Quenya - Idioma Dos Elfos

8/17/2019 Quenya - Idioma Dos Elfos

1/24

DÚVENDOR - UM TRIBUTO A TOLKIEN WWW.DUVENDOR.HPG.COM.BR

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Of the Tongues of Arda, the invented world of J.R.R. Tolkien

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3/24


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4/24


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6/24


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1u#!2( 3 O I)i"4( )" A$t" E$%" 6


7/24


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(esignaç)es da *+ngua

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O 1u#!2( > t(4>4 &h(4()" parmalambë $;!*u( )" $i8'" # tarquesta A$t(,($( 7LR:ZX[ &%. ( A$t( ,($( )" N"$)"' #4 UT:JJ9. C"4" " 1u#!2( # "'i*i!"u#4 V($i!"'5 #$# p")# t(4>4 #' &h(4()" V($i!"'#(!" 70)A /V C(p. \9 "u ( %($()" E$%" )# V($i!"' 70i$4. C(p. ZS9. Ap " %i4 )( P'i4#i'( E'(5 4uit" N"$)"' %"'(4 4"'(' !( i$h( )# T"$ E'#(5 p'i4( ( &"t( )# A4(!. P"' i"5 " 1u#!2(> t(4>4 &"!h#&i)" &"4" E'#(!"5 "u A8($$"!i(!" )( &i)()# )# A8($$"! #4E'#( 7LR:JZ5 0D:JZ9. P('( " T#$#'i A4(!i(!"5 1u#!2( #'( Goldórin "uGoldolambë5 #8i)#!t#4#!t# i*!i%i&(!)" N"$)"'i! # L;!*u( N"$)"5'#p#&ti8(4#!t# IW:XS9. E4 G!=4i&"5 ( p'i4#i'( t#!t(ti8( )# T"$i#! )#

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8/24


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1u#!2( 3 O I)i"4( )" A$t" E$%" 8


9/24


O ##4p$" 4(i $"!*" )# 1u#!2( !" 6 !enhor dos néis > " L(4#!t" )#G($()'i#$5 &. " p"#4( Namrië p'i4" (" %i4 )" &(p;tu$" deus a 5órien 70)AZ/II C(p. \5 &"4#(!)" &"4 Aid $(u'i $(!t(' $(i 'i!#!...9 Muit" )" ##4p$"'#%#'i)" !" t#t" ( #*ui' %"'(4 '#ti'()" )## p"#4(. Out'" t#t"i4p"'t(!t# #4 1u#!2( " " p"#4( 'ar,irya #4 MC:- # Can; #t'#4(4#!t# %'#Q#!t#. Au($i)()# )( 8"*(i > 4(i i4i$(' (" Ep(!h"$ "u It($i(!" u# (" I!*$. P('(&$('i%i&(' ( p'"!!&i( (" $#it"'# (&"tu4()" F "'t"*'(%i( i!*$#(5 T"$i#!($*u4( 8#?# ()i&i"!( u4( )i('## "'# ($*u4( 8"*(i 7p"' ##4p$"5 M(!w#4 $u*(' )# M(!w# p('( i!)i&(' u# " # %i!($ !" > 4u)"5 "u E]'#!)i$ p('( i!)i&(' u# ( 8"*(i ( # # " p'"!u!&i()( #p('()(4#!t# # !" &"4" !( p($(8'(i!*$#( ear 3 " p"!t" !" " !#'i" (" i*!i%i&()" # p")#4 #*u'(4#!t##' )#i()" )# $()" p"' ##4p$" !u4 #-4(i$9. O ditongos " (i5 (u5 "i5 ui5 #u5iu. 7U4 >ti4" )it"!*"5 #i5 p('# "&"''#' #4 u4( "u )u( p($(8'(5 4( #ut(tu > i!'t".9 A consoantes " #4 *'(!)# p('t# ( 4#4( )" I!*$5 &"4( ii$(!t# #!)" ( 4(i"' #": Ch &"4" #4 church !" "&"''#5 (i4 &"4"

= )# =oy 5 # (" i!8> )# sh5 #h 7" $ti4" &"4" s #4 pleasure9. O 1u#!2( p"ui u4"4 &"4" " ($#4" ich*5aut 5 #&'it" hy p"' T"$i#! 7p"' ##4p$"5 h2('4#! u$9.O h )( p($(8'( i!*$#( huge5 human > ($*u4( 8#?# p'"!u!&i()" &"4" u4(8('i(!t# %'(&( )" "4 #4 u#t". O 1u#!2( t(4>4 !" t#4 " th 74u)" &"4"#4 thing "u "!"'" &"4" #4 the9[ " th u')" "&"''#u #4 #t*i" i!i&i(i5 4( #t'(!%"'4"u !" 5 u4 p"u&" (!t# )( '##$i" )" N"$)"' 78#' PM:Z-9.T(4>4 )#8# #' !"t()" u# ( &"!"(!t# 8"&(i #p$"i8( 5 )5 * (p#!("&"''#4 !" *'up" 45 !)/$)/') # !* 7($*u4( 8('i#)()# )" 1u#!2( t(4>4ti!h(4 " $ (" i!8> )" $89. N( h *'up" &"!"!(!t(i i!i&i(i5 #t" u 7e&w95 t25!2 # !w # &"!i)#'('4" ( #4i8"*(i 25 w &"4" &"!"(!t#. N"'4($4#!t#t(4>4 !" h *'up" %i!(i5 ( p($(8'( t#'4i!(4 #4 u4( )( &"!"(!t#i4p$# t5 5 !5 $5 ' "u &"4 u4( 8"*($5 4(i %'#Q#!t#4#!t# " $ti4" &(". E!t'#8"*(i5 u4 !4#'" $i4it()" )# *'up" &"!"!(!t(i p")# "&"''#'[ (u#$#)#&'it" p"' T"$i#! &"4" %'#Q#!t# "u %(8"'#&i)" #t" #4 it$i&": &&5 ht5ht25 $&5 ld 5 $$5 $45 $p5 $u5 $t5 $85 $w5 $25 mb5 445 4!5 mp5 425 nc 5 nd 5 ng 5 ngw 5 !!5 nqu5nt 5 !t25 nw 5 !25 ps5 pt5 qu 7p('( cw 95 '&5 ')5 '45 '!5 'u5 ''5 't5 't25 '5 'w5 '25 &5 u55 t5 t25 w5 ts5 tt5 tw5 t25 > 7p('( ,s9. A$*u4( "ut'( p"u&( &"4i!(@# p")#4"&"''#' #4 p($(8'( &"4p"t(. A %"!"$"*i( )" 1u#!2( > (t(!t# '#t'iti8(5)(!)" F $i!*u(*#4 u4 #ti$" # ("' &$('(4#!t# )#%i!i)".

1u#!2( 3 O I)i"4( )" A$t" E$%" 9


10/24


N"t# u# !" 1u#!2(5 ( $#t'( & > #4p'# p'"!u!&i()( 7(i4 &i'2( ('&" ei'2(9. T"$i#! %"i i!&"!it#!t# "'# it"[ #4 ($*u4( %"!t# ( $#t'( "u()(5 4( !" 0)A #$# )#&i)iu #&'#8#' " 1u#!2( t" i4i$(' (" L(ti4 u(!t"p";8#$. E4 ($*u! &("5 " )( %"!t# %"i '#*u$('i?()" p('( & !" t#t" ( #*ui'.

O &ubstantivo

O ut(!ti8" 1u#!2( p")# #' i!%$#ti)" #4 "u Z )#&$i!(@#. 7Eit#4t(4>4 u(t'" i!%$#@# )# n)mero5 4( i'#4"5 !( 4(i"' p('t#5 !" (t#' ("i!*u$(' #!u(!t" $it('4" ( )#&$i!(@#.9 O #tu)(!t# !" )#8# %i&(' &"44#)" )" *'(!)# !4#'" )# )#&$i!(@#. O!)# " I!*$ "u " P"'tu*u u(4 u4(p'#p"i" !( %'#!t# )" ut(!ti8"5 " 1u#!2( %'#Q#!t#4#!t# p'#%#'# ()i&i"!(' u4 u%i" (" ut(!ti8"5 !" h 4uit" ($>4 )i".

