Presentation Sem 1

8/8/2019 Presentation Sem 1

1/23

By:

Aditya Wangnoo

Anirudh Agrawal

Anmol Singh

Akansha BakshiAbhishek Asija

Akhlaq Poonawalla

Aditya Kumar

Anosh Parvez


2/23

Non conventional resources of energy are those resources ofenergy which can be regenerated

Non conventional resource of energy include:-

Solar Energy

Hydro Energy

Wind Energy Tidal Energy

Geothermal energy (heat from deep under the ground)

Biomass Energy (burning of vegetation to stop it producing

methane)


3/23


4/23

Solar energy is the radiant light and heat from the Sun that has been harnessed byhumans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies.

Solar radiation along with secondary solar resources such as wind and wavepower, hydroelectricity and biomass account for most of the available renewableenergy on Earth. Only a minuscule fraction of the available solar energy is used.

Solar power provides electrical generation by means of heat engines or photovoltaics.Once converted, its uses are limited only by human ingenuity. A partial list of solarapplications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, potablewater via distillation and disinfection, day lighting, hot water, thermal energy for

cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes.

Solar Energy


5/23


6/23

Biomass

Biomass energy has the potential to supply a significant portion of America's energyneeds, while revitalizing rural economies, increasing energy independence, and

reducing pollution. Farmers would gain a valuable new outlet for their products. Ruralcommunities could become entirely self-sufficient when it comes to energy, usinglocally grown crops and residues to fuel cars and tractors and to heat and power

homes and buildings.Opportunities for biomass energy are growing. For example, several million dollars of

federal incentives are available through the 2002 Farm Bill to develop advancedtechnologies and crops to produce energy, chemicals, and other products from

biomass. A number of states also provide incentives for biomass energy.


7/23


8/23

Biomass Residues

Agricultural activities generate large amounts of biomass residues.While most crop residues are left in the field to reduce erosion and

recycle nutrients back into the soil, some could be used to produceenergy without harming the soil. Other wastes such as whey from

cheese production and manure from livestock operations can also beprofitably used to produce energy while reducing disposal costs and

pollution.

Energy CropsCrops grown for energy could be produced in large quantities, just asfood crops are. While corn is currently the most widely used energycrop, native trees and grasses are likely to become the most popular

in the future. These perennial crops require less maintenance andfewer inputs than do annual row crops, so they are cheaper and more

sustainable to produce.

Grasses. Switchgrass appears to be the most promising herbaceousenergy crop. It produces high yields and can be harvested annually

for several years before replanting. Other native varieties thatgrow quickly, such as big bluestem, reed canarygrass, and wheat

grass, could also be profitable.

.

.


9/23

Trees. Some fast-growing trees make excellent energy crops, since theygrow back repeatedly after being cut off close to the ground. These

short-rotation woody crops can grow to 40 feet in less than eight years

and can be harvested for 10 to 20 years before replanting. In cool, wetregions, the best choices are poplar and willow. In warmer areas, sycamore,

sweetgum, and cottonwood are best.

Oil plants. Oil from plants such as soybeans and sunflowers can be used tomake fuel. Like corn, however, these plants require more intensive

management than other energy crops.


10/23

Converting Biomass to Energy

Most biomass is converted to energy the same way it always has beenbyburning it. The heat can be used directly for heating buildings, crop drying,dairy operations, and industrial processes. It can also be used to produce

steam and generate electricity. For example, many electric generators and

businesses burn biomass by itself or with other fuels in conventional powerplants.Biomass can also be converted into liquids or gases to produce electricity ortransportation fuels. Ethanol is typically produced through fermentation and

distillation, in a process much like that used to make beer. Soybean and canolaoils can be chemically converted into a liquid fuel called biodiesel. These fuels

can be used in conventional engines with little, if any, modification.

Biomass can be converted into a gas by heating it under pressure and withoutoxygen in a "gasifier." Manure too can be converted using a digester. The gascan then be burned to produce heat, steam, or electricity.


11/23

Fuel cells

Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert the chemical energy of a fueldirectly and very efficiently into electricity (DC) and heat, thus doing away with

combustion. The most suitable fuel for such cells is hydrogen or a mixture of compoundscontaining hydrogen. A fuel cell consists of an electrolyte sandwiched between two

electrodes. Oxygen passes over one electrode and hydrogen over the other, and theyreact electrochemically to generate electricity, water, and heat.

