic ~rcw xjnråf wcr sk m`f`%t%xifkf gjej escw~rf if am`srf 7%?7+

Am`srf 7%?7

Ci cbcexij fk~crmjr wc gjexjkc nc sk m`f` wc`smnj nc skf xifkf gjk sk ~rcw mk%~crecnmj nc skm÷k $if jknf T-+ Cw xjr ~fk~j sk cbcexij mncfi nc njoic ~rcw+ Kj cwxcrcwckgjk~rfr sk njoic ~rcw gs}fw jknfw wc wsonmqmnfk gjk ~fk~f xcracggm÷k+ Sk gfwj eæwrcfimw~f ij ~ckcejw ck if am`srf 7%?>) njknc if jknf T mk~crecnmf ajref sk ~rmfk`sij+

Am`srf 7%?>

^cjråf } Xræg~mgf Ejncrkf nc Ciimj~~?=



7+63+? Gjeomkfgm÷k ~rmxic

Skf gjeomkfgm÷k ~rmxic wc gjexjkc nc 7 xfs~fw gjrrcg~mqfw skmnfw xjr njw jknfw T+Wm ifw gjrrcggmjkcw wjk wmexicw FOGw) ij iifefrcejw ~rmxic ~rcw+ Ck ~cjråf) ck ifw gje%omkfgmjkcw ~rmxicw wc ~cremkf if gjrrcggm÷k+ Cw ncgmr) if ~cjråf nc Ciimj~~ kj xcrem~c sk~rcw gsænrsxic+ Fxfrck~ceck~c cw es} ò~mi ckgjk~rfr sk ~rcw ~rmxic xfrf ncwxsíw xjwm%gmjkfrwc ck ci cwgfxc) xcrj ij nmaågmi cw wfocr ck gsfi nc ifw jknfw cw~fejw emck~rfw wcncwfrrjiif+ Gsfknj wjwxcgdcejw vsc cw~fejw ck skf gjrrcggm÷k njoic j ~rmxic kjw efk%~cknrcejw ascrf dfw~f vsc ~ck`fejw if xrscof nc vsc df ~cremkfnj+ If wsxcrfgm÷k ncifw iåkcfw nc ~cknckgmf }*j if fxfrmgm÷k nc skf xfs~f mexsiwmqf nci emwej `rfnj vsc ifwjknfw gjrrcg~mqfw wcræ skf osckf xmw~f xfrf xckwfr vsc if gjrrcggm÷k ~cremk÷+ Ck ifam`srf 7%?3 wc escw~rf sk gfwj rcfi nc Rm`%Rf` ~rmxic+ If xrmecrf jknf T nc skm÷k cwwckgmiif } if wc`sknf cw sk ~rmfk`sij+

If ctmw~ckgmf nc wjifxfemck~jw ck~rc jknfw kjw fqmwf ncvsc cw~fejw fk~c skf xfs~f gjrrcg~mqf+ Wm íw~f wc ncwf%rrjiif eæw fiiæ nci FOG) ij ecbjr cw xcrefkcgcr ascrf ncecrgfnj dfw~f if amkfimfgm÷k nc if xfs~f gjrrcg~mqf+

Am`srf 7%?3

7+63+7 Cbcexij2 Fefncsw ck gjrrcggm÷k gjexicbf

Ck if am`srf 7%?1 qcejw sk `ræamgj nc Fefncsw+ Wc df rcwfi~fnj if jkf gjrrcg~mqfncwnc ci ?6 nc Wcx~mceorc nci ?886 fi 6= nc Efrj nc ?88?+ Ci wjifxfemck~j nc gfnfskf nc ifw jknfw mknmqmnsficw gjk if fk~crmjr kjw fqmwfof nc vsc if wsomnf kj crf mexsi%wmqf) } xjr ~fk~j skf qc vsc ~cremkfrf kjw ckgjk~rfråfejw gjk skf gjk~mksfgm÷k nc if~cknckgmf ofbmw~f mexsiwmqf+




Xfs~fw gjrrcg~mqfw

F if qmw~f nci `ræamgj nc if am`srf 7%?1 wc kcgcwm~f esgdf njwmw nc grcf~mqmnfn xfrfc~mvsc~fr if gjrrcggm÷k gjexicbf+ Ij emwej xscnc wcr skf gjeomkfgm÷k njoic vsc ~rmxic)gjk jknfw T ck ajref nc ~rmfk`sij j ck ajref wckgmiif+ Emck~rfw wc cw~sqj ncwfrrjiifk%nj if gjrrcggm÷k if xrjofomimnfn nc fk~mgmxfr ws amkfi ck ijw 4+77 csrjw crf ksif+ If cw%