O nominativo i!*u$(' > ( %"'4( i&(5 !" i!%$#ti)( )" ut(!ti8"[ #$# !" t#4!#!hu4 u%i" #p#&i($. A %u!" t;pi&( )" ut(!ti8" !" !"4i!(ti8" > #' "u#it" )# u4 8#'"5 &"4" $4 !"it# "u (u' )i( !" *'it" #&ut()" (!t# #)u'(!t# Ni'!(#th A'!"#)i(): Aut( i $4d A !"it# #t p((!)"d5 Au' #!tu$u8(dU4 )i( &h#*(' !"8(4#!t#d 70i$4. C(p. 9.

O 1u#!2( %($()" #4 V($i!"' ti!h( u4 acusativo u# #'( %"'4()" p#$"($"!*(4#!t" )( 8"*($ %i!($ )" ut(!ti8": &i'2( ('&" 7!"4i!(ti8"95 &i'2 ('&"7(&u(ti8"9. 0ut(!ti8" t#'4i!()" #4 &"!"(!t# p'#u4i8#$4#!t# !" ti!h(4u4 (&u(ti8" )iti!t". N" p$u'($5 4#4" ut(!ti8" t#'4i!(!)" !u4( 8"*($ti!h(4 " u%i" i5 p"' ##4p$"5 &i'2(i ('&" 7!"4i!(ti8" &i'2('9. A %u!" )"(&u(ti8" #'( p'i!&ip($4#!t# 4('&(' u# " ut(!ti8" > "#t" )# u4 8#'"[ !"t#4" ##4p$"5 4( p")#';(4" &"!t'ui' u4 &"4" h('2(! &i'2 #u t#!h" u4('&" 7h('2(! &i'2(i #u t#!h" ($*u! ('&"9. M( !( T#''(-4>)i( ( )#&$i!(")iti!t( )" (&u(ti8" )#(p('#u )( %($( )" N"$)"' 7i" (&"!t# u(!)" ##t "&up()" $ut(!)" &"4 O'&5 B($'"*5 # D'(*@#95 # " !"4i!(ti8" t"4"u u(%u!". Ai45 )## 4"4#!t" #4 )i(!t# #t 't" )i?#' h('2(! &i'2(5 h('2(!&i'2('. E&'it"'# 4")#'!" p('# !" t#' !u!&( u()" " (&u(ti8" )iti!t".

O genitivo t#4 " u%i" 3"5 *#'($4#!t# &"''#p"!)#!t# (" u%i" i!*$ ?s5 (p#(' )# u# " *#!iti8" 1u#!2( > %'#Q#!t#4#!t# 4#$h"' '#p'##!t()" p"' u4(&"!t'u" o@* #4 I!*$. U4 ##4p$" )" Namrië > V(')" t#$$u4(' (()()# V(')( 7_V(')(` )"4#9. N"t# u# " u%i" 3" utitui " 3( %i!($5 )(; V(')" #!" V(')(" 3 4( 7p('# u#9 "ut'( 8"*(i !" #'(4 utitu;)(: E4 MR:#!&"!t'(4" E'u" p('( )" U45 )# E'u`. 70# " ut(!ti8" t#'4i!(' #4 3"5 "u%i" t"'!(-# i!8i;8#$[ !"'4($4#!t# " &"!t#t" i!)i&(' u# " ut(!ti8" #t!" *#!iti8" # !" !" !"4i!(ti8". U4 ##4p$" (t#t()" > I!)i i Ci'2(4" ( 4u$h#' )" 4('i!h#i'"[ &%. &i'2(4" 4('i!h#i'".9 I!%'#u#!t#4#!t# " *#!iti8" &(''#*( "i*!i%i&()" )# )# 7%'"495 &%. Oi"$"" )" M"!t# 0#4p'#'(!&"5 )" Oi"$"#4 Namrië 3 4( it" > uu($4#!t# #p'#()" u(!)"-# " ($(ti8" 78#' ((i"9. O u%i" )" *#!iti8" p$u'($ > 3"!5 u# p")# #' "#'8()" !" t;tu$"0i$4('i$$i"! )" 0i$4('i$5 #!)" ( %'(# &"4p$#t( 1u#!t( 0i$4('i$$i"! 7(9 Hit'i(

1u#!2( 3 O I)i"4( )" A$t" E$%" 10


11/24


)#7"9 0i$4('i$. U4 ##4p$" )" Namrië > '4(' ($)('"! (( )( '8"'#5u4( 4#t%"'( p">ti&( p('( %"$h(. O u%i" 3"! > ()i&i"!()" !" F %"'4( i4p$#)" ut(!ti8"5 4( (" !"4i!(ti8" p$u'($. Ai45 (p#(' )# '8"'# #' ($)(5 )('8"'# !" > cc($)"!5 4( ($)('"!5 p"'u# " !"4i!(ti8" p$u'($ '8"'# > ($)('.T(4>4 0i$4('i$5 p$u'($ 0i$4('i$$i5 *#!iti8" 0i$4('i$$i"!. 7A '#p#ti" )" $ %i!($ )#

0i$4('i$ (!t# )" u%i" > u4 ##4p$" )# varia; ()i&i"!()"5 F 8#?# '#%$#ti!)" u4(%"'4( (!ti*( )" ut(!ti8".9

Eit# t(4>4 " possessivo5 p('( ($*u! &h(4()" ("&i(ti8" "u ()#ti8($[ "p'p'i" T"$i#! %($( #4 u4 p"#i8"-()#ti8($...*#!iti8" #4 W:Y. Et()#&$i!(" t#4 " u%i" 38( 73w( #4 ut(!ti8" t#'4i!()" #4 &"!"(!t#9.0u( %u!" *#'($ >5 &"4" ( )" *#!iti8" #4 I!*$5 #p'#(' p'"p'i#)()#: Mi!)"!E$)($i>8(T"''# )" E$)($i. A %u!" )" p"#i8" %"i p"'#4#!t# #!t#!)i)( p"' 4uit" t#4p". E4 Namrië #$# "&"''# !( %'(# 2u$)(' ...4i'u8'#8(5 *"$# ... )#hi)'"4#$7)'(u*ht... "% 4#()9. Et# ##4p$" #4 p('ti&u$('5 u# p"' 4(i )# (!" %"i " !i&" u# ti8#4"5 %#? 4uit" &"!&$u;'#4 u# ( %u!" )#()#&$i!(" #'( 4"t'(' u# ($*" #'( composto de 3 )# %(t"5 ( )#&$i!(" #4 i %"i&h(4()( )# &"4p"iti8(. ,#$i?4#!t#5 The Aar o@ 7ewels5 p*. Y\-Y %i!($4#!t#!" )#u ( #p$i&(" )" p'p'i" T"$i#! p('( ( %u!@# 4(i &"4u! )#()#&$i!("5 # &"4" #$( )i%#'i( )" *#!iti8". O p"#i8" p")#5 &"4" %"i )it"(&i4(5 )#!"t(' possess8( &"'!#t( )# O'"45 u()" p('( ( &"'!#t( u# p#'t#!u/p#'t#! (O'"4 !" 4"4#!t" )( !(''(" 7p(()" "u p'##!t#9. O *#!iti8" '4( O'"4"t(4>4 p")#'i( #' t'()u?i)" &"4" &"'!#t( )# O'"45 4( (p'"p'i()(4#!t##$# i*!i%i&('i( u4( &"'!#t( 8i!)( )# O'"45 i4p$i&(!)" u# ( &"'!#t( h(8i()#i()" ( p"# )# O'"4 !" 4"4#!t" #!)" !(''()". C"!tu)"5 " *#!iti8"i!8()iu ( %u!@# )" p"#i8" #4 >p"&( p"t#'i"'#. C%. " *#!iti8" V(')"t#$$u4('5 !" " p"#i8" ct#$$u4(' V(')(8(5 p('( (()( )# V(')( #4Namrië 7# " *#!iti8" !" i4p$i&( u# ( (()( se originaram de Varda5 4(u# #$( os possui 9.

