OS MUSICAIS CONTEMPORÂNEOS DO SÉCULO XXI

8/8/2019 OS MUSICAIS CONTEMPORÂNEOS DO SÉCULO XXI

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Diqéoji \jovi Eid|p}

K\ EP\JLIJ\ LKDQ@E^K]ÍD@K\ AK \ÊLPOK XXJ2

pei idéoj|` ai lkd|q}pãìk di}}iqjvi ak câd`}k ljdèiqkc}éfjlk dk fjoe` Eieei Eji (=>>8*

Ekdkc}ifji i~}`|`dqiai ik lp}|k a` Lkepdjliãìk \kljio akA`~i}qie`dqk a` Ljâdlji ai Lkepdjliãìk ak L`dq}k Pdjv`}|jqé}jk a`Mòk Hk}jrkdq` (PDJ%MH* lkek }`ypj|jqk ~i}ljio ~i}i kmq`dãìk akqåqpok a` milhi}ò è Bk}dioj|ek

K}j`dqiak}2 @aepdak a` Dkvi`| Cke`|

Mòk Hk}jrkdq`

L`dq}k Pdjv`}|jqé}jk a` Mòk Hk}jrkdq` (PDJ%MH*

=>9>



Ik| e`p| ~ij|/ ~k} dpdli q`}è apvjaiak/ i~kjidak%e` lke epjqk

iek}/ li}jdhk/ lke~}``d|ìk ` qk}didak ~k||åvò i }ìojriãìk a`|q`|kdhk$ Î ejdhi yp`}jai j}eì/ ~k} |pi| |pc`|qð`| ` i~kjk$ Ik| e`p|

fiejoji}`| ` iejck|/ ~k} lke~}``da`}è ejdhi ip|âdlji di| f`|qi| `

dk| ioekãk| a` fieåoji$ Ik e`p yp`}jak Idqkddjkd` F}idlk/ ~k} |`}

e`p c}ida` jdl`dqjviak} di mp|li ~òk lkdh`lje`dqk ` ~k} qkak |`p

iek} ` li}jdhk$ Ik e`p e`|q}` @aepdak a` Dkvi`| Cke`|/ ~k} q`}

e` k}j`dqiak lke epjqk ~}kfj||jkdioj|ek/ io`c}ji ` hpejoaia`/

~`}ejqjdak%e` fjdiojri} `|q` q}imiohk$ I qkak| yp` a` iocpei fk}eilkdq}jmpå}ie ~i}i k a`|`dvkovje`dqk a`|q` `|qpak$



‟K ljdèi dìk qè f}kdq`j}i| dè ojejq`|$ Ê pe fopxk lkd|qidq` a`

|kdhk- (K}|kd Sòo`|*$



\PEÉ]JK

9 JDQ]KAPÃÌK $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ >3

= I @VKOPÃÌK \KDK]I AK LJD@EI $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 9>

=$9 K iav`dqk ak |ke dk ljdèi $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 9>

=$= K |p}cje`dqk ak câd`}k ep|jlio ̀ i ̀ }i a` kp}k a` Hkoozskka $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 90

=$< K| câd`}k| ljdèiqkc}éfjlk| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 93

=$1 K| ep|jlij| dk M}i|jo $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 9:

< I DI]]IQJVI LOÉ\\JLI AK\ EP\JLIJ\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =1<$9 Ojdcpicè ` di}}iqjvi ak ljdèi $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =1

<$= Ekdqicè ` ̀ |q}pqp}i di}}iqjvi dk ljdèi $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =3

<$< I lkd|q}pãìk ai di}}iqjvi iq}ivê| ai| eò|jli| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ <=

<$1 K| ep|jlij| }`jdv`dqiak| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ <0

1 IDÉOJ\@ AK FJOE@ EIEEI EJI $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ <3

1$9 E`qkakokcji $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ <3

1$= Eieei Eji $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ <3

0 LKDLOP\ÌK $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 08

]@F@]ÂDLJI\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6>



3

9 JDQ]KAPÃÌK

K ljdèi ê lkd|ja`}iak lkek i |êqjei i}q`/ i eij| lke~o`qi `xj|q`dq`/ ~kj| }`òd` òè`dqk|

a` qkak| k| qj~k| a` i}q`/ ioêe a` ajv`}qj} ` `dq}`q`} i| ~`||ki|$ Q}iqi%|` a` pei i}q` yp` dk|

~`}ejq` lkdh`l`} eòhk} k epdak è yp` vjvèk|/ di eàjai è yp` ~ka` }`q}iqi} lke

fjaòjaia` i|~`lqk| aò`$

I |êqjei i}q` a`|è~`dhi qiemêe pe ~i~ò |kljio je~k}qidq`/ ~kj| jdfop`dlji i ~`}l`~ãìk/ i

fk}ei a` `dx`}ci} k epdak/ a` a`|ifji} i eid`j}i lkek |` vjv`$ Ê pei i}q` yp` qè i

li~iljaia` a` ividãi} ` }`q}klà`} dk qè~k q}id|~kdak i| mi}}`j}i| ak `|~iãk ` ak jdfjdjqk/

ioêe a` pe ioqk ~ka`} a` |pc`|qìk ` bieij| ~ka`}é fjli} fk}i ak ~}kl`||k a` fk}eiãìk ai|c`}iãð`| ~}`|`dq`| ` fpqp}i|$

Pe ak| c}ida`| ei}lk| ai hj|qü}ji ak ljdèi fkj k iav`dqk ak |ke è 9:=:/ ypidak

Hkoozskka lkd|kojakp |`p ~ka`}/ aidak jdåljk î lhieiai @}i ak Kp}k/ yp` iqjdcjp |`p ipc`

di aêliai a` 9:1> ` ap}kp l`}li a` vjdq` idk|$ Fkj d`|q` e`|ek ~`}åkak yp` di|l`p pe dkvk

câd`}k ljdèiqkc}éfjlk/ è yp` k| ~`}|kdic`d| pqjojrivie i eò|jli ` i aidãi ~i}i |`

`x~}`||i}è/ aidak k}jcè ik ep|jlio$

K| ep|jlij| jdfopå}ie a` qio eid`j}i di jeicjdiãìk ai| ~`||ki| yp` ekajfjli}ie

lke~k}qie`dqk| ` lk|qpe`| a` bkv`d| a` qkai| i| diãð`|$ I @}i ak Kp}k a` Hkoozskka fkj

pe ~`}åkak jakoiq}iak ~òk| ieidq`| ak ljdèi/ k| fjoe`| iqjdcjie k eéxjek a`

~k~poi}jaia` ` a` jdfopâdlji$ î}i epjqk| ie`}jlidk|/ i lpoqp}i ljdèiqkc}éfjli

hkoozskkajidi kf`}`lji `|qåepok|/ ja`ji| ` }`c}i| a` lkdapqi i |`}è |`cpjai|$

K câd`}k `x~`}je`dqkp ajv`}|i| ~k||jmjojaia`| lke k |ke/ i~`di| lke i fjdiojaia` a`

`dq}`q`}$ A`dq}k a` |pi hj|qü}ji/ k câd`}k ~i||kp ~k} jdvi}jév`j| ~}kl`||k| a` i~kc`p `

a`liaâdlji/ |`dak }`jdv`dqiak i liai dkvk ljlok$ Ik }`||p}cj} qiemêe di

lkdqè~k}id`jaia`/ k ep|jlio ~}klp}i oèm}i} yp` ijdai qè epjqk i kf`}`l`} î jdaò|q}ji

ljdèiqkc}éfjli/ iq}ivê| ak }`|ciq` a` idqjci| q}iajãð`| ` |pi| iai~qiãð`| i pei ojdcpicè `

}jqek ljdèiqkc}éfjlk| eka`}dk|$

I eò|jli ~k||pj pe ~i~ò epjqk je~k}qidq` dk| fjoe`|/ ei| ~}jdlj~ioe`dq` dk câd`}k

ep|jlio/ ~kj| `x~}`||i ` ei}li pe a`q`}ejdiak eke`dqk kp l`di ak fjoe`$ Dk ep|jlio/ dìk



8

ê |ü i líe`}i yp` qè pei fpdãìk di}}iqjvi/ ei| qiemêe i| eò|jli| yp` lke~ðè k }kq`j}k$

Ê iq}ivê| ai| eò|jli| yp` k `|~`lqiak} ê o`viak ik epdak ai fidqi|ji/ ak jeicjdé}jk/ a`

ej|qê}jk|$

J|qk ilkdq`l` a`vjak î li~iljaia` yp` i eò|jli ~k||pj a` èkljkdi} ` `dvkov`} lke c}ida`

c`d`}k|jaia`/ }keidqj|ek/ mò`ri/ q}id|ejqjdak |`dqje`dqk| a` ~o`djqpa` i| ~}ü~}ji| ~ijxð`|

ak| jdajvåapk|$ D`|q` li|k/ i di}}iqjvi ê li~ir a` q}iaprj}/ dk| q`}ek| ai jdqòjcjmjojaia`/ i

|jdcpoi}jaia` ai èkãìk a`|l}jqi di| lp}vi| eòüajli|/ ` j||k |` fir ~}`|`dq` qidqk di aidãi/

ypidqk di eò|jli$ ^k}qidqk/ i ep|jliojaia` è |j ê pei di}}iqjvi/ ~òi |pl`||ìk ak| ilk}a`|

i~}`|`dqiak|/ ~ka`dak dk| a`|~`}qi} vé}jk| |`dqje`dqk| ` oèm}idãi|/ i||kljidak%|` î aidãi/

î `dl`diãìk ` i kpq}k| e`jk| yp` yp`j}ie eòhk} a`|`dvkov`} i ~}ü~}ji di}}iqjvi$

K câd`}k ep|jlio vj}kp pe f`dñe`dk epdajio ` i~ka`}kp%|` ai Jdaò|q}ji Lpoqp}io/ a` ekak

yp` k| c}ida`| `|qòajk| dk}q`%ie`}jlidk| lke`ãi}ie i ~}kaprj} fjoe`| `|~`qilpoi}`| lke

k}ãie`dqk| a` vé}jk| ejohð`| a` aüoi}`|$ Lkek k ep|jlio dìk ~k||pj `|q}pqp}i ` dè

di}}iqjvi fjxi/ ê pe `|qjok yp` lkdqi lke c}ida` ekmjojaia` a` l}jiãìk `/ i ~i}qj} ak| ividãk|

q`ldkoücjlk|/ k câd`}k fkj |` iai~qidak î| dkvi| qêldjli|$

Lke k ~i||i} ak| idk|/ k| ep|jlij| |` eka`}djri}ie/ e`|loidak k}jc`d| loé||jli| î| dkvi|

q`ldkokcji|$ K| aj}`qk}`| iqpij| dìk qâe eàk a` jdkvi} ` firè }ò`jqp}i| a` c}p~k| ep|jlij|

kp lidqk}`| idqjck|/ e`|loie }jqek|/ eòkaji| ` câd`}k| ajf`}`dq`| dk| fjoe`| kp iqê e`|ek

è i~`di| pe dòe`}k ep|jlio/ l}jidak ~}kapãð`| a` |pl`||k lkek ê k li|k ak| fjoe`| lkek

Ekpojd ]kpc` “ Iek} è V`}eòhk (Ekpojd ]kpc`/ =>>9*/ a` Mir Oph}eid/ Lhjlick

(Lhjlick/ =>>=*/ a` ]km Ei}|hioo/ Qh` ^hidqke kf qh` K~`}i (K Fidqi|ei ai Ü~`}i/ =>>1*/

a` Bkò \lhpeilh`}/ Il}k|| qh` Pdjv`}|k (Iq}ivê| ak Pdjv`}|k/ =>>3*/ a` Bpoj` Qizek} èpjqk kpq}k| jdipcp}ie i dkvi fi|` ak| ep|jlij| eka`}dk|$

I~ü| k c}ida` |pl`||k ak| ~}je`j}k| ep|jlij| ak |êlpok XXJ/ epjqk| aj}`qk}`| |` i}}j|li}ie

l}jidak ep|jlij| eij| kp|iak| yp` firè }ò`jqp}i| a` c}p~k| lkdh`ljak| epdajioe`dq`/

lkek k fjoe` i |`} idioj|iak di ~}`|`dq` ekdkc}ifji2 Eieei Eji (Eieei Eji/ =>>8*$

Eieei Eji (=>>8* ê pei lkeêaji ep|jlio iai~qiai a` pei ~`ãi hkeñdjei/ aj}jcjai ~k}

^hzoojai Ookza ` `|l}jqi ~k} M`ddz Ida`}||kd ` Mbö}d Povi`p|/ lke~k|jqk}`| ` eò|jlk|/ `x%

jdq`c}idq`| ak c}p~k |p`lk Immi$ ^hzoojai }`|kov`p q}id|fk}ei} Eieei Eji è okdci



:

e`q}icè/ a`vjak ik c}ida` |pl`||k yp` q`v` ap}idq` k| a`r idk| è yp` fjlkp è li}qir di

M}kiasiz$

K qåqpok ak fjoe` a`}jvi ai fiek|i lidãìk a` 9:30/ -Eieei Eji-/ ~}kaprjai ~òi Pdjv`}|io

\qpajk|$ Qidqk k fjoe` lkek k ep|jlio ai M}kiasiz fk}ie mi|ìak| di| eòhk}`| lidãð`| ak

Immi$ D`|qi ekdkc}ifji ~}`q`dak idioj|i} i lkd|q}pãìk ai di}}iqjvi fåoejli dk ep|jlio

iq}ivê| ai| lidãð`| bé `xj|q`dq`| hé vé}ji| aêliai|/ ei| yp` iqê hkb` firè |pl`||k dk epdak

qkak ` yp` fk}ie `||`dljij| ~i}i k |pl`||k ak fjoe`$

Dk ep|jlio `|qpaiak/ i| lk}`kc}ifji| |ìk eij| |je~o`|/ iocpei| epjqk lñejli| ` iqê e`|ek

jdfidqj|$ K| ~i||k| a` aidãi dìk lh`cie ~`}qk ak li|io eij| fidqé|qjlk ai hj|qü}ji ak ep|jlioloé||jlk F}à I|qij}` ` Cjdc`} ]kc`}|/ ei| ajv`}q` ` jdq`}ic` k `|~`lqiak} lke mòå||jei|

fkqkc}ifji|/ pe c}ida` ò`dlk ` eò|jli| yp` `dlidqie i qkak|$

A`|qi fk}ei/ ~}`q`dak ek|q}i} i fpdljkdiojaia` di}}iqjvi a` pe ak| câd`}k| eij| ~k~poi}`|

ai hj|qü}ji ak ljdèi/ iq}ivê| ak lkdh`lje`dqk a` |pi| k}jc`d| iqê |`p| a`|akm}ie`dqk| `

iai~qiãð`|$



9=

I~ü| ~`}l`m`}è yp` `|qivie ~`}a`dak `|~iãk di| |ioi| a` ljdèi/ i| k}yp`|q}i| a`ljaj}ie

iakqi} i| e`|ei| qêldjli| pqjojriai| ~òk| |koj|qi| % k aj}jc`dq` ak lkdbpdqk icpi}aivi k

jdåljk ak fjoe` è |joâdljk ` a`~kj| ajrji i |`p| eò|jlk| k qåqpok ai ~`ãi kp k dòe`}k

lkemjdiak i |`} qkliak a` ilk}ak lke k `|qkyp` ep|jlio$

]k|`dfòa (=>>=* `x~ojli yp`/ è pei fi|` eij| iajidqiai/ aivi%|` ik }`c`dq` ai k}yp`|q}i

pei dkãìk c`}io ak fjoe`/ lke k kmb`qjvk a` filjojqi} i| iai~qiãð`| ak }`~`}qü}jk ep|jlio ik

`d}àk ` ik q`k} c`}io ak fjoe`$ Lke j||k/ }ìojrivie i| ~}je`j}i| q`dqiqjvi| a` |jdl}kdjriãìk

`dq}` i km}i vj|pio ` k ilke~idhie`dqk ilò|qjlk$

Lke k ~i||i} ak qè~k/ k |ke |` qk}dkp pei f`}}ie`dqi fpdaie`dqio ~i}i k ljdèi/ ~k}ypì eò|jli i||kljiai î jeicè ~k||jmjojqivi/ liai v`r eij|/ dkvi| èkãð`|/ iq}ijdak

jdvkopdqi}jie`dq` k kohi} ak ~òmojlk$ Eidridk (=>><* km|`}vi yp`/ i ~i}qj} a`|qi ̀ x~`}jâdlji/