~rf~c`mf gjrrcg~f cw ~rffr ifw iåkcfw nc ~cknckgmf } cwxcrfr ws rj~srf+ Xjw~crmjreck%~c f if rj~srf) Fefncsw ~rf÷ sk mexsiwj ck gmkgj jknfw $wc escw~rfk gsf~rj- vscrcwsi~÷ wsonmqmnmrwc es} gifrfeck~c+ If wcrmc 6%? vsc qcejw ncwnc ci 6= nc Efrj fi61 nc Ef}j kjw fk~mgmx÷ vsc vscnfof esgdf gfånf ck Fefncsw) ij vsc ncoc wcr gjkwm%ncrfnj gjej skf jxjr~skmnfn xfrf xjwmgmjkfrwc gjr~j ck Ef}j) gjk W~jx Ijww ck 4+77+

Xjr j~rf xfr~c) skf qc ci mexsiwj ncwfrrjii÷ gsf~rj jknfw wc xjnåf ck~rfr gjr~j ckci ~rmfk`sij) f wfomcknfw nc vsc sk ~rmfk`sij ck cwc rcgsck~j ckgfbf ofw~fk~c gjk wcrskf jknf gsfr~f+ Jknf> mknmg÷ ck ws pco vsc ci rc~rjgcwj nci xrcgmj mråf gjej esgdj fif jknf gsfr~f fk~crmjr) f 1+38 csrjw xfrf wc`smr ofbfknj+ Gjk cw~c cbcexij wc xjkc nc

efkmamcw~j ij rcif~mqfeck~c wckgmiij vsc cw fk~mgmxfr ejqmemck~jw nci xrcgmj ck mexsi%wjw } ij mkncackwj vsc cw~æ ci fkfimw~f fk~c ifw gjrrcggmjkcw gjexicbfw+

Am`srf 7%?1

If wsxcrfgm÷k nc ijw 1+36 csrjw ck Fefncsw mknmgfråf vsc if xfs~f nc mexsiwj wc dfrc~rjgcnmnj ~j~fieck~c ck ws òi~mef jknf) ij vsc mknmgfråf vsc df ~cremkfnj+ Ck cwcgfwj ncocråfejw rcgjkwmncrfr ci rcgsck~j xscw~j vsc cw~fråf efi+ Gjej }f dcejw gj%eck~fnj) f sk fkæimwmw xjr Ciimj~~ wmcexrc ic ncoc fgjexföfr sk kmqci nc xrcgmj vsc mk%nmvsc vsc cwc fkæimwmw kj cw qæimnj) xscw ck gfwj gjk~rfrmj xjnråfejw cw~fr nsrfk~c

esgdj ~mcexj ck ci ifnj mkgjrrcg~j nci ecrgfnj+




7+63+> Cbcexij2 Njoic Rm`%Rf` ck @ckcrfi Cicg~rmg

Am`srf 7%?0

Ci fkæimwmw eckwsfi nc @ckcrfi Cicg~rmg nc if am`srf 7%?0 kjw escw~rf skf xfs~f fi%gmw~f ck gmkgj jknfw vsc gfkfimf xcracg~feck~c) wc`smnf xjr skf gjrrcggm÷k gjexicbf+Wfocejw vsc cw skf xfs~f gjrrcg~mqf xjr ijw wjifxfemck~jw } xjrvsc ck ijw mexsiwjw ifjknf ~crgcrf wm cw ct~cknmnf kjrefieck~c cw ofw~fk~c ef}jr $1?#- vsc if xrmecrf+Fvså qcejw vsc ifw jknfw ofbmw~fw wjk m`sficw ck xrcgmj $xrj}cggm÷k nci 688#-+ F bs%`fr xjr if gfkfimfgm÷k nc if gjrrcggm÷k) emck~rfw @C wc efk~ck`f nck~rj nci gfkfi if~cknckgmf wcræ ofbmw~f) wmk ceofr`j fi ~jgfr ci ct~rcej xjnråf wcr vsc ci amkfi nc ifxfs~f gjrrcg~mqf cw~sqmcrf gcrgf+ Xfrf ciij ~ckcejw vsc xfwfr fi `ræamgj wcefkfi+

^cjråf } Xræg~mgf Ejncrkf nc Ciimj~~7?