O dativo t#4 " u%i" 3!. E# u%i" > *#'($4#!t# i!t#'p'#t()" &"4" (p'#p"i" p('( 7t" "u %"'9[ " p'"!"4# )(ti8" !i! p('( 4i4 7)# !i #u9 >#!&"!t'()" #4 Namrië: 0; 4(! i 2u$4( nin #!u(!tu8(b 1u#4 (*"'( i''##!&h#' ( ;&('( p('( 4i4b ,'#Q#!t#4#!t# " )(ti8" &"''#p"!)# (" "#t"i!)i'#t" #4 I!*$ # P"'tu*u: cI !; (!t(! i h-nan (!!( ( 4u$h#' )#u B crian;au4 p'##!t# - )#u u4 p'##!t# para a crian;a 7th# w"4(! *(8# the child (*i%t9.

O locativo p"ui " u%i" 35 u# &(''#*( " i*!i%i&()" )# em 7i! "u "!9. N(8#'" T#!*w(' )# Namrië u# > #!&"!t'()( #4 RGEO5 " p"#4( t#4 ""'#&'it" A$t('i#$$" N(i!i 5óriendessë5 L(4#!t" )# G($()'i#$ #4 5óriendë7L'i#!9. N" p$u'($5 " u%i" t#4 ( %"'4( 3#!5 8it" !( p($(8'(4(h($4(#! #4 t'"!" #4 UT:S &%. ZX 74(h($4( t'"!"9. Et# u%i"t(4>4 "&"''# !" p'"!"4# '#$(ti8" 2( #4 N(4'i: 2(#! !" u($5 #4 u($7wh#'#i!5 i! whi&h9 7V(')" t#$$u4('... 2(#! ti!ti$(' i #$#!i5 c(()( )#

1u#!2( 3 O I)i"4( )" A$t" E$%" 11


12/24


V(')(... !( u(i 7"!)#9 #t'#$( t'#4u$(49. R#%#'i!)"-# F p($(8'( #4 i!*u$('5!" u($ p'#u4i8#$4#!t# #'i( 2(. O u" )" u%i" )# )#&$i!(@# (" i!8>)# p'#p"i@# p('( #p'#(' #45 )#5 p('(5 &"4 7i!5 %'"45 t"5 with9 > u4(&('(&t#';ti&( )( *'(4ti&( 1u#!2(.

O ablativo t#4 " u%i" 3$$"5 u# p"ui " i*!i%i&()" )# deD "u vindo deD 7%'"4# "ut "%9. U4 ##4p$" )" Namrië > i!)(!'i#$$" 8i!)" )# u4( t#''( &i!?#!t(7i!)(-!'i#-$$": &i!?#!t"-t#''(-8i!)" )#9. H t(4>4 ( p($(8'( R4#$$" c)#7"9L#t#5 &"!t'(" )# cR4#!#$$" 7R4#! " L#t#9. C%. t(4>4 ( p($(8'(O!)"$i!)#$$" )# O!)"$i!) 7G"!)"$i!9 #4 78(8( Tol,ien 9 rtist and Ellustrator 7.R.R. T"$i#! 3 A'tit( # I$ut'()"'95 p*. Z.

O alativo p"ui " u%i" 3!!(5 i*!i%i&(!)" p('( 7t"5 i!t" "u up"!9. T(!t" "($(ti8" u(!t" " ($(ti8" " ##4p$i%i&()" p#$( p($(8'( )it( p"' E$#!)i$u(!)" &h#*"u F T#''(-4>)i( (p ( 1u#)( )# N4#!"'5 # '#p#ti)( p"' A'(*"'!!( u( &"'"(" 70)A /VI C(p. S9: Et E]'#$$" E!)"'#!!( ut$i#! D" G'(!)# M(' p('( ( T#''(-4>)i( 8i4 7E!)"'7#9-!!( p('( T#''(-4>)i(9. O ($(ti8" p")#t(4>4 t#' " i*!i%i&()" )# "'# 7up"!9: &%. i %($4($i!!(' 7"'# ( "!)(#pu4(!t#9 #4 Namrië 73$i!!(' #!)" " u%i" )" ($(ti8" p$u'($ p('titi8"[ 8#' ((i"9.

A )#&$i!(" instrumental t#4 " u%i" 3!#! # i!)i&( " instrumento &"4 " u($($*" > %#it"5 "u i4p$#4#!t# ( ra#$it()( !u4( &('t( u# T"$i#! #!8i"u ( Di& P$"t? !( #*u!)( 4#t()# )" (!"Y 7( &h(4()( &lot# 5etter > )# %(t" !"( p'i!&ip($ %"!t# )# i!%"'4(@# "'#( )#&$i!(@# )" 1u#!2(9. O u%i" > 3 7!" p$u'($ 3i95 4( T"$i#! !"i)#!ti%i&"u ( )#&$i!(" &"4 u($u#' !"4#5 !#4 !u!&( ( 8i4" u()( !u4 t#t".0u( %u!" > (i4 t"t($4#!t# )#&"!h#&i)([ #$( t#4 i)" )# %(t" &h(4()( )#D#&$i!(" Mit#'i"( 7Mit#'2 C(#9. A$*u! #&'it"'# t#4 u()"-(i4p$#4#!t# &"4" u4 u%i" ($t#'!(ti8" (" $"&(ti8". E$# !" t4 ti)" 8iit(!"tu'!( )# T"$i#! )#p"i )i"5 (i4 t($8#? i" #( (it8#$ p('( #$#.

0# " u%i" )# )#&$i!(" " ()i&i"!()" ( u4 ut(!ti8" t#'4i!()" #4&"!"(!t#5 #4 # > %'#Q#!t#4#!t# i!#'i)" #!t'# " ut(!ti8" # " u%i" p('( ##8it(' " *'up" )i%;&i$ u# !('i(: E$#!)i$ &"4 " u%i" ($(ti8" 3!!( p('( t"'!(-#E$#!)i$#!!( p('( E$#!)i$ 7PM:JZ95 # !" ccE$#!)i$!!(. 0# " u%i" > p$u'($5 u4 i> i!#'i)" #!t'# " ut(!ti8" # " u%i": #$#!i$$(' )( #t'#$( 7#$#! #t'#$(97MC:9.

1u#!2( 3 O I)i"4( )" A$t" E$%" 12


13/24


s in@le>Hes de n)mero do 0uenya: A i!%$#@# )# !4#'" " singular 5 plural 5 plural partitivo # dual . O i!*u$(' # " p$u'($ !" !#it(4 )# #p$i&(". A %u!")" plural partitivo 7&h(4()" p"' T"$i#! )# p('titi8# p$u'($ #4 W:\\9 #4"p"i" (" p$u'($ !"'4($ !" > t"t($4#!t# &"4p'##!)i)(5 4( p('# u# #$#)#!"t( alguns )# u4 *'up" 4(i"'. C"4i!()" &"4 " ('ti*" )#%i!i)" i5 #$# p")#

)#!"t(' i4p$#4#!t# 4uit" 74(!29: " #$#4#!t" $i !( %'(# i %($4($i!!(' "'# ( "!)( #pu4(!t# #4 Namrië %"i t'()u?i)( &"4" 4uit( p"' T"$i#!!( u( t'()u" i!t#'$i!#(' #4 RGEO:YY-YX. C"4" 3$i > " u%i" p('( " p$u'($p('titi8"5 #$# %"i p"' 4uit" t#4p" &h(4()" )# p$u'($ 4$tip$"[ )# %(t"5 %"i p#!()"u# #$# i4p$#4#!t# i*!i%i&(8( 4uit" 74(!29 )( &"i( #4 u#t"5#!u(!t" " p$u'($ !"'4($ (p#!( i*!i%i&(8( ($*u! 7#8#'($9. It" p")# #t(' &"''#t" #4 ($*u! &("5 4( !" p")# #' ( hit'i( t")(. O dual > u()" &"4'#%#'!&i( ( u4 p(' !(tu'($5 &"4" )u( 4" p#'t#!!t# ( u4( p#"( 7&%. (p($(8'( 4'2(t u( 7)#$(9 4" #4 Namrië5 3t #!)" " u%i" )u($5$it#'($4#!t# #u p(' )# 4".