`|q}pqp}kp%| ̀ik| ~kplk| pei ~`yp`di jdaò|q}ji ep|jlio$

î}i D`z Li}}i|lk (=>><*/ ipqk} ak ojv}k \zcgh}kdk|2 I fk}eiãìk ai ~kêqjli ep|jlio ak

Ljdèi/

‟I eò|jli i||kljiai î| jeic`d| è ekvje`dqk ` î| eòoqj~oi| }òiãð`| yp` |``|qimò`lè `dq}` òi| lkdf`}` ik fjoe` pei aje`d|ìk ~kêqjli yp` k |je~o`| }`cj|q}k}ìoj|qi bieij| ~ka`}ji iqjdcj}$ @||i li}ilq`}å|qjli ~`}eid`l`}é ik okdck a` qkai ihj|qü}ji ak ljdèi2 i eò|jli lkek lkdv`dãìk ai ~kêqjli ljdèiqkc}éfjli― (LI]]I\LK/ =>></ ~$ 99<*$

@dq}` k| idk| a` 9:=0 ` 9:=6/ `|qòajk| lkek i Si}d`} ` i Fkx ~i||i}ie i jdv`|qj} dk

a`|`dvkovje`dqk a` pei q`ldkokcji |kdk}i }ìoe`dq` `fjlj`dq` li~ir a` ie~oji} k |ke di|

|ioi| a` ljdèi$ Dk idk a` 98:1/ pei |kopãìk ~i}i k ~}kmoèi ak |jdl}kdj|ek ak |ke lke ijeicè hivji |jak i~}`|`dqiai/ ~k} Qhkei| @aj|kd/ iq}ivê| a` |`p Gjd`qk~hkd`½$ ^k}êe/ i

jdv`dãìk |ü |`}ji il`jqi idk| eij| qi}a`$

@e 9:9</ dk| @|qiak| Pdjak|/ @aj|kd je~}`||jkdi i| ~oiq`ji| lke i `vkopãìk a` |`p jdv`dqk$

Pe c}ida` fkdüc}ifk ci}idqji i ie~ojfjliãìk/ ` k |jdl}kdj|ek bé `}i }`fjdiak/ i ~kdqk a`ci}id

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[½ Jdv`dqk a` Qhkei| @aj|kd a`|`dvkovjak è 98:0 lkek pe i~`}f`jãkie`dqk a` |`p gjd`qk|lk~`$ @xjmjie%|`

fjoe`| lp}qk| lke pe fkdüc}ifk èmpqjak$ @o`| `}ie vj|qk| jdajvjapioe`dq` ` k ilke~idhie`dqk ep|jlio ̀ }i

kpvjak iq}ivê| a` pei `|~êlj` a` fkd`$



9<

ci}idqj} i vkr pdjai ik| ekvje`dqk| oimjij| ak| iqk}`|$ ^k}êe/ k }`|poqiak ijdai dìk `}i

|iqj|fiqü}jk/ ~kj| i~`|i} a` pe fpcir ~}je`j}k eke`dqk a` fpdljkdie`dqk/ k |j|qèi

lke`ãivi i ~`}a`} k |jdl}kdj|ek i ~i}qj} a` 9> i 9= |`cpdak| a` fioi lkdqådpi$

Dk jdåljk ai aêliai a` 9:=>/ i jdaò|q}ji ljdèiqkc}éfjli ie`}jlidi i~}`|`dqivi k i~i}iqk

q`ldkoücjlk d`l`||é}jk ~i}i pei }`~}kapãìk il`jqévò a` |kd| ~}`vjie`dq` c}iviak|/ yp`

jdlopåi pe ejl}kfkd` a` ioqi ypiojaia`/ pe ie~ojfjliak} yp` dìk aj|qk}lji k| |kd|/ pe

c}iviak} a` aj|lk| òêq}jlk/ lijxi| a` |ke ~kq`dq`| ` pe |j|qèi yp` ci}idqj||` i

|jdl}kdjriãìk |è vi}jiãð`| a` vòkljaia`$

\`cpdak I}iòbk (=>>=*/ i Si}d`} M}k|$ ~i||ivi ~k} |ê}jk| ~}kmoèi| fjdidl`j}k| ` }`|kov`p

jdv`|qj} ~`|iak è dkvi| q`ldkokcji| ~i}i pdj} |ke ` jeicè dk ljdèi$ A` ilk}ak lke

Cke`}z (9:80*/ dk idk a` 9:=0/ k| j}eìk| Si}d`} o`vie ik ~òmojlk i eòhk} q`ldkokcji ai

ê~kli ` ~i||ie i lke~`qj} lke i| eibk}|¼ / `|qimò`l`dak%|` lkek pe c}ida` `|qòajk$ K

vjqi~hkd` % i~i}òhk li~ir a` |jdl}kdjri} jeic`d| ` |ke/ firji `dqìk |pi `|q}`ji/ lke i

`xjmjãìk a` iocpd| lp}qi| e`q}ic`d|/ |`cpjak| ak okdci Akd Bpid ( Ake Bpid/ 9:=6*/ a` Ioid

L}k|oida$

@api}ak \jeð`| ak| \idqk| E`da`| (9::<*/ è |pi aj||`}qiãìk a` E`|q}iak I Q}johi \kdk}i

dk| Lp}qi%E`q}ic`d| a` Fjlãìk ]ìojriak| è \ìk îpok `dq}` 9:8= ` 9::=/ `x~ojli lkek

fpdljkdivi k |j|qèi vjqi~hkd 2̀

Pe |j|qèi a` |jdl}kdji e`lídjli `dq}` pe ~}kb`qk} a` jeic`d|/ lke vòkljaia` a`=1 ypia}k| ~k} |`cpdak/ ojciak ~k} limk| i pe fkdüc}ifk yp` }`~}kaprji pe aj|lka` vjdjo a` 96 ~ko`ciai| i << 9+< }kqiãð`| ~k} ejdpqk (|pfjlj`dq`| ~i}i pe }kok a`9> ejdpqk|* lke pei }`|~k|qi a` f}`ypâdlji a` 0> i 0$0>> Hr$ K fkdüc}ifk/ ~k} |pi

v`r/ `}i lkd`lqiak i pe ie~ojfjliak} ` `|q`/ i lijxi| ilò|qjli|$ (E@DA@\/ 9::</ ~$9<*$

Pe idk a`~kj|/ Ioid L}k|oida/ oidãi K lidqk} a` birr (Qh` birr \jdc`}/ 9:=3*/ lkd|ja`}iak

~k} epjqk| `|qpajk|k| lkek k ~}je`j}k fjoe` ep|jlio hkoozskkajidk$

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[¼ K| c}ida`| `|qòajk| yp` ~k||påie lia`ji| a` |ioi| `xjmjak}i| ~}ü~}ji| ` yp` akejdivie k e`}liak

ljdèiqkc}éfjlk iq}ivê| ak \qpajk \z|qè/ lkek ~k} `xè~ok i ECE (E`q}k%Ckoaszd%Eiz`}*/ i î}iekpdq ` i]GK (]iajk G`jqh K}~h`pe*$ Fpqp}ie`dq`/ i Si}d`} M}kqh`}| ` i =>qh L`dqp}z Fkx qiemêe |` qk}di}jieeibk}|$



91

K fjoe` lkdqi i hj|qü}ji a` Bilg ]kmjd ( Io Bko|kd*/ pe hpejoa` lidqk} bpa`p/ i~ijxkdiak ~k}

birr/ `|qjok ep|jlio a` k}jcè d`c}i/ lkd|ja`}iak jdf`}jk} diypòi ê~kli$ Bilg vjvji è

lkdfojqk lke |`p ~ij/ ~kj| ò` ilhivi pe |il}joêcjk p|i} i vkr ~i}i lidqi} lidãð`| je~p}i| ` k

lidqk} ilimi fpcjdak a` li|i ~i}i |`cpj} |`p ~}ü~}jk a`|qjdk$

K lidqk} a` birr jd|qip}kp i| mi|`| ak fjoe` |kdk}k ` `vja`dljkp k ~i~ò ai eò|jli lkek

ic`dq` liqioj|iak} ak| |`dqje`dqk| ` a`|`bk| ak| ~`}|kdic`d|$ î}i I}iòbk (=>>=*/ k

oidãie`dqk a` L}k|oida fkj i eijk} }`vkopãìk |kdk}i ak ljdèi epdajio$

K| kpq}k| `|qòajk| dìk i~}kvi}ie i ja`ji ai Si}d`}/ ~kj| ilhivie yp` k ljdèi |kdk}k `}i

iock ~i||ic`j}k/ ei|/ ypidak vj}ie i i~}kviãìk qkqio ak ~òmojlk/ fk}ie km}jciak| i |`

eka`}djri}è$

^k}qidqk/ lke i lh`ciai ak |ke/ k ~}kl`||k ljdèiqkc}éfjlk q`v` yp` |`} }ì~}`dajak `

iai~qiak ~i}i i dkvi q`ldkokcji/ ~kj| ~i}i |` fir`} pe fjoe` |kdk}k `}i d`l`||é}jk q`} pe

lkdq}ko` im|kopqk a` qpak k yp` ilkdq`lji/ ~kj| ypioyp`} mi}pohk jda`vjak ~ka`}ji ~}`bpajli}

i ~}kapãìk/ k yp` |jcdjfjli}ji ~`}ai a` qè~k/ q}imiohk ` ajdh`j}k$

Ai e`|ei fk}ei yp` k iav`dqk ak ljdèi }`vkopljkdkp i eid`j}i a` v`}/ ~`d|i} ` }`~}kaprj}

i }ìojaia`/ lke k iav`dqk ak |ke/ dìk |`}ji ajf`}`dq`$ Lkdfk}e` km|`}vi Lh}j|qjd` V`}i| a`

\kpri/ è |pi aj||`}qiãìk a` e`|q}iak K |hks a`v` lkdqjdpi}/

W$$$U qkak k ~}kl`||k a` |` `|l}`v`}/ }ìojri}/ ~}kaprj}/ iqpi}/ `xjmj} ` i||j|qj} i fjoe`||kf}`p ioq`}iãìk lke i lh`ciai ak |ke$ D`dhpei ai| q}id|fk}eiãð`| ì~`}f`jãkie`dqk| qêldjlk| ~òk| ypij| k ljdèi ~i||kp/ a`|a` |pi l}jiãìk/ fkj a`li}éq`} qìk ~}kfpdak$ Lke k |ke/ k ljdèi bieij| vkoqi}ji i |`} k yp` `}i$ (\KPRI/=>>0/ ~$ >6*$

I jdq}kapãìk ak |ke dk ljdèi fkj fpdaie`dqio ~i}i k }`|qimò`lje`dqk ai h`cèkdji a`

Hkoozskka dk e`}liak ljdèiqkc}éfjlk epdajio$ A` ilk}ak lke Qp}d`} (9::3*/ dk fjdio ai

aêliai a` 9:=>/ i ]ò||ji ` i Ioèidhi ~}àkejdivie lkek jdaò|q}ji ljdèiqkc}éfjli `

i||keivie%|` lkek lkdlk}}`dq`|/ dìk |ü ~òi ypiojaia` a` |pi| ~}kapãð`|/ ei| qiemêe

~òi li~iljaia` a` lke`}ljiojré%ok|$



90

=$= K |p}cje`dqk ak câd`}k ep|jlio ` i `}i a` kp}k a` Hkoozskka

Hkoozskka `x`}l`p pei `dk}e` jdfopâdlji di vjai ` dk lke~k}qie`dqk |kljio ak| bkv`d|

ap}idq` k| lhieiak| ‟okplk| idk| =>―$ K| fjoe`| `}ie lkd|pejak| è ei||i è qkak k ~iå|/

}`fo`qjdak ` `|qjepoidak pei epaidãi di `|q}pqp}i ek}io ai Ieê}jli ak Dk}q`$ K |ke

ipe`dqkp lkd|ja`}ivòe`dq` `||i jdfopâdlji ` ibpakp i fk}qio`l`} i jdaò|q}ji ljdèiqkc}éfjli

dk}q`%ie`}jlidi$

\`dak i ~jkd`j}i dk ljdèi |kdk}k/ Hkoozskka poq}i~i||i i| }jvij| aidak jdåljk î @}i a`

Kp}k$ I vidqicè fkj }`fk}ãiai lke k a`|`dvkovje`dqk a` pe dkvk câd`}k/ dk ypio k|

~`}|kdic`d| `x~}`||ivie |`p| |`dqje`dqk| ` èkãð`| iq}ivê| ai eò|jli ` ai aidãi/ kep|jlio$ Lkdfk}e` km|`}vi C}iè` Qp}d`} (9::3*

I c}ida` vj}qpa` ak ep|jlio “ ioêe a` |pi ümvji `x~ok}iãìk ak |ke “ `}i ~ka`}kf`}`l`} k ~}ir`} ak ljdèi ` ak vipa`vjoo` ik e`|ek qè~k$ ^kaji%|` v`} dpeiòdjli qòi epjqk| i}qj|qi| fiek|k| yp` ~}kvivòe`dq` dpdli ~i}qjlj~i}jie ak e`|ek~}kc}iei/ qk}didak i lke~`qjãìk epjqk eij| ajfåljo ~i}i i| jdaò|q}ji| `|q}idc`j}i|$(QP]D@]/ 9::3/ ~$ =<*$

\p}cji/ i||je/ k câd`}k ep|jlio/ lkek lkd|`ypâdlji ai }`vkopãìk ~}kvkliai ~òi lh`ciai ak|ke/ è pe ~`}åkak a` jdfk}qòdjk ai hj|qü}ji dk}q`%ie`}jlidi$ E`|ek lke i l}j|` a` 9:=:/

lke k l}i|h ai mko|i a` Dkvi Zk}g/ i jdaò|q}ji ljdèiqkc}éfjli lkdqjdpivi è ~o`di

}`vkopãìk |kdk}i$ K ljdèi vjdhi |` je~kdak lke c}ida` fk}ãi ` i jdaò|q}ji ljdèiqkc}éfjli

dk}q`%ie`}jlidi/ a` l`}qi fk}ei/ q}jpdfivi è pe ~`}åkak è yp` k ~iå| `dq}ivi è l}j|`$

Kojvj`} ]`dê V`jookd (9::=* `x~ojli yp` ap}idq` i c}ida` a`~}`||ìk/ dk idk a` 9:<>/ eij| a`

ypjdh`dqk| fjoe`| fk}ie ~}kaprjak|$ Di| ~ioiv}i| ak q`ü}jlk/ ‟W$$$U i~`|i} ak ipe`dqk ak|k}ãie`dqk| je~k|qk ~òi dkvi qêldjli$ I |kljàia` ie`}jlidi yp`|qjkdi |`p| viok}`| `

`dlkdq}i di| |ioi| a` ljdèi pe }`fòcjk î ioqp}i a` |pi lkdfp|ìk― (V@JOOKD/ 9::=/ ~$9*$

I dkvjaia` ak| fjoe`| fioiak| iajkp k je~ilqk ai l}j|` dk ~iå|$ A` ilk}ak lke \goi} (9:38*/

dk idk a` 9:<>/ i f}`ypâdlji î| li|i| a` `|~`qélpok| fk}ie }òiqjvie`dq` eijk}`| ak yp`

hivji |jak è 9:=:/ ei| |`cpdak k ipqk}/ è |`p ojv}k Hj|qü}ji \kljio ak Ljdèi

Ie`}jlidk/ ‟W$$$U ijdai yp` qi}ajie`dq`/ i jdaò|q}ji ljdèiqkc}éfjli |kf}`p iocpei|lkd|`ypâdlji| ai L}j|`― (\GOI]/ 9:38/ ~$9:>*$



96

\goi} (9:38* oèm}i ijdai yp` èmk}i k| opl}k| liå||è }i~jaie`dq` è }òiãìk ik idk

idq`}jk}/ qidqk i| k~`}iãð`| ak| `|qòajk|/ ypidqk i ak| ljdèi|/ a` pe ekak c`}io/

lkdqjdpi}ie |`dak opl}iqjvi|$ ^k}êe/ ~k} vkoqi a` 9:<=/ djdcpêe eij| ~}kloieivi yp` i

jdaò|q}ji ljdèiqkc}éfjli ̀ }i î ~}kvi a` l}j|`|$

I C}ida` A`~}`||ìk imiokp k| @|qiak| Pdjak| ` k epdak `/ lkek è qkak eke`dqk a` l}j|`