Xfs~fw gjrrcg~mqfw

Am`srf 7%?4

@ckcrfi Cicg~rmg ck `ræamgj wcefkfi ejw~rfnj ck if am`srf 7%?4 cw~æ ncwxic`fknj

skf xfs~f gjrrcg~mqf njoic ncwnc ci 6 nc Wcx~ nci ?888 f 34+=> N÷ifrcw+ Cw~j vscnfgifrj xjr ci wjifxfemck~j nc ifw jknfw+ If xrmecrf gjrrcggm÷k FOG ~mckc skf jknf Gm`sfi f if jknf F) ij gsfi cw es} gjeòk } ncwgfr~f if xjwmomimnfn nc vsc ci rcgsck~j mk%nmgfrf xfs~f nc mexsiwj $qcejw vsc ck ?=+3? ~ckcejw ctfg~feck~c ci 688# rcwxcg~jnc if jknf F-+ Xjr ~fk~j cw~æ gifrj vsc if xfs~f nmosbfnf ncwxsíw nci 6 nc wcx~mceorccw skf gjrrcggm÷k) ij vsc meximgfræ gfræg~cr figmw~f gsfknj cw~f gjrrcggm÷k wc ~cremkc+

Ncwxsíw nc skf jknf T mk~crecnmf) @C cw~æ dfgmcknj skf wc`sknf gjrrcggm÷k FOG+Fskvsc dcejw c~mvsc~fnj if jknf $O- gjej ~cremkfnf) íw~f xjnråf kj dfocr ~cremkfnjwm wc ncwfrrjiif gjej skf jknf xifkf+ Ifw wsonmqmwmjkcw nc if jknf $O- } nc if jknf xjw%~crmjr f if $O- wjk if gifqc xfrf wfocrij+

Ofbj ci wsxscw~j nc gjrrcggm÷k FOG) ci xrmecr jobc~mqj nc xrcgmj xfrf ci amkfi nc ifgjrrcggm÷k cw~æ ck ci ck~jrkj nc ijw ?6 n÷ifrcw) gjrrcwxjknmck~c f if xrj}cggm÷k nci1?#+ Ci wc`sknj wjk ijw 67+00 gjrrcwxjknmck~c fi 688#+ If wsxcrfgm÷k nc ijw 7?+00mknmgfråf vsc if xfs~f FOG df ~cremkfnj+ $Xjnråf nfrwc ci gfwj nc skf gjrrcggm÷k mrrc%`sifr) xcrj gjej kjref kjw gcömrcejw f ij eæw wckgmiij) vsc cw ij eæw xrjofoic-+




Am`srf 7%?=

Ck if am`srf 7%?= ~ckcejw sk `ræamgj nmfrmj nc @C+ Ncwxsíw nc if jknf mk~crecnmf Tqcejw vsc wc cw~æ ajrefknj sk Rm`%Rf`+ Cw~j ij wfocejw xjrvsc }f ~ckejw wsxcrfgm÷knci ct~rcej nc if jknf $F- } xjrvsc if jknf $O- cw gifrfeck~c sk ~rcw+ Ifw wsonmqmwmj%kcw nc if jknf vsc qf nci ?? nc F`jw~j fi 68 nc Jg~sorc wjk gmkgj) xjr ij vsc xscncwcr if jknf $G- nci Rm`%Rf`+ Xfrf vsc cwf jknf ascrf xfr~c nc if $O- ncocråf ~ckcr 7wsonmqmwmjkcw) gjwf vsc ncwgfr~fejw+ Ck ci wsxscw~j xrjofoic nc vsc wcf if jknf $G-)ijw ?3+44 cw ci kmqci nc if jknf gsfr~f fk~crmjr) xjr ij vsc dforåf amkfimfnj if gjrrcg%gm÷k $F-%$O-%$G-+

Xjr ~fk~j) if wsxcrfgm÷k nc ijw ?3+44 ck @ckcrfi Cicg~rmg kjw dfgc xckwfr vsc if gj%rrcggm÷k mkmgmfnf ci 6 nc Wcx~mceorc ~cremk÷+ Ci ejqmemck~j xjw~crmjr nc skf gjrrcg%

gm÷k njoic wscic wcr qmjick~j+ Ci jobc~mqj nc xrcgmj wjk ijw >? n÷ifrcw+ Xjr ncofbj nc ?6n÷ifrcw kscw~rj rcgsck~j nmfrmj wcråf mkgjrrcg~j } ci wm`smck~c jobc~mqj xfrf ci amkfi ncif $G- wjk ijw 67+00+