O nominativo plural > %"'4()" &"4 u4 )# )"i u%i". O u%i" 3' > u()" # "ut(!ti8" t#'4i!( &"4 u($u#' 8"*($ #t" 35 ##4p$" #4 &"!h#&i)" "V($( p$. V($('5 E$)( p$. E$)('5 Ai!u p$. Ai!u'. 0# " ut(!ti8" t#'4i!( #4 &"!"(!t#"u #4 35 " u%i" )" p$u'($ > 3i5 # #$# utitiu " 3 %i!($: At(! p$. At(!i5 1u#!)p$. 1u#!)i. 7M( # " ut(!ti8" t#'4i!( #4 3i5 #$# %"'4( #u p$u'($ #4 3' p('(#8it(' u4 i #*ui!)" "ut'": ti &(4i!h"5 ti#' &(4i!h" 3 !" cctii9. N" "ut'()#&$i!(@#5 " u%i" )# p$u'($ > 3' "u 3![ p"' ##4p$"5 " u%i" ($(ti8" 3!!(t#4 ( %"'4( p$u'($ 3!!('5 " u%i" )" $"&(ti8" 3 t"'!(-# 3#!5 # " ($(ti8" 3$$"p")# %"'4(' #u p$u'($ t(!t" #4 3$$"' # 3$$"!. N" )(ti8"5 i!t'u4#!t($ #'#p#&ti8"5 " p$u'($ > i!)i&()" p#$" #$#4#!t" 3i5 i!#'i)" #!t'# " '()i&($ )"ut(!ti8" # " u%i" )( )#&$i!(" !" i!*u$('. 7V#( ( $it( &"4p$#t( )# u%i"((i".9

O plural partitivo t#4 " u%i" 3$i5 p'#u4i8#$4#!t# c3#$i !u4 ut(!ti8"t#'4i!()" #4 &"!"(!t#5 4( u4( %"'4( &"!t'(;)( "u (i4i$()( p")# t(4>4#' u()( 7p"' ##4p$"5 " p$u'($ p('titi8" )# &((' (!" > &(($$i5 )# c&(('$i9. Ou%i" )( "ut'( )#&$i!(@# " i4p$#4#!t# ()i&i"!()" #*ui!)"-# ("u%i" 3$i5 p"' ##4p$"5 &i'2($i ($*u! ('&" f ($(ti8" &i'2($i!!( 7"u &i'2($i!!('9p('( ($*u! ('&". N"t#5 &"!tu)"5 u# ( 8"*($ )# 3$i > ($"!*()( (!t# )"u%i" 38( # 3!#! p('( " p"#i8" # " i!t'u4#!t($5 '#p#&ti8(4#!t#: 3$;8(5

3$;!#!.

C"4" " !"4i!(ti8" p$u'($5 " nominativo dual > %"'4()" &"4 u4 )# )"i u%i". A4(i"'i( )" ut(!ti8" t"4(4 " u%i" 3t5 &"4" !( p($(8'( 4'2(t u( 4"7)u( 4"5 u4 p(' )# 4"9 #4 Namrië. D"i ('&"5 u4 p(' )# ('&" >5 )(4#4( %"'4(5 &i'2(t 7&i'2( ('&"9. M( # ( $ti4( &"!"(!t# )" '()i&($ > 3t "u 3)5 p'#%#'#-# " u%i" 3u: A$)( '8"'#5 A$)u ( Du( g'8"'#. N( "ut'()#&$i!(@#5 u4 3t > F 8#?# i!#'i)" "u ()i&i"!()" (" 8'i" u%i": p"' ##4p$"5 " u%i" 35 -!!( # 3$t" 7&i'2(t5 &i'2(!t(5 &i'2($t" #4/p('(/)# u4p(' )# ('&"9. O u%i" i!t'u4#!t($ 3!#! t"'!(-# 3!t#!5 #!u(!t" " u%i")(ti8" 3! t"'!(-# 3!t 7&i'2(!t p('( u4 p(' )# ('&" 3 #t# > " !i&" &("

1u#!2( 3 O I)i"4( )" A$t" E$%" 13


14/24


&"!h#&i)" )# u4 *'up" &"!"!(!t($ #!)" p#'4iti)" !" %i!($ )# u4( p($(8'( #41u#!2(9.

Et# "5 #!t"5 " u%i" 1u#!2( )( )#&$i!(@#:

Nominativo: *. #4 u%i"5 p$. 3' "u 3i5 p$.p('t. 3$i 71u#!2( Lit#''i" 3$;95 )u($ 3t "u 3u. cusativo 7!" 1u#!2( Lit#''i" "4#!t#9: *. ($"!*(!)" ( 8"*($ %i!($ 7# h"u8#'95p$. 3i5 p$.p('t. 3$;5 )u($ p'"8(8#$4#!t# ($"!*(!)" " 3u %i!($ p('( 3 7!" h(&u(ti8" )iti!t" !" &(" )# )u(i )# tb9%ativo: *. 3!5 p$. 3i!5 p$.p('t. 3$i!5 )u($ 3!t 74( p"i8#$4#!t# 3#! #*ui!)" u4)u($ #4 3u9.Genitivo: *. 3"5 p$. 3"! 7()i&i"!()" (" !"4.p$.95 p$.p('t. 3$i"!5 )u($ 3t".&ossessivo: *. 38(5 p$. 3i8(5 p$.p('t. 3$;8(5 )u($ 3tw(.5ocativo: *. 35 p$. 3#!5 p$.p('t.-$i#7!95 )u($ 3t.

lativo: *. 3!!(5 p$. 3!!('5 p$.p('t. 3$i!!(7'95 )u($ 3!t(. blativo: *. 3$$"5 p$. 3$$"! "u 3$$"'5 p$.p('t. 3$i$$"7!95 )u($ 3$t".Enstrumental : *. 3!#!5 p$. 3i!#!5 p$.p('t. $;!#!5 )u($ 3!t#!(espectivo: *. 35 p$. 3i5 p$.p('t. 3$i5 )u($ 3t#.

7V#' " Ap!)i p('( ##4p$" )# ut(!ti8" 1u#!2( #4 t")( ( )#&$i!(@#.9

O Artigo

O 1u#!2( p"ui " ('ti*" )#%i!i)" i "/(/"/( 7th#95 p"' ##4p$"5 i #$#!i (#t'#$( #4 Namrie. N" h ('ti*" i!)#%i!i)" &"4" !" P"'tu*u7u4/u4(/u!/u4(9 "u I!*$ 7(5 (!9 [ ( (u!&i( )" ('ti*" i uu($4#!t# i!)i&(u# " ut(!ti8" > i!)#%i!i)": E$#! #t'#$( )#8# #' i!t#'p'#t()" &"4" u4(#t'#$(5 #!u(!t" ( *'(4ti&( i!*$#( '#u#' u4 ('ti*"5 &"4" !( %(4"((u)(" E$#! ;$( $4#!!`"4#!ti#$8" uma #t'#$( 'i$h( "'# ( h"'( )" !""#!&"!t'" 70)A Z/I C(p. 9. M( ($*u4( 8#?# ( t'()u@# )# T"$i#!i!t'")u?#4 u4 " 3 th# "!)# !" h u4 i !" "'i*i!($5 &%. ( p'i4#i'( $i!h( )#Namrië: Aid $(u'i $(!t(' $(i... Ahd &"4" "u'" &(#4 as %"$h(... 3 $i# *"$) %($$the $#(8# #4 8#? )# 7u4(9 %"$h( 3 7"4#9 $#(8#.