` q`d|ìk/ i| ~`||ki| ~}`lj|ivie a` iock yp` oh`| q}kpx`||` i `|~`}idãi a` aji| eòhk}`|$ @ i

}`|~k|qi `|qivi `xiqie`dq` dk| fjoe`|/ ~}jdlj~ioe`dq` dk ljdèi a` `|~`qélpok `

`dq}`q`dje`dqk lkek k ep|jlio$

A` ilk}ak lke \kpri (=>>0*/ i~`|i} ak| ep|jlij| q`}è |jak }kqpoiak| lkek pe câd`}k‟`|li~j|qi―/ k ljdèi%`|~`qélpok ~ka` |`} vj|qk lkek pei fk}ei a` i~òk ai |kljàia`2 è

pei ê~kli è yp` i }ìojaia` `}i |kf}jai k mi|qidq`/ hivji pei ja`kokcji a` `|~`}idãi ~k}

q}é| ak ep|jlio$

^k} kpq}k oiak/ k câd`}k jdvklivi pei fk}ei a` ioj`diãìk/ ~kj| ~i}`lji jcdk}i} i|

ajfjlpoaia`| ~òi| ypij| k ~iå| |kf}ji$ ^k} `|q` ekqjvk/ lkd|qidqè`dq` k ep|jlio `}i l}jqjliak$

Dk `dqidqk/ `}i iq}ivê| ak `dq}`q`dje`dqk yp` k câd`}k ~}k~pdhi ik ~òmojlk i lkdfjidãi èaji| eòhk}`|$ @api}ak Cìai/ è |`p ojv}k K Ljdèi @|~`lqélpok/ fir pe ~idk}iei ak

|jcdjfjliak ` je~k}qídlji ak ljdèi di vjai ak| dk}q`%ie`}jlidk| ap}idq` i c}ida` l}j|`2

K ~}je`j}k fjoe` |kdk}k fkj pe ep|jlio ` dìk |`}é a`|~}k~k|jqiak }`f`}j} yp` ikcâd`}k ep|jlio |` a`v`/ dk |kdk}k/ i ojypjaiãìk jd`ypåvkli ak| lüajck| a`v`}k||jejohidãi diqp}ioj|qi|/ qi}`fi yp`/ dk ~`}åkak epak/ qjdhi qkliak`||`dljioe`dq` ik mp}o`|lk$ K ep|jlio |jdqkdjri/ ~k}qidqk i li~iljaia` ioypåejli akljdèi |èìdak `d`}cji ` kqjej|ek |è~}` yp` k ~}jdlå~jk ai }ìojaia` i~kdqi è|`dqjak lkdq}é}jk$ K `|~`qélpok dìk ê f`jqk ak yp` k `|~`lqiak} l}â/ ei| |je ak yp`

ò` vâ W$$$U @dypidqk |pmojeiãìk `|qêqjli ak q}imiohk ` ai lke~`qjãìk/ `dypidqkqêldjli ` lkdajãìk a` i}qjfåljk/ `dypidqk ~i}i~`jqk kda` k |kdhk |` `dq}idãi lke i}ìojaia`/ `dypidqk ~}ix` a` jop|jkdj|ek/ k epdak ak `|~`qélpok ê |è aòvjai peepdak î ~i}q`$ K `|~`qélpok ê k epdak ak| eòhk}`|$ K `|~`qélpok ê k eòhk} ak|epdak|$ (C@IAI/9:89/ ~$ 89*$

K câd`}k ep|jlio lkdq}jmpjp ~i}i i `|qimjojriãìk ai |kljàia` dk}q`%ie`}jlidi ap}idq` i fi|`

eij| |kem}ji a` |pi hj|qü}ji/ ibpaidak i ajvpoci} ` i }`~}`|`dqi} k| @|qiak| Pdjak| dk

epdak$ I }`l`jqi ak| fjoe`| dk}q`%ie`}jlidk| ipe`dqivi lkd|ja`}ivòe`dq` dk `xq`}jk} `

ibpakp i eidq`} i jdaò|q}ji ap}idq` i l}j|`$

Lh}j|qjd` V`}i| a` \kpri è |pi q`|` a` e`|q}iak/ K |hks a`v` lkdqjdpi}/ ljqi pe `d|ijk a`



9:

oèm}i ijdai yp` `}i lkepe k| `|qòajk| q}kli}è ‟|`}vjãk|― `dq}` |j/ }ìojridak k

è~}ê|qjek a` iqk}`| ` kpq}k| ~}kfj||jkdij|$ I ECE/ ~k} `xè~ok/ jdv`|qji è fjoe`|

}`ypjdqiak| ̀ li}k| ̀ ilimkp qk}didak%|` lkdh`ljai ~k} }ìojri} k| eòhk}`| ep|jlij|$

I Lkopemji }`vòkp k ljdì|qi `|qiapdja`d|` F}idg Li~}i/ yp` q}irji epjqk kqjej|ek di|

}òiãð`| hpeidi| è |`p| fjoe`|$ I ]GK/ i~`|i} ai| ajv`}|i| l}j|`|/ }ìojrkp iocpd| fjoe`|

je~k}qidq`| lkek Ljaiaìk Gid`/ a` K}|kd Sòo`|/ oidãiak è 9:19/ ` k fiek|k Gjdc Gkdc/

a` E`}jid L$ Lkk~`} ` @}d`|q M$ \lhkà|ilg/ oidãiak è 9:<<$

\`cpdak \kpri (=>>0*/ i Pdjv`}|io `|~`ljiojrkp%|` è fjoe`| M (a` mijxk k}ãie`dqk* ` a`

q`}}k}$ I î}iekpdq ~}kaprji lkeêaji|/ a`|a` i| eij| im|p}ai| iqê i| eij| |kfj|qjliai|$ ISi}d`} }ìojrivi fjoe`| dkj} (`|qjok jdfop`dljiak ~òk @x~}`||jkdj|ek ioèìk/ ak| ypij|

~k||påie jopejdiãìk `x~}`||jvi yp` lip|ivi pei iqek|f`}i |kem}ji*/ a}iei| |kljij|/ ei|

qiemêe fkj }`|~kd|évò ~k} iocpd| ep|jlij| |jcdjfjliqjvk|$

A` ilk}ak lke Vpceid (=>><*/ k| `|qòajk| mp|livie kf`}`l`} pei di}}iqjvi yp` c`}i||`

opl}k| ` ic}iai||` ik ~òmojlk/ i fje a` q}iqi} i| id|jàia`| ` lkdfojqk| jdq`}dk| ak|

`|~`lqiak}`|$ ‟\` il`jqi}ek| i ja`ji a` Hkoozskka lkek i fém}jli a` pe epdak ejqkoücjlk/`dqìk/ qk}di%|` ~k||åvò kohi} ~i}i k| ajf`}`dq`| câd`}k| yp` òi ~}kapr lkek ~i}q`| a` pe

pdjv`}|k jdq`}lkd`lqiak/ lke pei jd`vjqévò |km}`~k|jãìk a` |pi| f}kdq`j}i|― (VPCEID/

=>></ ~$1*$

=$1 K| ep|jlij| dk M}i|jo

A` qkai| i| fi|`| ak ljdèi m}i|jo`j}k/ k ~`}åkak ai| Lhidlhiai| fkj iypò` yp` eij| iq}ijp`|~`lqiak}`| ~i}i i| |ioi| a` ljdèi$ K hpek} jdcâdpk/ mp}o`|lk/ k| lke`dqé}jk| eiojljk|k|

` `|l}ilhiak|/ ioêe ak| dòe`}k| ep|jlij| fjr`}ie a`||` k ~`}åkak a` eijk} |pl`||k ak

ljdèi diljkdio$

I||je lkek k| ep|jlij| hkoozskkajidk|/ k kmb`qjvk eéxjek a`|q` câd`}k m}i|jo`j}k `}i k a`

`dq}`q`} ` ajv`}qj} k ~kvk `/ ~k} j||k/ fkj ioqie`dq` l}jqjliak ~òi òjq` jdqò`lqpiojriai ak ~iå|$

\`cpdak k ~}kf`||k} Oia`djo|kd Bk|ê ^`}`j}i/ è |`p i}qjck Ljdèi dk `d|jdk a` hj|qü}ji2 i|

lhidlhiai| ` k| idk| 9:0>/ i| lhidlhiai| |ìk |jdñdjek a` lkeêaji| ep|jlij| mi}iqi| ` a`

eip ck|qk$



=>

W$$$U i| lhidlhiai| fk}ie/ ap}idq` epjqk qè~k/ iovk a` a`|~}`rk ai l}åqjli ` a`jdqò`lqpij|$ @e yp` ~`|è |`p| `d}àk| }`~`qjqjvk|/ k| }kq`j}k| lke ~jiai|~}`vj|åv`j| ` a` ap~ok |`dqjak/ òi| fk}ie k }`q}iqk eij| fjò ai ~}kapãìkljdèiqkc}éfjli m}i|jo`j}i ak ~`}åkak ` iolidãi}ie }ò`vidq` |pl`||k ~k~poi}/ è}irìk aj||k/ qk}di}ie%|` e`}`làk}i|/ ~k}qidqk a` pe kohi} l}åqjlk yp` |p~oidqi||`

|pi| f}icjojaia`|/ filjoe`dq` v`}jfjlév`j| (^@]@J]I/ =>>6/ ~$ =>: ` =9>*$

A`|a` k fjdio ai aêliai a` 9:=>/ fk}ie }ìojriai| ajv`}|i| q`dqiqjvi| a` |` `|qimò`l`} pei

jdaò|q}ji ljdèiqkc}éfjli dk M}i|jo$ Dk `dqidqk/ fiqk}`| lkek i fioqi a` jdl`dqjvk| ` a`

~}kq`ljkdj|ek| î ~}kapãìk diljkdio/ a`vjak ik mkemi}a`jk a` fjoe`| dk}q`%ie`}jlidk|/

~}`bpajli}ie k fk}qio`lje`dqk ai jdaò|q}ji ljdèiqkc}éfjli dk ~iå|$

\`cpdak \kpri (=>>0*/ kpq}k fiqk} }ò`vidq` ~i}i |` eidq`} pei `|q}pqp}i jdap|q}jio `}i i

d`l`||jaia` a` |` `|qimò`l`} pei }òiãìk |üojai `dq}` i| fi|`| a` ~}kapãìk/ aj|q}jmpjãìk `

`xjmjãìk$ @||`| ~iqiei}`| fpdaie`dqij|/ dk| ypij| k ~}ü~}jk \qpajk \z|qè dk}q`%ie`}jlidk

|` mi|ìvi/ bieij| lkd|`cpj}ie |`} eidqjak| dk ljdèi m}i|jo`j}k$

\kpri (=>>0* `x~ojli yp`/ dk jdåljk ak |êlpok XX/ fk}ie }`cj|q}iak| iocpd| `|fk}ãk| è |`

}ìojri} fjoe`| ‟lidqidq`|―$ D`||`| fjoe`|/ lidqk}`| lkoklivie%|` iq}é| ai qòi ` apmoivie i|

jeic`d| yp` i~i}`ljie$ Dk M}i|jo/ k| fjoe`| `xjmjak| è c}ida`| ljdèi| `}ie

ilke~idhiak| ~k} eò|jlk|/ î| v`r`| iqê e`|ek ~k} pei k}yp`|q}i/ lkek fkj f`jqk dk|

~}jeü}ajk| ak ljdèi è kpq}k| ~iå|`|$

Lke k iav`dqk ak ljdèi fioiak/ l`}qi| ajfjlpoaia`| a` iai~qiãìk î dkvi ojdcpicè

|p}cj}ie è qkak k epdak$ ^k}êe/ dk M}i|jo/ òi| fk}ie ijdai eijk}`| a`vjak ik ipe`dqk

ak| lp|qk| lke i dkvi q`ldkokcji$ K ~}je`j}k fjoe` |kdk}k m}i|jo`j}k fkj Ilimi}ie%|` k|

Kqé}jk|/ f`jqk è 9:=:/ ~k} Opop a` Mi}}k| (98:< “ 9:8=*/ bé lke iocpd| dòe`}k| ep|jlij|$

A` ilk}ak lke \kpri (=>>0*/ pe je~k}qidq` `|qpajk|k a` ljdèi dk M}i|jo/ Iahèi}

Ckdrici (9:>9%9:38*/ fpdakp pe ljd`lopm` ` i }`vj|qi Ljdì}q`$ ‟@o` fkj k }`|~kd|évò ~òk

~jkd`j}k ~}kb`qk jdap|q}jio ~i}i ljdèi dk M}i|jo$ @e 9:<>/ Ckdrici l}jkp k ~}je`j}k c}ida`

`|qòajk m}i|jo`j}k/ i Ljdêaji$ K `|qòajk q`v` pe ~i~ò je~k}qidq` dk `|qåepok î ~}kapãìk

ljdèiqkc}éfjli diljkdio ` ~}klp}ivi `|qimò`l`}%|` lkek pei dkvi Hkoozskka― (\KPRI/

=>>0/ ~$==0*$



=9

I Ljdêaji i~}jek}ivi k| fjoep|jlij| ~}kaprjak| dk ~iå| ~òk `|q}idc`j}k Siooil` Aksd`z/

yp` bé pqjojrivi i| lidãð`| li}divio`|li| ai| }éajk| è dòe`}k| ep|jlij| a` |`p| fjoe`|$

A`dq}` ò`|/ Ioñ/ Ioñ M}i|jo (M}i|jo “ 9:<<*/ aj}jcjak ~k} ò`/ Bkìk a` Mi}}k ` Iom`}qk ]jm`j}k/

a`p jdåljk i pei `xq`d|i ~}kapãìk ak câd`}k dk| idk| |`cpjdq`|$

E`|ek yp` i| lhidlhiai| dìk fk||è `xiqie`dq` k qj~k a` ljdèi yp` k| `|qòajk| yp`}jie

~}kaprj}/ òi| }`vòi}ie%|` epjqk }`dqév`j|/ c}iãi| ik |`p `dk}e` i~òk ~k~poi}$ A` qkai| i|

idqjci| ~}kapqk}i| ljdèiqkc}éfjli| diljkdij|/ i Ljdêaji fkj i òdjli yp` eidq`v` |pi|

iqjvjaia`| iqê k| aji| a` hkb`/ }ìojridak iqpioe`dq` qiemêe ~}kapãð`| qò`vj|jvi|$ I ~i}qj}

ai aêliai a` 9:1>/ k `|qòajk ~i||kp i ajvjaj} lke i Iqoídqjai ` i V`}i L}pr i ~}kapãìk

ljdèiqkc}éfjli diljkdio/ |`dak/ ~k|q`}jk}e`dq`/ kfp|liak ~òk |pl`||k a`|q`| `dqìk dkvk|è~}``daje`dqk|$

I Lke~idhji Iqoídqjai/ fpdaiai è 9:19/ dk ]jk a` Bid`j}k/ ~k} Ekilj} F`dòkd ` pe c}p~k

a` iejck|/ `x`}l`p pe ~i~ò fpdaie`dqio di hj|qü}ji ak ljdèi m}i|jo`j}k/ lkd|`cpjdak

}ìojri} fjoe`| mi}iqk|/ a` fk}q` i~òk ~k~poi} ` yp` aivie opl}k$

Ajv`}|k| lidqk}`| m}i|jo`j}k| jdjlji}ie |pi| li}}`j}i| dk }éajk/ ei| Li}e`d Ej}idai (9:>: “ 9:00* qk}dkp%|` k eijk} |åemkok ak ~iå| dk `xq`}jk}$ E`|ek yp` i eijk}ji a` |`p| fjoe`|

q`dhi |jak }ìojriak dk| @|qiak| Pdjak|/ fkj dk M}i|jo yp` òi lke`ãkp |pi li}}`j}i$ ‟W$$$U

Li}e`d ibpakp i ajvpoci} i lpoqp}i/ i| eò|jli| ` k b`jqjdhk m}i|jo`j}k dk `xq`}jk}/ iq}ivê| a`

|`p ~`}|kdicè lke qp}midq` a` f}pqi| di lim`ãi/ |i~iqk| ~oiqifk}ei| ` }kp~i| a` mijidi―