7+63+3 _cxwji dfgc sk njoic Rm`%Rf`2

^cjråf } Xræg~mgf Ejncrkf nc Ciimj~~7>



Xfs~fw gjrrcg~mqfw

Am`srf 7%78

Ci fkæimwmw eckwsfi nc _CX ejw~rfnj ck if am`srf 7%78 kjw mknmgf vsc ci eætmej nc?7+11 csrjw wc dmj ck skf jkf nc gjmkgmnckgmf nc qfrmjw jobc~mqjw nc xrcgmj) ij vsc

fseck~f ifw xjwmomimnfncw nc sk gfeomj nc ~cknckgmf+ Ck ijw fircncnjrcw nc ijw ?> cs%rjw ~ckcejw2

j 688# nc if ijk`m~sn nci mexsiwj 8%7 $cw ncgmr) vsc if jknf vsmk~f ~mckc ifemwef ijk`m~sn vsc ifw jknfw 6 } 7 bsk~fw-

j _c~rjgcwj nci ?88# nc if jknf gsfr~f $>-j If jknf 3 nc $3- cw ci 688# nc if jknf 6 nc $3-) rc~rjgcwj es} gjeòk xfrf

ifw jknfw vsmk~fwj If jknf 7 nc $3- cw ci 61?# nc if jknf 6 nc $3-) kjrefieck~c ci xrmecr jobc%

~mqj vsc wc gjkwmncrf ck ifw ct~ckwmjkcw nc ~crgcrf+

F xfr~mr nc cwc ejeck~j) _CX mkmgmf ws afwc gjrrcg~mqf vsc wc`òk if ~cjråf ncoc iic%qfric f if jknf gsfr~f fk~crmjr gjej eåkmej+ Gsfknj sk wmexic FOG kj iic`f fi jobc~mqjnc xrcgmj) wc wscic ajrefr skf gjrrcggm÷k njoic $Arjw~!Xrc~gdcr-) gjej cw ci gfwj nc_CXWJI) nc ajref vsc amkfieck~c wc figfkf ci jobc~mqj nc 68+47 csrjw vsc cw if jknfgsfr~f fk~crmjr+ Xjr j~rf xfr~c) gsfknj sk m`f` $F-%$O-%$G- gfkfimf nc ajref ~fkxcracg~f wscic jgsrrmr vsc kj cw ci amkfi nc if afwc gjrrcg~mqf) xjr ij vsc ci eåkmej nc67+33 fi ckgfbfr ~fk xcracg~feck~c ck ci gfkfi kjw fncifk~fof vsc if afwc gjrrcg~mqfxrjofoiceck~c kj dfoåf ~cremkfnj+ Cw~f famrefgm÷k wc qc rcajrfnf gjk if vsc mknmgfvsc ci xrmecr jobc~mqj crf if jknf gsfr~f fk~crmjr+




Am`srf 7%76

Ck if am`srf 7%76 qcejw vsc if jknf F } if jknf G xcr~ckcgmck~cw f $F- wjk ctfg~f%eck~c m`sficw+ Ci xrmecr FOG ~cremkf ck 67+33 ci ?6 nc wcx~mceorc nc ?886 gjej wcescw~rf ck ci `ræamgj+ Ifw ijk`m~sncw nc ifw jknfw }f cw rf÷k wsamgmck~c xfrf ncwgfr%~fr vsc xscnf wcr skf xfs~f nc mexsiwj+

If jknf $O- cw sk FOG vsc xscnc gjkwmncrfrwc gjrrcggm÷k gjk~mksf fi kj iic`fr figjemckj nc if jknf F+ Cw~f crf skf wcöfi ascr~c nc vsc if ~cknckgmf ofbmw~f wc`smråfws gsrwj+

Fdjrf cw~fejw ck if jknf $G- vsc ~feomík cw sk FOG+ Wc`òk ij vsc dcejw nmgdj ckci fkæimwmw eckwsfi) wm _CX ~cremkfrf ws G nc $G- ck 4+1? $m`sfinfn nc jknfw F } G- gfkf%imfråf j~rf qc gjk xcracggm÷k) xjr ij vsc kj wcråf ci amkfi nc if gjrrcggm÷k) ij gsfi kjxfrcgc xrjofoic xjr dfocr figfkfnj }f if jknf gsfr~f nci mexsiwj fk~crmjr+

Ofbj cw~c cwgckfrmj) if jknf G 5 1?# nc if jknf F cw sk jobc~mqj nc amkfimfgm÷k xj%

wmoic } xrjofoic+ Xfrf wfocr wm if gjrrcggm÷k nc _cxwji xscnc dfocr amkfimfnj cw kcgc%wfrmj mr fi `ræamgj nmfrmj xfrf famkfr eæw+ Ci `ræamgj nmfrmj nc _cxwji wc escw~rf ck ifam`srf ?%?= nci gfxå~sij nc xfs~fw nc mexsiwj+ Ij vsc wsgcnm÷ xjw~crmjreck~c cw vsc_cxwji dmj ws jknf $G- ck ajref nc xfs~f ~cremkfi) xjr ij vsc wc fk~mgmx÷ gjk ctfg~m%~sn ci amkfi nc if gjrrcggm÷k+


Teoría y Práctica Moderna de Elliott 3

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