O /erbo

Eit#4 )u( &$(# )# verbos !" 1u#!2(. U4( &$(# t#4 '()i&(i u# "(p#!( '(;?# pu'( #4 u%i"5 &"4" u#t- %($('5 4(t- &"4#'5 i$- 'i$h(': "p()'" > 7&"!"(!t#-98"*($-&"!"(!t#. Et( &$(# p")# #' &h(4()( '()i&(i8#'(i bsicos 7&%. W:X9. O "ut'" tip" )# 8#'"5 u# p")#4 #!t" #' &h(4()" )# 8#'" )#'i8()"5 p"u#4 '()i&(i &"4 u4 u%i"5%'#Q#!t#4#!t# 32( "u 3t(. E#4p$" )( Eti4"$"*i( 7LR:JX-J9 i!&$u#44#t2(- p"' u4 %i4 #4 )" '()i&($ p'i4iti8" MET5 "u tu$t( &"!u'('/&"!8"&(' )#TUL 7&u" '()i&($ t(4>4 > p'")u?i)" p#$" 8#'" i&" tu$- 8i'9.

1u#!2( 3 O I)i"4( )" A$t" E$%" 14


15/24


O in@initivo > %'#Q#!t#4#!t# u4 p'"$#4(. U4 u%i" 3i > 4#!&i"!()" #4UT:ZX5 '#p"'t()" &"4" i!%i!iti8($ "u *#'u!)i($: #!2($i '#$#4'('. 71u(!)"i*!i%i&( (p'"p'i()" p('( '#$#4'('5 " u%i" )(ti8" 3! > ()i&i"!()": #!2($i!.9Et# u%i" p")# p'"8(8#$4#!t# #' u()" #4 t")" " '()i&(i 8#'(i i&":

cu#ti %($('5 c4(ti &"4#'5 ctu$i 8i'. T($8#? #$# p"( #' u()" #4 ($*u!'()i&(i 8#'(i t#'4i!()" #4 8"*(i: !" A!ti*" 0i!)('i! 7" ON )(Eti4"$"*i(9 #!&"!t'(4" "'ti &"4" i!%i!iti8" )# "'t(- !('5 $#8(!t(' 7LR:X95# " 0i!)('i! A!ti*" > #4 p'i4" (" E$)('i! C"4u45 " (!t'($ &"4u4 )"1u#!2( # 0i!)('i!. Ai45 p")#4" (u4i' u# " 8#'" 1u#!2( #4 3t(5 #p"i8#$4#!t# ( 4(i"'i( )" '()i&(i 8#'(i t#'4i!()" !u4( 8"*($5 t4i!%i!iti8" %"'4()" )#&('t(!)"-# ( 8"*($ %i!($ # ()i&i"!(!)"-# 3i: (!t(- )('5i!%i!iti8" c(!ti5 h('!(- %#'i'5 i!%i!iti8" ch('!i #t&. 7!" (t#t()" p"' ##4p$".9M( # "'# " 8'i" 8#'" #4 32(5 &"4" 4#t2( p"' %i4 #4b ,"'4( &"4"c4#t2i " )i%i&i$4#!t# p";8#i5 p"i ( &"4i!(" 2i !" "&"''# !( $i!*u(*#4.T($8#? t")" " u%i" 32( )#(p('#'i(5 " i!%i!iti8" )# 4#t2( #!)" c4#ti5 "ut($8#? " p'p'i" '()i&($ 4#t2( #( u()" &"4 i!%i!iti8". N" (#4". At> 't"p"!t"5 " p'"$#4( t")" p")# #' #8it()": P('# u# (" i!8> )# u(' ##*#'!)i" #4 3i5 " 1u#!2( *#'($4#!t# u( i4p$#4#!t# u4 '()i&($ 8#'($ "!)#" I!*$ u( " i!%i!iti8". N( %'(# 8( &(' !" %(?#' i" 7W:XZ95 &(' %(?#'p('# #' u4 '()i&($ ("'it( 7&%. ((i"9 %"'4()" p#$" '()i&($ 8#'($ i&" &('-%(?#' &"4 " u%i" 3. Out'" 8#'" i&" )#8#'i(4 # &"4p"'t(' )( 4#4(%"'4(5 p"' ##4p$"5 c8( tu$ !" 8i'. V#'" )#'i8()" 7&"4 u%i" &"4" 32( #

3t(9 )#8#'i(4 p'#u4i8#$4#!t# p#'4(!#' i!($t#'()" !#( &"!t'u@#7##4p$" i!8#!t()": cA8( hi$2( ,(!('" E!)"'#!!( !" #*ui' ,(!"' p('( (T#''(-4>)i(5 " '()i&($ )#'i8()" hi$2( #*ui' #!)" u()" &"4" i!%i!iti8"9.

O tempo presente 7"u continuativo9 > %"'4()" p#$" u%i" 3(. N" !u4#'""'()i&(i 8#'(i u# t#'4i!(4 #4 3(5 &"4" " 8#'" #4 32( # 3t(5 #$# >$"*i&(4#!t# i!8i;8#$: $(!t( > " '()i&($ )" 8#'" &(i'5 4( t(4>4 " t#4p"p'##!t# &(i5 #t &(i!)". 1u(!)" 3( > ()i&i"!()" (" '()i&($ )# u4 8#'"i&"5 %"'t#5 ( 8"*($ )" '()i&($ p('# #' ($"!*()(: i$- 'i$h(' f ;$(! #t'i$h(!)"5 4#$- (4(' f 4>$( #t (4(!)" 7!" i4p$#4#!t# cci$(5 cc4#$(9.

A %"'4( aoristas &"''#p"!)#!t# 7i$5 c4#$5 8#' ((i"9 i*!i%i&(4 4(i'i$h(5 (4(5 #4 " (p#&t" &"!ti!u(ti8".

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1u#!2( 3 O I)i"4( )" A$t" E$%" 15


16/24


8#'" " )()" !( t#'i'( p#"( ("'it( 7p"' ##4p$" ti! #$# 'i$h( "TIN9. E4 VT:ZZ5 4(& 7(ui )#&'it" &"4" %(?#'5 4(#9 > t'()u?i)" &"4"&"'t( &"4 #p()(. Et t(4>4 > u4( %"'4( ("'it(5 (u4i!)" u# #t# > "t#'4" (p'"p'i()". P('# u# ( '#$(" #!t'# 4(& # ( %"'4( &"''#p"!)#!t# !"t#4p" p'##!t# 7"u &"!ti!u(ti8"9 4(&] &"''#p"!)# p'"i4(4#!t# (" p"'tu*u

&"'t( 8 #t &"'t(!)".O tempo passado )# u4 8#'" '#*u$(' derivado p('# #' %"'4()" &"4 " u%i"

3!5 p"' ##4p$" "'t(- $#8(!t('5 !('5 p(()" "'t(! 7&%. ( $i!h( )" Namrië:V(')(... 4'2(t "'t(! cV(')(... $#8(!t"u u( 4"5 #4 I!*$ V(')(... '(i#)h#' h(!)5 t'()u?i)" p"' T"$i#! &"4" V(')(...h( up$i%t#) h#' h(!)9. O8#'" i&"5 %"'t#5 #4p'# %"'4(4 #u p(()" &"4 u4( in@i>a;4 ULU #4LR:Y. M( )#''(4"u !" #!ti)" t'(!iti8" > u$2(!5 %"'4()" )" 8#'")#'i8()" u$2(-9. Eit#4 t(4>4 ($*u! 8#'" u# %(?#4 #u p(()" p#$"($"!*(4#!t" )( 8"*($ )" '()i&($ # (&'#!t(!)"-# 35 p"' ##4p$"5 " t#4p"p(()" )# $(8- &"!uit(' > $8. 7Du'(!t# ($*u4 t#4p"5 T"$i#! p")# t#' #t()" ( 'i!&(' &"4 ( i)>i( )# t"4(' i" &"4" " it#4( u!i8#'($[ #4 LR:JY5X#!&"!t'(4" t$ &"4" p(()" )# tu$- 8i' # &('> &"4" " p(()" )# &('-%(?#'5 (" i!8> )( %"'4( #p#'()( ctu$$5 &('! 3 #t# $ti4" > '#($4#!t#)()" #4 LR:Y " KAR9.