(\KPRI/ =>>0/ ~$==6*$

K| ep|jlij| ai m}i|jo`j}i dk `xq`}jk} qk}di}ie%|` |pl`||k jeàjiqk/ `x`}l`dak pe ~i~òje~k}qidq` dk ~`}åkak ak `|fk}ãk a` cp`}}i$ Di| lhidlhiai|/ i jeicè li}jliqi ak M}i|jo qj~k

`x~k}qiãìk `dlkdq}ivi i ak M}i|jo ak| m}i|jo`j}k|/ v`da`dak k| jaìj| diljkdij| ak li}divio/

ak |iemi ` ai io`c}ji dk e`}liak jdq`}dk ` `xq`}dk$ I~`|i} a` ~}k~ici} pei jeicè

`|q`}`kqj~iai ak ~iå|/ i lkdq}jmpjãìk a` Li}e`d Ej}idai ê fpdaie`dqio ~i}i i ajvpociãìk ai

eò|jli/ ai oådcpi ` ai lpoqp}i ~k~poi} m}i|jo`j}i dk `xq`}jk}$

K| dòe`}k| ep|jlij| yp` }ìojrkp ~}klp}ivie `xioqi} k `xkqj|ek a` |pi fjcp}i/ lh`cidak i

l}jiqjvk| `xic`}k| lkek k ai lidãìk Qh` Oiaz jd qh` Qpqqj%F}pqqj Hiq / è yp` Li}e`d

‟p|ivi― pe cjcidq`|lk lhi~êp a` mididi|/ dk fjoe` ‟@dq}` i Okj}i ` i Ek}`di― (Qh` Cidc‚|



==

Ioo H`} ̀“ @PI “ 9:1<*/ a` Mp|mz M`}gò`z$ J}kdjlie`dq`/ lke k fjdio ai \`cpdai Cp`}}i

Epdajio/ |`p je~ilqk fkj ajejdpjdak ` i jeicè yp` oh` lkd|ic}i}i ilimkp i~}j|jkdidak%i/

ajfjlpoqidak k i~}kv`jqie`dqk a` qkai |pi v`}|iqjojaia` i}qå|qjli$

@dypidqk j||k/ dk M}i|jo/ i Iqoídqjai lkdqjdpkp i ~}kaprj} ` aj|q}jmpj} fjoe`| iqê k fjdio ak|

idk| 9:3>/ ei| |`p ~`}åkak ép}`k fkj di| aêliai| a` 9:1> ` 9:0>$ Di| ~}kapãð`| ai

Iqoídqjai/ i eò|jli qiemêe qjdhi pe ~i~ò fpdaie`dqio/ ik fir`} p|k ai| lidãð`| a` |pl`||k

ak }éajk/ ~`}|kdjfjlidak |`p| jdqê}~}`q`| di| qòi| a` ljdèi$ K qìq}k a` }`vj|qi fkj kpq}i

je~k}qidq` }`f`}âdlji$ Qpak j||k/ iojiak ik li}j|ei ai ap~oi a` i|q}k| K|li}jqk (9:>6 “ 9:3>*

` C}ida` Kqòk (9:90 “ 9::<*/ ilimkp ci}idqjdak k |pl`||k ak| fjoe`| ai lke~idhji/ yp`

qiemêe ~}kaprjp fjoe`| ajqk| |ê}jk|$

I }ìojaia` ak ljdèi m}i|jo`j}k `}i epjqk ajf`}`dq` ai ak dk}q`%ie`}jlidk/ ~kj| k M}i|jo

q`dqivi `|qimò`l`} pe |j|qèi jdap|q}jio a` ~}kapãìk ljdèiqkc}éfjli/ ei| k| `ypj~ie`dqk|

`}ie poq}i~i||iak| ` k| `|qòajk| dìk qjdhie diai a` eka`}dk|$ ‟î}i |` q`} pei ja`ji/ k|

fjcp}jdk| p|iak| dk| fjoe`| ai Iqoídqjai `}ie ak| ~}ü~}jk| iqk}`|― (\KPRI/ =>>0/ ~$ ==8*$

\kpri (=>>0* oèm}i ijdai yp` api| fi|`| ei}lidq`| ~kaè |`} a`|qiliai| di hj|qü}ji ai|lhidlhiai| ai Iqoídqjai$ Di ~}je`j}i/ k câd`}k }`|q}jdcji%|` ik| qèi| li}divio`|lk|/

jdq`}lioidak dòe`}k| ep|jlij| a` lkeêaji2 ‟W$$$U `||i fi|` è~oilkp/ a`vjak ik c}ida`

|pl`||k ai| ei}lhjdhi| a` li}divio/ ie~oie`dq` ajfpdajai| ~òk }éajk― (\KPRI/ =>>0/

^$9=8*$

Di |`cpdai fi|`/ lhidlhiai| lke `|qjok a` ~i}üaji| firjie |pl`||k lke k ~òmojlk$ A`

ilk}ak lke \kpri (=>>0*/ i fjok|kfji a`||i fi|` ~i}qji ak ~}jdlå~jk a` yp`/ lkek dìk |`lkd|`cpj}ji jejqi} i| c}ida`| ~}kapãð`| dk}q`%ie`}jlidi|/ òi| |`}jie |pmv`}qjai| `

iai~qiai| ik `|qjok m}i|jo`j}k$ Pe `xè~ok ê k fjoe` Eiqi} kp Lk}}`} (M}i|jo “ 9:01*/ a`

Li}ok| Eidci/ pei `x~oåljqi iop|ìk ik qåqpok diljkdio ai ~}kapãìk hkoozskkajidi Eiqi} kp

Ek}}`} ( Hjch Dkkd “ @PI “ 9:0=*/ a` F}à Rjddèidd$ ‟I| }`f`}âdlji| ik| fjoe`| k}jcjdij|

`}ie loi}i|/ ei| okck `|q`| `}ie a`qp}~iak|/ cidhidak pe dkvk ` l}jiqjvk |`dqjak

im}i|jo`j}iak― (\KPRI/ =>>0/ ~$==8*$



=<

Lkek k ljdèi m}i|jo`j}k dìk lkd|`cpji lke~`qj} è qêldjli ` ypiojaia` lke k| fjoe`|

dk}q`%ie`}jlidk|/ i |kopãìk `dlkdq}iai ~i}i ic}iai} k ~kvk fkj k `|l}ilhk$ Di| ~ioiv}i| a`

\kpri/

I| fü}epoi| hkoozskkajidi| `}ie i||jejoiai| ` iai~qiai| ik b`jqjdhk m}i|jo`j}k$D`||i fi|`/ i| }`f`}âdlji| ik| ajf`}`dq`| câd`}k| ak ljdèi `}ie eij| `x~oåljqi| di|lhidlhiai|/ ` ijdai i||je k ep|jlio eidqjdhi |pi ~}`|`dãi$ K lojei ai| lkeêaji|}kliemko`|li| dk}q`%ie`}jlidi| ak| idk| 9:<>/ i| lhieiai| |l}`smioo lkeàj`|/qk}dkp%|` pei lkd|qidq` di| lhidlhiai|$ Dòi|/ i q}kli a` ja`dqjaia`| ` i|lkdfp|ð`| a`lk}}`dq`| a`|qi| q}kli| `}ie lkd|qidq`| (\KPRI/ =>>0/ ~$ ==:*$

Ioêe aj||k/ ik lkdq}é}jk ai `|q}pqp}i qå~jli ak| ep|jlij| a` Hkoozskka/ lpbi q}iei |`

a`|`dvkov` è qk}dk ak ~i} }keídqjlk/ di lhidlhiai òi ê l`dq}iai dk| lñejlk|$ K ~i}}keídqjlk lkdqjdpi `xj|qjdak/ ei| ê }ò`ciak i pe |`cpdak ~oidk di hj|qü}ji$ \`cpdak \kpri

(=>>0*/ k lñejlk }`~}`|`dqi k eioida}k qj~jlie`dq` m}i|jo`j}k/ yp` yp`} o`vi} vidqicè di|

|jqpiãð`|/ ê iv`||k î| }`c}i|/ ei| qè mke lk}iãìk$ ‟@o` |` k~ð` ik vjoìk/ yp` qiemêe ê pe

eioida}k/ ei| dpe |`dqjdak eij| ~`bk}iqjvk ak q`}ek/ dìk |` je~k}qidak |` vij ~}`bpajli}

kp dìk i| ~`||ki| lke |pi| iãð`|― (\KPRI/ =>>0/ ~$==:*$

I||je |`dak/ `|qimò`l`p%|` pei `|q}pqp}i li}ilq`}å|qjli ai| lhidlhiai|/ yp` c`}ioe`dq``}ie vi}jiãð`| |km}` k qèi ai q}kli a` ja`dqjaia`| ` |è~}` ilimivie è |iemi$

I |`cpdai fi|` ai| lhidlhiai| fkj pe c}ida` |pl`||k$ \imji%|` yp` i hj|qü}ji cj}i}ji è

qk}dk ak| lñejlk|$ Lkdfk}e` ifj}ei \kpri (=>>0*/ ‟k `|~`lqiak} |imji epjqk mè k yp`

`|~`}i} ik j} i||j|qj} i pei lhidlhiai ` icpi}aivi id|jk|ie`dq` ~òi| dkvi| ` hjoé}ji|

|kopãð`| yp` |`}jie aiai| ik| lkd|ic}iak| lojlhâ|$ Fkj ~k} j||k yp` i |`cpdai fi|` ai|

lhidlhiai| ai Iqoídqjai fkj pe c}ida` |pl`||k― (\KPRI/ =>>0/ ~$=<=*$ \`dak i||je/ kli}éq`} ~i}üajlk ai| lhidlhiai| il}`|l`dqkp òè`dqk| î| hj|qü}ji| yp` i| qk}divie eij|

ajv`}qjai| ` `dc}iãiai|$



=1

< DI]]IQJVI LOÉ\\JLI AK\ EP\JLIJ\

<$9 Ojdcpicè ` di}}iqjvi ak ljdèi

Dk| ~}jeü}ajk| ak ljdèi/ i |êqjei i}q` `}i lkd|ja`}iai i~`di| pe `|~`qélpok fjoeiak kp

pei |je~o`| }`~}kapãìk ai }ìojaia`$ K| ~}je`j}k| fjoe`| `}ie lp}qk| ` dìk qjdhie pei

di}}iqjvi `|q}pqp}iai$ I líe`}i `}i `|qéqjli/ |`cpji k ~kdqk a` vj|qi a` pe `|~`lqiak} a`

qìq}k/ `}i fjxi ` i iãìk |` a`|`dvkovji è f}`dq` î líe`}i/ lkek |` fk||` pei ~`ãi qìq}io$

Lke k ~i||i} ak qè~k/ i |êqjei i}q` qk}dkp%|` pei ojdcpicè/ kp |`bi/ pe ~}kl`||k a`lkdaprj} pei di}}iqjvi fåoejli$ \`cpdak Cpjak Mjohi}jdhk (9::6*/ ioêe a` ojdcpicè k

ljdèi ~k||pj qiemêe pei c}ieéqjli `|~`låfjli ~i}i |`p k}a`die`dqk$ @||i c}ieéqjli

i~}`|`dqi ~}kmoèi| a` |jdqix`/ ~kdqpiãìk ` `|qjok$

@ ak e`|ek ekak yp` k jajkei lkdqêe ~ioiv}i|/ yp` |` vjdlpoie di f}i|` `lke~ðè pe `~j|üajk/ iqk kp li~åqpok/ i ojdcpicè ljdèiqkc}éfjli ~k||pj |`p|}`|~`lqjvk| |åejo`| dk| ~oidk|/ l`di| ` |`ypâdlji|$ @dq}` ~oidk|/ l`di| ` |`ypâdlji|jcpioe`dq` klk}}è ~ip|i| è |pi jdq`}lkepdjliãìk q}id|jljkdio/ d`l`||i}jie`dq`

~k} `|~`låfjli ~kdqpiãìk$ (MJOHI]JDHK/ 9::6/ ~$13*$

A` ilk}ak lke J|eijo Xivj`} (=>><*/ i di}}iqjvi ê pei fk}ei ak aj|lp}|k yp` ~ka` |`}

`xiejdiai è pe c}ip a` c`d`}iojaia` yp` ~`}ejq` a`|l}`v`} k epdak di}}iak (`|~iãk

qè~k jeicjdé}jk è yp` vjvè i| ~`}|kdic`d|* kp fioi} |km}` epjqk| fiqk| yp` klk}}è dk

~}ü~}jk kfåljk ai di}}iãìk |è yp` |`bi d`l`||é}jk lkd|ja`}i} i| ~i}qjlpoi}jaia`| a` liai

e`jk eiq`}jio (i lkepdjliãìk k}io/ k q`xqk `|l}jqk/ k fjoe`/ i ~`ãi a` qìq}k `ql*$

Dpe aj|lp}|k di}}iqjvk/ qèk| i lhieiai fémpoi ` q}iei$ I fémpoi ê pei hj|qü}ji lkdqiai/

lke l`}qk| ~`}|kdic`d| è pei |`ypâdlji a` ilkdq`lje`dqk| yp` |` |plàè è pe

a`q`}ejdiak opci} dpe jdq`}viok a` qè~k c}ida` kp ~`yp`dk$ Bé i q}iei ê k ekak lkek qio

hj|qü}ji ` ~`}|kdic`d| i~i}`lè ~i}i k o`jqk} kp `|~`lqiak} ~k} e`jk a` q`xqk/ fjoe` kp ~`ãi$

Xivj`} (=>><* oèm}i ijdai yp` pei hj|qü}ji ~ka` |`} lkdqiai a` vé}ji| fk}ei|/ ~k}qidqk/

pei fémpoi ~ka` |`} lkd|q}påai ~k} jdòe`}i| q}iei|/ lke aj|qjdqi| fk}ei| a` aj|~k|jãìk aàiak| ` k}cidjriãìk ak qè~k$



=0

Bilyp`| Ipekdq/ ̀ e I @|qêqjli ak Fjoe`/ i~}`|`dqi a` pe ekak mè loi}k/ pei a`fjdjãìk a`

di}}iqjvi2 ‟($$$* ê k `dpdljiak è |pi eiq`}jiojaia`/ k q`xqk di}}iqjvk yp` |` `dli}}`ci ai

hj|qü}ji i |`} lkdqiai ($$$* dk ljdèi/ lke~}``da` jeic`d|/ ~ioiv}i|/ e`dãð`| `|l}jqi|/ }påak|

` eò|jli/ k yp` bé qk}di i k}cidjriãìk ai di}}iqjvi fåoejli eij| lke~o`xi― (IPEKDQ/ =>>3/

~$9>6*$

Dk ljdèi/ i líe`}i qè k ~i~ò a` di}}iak}/ pei v`r yp` a`fjd` k ídcpok/ i aj|qídlji ` i|

ekaiojaia`| ak kohi} yp` ~k|q`}jk}e`dq` |ìk |pme`qjai| i kpq}i| `|lkohi| vjdai| ai

ekdqicè yp` a`fjdj}é i k}aè fjdio ai l`di$ Ik lkdq}é}jk ak qìq}k/ dk ljdèi ê ~k||åvò i

`x~id|ìk ak| `|~iãk|/ ioêe a` fir`} a`|oklie`dqk| `|~iljij| `vjqidak k qêajk ak `|~`lqiak}$

î}i Xivj`} (9::9*/ k ljdèi ê i òdjli i}q` yp` lkd|`cp` q}id|~k}qi} k `|~`lqiak} ~i}i a`dq}k

ak fjoe`$ Dk ljdèi/ i líe`}i li}}`ci k `|~`lqiak} ~i}i i hj|qü}ji ` qpak yp` k ~`}|kdicè

vâ qiemêe vèk|/ ~k}qidqk `|q`| dìk ~}`lj|ie dk| lkdqi} k yp` |`dqè/ ~kj| pei v`r yp`

`|qiek| v`dak k yp` k| ~`}|kdic`d| v`è qiemêe `|qiek| |`dqjdak$

K| ~oidk| ljdèiqkc}éfjlk|/ kp |`bi/ i aj|qídlji `dq}` i líe`}i ` k kmb`qk fjoeiak |ìk