Though fuel cells have been used in space flights and combined supplies of heat andpower, electric vehicles are the best option available to dramatically reduce urban airpollution. Compared to vehicles powered by the internal combustion engine, fuel-cell

powered vehicles have very high energy conversion efficiency, (almost double that of

currently used engines) and near-zero pollution, CO2 and water vapour being the onlyemissions. Fuel-cell-powered EV's (electric vehicles) score over battery operated EV's interms of increased efficiency and easier and faster refuelling.


12/23

Geothermal energy

The core of the earth is very hot and it is possible to make use of this geothermal energy.

These are areas where there are volcanoes, hot springs, and geysers, and methane underthe water in the oceans and seas. In some countries, such as in the USA water is pumpedfrom underground hot water deposits and used to heat peoples houses.

In India, Northwestern Himalayas and the western coast are considered geothermalareas. The Puga valley in the Ladakh region has the most promising geothermal field. It is

being used mainly for poultry farming, mushroom cultivation, and pashmina-woolprocessing, all of which need higher temperature.


13/23


14/23


15/23


16/23

Wind energy

Wind energy is the kinetic energy associated with the movement of atmospheric air.It has been used for hundreds of years for sailing, grinding grain, and for

irrigation. Wind energy systems convert this kinetic energy to more useful forms ofpower. Wind energy systems for irrigation and milling have been in use since ancient

times and since the beginning of the 20th century it is being used to generateelectric power. Windmills for water pumping have been installed in many countriesparticularly in the rural areas.

Wind turbines transform the energy in the wind into mechanical power, which canthen be used directly for grinding etc. or further converting to electric power togenerate electricity. Wind turbines can be used singly or in clusters called windfarms. Small wind turbines called aero-generators can be used to charge large

batteries.


17/23


18/23

Conventional resources of energy are those resources ofenergy which once used cannot be regenerated to be usedagain.

Conventional resources of energy include:-

Coal

Oil

Uranium

Natural gas


19/23

Coal

Coal is by far the most abundant fossil fuel on earth. It is essentially carbonand is mainly used as a combustion fuel. The large-scale use of coal beganwith the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. As the number ofindustries increased, demand for more sources of energy grew.


20/23

Coal is the product of plants, mainly trees, that died tens or hundreds ofmillions of years ago. Due to water logging in low-lying swampy areas or inslowly sinking lagoons, dead trees and plants did not decompose as theynormally would. The dead plant matter was covered with water andprotected from the oxidizing effect of air. The action of certain bacteriareleased the oxygen and hydrogen, making the residue richer and richer incarbon. Thick layers of this carbon-rich substance, called peat, built up over

thousands of years. As more material accumulated above the peat, the waterwas squeezed out leaving just carbon-rich plant remains. Pressure andtemperature further compressed the material. This aided the process ofproducing coal as more gases were forced out and the proportion of carboncontinued to increase. The carbon slowly metamorphosed into coal overmillions of years.


21/23

Oil and Gas

Almost all oil and natural gas are found deep underground in tiny holes inrocks. Millions of years ago a sea covered much of what is now dry land. In

prehistoric times, tiny plants and animals lived in the sea. When thesecreatures died, they sank to the bottom of the sea, and got buried in layersof mud and sand. As the ages passed, this organic material sank deeper anddeeper. The earth's crust changed its shape, and put intense pressure and

heat on what was once only plants and tiny animals. Heat from the earth'sinterior and the weight of the overlying rocks gradually changed the energy-containing substances in the accumulated plants into hydrocarbon liquids andgases. As millions of years passed, these deposits turned into chemicals that

are now called hydrocarbons.Hydrocarbons are simple molecules made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms

joined together in chains or in rings. These molecules, being light and mobile,

migrated upwards through the rocks but eventually became trapped beneathimpermeable rock structures in the earth's crust. That is where oil andnatural gas come from. Some were created millions of years ago, some were

created thousands of years ago, and some are being created right now!


22/23

LPG - Liquefied petroleum gas

LPG is the abbreviation or short form for liquefied petroleum gas. Like

all fossil fuels, it is a non-renewable source of energy. It is extractedfrom crude oil and natural gas. The main composition of LPG arehydrocarbons containing three or four carbon atoms. The normal

components of LPG thus, are propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10). Smallconcentrations of other hydrocarbons may also be present. Dependingon the source of the LPG and how it has been produced, components

other than hydrocarbons may also be present.

LPG is a gas at atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperatures,but it can be liquefied when moderate pressure is applied or when the

temperature is sufficiently reduced. It can be easily condensed,packaged, stored and utilized, which makes it an ideal energy source for

a wide range of applications.


23/23

Presentation Sem 1

Documents

Transcript of Presentation Sem 1