O t#4p" per@eito 7p'##!t# p#'%#it"9 )" 8#'" i&" > %"'4()" p#$" )#&('t#)( 8"*($ %i!($ 7# h"u8#'95 ()i&i"!(!)"-# " u%i" 3i5 ($"!*(!)"-# ( 8"*($ )"'()i&($ # p'#%i(!)" u4 aumento (" '()i&($. O aumento > t;pi&" )( 8"*($ )"'()i&($5 (i4 '()i&(i 8#'(i &"4" h(t- u#'('5 t#&- #&'#8#'5 'i&- t"''5t"p- &"'i'5 tu$- 8i' t#4 " augments (5 #5 i5 "5 u5 '#p#&ti8(4#!t#. P"'t(!t"5 "t#4p" p#'%#it" )## 8#'" )#8#4 #' c(hti #t u#'()"5 c#t>&i #t#&'it"5 i';&i #t t"'&i)" 7(t#t()" #4 VT:95 c"tpi #t &"#'t"5 ut$i#t 8i!)" 7#t( $ti4( %"'4( > (t#t()( #4 )i8#'" $u*('#: ut$i`! (u' " )i(#t 8i!)" 70i$4. C(p. 95 E!)"'#!( ut$i#! p('( ( T#''(-4>)i( #u #t"u 8i!)"70)A /VI C(p. S99. V#'" !" i&"5 )#'i8()"5 &"4" h('!(- %#'i' "u h"'t(-u'*i' !" p")#4 ($"!*(' ( 8"*($ p"'u# #$( > #*ui)( p"' u4 *'up"&"!"!(!t($: p#'%#it" (h('!i5 "h"'tib

N" t#4" u4 "4 ##4p$" )" p#'%#it" )# 8#'" #4 32( &"4" h('2(- p"ui'[u4( %"'4( &"4" b(h('2i > p'"8(8#$4#!t# i4p";8#$5 p"i 2i !" p('# "&"''#' !( $i!*u(*#4. Mi!h( up"i" > u# " u%i" 32( )#(p('#( #4 )#i(' t'("5# u# ( p('t# '#4(!#!t# )" '()i&($ 8#'($ p"( #' t'(t()( &"4" u4 i&":

1u#!2( 3 O I)i"4( )" A$t" E$%" 16


17/24


p#'%#it" (h'i. Et( > t(4>4 ( up"i" )# Ch'it"ph#' Gi$"! # P(t'i& W2!!#!( u( u&i!t( *'(4ti&( 1u#!2( 7# )# %(t" #$# #t" up"!)"9.

N" &"'pu h ($*u! ##4p$" )# p#'%#it" u# !" p"u#4 " aumenot 5 p"' ##4p$"5 %;'i #t 4"'t" 7h(th '#(th#) %"'th9 #4 MR:S 7#4 8#? )# ci%;'i5

!" (t#t()"9.O t#4p" @uturo > %"'4()" p#$" )#&('t# )( 8"*($ %i!($ )" '()i&($7# h"u8#'9 #()i&i"!(!)"-# " u%i" 3u8([ " ##4p$" )" Namrie i!&$u#4 #!u(!tu8( i''##!&h#' # hi'u8( #!&"!t'('. O '()i&($ )" p'i4#i'" 7i*!"'(!)"-# " p'#%i" #!-'#9 > u(t- #!&h#' 7W:95 u*#'i!)" u# " 8#'" u# 4"t'(4 i!%i("!(($ !" p(()" t(4>4 ( p"u#4 !" %utu'".

O imperativo t"4( " u%i" 3(5 &"4" !" t#4p" p'##!t#5 (i4 $(it( e t#4p"p'##!t# &"!(*'('5 *$"'i%i&(' "u i4p#'(ti8" *$"'i%i&(d 7!#t# &("5 " '()i&($ t#'4i!( &"4 u4 3(5 (i4 (4" " u%i" #t" i!8i;8#i9. R()i&(i 8#'(ii&" t4 4")" )iti!t" )# %"'4(' #u i4p#'(ti8"5 p"i " $ti4" !"($"!*(4 ( 8"*(i )" '()i&($ !" i4p#'(ti8": 0IL- 'i$h(' f p'##!t# ;$( 'i$h(5i4p#'(ti8" ci$(d 'i$h(d. U4( p('t;&u$( i!)#p#!)#!t# ( "u > %'#Q#!t#4#!t#u()( &"4 i4p#'(ti8": A $(it( t#5 $(it( t#d L"u8(i-"5 $"u8(i-"d 7( &"!(*'("u# ,'")" # 0(4 '##'(4 !" C(4p" )# C"'4($$#!5 t'()u?i)" #4L#tt#':\9[ 8($( M(!w u# M(!w " "')#!# 74(2 M(!w "')#' it97W:JJ5 $it. c" 'u$# M(!wd9. O i4p#'(ti8" !"'4($4#!t# !" p"ui !4#'" 7#" &"4(!)" > )i'#&i"!()" ( u4( "u )i8#'( p#"(9. C"!tu)"5 " i4p#'(ti8"p")#4 t"4(' u4 u%i" p'"!"4i!($ "p&i"!($ 3t # 3$5 )#!"t(!)" i!*u$(' # p$u'($5'#p#&ti8(4#!t#.

N" (#4" # " 1u#!2( p"u;( u4( %"'4( sub=untiva "u optativa. Eit# u4(%'4u$( )# )##" u# #!8"$8# !(i #( i" 7# it th(t9 j u4 8#'" !" t#4p"%utu'"5 &%. !(i hi'u8($2 V($i4(' !( $i!h( %i!(i )# Namrië. E4 0)A ( t'()u"t($8#? h(( )# #!&"!t'(' V($i4(' 3 4(2# th"u h($t %i!) V($i4(' 3 > )()(54( ( !"t( )# T"$i#! #4 RGEO i!)i&(4 u# i" #'( '#($4#!t# um dese=o:P"(4 8"& #!&"!t'(' V($i4('d 3 M(2 th"u %i!) V($i4('d. C%. t(4>4 UT:ZX:N(i ti'u8(!t# e #( u# #$# " 4(!t#!h(45 p"(4 #$# 4(!t-$" 3 # it th(tth#2 wi$$ ##p it5 4(2 th#2 ##p it.