}`lp}|k| `||`dljij| ai di}}iqjvi fåoejli$ A` ilk}ak lke Mjohi}jdhk (9::6*/ ò`| |` ajvjaèè2

i* ~oidk a` c}ida` lkdbpdqk “ li~qiãìk a` ie~oi }ìojaia` `|~iljio/ k iemj`dq` ai iãìk7

m* ~oidk a` lkdbpdqk “ vi}jidq` ak ~oidk a` c}ida` lkdbpdqk lke e`dk} ie~ojqpa`7

l* ~oidk a` e`jk%lkdbpdqk “ ojejqiãìk ak iemj`dq` ~i}i jdq}kapãìk ak| ~`}|kdic`d|7

a* ~oidk eêajk “ âdfi|` di| ~`}|kdic`d| è a`q}je`dqk ak iemj`dq`7

`* ~oidk ie`}jlidk “ fklk a` akj| kp q}â| ~`}|kdic`d| î ioqp}i ak bkòhk kp ~òk e`jk ai

~`}di7

f* e`jk%~}je`j}k ~oidk “ fjxiãìk ai ~`}|kdicè ak e`jk ak lk}~k7

c* ~}je`j}k ~oidk % i ~`}|kdicè vj|qi a` ~`}qk/ jeicè i~}``dajai iljei ak mp|qk7

h* ~}je`j}å||jek ~oidk “ }ìol` a` pei fj|jkdkeji/ kmb`qk kp a`qioh`$

K| ~oidk| ~kaè |`} a` iãìk jdq`}jk}/ `xq`}jk} ` lko`qjvi kp lü|ejli/ qidqk ak ~kdqk a` vj|qi

`|qêqjlk ypidqk a}ieéqjlk$ Lkdfk}e` `x~ojli k l}åqjlk a` ljdèi Li}ok| K}qjr (9:1:*/ k|

~oidk| a` iãìk jdq`}jk} (e`jk%~}je`j}k ~oidk/ ~}je`j}k ~oidk ` ~}je`j}å||jek ~oidk*



=6

a`|qjdie%|` i }`vòi} k `|qiak a` `|~å}jqk ` èkãð`| ak| ~`}|kdic`d|$ K| ~oidk| a` iãìk

`xq`}jk} (~oidk ie`}jlidk/ ~oidk eêajk ` ~oidk a` e`jk%lkdbpdqk* i~}`|`dqie k| ekvje`dqk|

ak| iqk}`|$ @ k| ~oidk| a` iãìk lko`qjvi kp lü|ejli (~oidk| a` c}ida` lkdbpdqk ` a` lkdbpdqk*

vj|ie ek|q}i} k `|~iãk ` |pi| ~`}|~`lqjvi|/ ~k||jmjojqidak k| ekvje`dqk| lko`qjvk|$

Li~prrk (9::>* }`||ioqi yp` k| ~oidk| a` fjoeicè |ü qâe |`dqjak |` mè li|iak| lke |`p

idq`l`||k} ` ~k|q`}jk}e`dq` lke k yp` k |plà`}é$ Dk ljdèi/ k lkdbpdqk a` ~oidk| ê

a`dkejdiak a` |`ypâdlji ` `|qi/ ~k} |pi v`r/ q}imiohi lke òè`dqk| ajv`}|k| ai ojdcpicè

ljdèiqkc}éfjli lkek/ ~k} `xè~ok/ i ekdqicè$

I| ekdqic`d| `}ie lkd|q}påai| a` vé}ji| fk}ei|$ Qådhi%|` i lhieiai ‟ekdqicè

a`|l}jqjvi―/ lkd|ja`}iai i e`dk| iq}iqjvi ` i eij| f}ji/ a`|l}`v`dak |je~o`|e`dq` i|

~}k~k|jãð`| ak }kq`j}k$ Hivji qiemêe i ‟ekdqicè ajioêqjli―/ a`f`dajai ~òk ljdì|qi

\`}cp`j @j|`d|q`jd/ è yp` i ~}je`j}i jeicè |`}vji lkek q`|`/ |`cpjai a` pei |`cpdai yp`

|`}vji lkek idqåq`|` `/ fjdioe`dq`/ a` pei q`}l`j}i/ lkek |ådq`|`$

I| |`ypâdlji| ljdèiqkc}éfjli| qiemêe i~}`|`dqie iocpei| vi}jidq`|$ A` ilk}ak lke

Mjohi}jdhk (9::6*/ i| |`ypâdlji| |`cpè%|` k}i im}p~qie`dq`/ kp |`bi/ ~k} e`jk ak lk}q` a`pei l`di i kpq}i |è ypioyp`} jdq`}}p~ãìk7 k}i lke jdq`}viok| dk| ypij| i q}id|jãìk ai| l`di|

ê f`jqi ~òi a`dkejdiai lk}qjdi/ j|qk ê/ pei ojdhi yp` |` a`|okli di qòi$ Kp/ ijdai/ eàjidq`

aj||kovâdlji/ ~}klàjai è2

9* d`c}k ( fia`%kpq */ lke ~ipoiqjdk `|lp}`lje`dqk ai jeicè7

=* loi}k kp loi}ìdak ( fia`%jd*/ lke |`p ~}kc}`||jvk i~i}`lje`dqk iq}ivê|

ai qòi `|lp}i7<* `dliaìai kp ~k} fp|ìk ` |p~`}~k|jãìk ( fkdap `dlhijdê */ |p}cjdak i

dkvi jeicè ypidak i iqpio ijdai dìk a`|i~i}`l`p$

K ipqk} `x~ojli ijdai yp` i ~kdqpiãìk ljdèiqkc}éfjli `|qé aj}`qie`dq` }òiljkdiai eàjidq`

`||`| }`lp}|k|/ kp |`bi/ eàjidq` lk}q`/ lk}qjdi ` aj||kovâdlji| è d`c}k kp `dliaìai/ ioêe

ak loi}ìe`dqk$ @emk}i `xj|qie qkai| `||i| ~k||jmjojaia`|/ k p|k ak |ke dk ljdèi ê ~`ãi

a` |pei je~k}qídlji ~i}i |` ~kq`dljiojri} pei ojdcpicè ~}k~k|qi ` ~i}i ~kdqpi} k fjoe`$



=3

A` ilk}ak lke Ei}lò Ei}qjd (9:6<*/ k a`|`dvkovje`dqk ai di}}iqjvi |` f`r ~òi a`|lkm`}qi

~}kc}`||jvi a` ~}kl`||k| a` `x~}`||ìk fåoejli liai v`r eij| òimk}iak| ` iq}ivê| ak

i~`}f`jãkie`dqk ai ekdqicè$ \`cpdak I}iòbk (=>>=*/ c}ida` ~i}q` ai `vkopãìk ai di}}iqjvi

dk| fjoe`| |` a`v` ik dk}q`%ie`}jlidk Aivja Si}g C}jffjqh/ `x%iqk} a` qìq}k$ @o` fkj k

~jkd`j}k è }ìojri} l`di| lke líe`}i è ekvje`dqk/ lkdh`ljai| lkek q}ivòojdc$

C}jffjqh lkdq}jmpjp ~i}i yp` k qìq}k |` aj|qjdcpj||` ak ljdèi/ ~kj| mp|lkp lkdv`dl`} k|

iqk}`| a` yp` pe ~oidk eij| ~}üxjek ak }k|qk dìk `}i epqjoiãìk ak lk}~k/ ei|/ ik lkdq}é}jk/

}`||ioqivi i jdq`dãìk a}ieéqjli$ I ekdqicè ~i}ioòi ê kpq}i li}ilq`}å|qjli ai di}}iqjvi

loé||jli yp`/ i~`|i} a` bé q`} |jak iai~qiai ~i}i k ljdèi ~k} @asjd \$ ^k}q`}/ è 9:></ dk

fjoe` K C}ida` ]kpmk ak Q}è/ fkj i~`}f`jãkiai ~k} C}jffjqh idk| eij| qi}a`$

@||` qj~k a` ekdqicè eidj~poivi k qè~k/ aidak i dkãìk a` iãð`| |jepoqídì|

ilkdq`l`dak ~i}ioòie`dq` di hj|qü}ji “ k yp` `|qimò`lji }òiãð`| je~k}qidq`| `dq}` i|

|`ypâdlji|$ Qpak a`v`}ji |`} }ìojriak a` fk}ei ‟jdvj|åvò―/ kp |`bi/ i qêldjli `}i epjqk mè

`x`lpqiai/ ~}klp}idak |`cpj} i oücjli ak kohi}/ yp` dìk }`vòivi k lüajck ljdèiqkc}éfjlk/

`dvkov`dak k ~òmojlk di q}iei$

\`cpdak \kpri (=>>0*/ i oücjli ak kohi} k}j`dqivi a` pei fk}ei ajaéqjli k `|~`lqiak}/

`|qjepoidak%k i ilke~idhi} i hj|qü}ji$ C}jffjqh qiemêe a`|`dvkov`p `|q}iqêcji| ~i}i }ìoãi}

kmb`qk|/ iãð`| ` c`|qk| ~`}qjd`dq`| î q}iei$ Iq}ivê| ai i~}kxjeiãìk ak| ~oidk|/ `}ie

`|qimò`ljai| }òiãð`|/ il}`|l`dqidak viok}`| èkljkdij| î |`ypâdlji$

K `|~`lqiak} vji iypjok yp` k aj}`qk} yp`}ji ek|q}i} ` k aj}`qk} ek|q}ivi iypjok yp` `}i

~`}qjd`dq` î hj|qü}ji$ Pei ai| li}ilq`}å|qjli| `dlkdq}iai| ~i}qjlpoi}e`dq` dk| fjoe`| dk}q`%

ie`}jlidk| yp` |`cpè i `|q}pqp}i loé||jli ê i fioqi ak| lhieiak| ‟qè~k| ek}qk|―/

`dfiqjridak i~`di| iãð`| yp` lk}}kmk}è ~i}i i fopja`r ai hj|qü}ji di}}iai “ diai ê c}iqpjqk$

<$= Ekdqicè ` `|q}pqp}i ai di}}iqjvi dk ljdèi

I ekdqicè ê k eij| `|~`låfjlk fpdaie`dqk ai ojdcpicè ljdèiqkc}éfjli/ òi ê i

‟k}cidjriãìk ak| ~oidk| a` pe fjoe` è l`}qi| lkdajãð`| a` k}aè ` qè~k― (EI]QJD/

9:6</ ~$99=*$ I aj|qjdãìk `dq}` ekdqicè%di}}iqjvi ` ekdqicè%`x~}`||ìk a`v` |`} iviojiai$I ~}je`j}i `|qé }òiljkdiai ik i|~`lqk |je~o`| ` aj}`qk ai ekdqicè/ bpdqidak ` aidak



=8

|`ypâdlji i pei hj|qü}ji/ oücjli/ epjqi| v`r`| l}kdkoücjli/ kpq}i| dìk ` ~oidk$ Bé i

ekdqicè%`x~}`||ìk bp|qi~ð`%|` dk ~oidk q`dak lkek fjdiojaia` ~}kaprj} pe `f`jqk aj}`qk i

~i}qj} ai| jeic`d|/ vj|i `x~}jej} pe |`dqje`dqk$

K }jqek ai di}}iqjvi ê `|qimò`ljak iq}ivê| ai ekdqicè/ fk}eiojridak k `|~iãk ` k qè~k

di}}iqjvk$ Ap}idq` i| fjoeic`d|/ k aj}`qk} |` ~}`klp~i lke k| }`lp}|k| `x~}`||jvk|/ lke i|

ajv`}|i| o`dq`|$ K }jqek ai di}}iqjvi ê kmqjak iq}ivê| a` pe `|~iãk/ pe qè~k ` pe

ekvje`dqk$ ^ka`%|` aj|qjdcpj} `||i li}ilq`}å|qjli è akj| qj~k|2 ]jqek aèi}liak

(ekdqicè jdq`}di* ̀ ]jqek fk}eio (i}qjlpoiãìk ak| ~oidk|*$

Lim` î ekdqicè ai} pe qke a` diqp}iojaia` }ìoj|qi ik fjoe`/ fk}eiojri} k| viok}`| vj}qpij|` a`|lkm}j} i||kljiãð`| dìk ~}`vj|qi| dk }kq`j}k ~i}i ipe`dqi} i| ~k||jmjojaia`|

ljdèiqkc}éfjli| ak fjoe`$ ‟Pe `}}k fiqio dk ~}kl`||k ê `dli}i} i `qi~i ai ekdqic è lkek

pei e`}i |`ypâdlji ojdì} a` ~oidk| yp` vìk |`dak i}qjlpoiak| dpei k}aè dpeê}jli―

(O@KD@/ =>>0/ ~$<1*$

^à}k Bpdyp`j}i ]`j| Li|qidh`j}i ljqi è |pi ekdkc}ifji I }`jdv`dãìk ak| ep|jlij| ak

|êlpok XXJ2 pe `|qpak |km}` i| epaidãi| ljdèiqkc}éfjli| ak câd`}k k q}imiohk a` líe`}iè pe fjoe`$ Di| ~ioiv}i| aò`2

Idioj|i} k q}imiohk a` líe`}i a` pe fjoe` `dvkov` vé}jk| i|~`lqk|2 k eid`bk ai~}ü~}ji líe`}i (qkeiai| a` hòjlü~q`}k kp c}pi ~kaè q}id|fk}ei} pe fjoe` dpeii~}`|`dqiãìk i}qå|qjli/ ~k} `xè~ok*/ k qj~k a` ~òålpoi pqjojriai (~}`qk ` m}idlk/iqpioe`dq` ê pqjojriak ~i}i li}ilq`}jri} k ~i||iak*/ k ídcpok (pei qkeiai a` ~kdqka` vj|qi/ i||pejdak i ~k|jãìk lk}}`|~kda`dq` î ak iqk}/ ~i}i k `|~`lqiak} v`} lkek| kohk| ak ~`}|kdicè*/ i ~}kfpdajaia`/ k fk}eiqk ai qòi/ k `dypia}ie`dqk ` kekvje`dqk (LI\QIDH@J]I/ =>>:/ ~$=9*

A` ilk}ak lke Fémjk Ap}ida (=>>:* `xj|qè ljdlk qj~k| a` ekvje`dqk| lke i líe`}i2

9* îdk}íejli % ]kqiãìk ai líe`}i è qk}dk a` |`p `jxk hk}jrkdqio (~i}i ljei ` ~i}i

mijxk* kp v`}qjlio (~i}i pe kp kpq}k oiak*7

=* Lhjlkq` % Pei ~idk}íejli epjqk }é~jai7

<* Q}ivòojdc % A`|oklie`dqk ai líe`}i$ ^ka` |`} ~i}i f}`dq` (jd*/ ~i}i q}é| (kpq*/ ~i}i

ljei/ ~i}i mijxk/ ~i}i k| oiak| kp lkemjdiak7



=:

1* Rkke % Ioq`}iãìk c}iapio/ a`dq}k a` pe e`|ek ~oidk/ ak ídcpok a` vj|ìk$ Lhiei%|`

rkke%jd ypidak `|q` ajejdpj ` rkke%kpq ypidak ipe`dqi7

0* Q}ivòjdc ' Rkke % Lkemjdiãìk ak| ekvje`dqk| a`|l}jqk| iljei/ dk}eioe`dq` è

|`dqjak| jdv`}|k|$

I di}}iqjvi loé||jli hkoozskkajidi dk}eioe`dq` qè i |`cpjdq` `|q}pqp}i2 ~}je`j}ie`dq`/

i~}`|`dqi k lkdq`xqk (pei ljaia /̀ kp pe mij}}k/ è pei aiai ê~kli/ ~k} `xè~ok* è yp` k|

`v`dqk| vìk |` ai} ` k| ~`}|kdic`d| yp` `|qi}ìk `dvkovjak|7 a`~kj|/ |p}c` pei q`d|ìk `dq}`

`|q`| ~`}|kdic`d| yp` qiemêe |` q}iapr dk `|qimò`lje`dqk a` kmb`qjvk|7 è |`cpjai/ k|

~`}|kdic`d| |` }òiljkdie di q`dqiqjvi a` iqjdcj} |`p| kmb`qjvk| ` a`|`dvkovè `|qi q`d|ìk iqê

pe ~kdqk a` loåeix/ dk ypio òi |` a`|`d}koi ` k fjoe` |` lkdlopj lke k iolidl` kp dìk ak|kmb`qjvk| `|qimò`ljak|$

Mk}asòo (=>>0* idioj|i k| i|~`lqk| ai di}}iqjvi dk ljdèi loé||jlk hkoozskkajidk$ K ipqk}

lkd|ja`}i q}â| i|~`lqk| di di}}iqjvi fåoejli2 i }`~}`|`dqiãìk/ i `|q}pqp}i ` k iqk$ @o` ijdai