V#'" %i!it" 7%i!it# 8#'9 &"!&"')(4 #4 !4#'" &"4 u#it" !" p$u'($()i&i"!(!)"-# u4 u%i" 3'5 &"4" !( p'i4#i'( $i!h( )# N(4'i: $(u'i lantar $(i&"4" "u'" caem ( %"$h(5 &"4 " 8#'" &"!&"')(!)" &"4 #u u#it" !" p$u'($$(i %"$h(. O i!*u$(' &"4" "u'" &(i u4( %"$h( #'i( c$(u'( lanta $( #4 "u%i" p$u'($ 3' !" 8#'". 7N"t# u# " ()#ti8" t'()u?i)" &"4" "u'"5 $it#'($4#!t#)"u'()(5 t(4>4 p(( )" p$u'($ p('( " i!*u$(' 3 8#' ((i".9

O Ad1etivo

Muit" ()#ti8" 1u#!2( t#'4i!(4 &"4 ( 8"*($ (:

1u#!2( 3 O I)i"4( )" A$t" E$%" 17


18/24


$(iu( 8#')#($(( %#$i? 7)# ($(! %#$i&i)()#9!4#!2( "&i)#!t($ 7)# !4#! "&i)#!t#/"#t#98(!2( #$"5 &$('"4"'!( !#*'"

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8(!2( 8#!) u4( "!it( 4"( f 8(!2 8#!)i "!it( 4"(&('! p('4( u4 $i8'" 8#'4#$h" f &('!i p('4(' $i8'" 8#'4#$h"$(u'( $( u4( %"$h( )"u'()( f $(u'i $(i %"$h(

)"u'()(%i'i! &((' u4 (!" 4"'t" f %i'i!i &(('i (!@# 4"'t"

Ai45 !( p'i4#i'( $i!h( )# N(4'i #!&"!t'(4" $(u'i $(!t(' $(i5 &"4" "u'"7$it. )"u'()(9 &(#4 ( %"$h(5 #!u(!t" )"u'()( &(i u4( %"$h( #'i( $(u'($(!t( $( 7t(!t" " 8#'" u(!t" " ()#ti8" &"!&"')(4 &"4 $(5 $(i %"$h(5%"$h( #4 !4#'"9.

O p'##!t# #&'it"' u4( 8#? p#!"u u# " !"4# )" "'!($ Vi!2(' T#!*w(' &"!ti!h( u4 #''"[ # " #!ti)" p'#t#!)i)" %"# N"8( C('t(5 #'i( Vi!2T#!*w(' 78i!2( !"8"5 t#!*w( &('t(9. M( &"4" C('$ ,. H"t#tt#' u#Q#!t#4#!t# #p$i&"u5 " #!ti)" p'#t#!)i)" > C('t( )# N"8( 3 N#wL#tt#'5 (i4 8i!2( > i!%$#ti)" &"4" u4 ut(!ti8". Et# #&'it"' #t(8( (i!)(&>ti&" "'# ( &"!t'u" t"t($ # (&h"u u# )#8#'i( #' T#!*w(' Vi!2('"! C('t()# N"8( 3 L#tt#' "% N#w "u ($*" i4i$('5 4( " 4(t#'i($ u# %"i )#)# #!t"pu$i&()" 4"t'( u# &"4p"t" %'"u" 3 $""# &"4p"u!) )## tip"'#($4#!t# " p";8#i. 7Ú$ti4( $i!h( )( )#%#( u#i"(: T#!*w( > (p#!((t#t()( &"4 " #!ti)" )# $#t'( e &('(&t#'5 !" &('t(d 3 #4 I!*$5 $#tt#'i*!i%i&( t(!t" $#t'( u(!t" &('t(.9 P")# !"t('-# u# #4 ($*u4( 8('i(!t#i!i&i(i )" 1u#!2( 7"u 1#!2(95 " ()#ti8" '#($4#!t# ti!h(4 %"'4( !" p$u'($#4 3'[ &%. LR:JX5 "!)# '(i(' > u()" &"4" p$u'($ )# '(i( &u'8". T"$i#! '#8i"u( *'(4ti&( p"t#'i"'4#!t#.

U4( %"'4( superlativa )" ()#ti8" )#'i8( )( p'#%i(" (!-: C($i4( 'i$h(!t#5 A!&($i4( ( 4(i 'i$h(!t# 7L#tt#':X9. N" (#4" &"4" &"!t'ui' "&"4p('(ti8" 74(i 'i$h(!t# u#95 (p#(' )" #$#4#!t" 2(!t(- #' &"4p('()" ("

1u#!2( 3 O I)i"4( )" A$t" E$%" 18


19/24


G!=4i&" gantha* 4(i !u4( $it( )# p($(8'( (t(!t# i!i&i($ &"4pi$()( p"' T"$i#! 78#( &arma $ldalamberon N". ZZ5 p*. X5 "!)# ( i!t#'p'#t(" #''=!#(2"!t( "&"''#[ #t# #''" %"i (p"!t()" #4 &arma $ldalamberon N". Z5 p*. ZY 3&"!tu)"5 ( %"!t# p"t#'i"'# t(4>4 #t(#$# u# 2(!t(- > '#($4#!t# "8#'" &'#'5 ($('*('5 (i45 #t( p")# !" #' ( p($(8'( p('( 4(i9.

Os 2arti3+4ios

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20/24


2ronomes

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21/24


E#4p$": $#!) %"i - w#!t5 c$#!)#! "u c$#!)#!2 #u %ui 3 I w#!t5 c$#!)#$2 8%"t# 3 2"u p"$it# w#!t5 c$#!)#&& tu %"t# 3 2"u %(4i$i(' w#!t5 c$#!)>'" #$#%"i5 c$#!)>' #$( %"i5 c$#!)# #$#7!#ut'"9/#$#/#$( %"i 3 it or heFshe w#!t5c$#!)#44 ! e>clusivo %"4" 3 w# e>clusive w#!t5 c$#!)#$4 !inclusivo %"4" 3 w# inclusive w#!t5 $#!)#$8 7$#!)#$wb9 ! dual %"4" 3

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1u#!2( 3 O I)i"4( )" A$t" E$%" 21


22/24


*#!iti8" cp('4(!2" )" 4#u $i8'" 3 "% 42 "" 7p$. cp('4(!2('"!95 p"#i8"cp('4(!2(8( )" 4#u $i8'" 3 42 ""` 7p$. cp('4(!2(i8(95 )(ti8" cp('4(!2(!p('( 4#u $i8'" 7p$ cp('4(!2(i!95 $"&(ti8" cp('4(!2( !" 4#u $i8'" 7p$.cp('4(!2(#!95 ($(ti8" cp('4(!2(!!( p('( 4#u $i8'" 7p$. cp('4(!2(!!('9($(ti8" cp('4(!2($$" )" 4#u $i8'" 3 %'"4 42 "" 7p$. cp('4(!2($$"! "u

cp('4(!2($$"'95 i!t'u4#!t($ cp('4(!2(!#! p#$" 4#u $i8'" 7p$. cp('4(!2(i!#!9 3# '#p#&ti8" cp('4(!2( p$. cp('4(!2(i5 #( " u# %"' u# it" i*!i%iu#.E#4p$" (t#t()" " ti#$2(!!( #4 t#u &(4i!h" - up"! 2"u' p(th #4 UT: &%.SZ 7ti>-$2(-!!( &(4i!h"-#u-"'# 3 p(th-2"u'-up"!9 # "4#!ti#$8" )" !""#!&"!t'" !( %(4"( (u)(" E$#! ;$( $4##!` "4#!ti#$8" u4( #t'#$( 'i$h( !(h"'( )" !"" #!&"!t'" 7"4#!ti#-$8(-" #!&"!t'"-!""-)"5 " u%i" )" *#!iti8" 3" utitui " 3( %i!($ )" u%i" p'"!"4i!($[ &%. V(')" p('( ccV(')("9.

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Z. CIRlA ('&" 7u4 R 3 p$u'($9!ingular : !"4i!(ti8" &i'2( u4 ('&"5 7(&u(ti8" &i'2 !" 1u#!2( Lit#''i" ('&(i&"(p#!(59 )(ti8" &i'2(! p('( u4 ('&"5 *#!iti8" &i'2" )" ('&" 3 "%/%'"4 ( hip5p"#i8" &i'2(8( )" ('&" 3 "% ( hip5 $"&(ti8" &i'2( #4 u4 ('&" 3 "!/i! (hip5 ($(ti8" &i'2(!!( p('( u4 ('&" 3 t" ( hip5 ($(ti8" &i'2($$" )# u4 ('&" 3%'"4 ( hip5 i!t'u4#!t($ &i'2(!!#! &"4 u4 ('&" 3 with/2 ( hip5 '#p#&ti8"&i'2( 7i*!i%i&()" )#&"!h#&i)"9.

1u#!2( 3 O I)i"4( )" A$t" E$%" 22


23/24


&lural : !"4i!(ti8" &i'2(' ('&"5 7(&u(ti8" &i'2(i !" 1u#!2( Lit#''i"5p"t#'i"'4#!t# &i'2('59 )(ti8" &i'2(i!5 *#!iti8" &i'2('"!5 p"#i8" c&i'2(i8( 7!"#t #4 P$"t?95 $"&(ti8" &i'2(#!5 ($(ti8" &i'2(!!('5 ($(ti8" &i'2($$"! 7"u c&i'2($$"'5!" #t #4 P$"t?95 i!t'u4#!t($ &i'2((i!#!5 '#p#&ti8" &i'2(i.

&lural &artitivo: !"4i!(ti8" &i'2($i c($*u! !(8i" 7!" 1u#!2( Lit#''i" ('&(i&"&i'2($; t(!t" !" !"4i!(ti8" u(!t" !" (&u(ti8"95 )(ti8" &i'2($i!5 *#!iti8" &i'2($i"!5p"#i8" &i'2($;8(5 $"&(ti8" &i'2($i "u &i'2($i#!5 ($(ti8" &i'2($i!!( "u&i'2($i!!('5 ($(ti8" &i'2($i$$" "u &i'2($i$$"!5 i!t'u4#!t($ &i'2($;!#!5 '#p#&ti8"&i'2($i.

%ual : !"4i!(ti8" &i'2(t )"i ('&"5 u4 p(' )# ('&" 7#4 (&u(ti8" )iti!t"4#4" !" 1u#!2( ('&(i&"b95 )(ti8" &i'2(!t5 *#!iti8" &i'2(t"5 p"#i8" &i'2(tw(5$"&(ti8" &i'2(t5 ($(ti8" &i'2(!t(5 ($(ti8" &i'2($t"5 i!t'u4#!t($ &i'2(!t#!5'#p#&ti8" &i'2(t#. N" &(" )# u4 )u($ #4 u5 &"!tu)"5 ( )u($i)()# >u%i&i#!t#4#!t# #p'#( p#$" u%i" 3u5 (i4 " u%i" )( )#&$i!(" !"'4($#4 t " 7p'#u4i8#$4#!t#9 u()": !"4i!(ti8" ($)u )u( '8"'#5 7(&u(ti8"c($)59 *#!iti8" c($)u"5 p"#i8" c($)u8(5 )(ti8" c($)u#!5 ($(ti8" ($)u!!(5($(ti8" c($)u$$"5 $"&(ti8" c($)u5 i!t'u4#!t($ c($)u!#!5 '#p#&ti8" c($)u.

. LA00m %"$h( 7u4 I 3 p$u'($9!ingular : !"4i!(ti8" $( %"$h(5 7(&u(ti8" $(>59 )(ti8" $(#! p('( u4(%"$h(5 *#!iti8" $(" )# u4( %"$h( 3 ( $#(%`5 p"#i8" $(>8( )# u4( %"$h(

3 "% ( $#(%5 $"&(ti8" $(# !u4( %"$h( 3 i!/"! ( $#(%5 ($(ti8" $(#4( p('(u4( %"$h( 3 t" ( $#(%5 ($(ti8" $(#$$" )# u4( %"$h( 3 %'"4 ( $#(%5 i!t'u4#!t($$(#!#! &"4 u4( %"$h( 3 with ( $#(%5 '#p#&ti8" $(# 7i*!i%i&()")#&"!h#&i)"9.

&lural : !"4. $(i %"$h(5 7(&u. $(;595 )(t. $(i!5 *#!. $(i"!5 p". c$(i8(7!" #t #4 P$"t?95 $"&. $(##!5 ($(t. $(#!!('5 ($. $(#$$"! "u $(#$$"'5 i!t.$(i!#!5 '#p. $(i.

&lural &artitivo: !"4. $(#$i 7!" 1u#!2( Lit#''i" $(#$; !" !"4. # (&u.95 *#!.$(#$i"!5 p". $(#$;8(5 )(t. $(#$i!5 $"&. $(#$i#/$(#$i#!5 ($(t.$(#$i!!(/$(#$i!!('5 ($. $(#$i$$"/$(#$i$$"!5 i!t. $(#$;!#!5 '#p. $(#t#.

%ual : !"4./(&u. $(#t u4 p(' )# %"$h(5 )(t. $(#!t5 *#!. $(#t"5 p".$(#tw(5 $"&. $(#t5 ($(t. $(#!t(5 ($. $(#$t"5 i!t. $(#!t#!5 '#p. $(#t#.

A P$"t? L#tt#' !" !" ) ##4p$" #!8"$8#!)" u4 ut(!ti8" t#'4i!(!)" #4consoante5 4( )#8# #' ($*" &"4":

. NAT &"i(!ingular : !"4i!(ti8" !(t &"i(5 )(ti8" c!(t#! p('( u4( &"i(5 *#!iti8" c!(t" )#u4( &"i( 3 ( thi!*`5 p"#i8" c!(tw( )# u4( &"i( 3 "% ( thi!*5 $"&(ti8"

1u#!2( 3 O I)i"4( )" A$t" E$%" 23


24/24


c!(t# !u4( &"i( 3 i!/"! ( thi!*5 ($(ti8" c!(t#!!( p('( u4( &"i( 3 t" (thi!*5 ($(ti8" c!(t#$$" )# u4( &"i( 3 %'"4 ( thi!*5 i!t'u4#!t($ c!(t#!#!&"4/p"' u4( &"i( 3 with/2 ( thi!*5 '#p#&ti8" c!(t# 7i*!i%i&()")#&"!h#&i)"9.

&lural : !"4. c!(ti &"i(5 7(&u. c!(t;59 )(t. c!(ti!5 *#!. c!(ti"!5 p". c!(ti8(5 $"&.c!(ti#!5 ($(t. c!(ti!!('5 ($. c!(ti$$"! "u c!(ti$$"'5 i!t. c!(ti!#!5 '#p. c!(ti.

&lural partitivo: !"4. c!(t#$i 7!" 1u#!2( Lit#''i" c!(t#$; p('( !"4. # (&u.95 )(t.c!(t#$i!5 *#!. c!(t#$i"!5 p". c!(t#$;8(5 $"&. c!(t#$i#/!(t#$i#!5 ($(t.c!(t#$i!!(/!(t#$i!!('5 ($. c!(t#$i$$"/!(t#$i$$"!5 i!t'. c!(t#$;!#!5 '#p. c!(t#$i.

%ual : !"4/(&u. c!(tu u4 p(' )# &"i( 7p'#%#'#-# " u%i" 3u5 p"i " '()i&($t#'4i!( #4 t95 )(t. c!(tu#!5 *#!. c!(tu"5 p". c!(tu8(5 $"&. c!(tu5 ($(t.c!(tu!!(5 ($. c!(tu$$"5 i!t. c!(tu!#!5 '#p. !(tu. M( u4 '()i&($ &"!"!(!t($!" t#'4i!()" #4 3t "u 3)5 &"4" #$#! #t'#$(5 )#8# p'#u4i8#$4#!t# #':!"4./(&u. c#$#!#t u4 p(' )# #t'#$(5 )(t. c#$#!#t5 *#!. c#$#!#t" 7c#$#!t"b95p". c#$#!#tw(5 $"&. c#$#!#t5 ($(t. c#$#!#!t( 7t($8#? &"!t'(;)" p('( c#$#!t(95 ($.c#$#!#$t"5 i!t. c#$#!#!t#! 7t($8#? &"!t'(;)" p('( c#$#!t#!95 '#p. c#$#!#t#7c#$#!t#b9.

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