`x~ojli yp` i di}}iqjvi ~ka` |`} `|qpaiai lkek }`~}`|`dqiãìk2 a` ekak yp` |` }`f`}`

|jcdjfjliãìk i pe lkdbpdqk a` ja`ji|7 ypidak `|qpaiai lkek `|q}pqp}i2 k ekak lkek |`p|

òè`dqk| |` lkemjdie ~i}i l}ji} pe qkak ajf`}`dljiak7 k iqk lkek ~}kl`||k ajdíejlk aì~}`|`dqiãìk a` pei hj|qü}ji i pe }`l`~qk}$

I `|q}pqp}i di}}iqjvi loé||jli ak| ep|jlij| ~k||påi pe lüajck `|~`låfjlk/ kmb`qjvidak k

`dvkovje`dqk ak `|~`lqiak}/ iq}ivê| a` pei |`ypâdlji oücjli ai| iãð`| ~i}i lk}}`|~kda`}è

î oücjli ak kohi}$ \`cpdak Li~prrk (9:::*/ k ljdèi jdap|q}jio k~qkp ~k} pei a}ieiqp}cji

yp` `|qimò`l`p dk lkdfojqk i mi|` a` |pi i}qjlpoiãìk$ î}i qio/ aj}`ljkdi k kohi} ak

`|~`lqiak}/ jd|j|q` dk }`lk}q` ai jeicè/ il}`|l`dqi k |ke è lkdq}i~kdqk/ ` i}qjlpoi ijeicè |kdk}jriai lke kpq}i| jeic`d|/ ~}klp}idak pei è~iqji jeàjiqi lke k ~òmojlk$

\`cpdak Aidjò Aizid (=>>0*/ dk `|qjok loé||jlk/ i qêldjli ljdèiqkc}éfjli fpdljkdi lkek

v`ålpok ~i}i i hj|qü}ji ` ò` dìk a`v` |`} ~`}l`mjak/ k `|~`lqiak} a`v` lkd|q}pj} `|~iãk `

qè~k lk`}`dq`|/ kda` i hj|qü}ji vij ~i}`l`} lkdqi} i |j e`|ei$ J|qk |` i~kji è pe lkdbpdqk

ojejqiak a` lüajck| yp` |` qk}di}ie lk}}jyp`j}k/ a`vjak ik lk|qpe` ak `|~`lqiak} lke ò`|$

C}jffjqh lkemjdkp i| qêldjli| a` ekdqicè ` lkd|q}pãìk a` ~oidk dk| fjoe`| K Di|lje`dqk

a` pei Diãìk (Qh` mj}qh kf i diqjkd/ 9:90* ` Jdqko`}ídlji ( Jdqko`}idl`/ 9:96*$ @o` ~`|ypj|kp



<>

`|~`ljioe`dq` ~k||jmjojaia`| a` `dypia}ie`dqk yp` f}ice`dqivie dìk |ü k `|~iãk/ ei|

qiemêe k lk}~k/ `dypia}idak iqk}`| ai ljdqp}i ~i}i ljei/ k yp` }`||ioqi}ji `x~}`||ð`| filjij|

ai| èkãð`|$

A` ilk}ak lke Xivj`} (=>><*/ k ljdì|qi }p||k @j|`d|q`jd lkdq}jmpjp epjqk ~i}i i q`k}ji ak

ljdèi/ jdkvidak ` q}ir`dak ~i}i |`p| fjoe`| pei ~k|qp}i aj|lp}|jvi/ è yp` k di}}iak} firji

k p|k a` lke`dqé}jk|/ jdq`}vjdak dk fopxk ai hj|qü}ji$ @o` firji p|k ak eêqkak a`dkejdiak

‟ekdqicè v`}qjlio― % a`|qilidak k |ke |jdl}kdjriak lke i jeicè ` l}jidak pe q}iqie`dqk

a}ieéqjlk ~}kaprjak ~òi ~}`|`dãi |jepoqídì a` pei ‟l`di `xq`}di― vj|åvò ` a` pei ‟vkr

jdq`}jk}―/ `x~}`||idak k ekvje`dqk |pmb`qjvk/ k lkdfojqk ~|jlkoücjlk%ek}io vjvjak ~òk

~`}|kdicè$

@j|`d|q`jd (9::>*/ è |`p i}qjck ‟Ajlg`d|/ C}jffjqh ` Dü|― dk ojv}k I fk}ei ak fjoe /̀ ifj}ei

yp` k eij| ~ka`}k|k fiqk} di km}i a` C}jffjqh `|qivi dk |`p eêqkak a` ekdqicè/ ` yp` `|q`

eêqkak hivji lh`ciak i ò` iq}ivê| ai km}i ak `|l}jqk} }keidlj|qi Lhi}o`| Ajlg`d|$ C}jffjqh

ek|q}i è |`p| fjoe`| iq}ivê| ak| ojv}k| a` Ajlg`d| yp` ê ~k||åvò di}}i} `v`dqk| a` pei

eid`j}i dìk%ojdì}$ Fkj bp|qie`dq` `|q` k i}cpe`dqk ak aj}`qk} ie`}jlidk bpdqk ik|

`x`lpqjvk| ai Mjkc}i~h/ kda` ò` ~}kaprji k| fjoe`|/ ypidak ò`| oh` aj||`}ie yp` dìk |`~ka`}ji lkdqi} hj|qü}ji| a`|qi fk}ei$ ^}kvkp%|` yp` |` ~ka`$

Dk e`|ek q`xqk/ @j|`d|q`jd `xioqi i lkdq}jmpjãìk a` C}jffjqh ~i}i k a`|`dvkovje`dqk ak

ljdèi |kvjêqjlk/ |`p h`}a`j}k/ kda`/ |`cpdak ò`/ i ekdqicè q`}ji k |`p p|k ‟qkqio/

lke~o`qk ` lkd|lj`dq`― ` ‟k }`lkdh`lje`dqk epdajio―$ Ê ~i}qjlpoi}e`dq` jdq`}`||idq` k fiqk

a` @j|`d|q`jd i||klji}/ ` ~ici} q}jmpqk/ ik ljdèi dk}q`%ie`}jlidk/ di fjcp}i a` C}jffjqh/ k |`p

ljdèi ` k ljdèi |kvjêqjlk/ yp` q`v` |`p l}`|lje`dqk ` ieiap}`lje`dqk jdq}jd|`lie`dqòjciak ik| jdq`}`||`| ~koåqjlk| ak @|qiak |kljioj|qi |kvjêqjlk/ è pe q`xqk `|l}jqk è 9:1</

~kplk idq`| ak qê}ejdk ai \`cpdai Cp`}}i Epdajio$ Di| ~ioiv}i| a` @j|`d|q`jd/

K yp` dk| iq}iåi dìk `}ie i~`di| k| fjoe`|/ ei| qiemêe |pi| ~k||jmjojaia`|$ W$$$U kqè~`}ie`dqk ` qè~k jojejqiak| a`||i| km}i| |p}~}``da`dq`| a` pe ~iå|a`|lkdh`ljak dk| o`vi}ie i eàjqi} |km}` i| ~k||jmjojaia`| a` pe p|k ~}kfpdak/jdqòjc`dq`/ lke |`dqjak a` loi||`/ a`|q` ei}ivjohk|k jd|q}pe`dqk$ I fjcp}i eij||àpqk}i `}i C}jffjqh/ ~k}yp` fkj è |pi| km}i| yp` k ljdèi |` f`r |`dqj} lkek eij|ak yp` pe `dq}`q`dje`dqk kp ~i||iqè~k$ K| m}johidq`| dkvk| eêqkak| ak ljdèi

dk}q`%ie`}jlidk `}ie vjdlpoiak| dò` i pei ~}kfpdai èkãìk ai hj|qü}ji/ î iqpiãìkhpeidi/ ik }j|k ` oéc}jei|$ W$$$U k ljdèi ~ka`}ji |`} jdlke~i}ivòe`dq` eòhk}/fiqk a` j|qk q`} |jak i qi}`fi mé|jli ak ljdèi |kvjêqjlk fok}`|l`dq` “ fkj `|mkãiak



<9

~i}i dü| ~òi km}i l}jiqjvi a` C}jffjqh/ ` `dlkdq}kp liai v`r eij| lkdfj}eiãìk è|`p| fjoe`| (@J\@D\Q@JD/ 9::>/ ~$ 93:*$

Ei}qjd (9:6<* il}àjqi yp` C}jffjqh ` @j|`d|q`jd fk}ie k| eijk}`| }`|~kd|év`j| ~òi `vkopãìkai di}}iqjvi ljdèiqkc}éfjli$ I ekdqicè di di}}iqjvi hkoozskkajidi loé||jli `|qimò`l`

}òiãð`| `dq}` di}}iak}`|/ ~`}|kdic`d| ` `|~`lqiak}$ @|qi }òiãìk dìk mp|li |ke`dq`

‟`|lkda`}― k ~}kl`||k fåoejlk iq}é| a` pei lk}qjdi a` diqp}ioj|ek/ ei| lkd|q}pj} |`dqjak è

qk}dk a` `|~iãk| ` lkdq`xqk$

^òo`c}jdj (=>><*/ ~k} e`jk ai lpoqp}i lkdqè~k}ídì/ fir pe ~idk}iei ai| }òiãð`| `dq}` i

di}}iqjvi v`}mio ` vj|pio ~}`|`dq`| dk ljdèi/ qò`vj|ìk/ qò`dkvòi| `ql$ A` ilk}ak lke iipqk}i/ i jeicè `|qé î f}`dq` ak q`xqk `|l}jqk$ K ljdèi ` i| qò`dkvòi|/ ~}kapqk| lpoqp}ij|

a` féljo il`||k fir`dak p|k a` di}}iqjvi| vj|pij| cidhie di ~}`f`}âdlji ak ck|qk ak ~òmojlk

è }òiãìk i di}}iqjvi| ojq`}é}ji|$

\`cpdak ^òo`c}jdj/ qkai di}}iqjvi `|qé ~}`|`dq` di }`~}`|`dqiãìk ai iãìk/ k}cidjriai è pe

a`q`}ejdiak `d}àk$ Di| ~ioiv}i| ai ipqk}i/

W$$$U hé pei lk}}`dq` fopjai a` fiqk| ojdcpj|qjlie`dq` òimk}iak| a` ilk}ak lke i`x~`}jâdlji ~`}l`~qjvi a` pe di}}iak}2 i |pl`||ìk a`||`| fiqk| |` fir ~k} e`jk akaj|lp}|k/ yp` ~k} |pi v`r ê pei |`l`||ìk a` `dpdljiak| ~k|qk| è |`ypâdlji(^@OO@C]JDJ/ =>></ ~$ 93*$

Dk ljdèi/ k qè~k ê ~}``dlhjak a` fk}ei ~}iqjlie`dq` jdvj|åvò/ lke~k|qk ~k} pei

|`ypâdlji a` jeic`d| vj|åv`j|/ lkdq`dak k idq`|/ k ap}idq` ` k a`~kj| è jeic`d| ajdíejli|/

ik lkdq}é}jk ai fkqkc}ifji$

‟W$$$U ê pe opci}%lkepe ajr`} yp` k ekvje`dqk ai jeicè/ kp i jeicè èekvje`dqk/ ~k} e`jk ak ljdèi/ }`vòi}ji/ a` fk}ei lkdl}`qi/ ~òi ~}je`j}i v`r/ ijd|`~i}imjojaia` a` qè~k ` `|~iãk/ ek|q}idak i }òiqjvjaia` ai| api| liq`ck}ji|/ kyp` `x`}lji `dk}e` jdfopâdlji dk| ekak| ojq`}é}jk| a` di}}i}― (^@OO@C]JDJ/ =>></~$98*$

A`|qi fk}ei/ ê je~k||åvò aj|qjdcpj} k| akeådjk| ak ~`}l`mjak/ kp |`bi/ k ‟`|~iãk jeicêqjlk―

` k ak |`dqjak kp jeicjdiak/ k qè~k$ I ipqk}i ijdai }`||ioqi yp` i líe`}i ljdèiqkc}éfjli ê

~`ãi lhiv` ypidqk ik| `f`jqk| ak pdjv`}|k ~`}l`~qjvk vj|pio/ ~kj| ic` lkek pe kohk

e`lídjlk ojv}` ai jekmjojaia` ak ~kdqk a` vj|qi hpeidk/ }`fo`qjdak di di}}iqjvi eka`}di



<=

lke qêldjli| a` ekdqicè ` bp|qi~k|jãìk$ J||k fkj pei c}ida` lkdypj|qi ak ljdèi yp`

a`|`dlia`kp pei ‟epaidãi a` lkdl`jqk a` qè~k ` ai `x~`}jâdlji ai }ìojaia`/ è vj}qpa`

ai| lkdajãð`| `lkdñejlk%|kljij| ` lpoqp}ij| `|~`låfjli|/ i ~i}qj} ak fje ak |êlpok XJX―

(^@OO@C]JDJ/ =>></ ~$9:*$

I ‟`|~iljiojriãìk ak qè~k― kp i ‟qè~k}iojriãìk ak `|~iãk― lkdypj|qiai| ~òi líe`}i hé

eij| a` lè idk| ~`}ejqj}ie yp` hkb`/ di| di}}iqjvi| lkdqè~k}ídì|/ i| }ìojaia`|

fjlljkdioe`dq` }`~}`|`dqiai| fk||è òdjli|/ eij| ajdíejli| ` ~op}ij|/ lke k ~ka`} a` jdlopj}

‟epdak| ~k||åv`j|― è a`q`}ejdiak qè~k ` `|~iãk$

Di| di}}iqjvi| lkdqè~k}ídì|/ yp` ajiokcie lke i qò`vj|ìk/ eijk} }`|~kd|évò ~òi`|~`qilpoi}jriãìk ai vjai ` ~òi |àpãìk ak jdajvåapk/ i| ~`}|kdic`d| ~i||i}ie i |`}

ekoaiai| ‟î jeicè ` |èòhidãi a` pe dkvk |pb`jqk/ mi|jlie`dq` p}midk/ himjqidq` ak|

c}ida`| l`dq}k| ` ~}kapqk a` pe lke~o`xk ~}kl`||k è yp` i }`~}`|`dqiãìk ai| }òiãð`|

|kljij| }`yp`} i eàjiãìk a` pei q`dqilpoi} `|q}pqp}i lkepdjliljkdio fk}eiai ~òi eåaji `

~òi }ìojaia`― (^@OO@C]JDJ/ =>></ ~$<9*$

<$< I lkd|q}pãìk ai di}}iqjvi iq}ivê| ai| eò|jli|

A` ilk}ak lke iocpd| q`ü}jlk|/ i eò|jli ljdèiqkc}éfjli ê pei fk}ei a` e`d|icè

ioqie`dq` lkajfjliai$ ‟\pi| dkqi| ` liaâdlji ~i}`lè i~òi} ~i}i iock yp` qèk| —cpi}aiak‛

è dk||k jdq`}jk}/ a`|`dliaìdak i }`|~k|qi èkljkdio lk}}`qi dk eke`dqk i~}k~}jiak―

(OILG i~pa F]@J]@ AI LK\QI/ =>>3/ ~$ 1=*$

K ~`|ypj|i} Fémjk F}`j}` ai Lk|qi/ è |pi q`|` a` e`|q}iak ^kêqjli ak ^k~2 i eò|jli lkek}`lp}|k di}}iqjvk dk ljdèi lkdqè~k}íd`k/ ifj}ei yp`

W$$$U i eò|jli lkdqjdpi |`cpjdak pei |ê}j` a` lkdv`dãð`| `|qimò`ljai| ~òk ekakloé||jlk a` di}}i} hkoozskkajidk ai| aêliai| a` 9:<> iqê 9:6>/ |`dak mi|jlie`dq`pqjojriai |pmk}ajdiai ik| ajéokck| ~i}i eidq`} i pdjaia` `|q}pqp}io ak| fjoe`| `jop|q}i} i iãìk/ |`cpjdak k| ~}`l`jqk| ai| ~i}qjqp}i| |jdfñdjli| ` iakqidak k o`jqekqjv

lkek ~}éqjli ~}jdlj~io (F]@J]@ AI LK\QI/ =>>3/ ~$ 1=*$

Fjoj~` \ioo`|/ è |pi aj||`}qiãìk a` e`|q}iak Jeic`d| ep|jlij| kp eò|jli vj|pio$ Pe `|qpak

|km}` i| ifjdjaia`| `dq}` k |ke ` i jeicè/ mi|ìak dk fjoe` Fidqi|ji (9:1>*/ a` Sioq



<<

Aj|d`z/ `x~ojli lkek i eò|jli ~ka` |`} i~ojliai di lkd|q}pãìk ai di}}iqjvi2 ‟W$$$U a` ilk}ak

lke k p|k ai eò|jli lkek òè`dqk di}}iqjvk/ k| fjoe`| ~kaè |`} loi||jfjliak| è api|

liq`ck}ji|2 k| yp` i pqjojrie lkek —òè`dqk lojeéqjlk‛ kp lkek —fklk ai iãìk‛― (\IOO@\/

=>>=*$

Dk li|k ak| fjoe`| ep|jlij|/ i eò|jli ê pqjojriai lkek fklk ai iãìk/ ~kj| |ìk ~}kapãð`| yp`

lkoklie i eò|jli lkek qèéqjli$ I eò|jli i}qjlpoi k a}iei/ d`||` li|k/ k `d}àk/ i iãìk `

qkai i di}}iqjvi |ìk |pmk}ajdiak| i òi/ |`dak yp` k `|~`qélpok `|qé |è~}` è ~}je`j}k opci}

` i }òiãìk ai eò|jli lke i| jeic`d| ê jdaj||kljévò$ ‟Dk| ep|jlij|/ k qè~k ` k ekvje`dqk

|ìk lkk}a`diak| ~òk }jqek ai| lidãð`| ` ai aidãi ` qpak cj}i è qk}dk ak `| ~`qélpok―

(OILG i~pa F]@J]@ AI LK\QI/ =>>3/ ~$ 1<*$

Kpq}i ~i}qjlpoi}jaia` ak p|k ai| eò|jli| dk| fjoe`| ak câd`}k ep|jlio ê iq`dãìk a` pe

~oid`bie`dqk `dq}` k| lkdl`jqk| a` iemj`dq` |kdk}k aj`cêqjlk (yp` `|qimò`l` k l`dé}jk ` k

ck|qk ep|jlio ai| ~`}|kdic`d|* kp `xq}iaj`cêqjlk (yp` ic}`ci ajf`}`dq`| |jcdjfjliak| î|

l`di|*/ lip|idak lkdfp|ìk dk `|~`lqiak} yp`/ epjqi| v`r`|/ dìk |im` eij| ~}`lj|i} |` i

eò|jli fir ~i}q` ai iãìk kp ê pqjojriai lkek ~idk a` fpdak$ \`dak i||je/

W$$$U i| eò|jli| ~`}fk}eiqjriai| }ìoj|qjlie`dq` (i~}`|`dqiãð`| a` midai|*/ `dqkiai|a` fk}ei |jdl}kdjriai lke i| jeic`d| (~`}|kdic`d| |`dak ek|q}iak| lidqidak* kpèididak a` pei fkdq` vj|åvò di qòi ~kaè ~i||i} epjqk mè a` pe ekakaj`cêqjlk ~i}i pe `xq}iaj`cêqjlk (ik ‟viri}è― a` pei l`di ~i}i kpq}i/ ~k}

`xè~ok* |è pei ekqjviãìk i~i}`dq` (F]@J]@ AI LK\QI/ =>>3/ ~$1<*$

\`cpdak F}`j}` ai Lk|qi (=>>3* k| fjoe`| yp` i~}`|`dqie i eò|jli lkek fklk ai iãìk dìk

~}`lj|ie bp|qjfjli} |pi ~}`|`dãi/ ~kj| i ~}ü~}ji iqek|f`}i ep|jlio l}jiai ~`}ejq` yp` i eò|jli

`|q`bi ~}`|`dq` i ypioyp`} hk}i ` è ypioyp`} opci}/ dìk d`l`||jqidak a` `x~ojliãð`|$ Aiå i

}òiãìk yp` i eò|jli `|qimò`l` lke i di}}iqjvi fåoejli ` k ~òmojlk |`} ~`lpoji}/ `|q` i

`dq`da`dak lkek fk}ãi ekq}jr ak `|~`qélpok ljdèiqkc}éfjlk yp` `|qé |`dak i~}`ljiak$

Bé dk| fjoe`| dk| ypij| i eò|jli fpdljkdi lkek òè`dqk lojeéqjlk/ òi ~ka` a`|è~`dhi}

vé}ji| fpdãð`|/ a`|a` i l}jiãìk ` lke~k|jãìk ai ~}kapãìk/ iqê }àpdaidak ` }`||ioqidak `||`|

lojei|/ mè lkek li}ilq`}jridak kp `x`}l`dak k ~i~ò a` ~`}|kdic`d|/ l`dé}jk| ` ê~kli|/

lkd|qjqpjdak k }jqek ai àjãìk ` iqpidak lkek pe òk di}}iqjvk di }`~}`|`dqiãìkljdèiqkc}éfjli$



<1

Ei}qjd (9:6<* i~kdqi q}â| liq`ck}ji| a` fpdãð`| `||`dljij| d`||i fk}ei a` pqjojriãìk ai

eò|jli ~òk ljdèi2 k ~i~ò }åqejlk/ a}ieéqjlk ` k oå}jlk$ K ~}je`j}k qè lkek fjdiojaia`

iq}jmpj} |`ypâdlji î| jeic`d|/ |pmojei} kp |pm|qjqpj} pe }påak ` }ìoãi} pe a`q`}ejdiak

ekvje`dqk kp }jqek |kdk}k kp vj|pio$ A` ilk}ak lke k ipqk}/ `||i fpdãìk `xj|q` iq}ivê| a`

pe lkdq}i~kdqk eò|jli+jeicè dk ~oidk ak ekvje`dqk ` ak }jqek/ `xjcjdak pei |je`q}ji

eêq}jli ~`}f`jqi `dq}` k }jqek vj|pio ` k }jqek |kdk}k$

\`cpdak Ei}qjd/ `||` ~i~ò ê mi|qidq` i~}k~}jiak î eò|jli/ bé yp` `|qi ` i| jeic`d| |ìk

ekvje`dqk| jd|l}jqk| dk qè~k/ `dq}`qidqk ê qiemêe mi|qidq` ojejqiak/ q`dak ~`}ajak `|~iãk

di eàjai è yp` i eò|jli a`jxkp a` |`} p|iai a` fk}ei jdjdq`}}p~qi ` ~i||kp i iqpi} eij|

aj}`qie`dq̀ di di}}iqjvi fåoejli$

Ijdai a` ilk}ak lke Ei}qjd (9:6<*/ i fpdãìk a}ieéqjli ê i eij| ajfpdajai$ @oi q}imiohi

jdq`}vjdak lkek lkdq}i~kdqk ~|jlkoücjlk ik fk}d`l`} ik `|~`lqiak} pe òè`dqk òqjo î

lke~}``d|ìk ai ‟qkdiojaia` hpeidi― ak `~j|üajk }`~}`|`dqiak$ Ê i ~i}qj} a`||i fpdãìk yp` i

eò|jli `x~}je` èkãð`|/ l}ji k iemj`dq` d`l`||é}jk ~i}i k a`|`d}koi} ai q}iei (aòjejqidak

k `|~iãk c`kc}éfjlk `+kp qè~k}io ai `|qü}ji*/ `dfiqjridak ` |p|q`dqidak pei kp eij| iãð`|/

iq}jmpjdak i liai ypio pei lkok}iãìk ~}ü~}ji$

Bé k li}éq`} oå}jlk ai eò|jli iqpi di| di}}iqjvi| lkek ~kdqpiãìk ai iãìk/ }`fk}ãidak i

a`d|jaia` a}ieéqjli a` pe eke`dqk kp a`q`}ejdiak iqk/ ‟aidak%oh` pei aje`d|ìk oå}jli

lkek |ü òi ê li~ir a` `dc`da}i}― (EI]QJD/ 9:6</ ~$ 90:*$

Kpq}i liq`ck}ji ep|jlio ê ~}k~k|qi ~òk lke~k|jqk} m}i|jo`j}k Eip}k Cjk}c`qqj (9::8*/ yp`

~i}i aj|qjdcpj} k| vé}jk| qj~k| a` eò|jli dk ljdèi iq`dqi dìk |ke`dq` ~i}i i| fpdãð`| yp`òi a`|è~`dhi/ ei| ijdai ~i}i k| }`|poqiak| kmqjak| ~òk |`p p|k ` a` yp` fk}ei òi ê

`dq`dajai ~òi ipajâdlji$

K lke~k|jqk} liq`ck}jri i eò|jli ljdèiqkc}éfjli hj`}i}ypjlie`dq` lkek2

i* ‟eò|jli a` fpdak― “ |è fjdiojaia` a`fjdjqjvi ` yp` dìk il}`|l`dqi diai i d`dhpei l`di/

ajéokck kp |jqpiãìk7

m* eò|jli ~i}i ‟~}``dlh`} virjk|― “ pqjojriai ~i}i `ypjojm}i} ~k||åv`j| a`fjljâdlji| di}}iqjvi|

a`lk}}`dq`| a` ~}kmoèi| a` fjoeicè7



<3

1 IDÉOJ\@ AK FJOE@ EIEEI EJI

1$9 E`qkakokcji

I e`qkakokcji pqjojriai ê i idéoj|` a` lkdq`òak/ ~k} e`jk ai a`lp~icè qêldjli/ ak fjoe`

Eieei Eji (=>>8*/ ep|jlio ai M}kiasiz iai~qiak ~i}i k ljdèi/ yp` qè lkek q}johi

|kdk}i lidãð`| ak c}p~k |p`lk Immi$ Fkj `|lkohjak ~i}i idéoj|` k dòe`}k ep|jlio Oiz ioo

zkp} Okv` kd e $̀ K kmb`qjvk ~}jdlj~io ê ja`dqjfjli} lkek ê lkd|q}påai i ojdcpicè ` i

di}}iqjvi ak câd`}k ljdèiqkc}éfjlk ep|jlio iq}ivê| ak| ~oidk|/ `dypia}ie`dqk|/ ídcpok|/

ekvje`dqk| ai líe`}i ` ai eò|jli$

1$= Eieei Eji

Eieei Eji ( Eieei Eji “ =>>8* ê pei lkeêaji ep|jlio iai~qiai a` pei ~`ãi ep|jlio

hkeñdjei/ aj}jcjai ~k} ^hzoojai Ookza ` `|l}jqi ~k} M`ddz Ida`}||kd ` Mbö}d Povi`p|/ `x%

jdq`c}idq`| a` pe ak| c}p~k| eij| ~k~poi}`| ak| idk| a` 9:3>/ k Immi$ K qåqpok ak fjoe`

a`}jvi ai fiek|i lidãìk a` 9:30 -Eieei Eji- ` fkj ~}kaprjak ~òi Pdjv`}|io \qpajk|$

Qidqk k fjoe` lkek k ep|jlio Eieei Eji fk}ie mi|ìak| di| eòhk}`| lidãð`| ak Immi$

Eieei Eji (=>>8* |` a`|qili ~k} |`} pei lkeêaji ep|jlio o`v`/ ~òi fkqkc}ifji fidqé|qjli/

yp` a`|qili i lk} irpo è qkai| i| qkdiojaia`|/ lkemjdidak lke k vj|pio ai| johi| c}`ci|$ I

iq}jr yp` eij| |` a`|qili ê E`}zo \q}``~/ lkd|ja`}iai pei ai| eij| qio`dqk|i| iq}jr`| a` qkak|

k| qè~k|/ ` è Eieei Eji dìk ~kaji |`} ajf`}`dq`$ Dk ep|jlio/ òi jdq }̀~}`qi Akddi/ i

eì` ai dkjvi \k~hj`/ jdq`}~}`qiai ~k} Ieidai \`zf}jà/ yp` qiemêe |` a`|qili ~k} pe

c}ida` qio`dqk ep|jlio$

K fjoe` }`q}iqi i hj|qü}ji a` \k~hj` (Ieidai \`zf}jà*/ pei bkvè yp` `|qé ~}`|q`| i |`

li|i}/ |kdhi è lkdh`l`} |`p ~ij mjkoücjlk ` ~ka`} `dq}i} lke ò` di jc}`bi dk aji ak |`p

li|ie`dqk$ K ~}kmoèi ê yp`/ ik o`} pe idqjck ajé}jk a` |pi eì` Akddi (E`}zo \q}``~*/

a`|lkm}` yp` di ê~kli è yp` |pi eì` fjlkp c}évjai/ òi qjdhi |` }òiljkdiak lke q}â|

hke`d|$ \k~hj` }`|kov` `dvji}/ è |`c}àk/ k lkdvjq` ak li|ie`dqk ~i}i k| q}â|2 \ie

Li}ejlhiò (^j`}l` M}k|did*/ Mjoo Ida`}|kd (\qòoid \gi}|ci}a* ̀ Hi}}z M}jchq (Lkojd Fj}qh*$



<8

Di| =1 hk}i| yp` idq`làè k li|ie`dqk/ qkai| i| okplp}i| lke`ãie i ilkdq`l`}$ I| api|

eòhk}`| iejci| a` \k~hj` ` i| api| eòhk}`| iejci| a` Akddi lh`cie î johi/ ` i| api|

firè pei c}ida` fi}}i lke i| iejci|/ ek|q}idak lkek eì` ` fjohi |` ~i}`lè$ I| iejci|

ai eì` ` ai fjohi ~k||pè `|qjok| qkqioe`dq` |èòhidq`| ` iojvjie i q`d|ìk qå~jli ai vê|~`}i

ak li|ie`dqk a` \k~hj`$ Iqê i hk}i è yp` i~i}`lè k| q}â| lidajaiqk| i ~ij ai bkvè dkjvi/

i~ü| ~`}a`}è i òoqjei mi}li ~i}i i johi/ lh`cie bpdqk| dk mi}lk a` Mjoo$

\k~hj` fjli a`|`|~`}iai ~i}i yp` |pi eì` dìk |` `dlkdq}` lke |`p| q}â| idqjck| diek}iak|/

`dypidqk Akddi q`dqi lkdq`} i id|jàia` a` li|i} |pi òdjli fjohi è e`jk| ik| ~}kmoèi| a`

|pi ~kp|iai di johi a` Giokgij}j$

Di dkjq` a` a`|~àjai a` |koq`j}k ak| dkjvk|/ k| q}â| lidajaiqk| ~`}l`mè yp` k

}òiljkdie`dqk lke Akddi ~ka` q`} }`|poqiak è pei fjohi/ \k~hj`$ @ |è ~`}l`m`} yp` k|

kpq}k| akj| qiemêe ~ka`}jie |`} k ~ij/ k| hke`d| lke`ãie i aj|~pqi} i bkvè dkjvi ` ~àj}

~i}i `dq}i} di jc}`bi lke òi$ @ i||je k fjoe` q}id|lk}}`/ `dq}` epjqi| lidqk}ji|/ io`c}ji `

lk}`kc}ifji| ep|jlij|/ ypi|` |è~}` mi|ìai| è ~pok| ` }kak~jk|$ I q}iei ilkdq`l` lh`ji a`

lkdfojqk|/ \k~hj` a`|`|~`}iai/ ~kj| dìk |im` ypio ak| q}â| ê |`p v`}aia`j}k ~ij/ Akddi

}ìl`da` i| lhiei| ai ~ijxìk ak ~i||iak ` k| `x%diek}iak| ~`}ajak| è e`jk î| lkdfp|ð`|$

Ik fjdio ak fjoe`/ \k~hj` ~`}l`m` yp` `|qé epjqk dkvi ~i}i |` li|i} lke \gz ` }`|kov`

iq`da`} ik ~àjak ak ieiak a`|a` k jdåljk ak fjoe`/ vjibi} ~òk epdak$ Akddi ifj}ei yp`

}ìoe`dq` dìk |im` ypè ê k v`}aia`j}k ~ij a` \k~hj` ` aèkd|q}i yp` ijdai ê i~ijxkdiai

~k} \ie Li}ejlhiò$ K iek} ê lk}}`|~kdajak ap}idq` i q}iei ` \ie ~à` Akddi è

li|ie`dqk/ i~}kv`jqidak i jc}`bi ` i f`|qi bé ekdqiai| ~i}i \k~hj` ` \gz$ @ Akddi |` li|i dk

opci} ai fjohi$

Ê je~k}qidq` oèm}i} yp` i ~}kapãìk ak }kq`j}k ak fjoe` ` yp` qkai| i| eò|jli| lidqiai|

~òk| iqk}`| |ìk ak Immi ` bé `xj|qjie a`|a` k| idk| a` 9:3>$

Fkj `|lkohjak ~i}i idéoj|` pe ak| dòe`}k| ep|jlij| eij| }keídqjlk| a` Eieei Eji (=>>8*/

yp` ek|q}i i jdqjejaia` k| dkjvk|2 \k~hj` ` \gz$ I eò|jli lidqiai ` jdq`}~}`qiai ~òk|

iqk}`| ê Oiz ioo zkp} okv` kd e`/ è ~k}qpcpâ|/ A`jx` Qkak \`p Iek} Lkejck/ oidãiai ~òk

Immi è 9:89$



<:

I l`di |` ~i||i è pei ~i}q` ai johi lke pei lkdv`}|i dk fjdio a` qi}a` `dq}` \k~hj` ` \gz$

K ekvje`dqk ai líe`}i ê `|qéqjlk/ lkek |` iocpêe `|qjv`||` fkqkc}ifidak ` k

`dypia}ie`dqk fkj f`jqk è ~oidk c`}io/ ~kj| `x~ida` i vj|ìk ak `x~`lqiak} ek|q}idak i mòi

~ij|icè ai johi$ K }i~ir ~`}cpdqi ~i}i i dkjvi kda` òi `|q`v`/ ~kj| lh`ci}ie vé}jk|

lkdvjaiak| ~i}i k li|ie`dqk ` òi hivji a`|i~i}`ljak$ I ci}kqi }`|~kda` yp` `|qivi ak kpq}k

oiak ai johi/ ei| dìk q`v` lk}icè a` }`vòi} yp` `|qivi lke k| q}â| hke`d| lidajaiqk| i |`}

|`p ~ij mjkoücjlk$

\k~hj` q`dqi aj|fi}ãi}/ epaidak a` i||pdqk$ D`|q` eke`dqk/ i líe`}i |` ekvje`dqi

~idk}iejlie`dq`/ ~}k~k}ljkdiak pe `f`jqk |pmb`qjvk/ a`jxidak yp` k `x~`lqiak} ~`}l`mi k

lkdfojqk jdq`}dk ai ~`}|kdicè$ Lkek \gz `|qivi lke iocpei| }kp~i| di eìk ` \k~hj` yp`}`|lkda`} |`p |`c}àk/ `|qi epai a` i||pdqk ` ~`}cpdqi i \gz kda` ò` vij; @o` }`|~kda` yp`

`|qé jdak ~i}i |pi f`|qi a` a`|~àjai a` |koq`j}k ` ‟m}jdli―/ ajr`dak yp` `|qi |`}é |pi òoqjei

dkjq` a` ojm`}aia`$ K ekvje`dqk `|qéqjlk ai líe`}i ` k ~}je`j}k ~oidk kp lok|`/ lkek ê

lhieiak/ ek|q}i i jdajcdiãìk ai ci}kqi/ ei| \gz `|qivi i~`di| m}jdlidak ` vkoqi iq}é| ` ajr

i \k~hj` yp` |` li|i} lke òi ê i eijk} iv`dqp}i a` |pi vjai$

Fòjr lke i| ~ioiv}i| ak dkjvk/ \k~hj` i~}kv`jqi ~i}i `dqimpoi} pei lkdv`}|i |km}` i mp|lijdlid|évò ak |`p v`}aia`j}k ak ~ij/ ei| \gz |` j}}jqi ` aj|lk}ai a` yp` òi ~}`lj|` a` pe ~ij/

~kj| bé qè pei fieåoji$ D`|q` eke`dqk/ lke`ãi i qkli} i jdq}kapãìk ai eò|jli/ |ke`dq`

jd|q}pe`dqk|$ Ijdai è ~}je`j}k ~oidk ` lke i líe`}i `|qéqjli i ci}kqi yp`|qjkdi |` k dkjvk

dpdli j}é imidakdé%oi; K }i~ir ajr yp` òi |ü ~ka` `|qi} m}jdlidak/ ~kj| \k~hj` }`vj}kp |`p

epdak ` okck a`~kj| lke`ãi i lidqi} ` jdq`}~}`qi} ik ~ê ai o`q}i2 ‟Dìk `}i ljpe`dqk idq`| a`

dk| lkdh`l`}ek|/ ick}i qkak hkeè yp` v`bk ê pei ieìãi è ~kq`dljio―$

I ~i}qj} a`|q` òoqjek lk}q`/ qè jdåljk pei |ê}j` a` ekvje`dqk| ai líe`}i è ajf`}`dq`| qj~k|

a` q}ivòojdc/ yp` lkd|j|q` a`|okli} i líe`}i jdq`j}i ~i}i q}é|/ ~i}i f}`dq`/ ~i}i k| oiak|/ ~i}i

ljei/ ~i}i mijxk/ ~ka`dak fir`} lp}vi| lke k ipxjojk a` pe li}}jdhk è ~oiqifk}ei

lkdh`ljak lkek akooz$ Lkek dk| ep|jlij| loé||jlk|/ k| ~`}|kdic`d| `x~}`||ie |`p|

|`dqje`dqk| è ajéokck| ` i}cpe`dqk| lidqiak|/ fir`dak c`|qk| ` lk}`kc}ifji| a` ilk}ak lke

i o`q}i ai eò|jli$ Lkdfk}e` k }jqek ai lidãìk/ k| iqk}`| vìk |` i~}kxjeidak/ `dl`didak `

fir`dak c`|qk| ik ~ê ai o`q}i lkek di ~i}q` ai eò|jli è yp` \k~hj` lidqi ‟ Fkj lkek iqj}i}

è pe ~iqjdhk/ pei lkdv`}|jdhi/ pe |k}}j|k/ ~}kdqk/ e` `dvkovj ―$



1>

D`|q` eke`dqk i líe`}i fkli \gz è ~oidk ie`}jlidk/ `dl`didak pe ekvje`dqk a` i}lk `

fo`lhi lkek |` `|qjv`||` il`}qidak pei fo`lhi dk ~`jqk ai ci}kqi yp` fjdc` `|qi} o`vidak i

fo`lhiai ` lke`ãi i `dciqjdhi} di i}`ji/ lke li}i a` i~ijxkdiai ` lidqidak ‟@p dìk |`j k

yp` vklâ f`r lkejck/ pei ci}kqi iapoqi dìk ~ka` |` i~ijxkdi} qìk filjoe`dq`―$

Dk ~}üxjek lk}q`/ \gz ` \k~hj` è ~}je`j}k ~oidk/ lke ekvje`dqk ai líe`}i è oiq`}io/ k|

dkjvk| a`jqiak| di i}`ji `dl`die k m`jbk }keídqjlk ap}idq` k }`f}ìk ai eò|jli2 ‟Dìk

a`|~`}ajl` |pi| èkãð`|/ a`jx` qkak k |`p iek} lkejck$ Dìk ajvjai |`p if`qk/ a`jx` qkak k

|`p iek} lkejck―$ K ekvje`dqk ` k `dypia}ie`dqk ai líe`}i epaie ~i}i k ~oidk eêajk `

a`~kj| ~idk}íejlk/ `x~idajdak pe ~kplk i vj|ìk ak ~}üxjek lk}q`/ yp` ek|q}i i jdq`}}p~ãìk

ak m`jbk/ ~kj| a` }`~`dq` |iè ak ei} i~}kxjeiaie`dq` vjdq` aidãi}jdk|/ yp` |ìk lk}j|qi|lñejlk| v`|qjak| lke lioãìk ` ~ê a` ~iqk/ yp` jdq`}~}`qie k| iejck| a` \gz$

K| }i~ir`| |iè lidqidak/ aidãidak/ fir`dak lk}`kc}ifji| `dc}iãiai|/ v`|qjak| a` |pdci `

~ê a` ~iqk/ li}}`cie k dkjvk ~i}i |pi a`|~àjai a` |koq`j}k$ Dk ~}üxjek lk}q`/ `dypidqk \gz

|` a`|~à` ai dkjvi è pe b`q |gj/ i líe`}i fir ekvje`dqk| è q}ib`qü}ji/ kp |`bi/ lkemjdi

~idk}íejli| ` q}ivòojdc| è pe e`|ei l`di$ D`|qi |`ypâdlji/ `dq}ie lk}k| fèjdjdk| dk

}`f}ìk ai eò|jli jdajlidak i epaidãi a` ~oidk ` k dòe`}k ep|jlio fjdiojri lke \k~hj`|`dak li}}`ciai ~k} |pi| iejci| bé è |pi f`|qi a` a`|~àjai$

K dòe`}k ep|jlio ~k||pj 66 lk}q`|/ aj|q}jmpåak| è i~`di| < ejdpqk| ` 9> |`cpdak|/ i

eijk}ji aò`| ilkdq`l` ypidak i l`di ~}`lj|i a` eij| vòkljaia` lkek/ ~k} `xè~ok/ ypidak

k| iejck| a` \gz jdq`}}ke~è k m`jbk }keídqjlk ak li|io ` |iè li}}`cidak k dkjvk$

K l`dé}jk ` i l`di |` ~i||ie di mòj||åei johi c}`ci a` Giokgij}j$ K| ekvje`dqk| a` líe`}ieij| pqjojriak| fk}ie Q}ivòojdc ` @|qéqjli$ @e }òiãìk ik| ~oidk|/ akj| qiemêe fk}ie k|

eij| p|iak|/ k ôidk Eêajk ` k ^}je`j}k ôidk$ K| ~`}|kdic`d| |ìk fkliak| |è a`jxi} a`

fk}i ak ídcpok i mòå||jei ~ij|icè ai johi c}`ci$ \`cp` di ~}üxjei ~écjdi i a`lp~icè

qêldjli ai l`di a`|l}jqi$



19

ôidk(d$*

Ekvje`dqkai líe`}i

@|lioiak|

ôidk|

Ídcpok a`Fjoeicè `

ajéokck

Jeicè

9 @|qéqjli ^C Dk}eio %\k~hj`2 \gz)

\gz2 \k~hj`/kda` vklâ

`|qivi;

= îdk}íejli Ê Dk}eio ` 9+1 %

\gz2 Qèlh`ciak c`dqì qi}a` qkai$

\k~hj`2 Eà`|lpo~`/ `p

`|qivi akkpq}k oiak ai

johi/

< îdk}íejli ^^ F}kdqio òiq`}io “ \k~hj`2 `

~`}aj i hk}i$Ikda` vklâ

vij;

1 @|qéqjli ^^ F}kdqio òiq`}io “ \gz2

Ê i ejdhif`|qi a`|koq`j}k$

Ejdhi òoqjeidkjq` a`

ojm`}aia`)



1=

0 @|qéqjli ^^ F}kdqio òiq`}io “

\k~hj` fjlijdajcdiai$

6 @|qéqjli Ê `^^

<+1 ` oiq`}io “ \gz2 Ê lkek

iocpei|~`||ki|

`dli}ie/ ei|~}i eje ê iòoqjei dkjq`

idq`| ai eijk}iv`dqp}i aiejdhi vjai$

3 îdk}íejli ^^ F}kdqio òiq`}io “ \k~hj`

lke`ãi i }j}$

8 @|qéqjli ^^ F}kdqio “ \k~hj`2

Oèm}i yp` `pyp`}ji ilhi}

e`p ~ij;

\gz2 \k~hj`dk| bé fioiek|

|km}` j||k$



1<

: @|qéqjli ^^ F}kdqio “ \gz2 Vklâ dìk

~}`lj|i a` ~ij$Q`e peifieåoji$

9> @|qéqjli ^^ F}kdqio “ \k~hj`2 @

vklâ dpdli vije`

imidakdi};

99 @|qéqjli ^^ F}kdqio “ \gz2 @|qé

m}jdlidak;

Vklâ }`vj}kpe`p epdak$

9= @|qéqjli ^^ F}kdqio “ \k~hj` |k}}j$



11

9< Q}ivòojdc~i}i f}`dq`

Ê @Î

Lkdq}i ôkdcâ “ \gz lidqi2

Dìk qjdhiljòe`| idq`|a` lkdh`l`}

vklâ$

91 Q}ivòojdc~i}i f}`dq`

Ê @Î

ôkdcâ “ \k~hj`

km|`}vi `|k}}j$

90 @|qéqjli Î Lkdq}i ôkdcâ “ \gz lidqi2 Ick}i qkak|

k| hke`d| yp`v`bk |ìk peiieìãi ̀ e~kq`dljio$

96 @|qéqjli Ê @Î

Lkdq}i ôkdcâ “ \gz ~poi ai

~à}i$



16

=9 @|qéqjli Î F}kdqio òiq`}io “ \gzlidqi2 Ei|j||k dìk ê

eij| v`}aia`$

== @|qéqjli ^^ F}kdqio “ \gzlidqi2 Ick}i

qpak

=< @|qéqjli ^^ F}kdqio ` <+1 “ \gz lidqi2 ê

dkvk$

=1 Q}ivòojdc ^^ F}kdqio ` <+1 “ \gz lidqi2 @

qpak k ypì~}`daj |èkajfjlkp/

je~ok}k ~i}ivklâ$



13

=0 Q}ivòojdcoiq`}io

^^ F}kdqio òiq`}io “

\k~hj` lidqi2Dìk

a`|~`}ajl`

=6 Q}ivòojdc ``|qéqjli

^^ F}kdqio òiq`}io “

\k~hj` lidqi2 |pi| èkãð`|$

A`~k|jq` qkakk |`p iek} èeje$

=3 @|qéqjli Î F}kdqio/ <+1 òiq`}io “

\k~hj` lidqi2

Fkj jcpio iiqj}i}

=8 @|qéqjli Î F}kdqio “ \k~hj`

lidqi2è pe~iqjdhk$



18

=: @|qéqjli ^^ F}kdqio “ \k~hj` lidqi2

Peilkdv`}|jdhi/pe |k}}j|k

<> @|qéqjli ^E `^I

F}kdqio “ \k~hj` lidqi2

` ~}kdqk/ e``dvkovj$

<9 @|qéqjli ^^ F}kdqio “

\k~hj` lidqi2 Ijdai dìk |`jk yp` vklâ f`r

lkejck$

<= @|qéqjli ^^ F}kdqio “ \k~hj` lidqi2 Pei epoh`}

iapoqi



1:

<< @|qéqjli Î F}kdqio “ \k~hj` lidqi2 dìk a`vji |ì~ijxkdi} qìkfiljoe`dq`$

<1 @|qéqjli `Q}ivòojdc

^^ F}kdqio “ \k~hj` lidqi2

\jdqk pe~kplk a`

eàk

<0 @|qéqjli ^^ F}kdqio òiq`}io “

\k~hj` lidqi2

ypidak dìk`|qé ~`}qk aèje$

<6 @|qéqjli ^^ Oiq`}io “ \k~hj` lidqi2

Jd|iqj|f`jqi/



0>

<3 @|qéqjli ^^ F}kdqio òiq`}io “

\k~hj` lidqi2 `|yp`ãk ak

e`p k}cpohk `

je~ok}k i vklâyp`}jak$

<8 Q}ivòojdcoiq`}io

^^ Oiq`}io “ \gzlidqi2 Dìka`|~`}ajl`

<: @|qéqjli ^^^ Oiq`}io % \gzlidqi2 |pi|èkãð`|$

1> @|qéqjli ^C Oiq`}io % \gzlidqi2

A`~k|jq`



09

19 @|qéqjli Ê F}kdqio % \gzlidqi2 qkak k

|`p

1= @|qéqjli ^^ Oiq`}io % \gzlidqi2 iek}

1< @|qéqjli Ê F}kdqio % \gzlidqi2 è

11 @|qéqjli ^^ Oiq`}io % \gzlidqi2 eje$



0<

1: îdk}íejli ^C ôkdcâ %Aidãi}jdk|

lidqie2 qkak

0> @|qéqjli Î F}kdqio %Aidãi}jdk|

lidqie2 k |`piek}

09 Q}ivòojdchk}jrkdqio

~i}i i

`|yp`}ai

Ê F}kdqio %Aidãi}jdk|lidqie2 è

eje$

0= Q}ivòojdchk}jrkdqio

~i}i i aj}`jqi

Ê F}kdqio %Aidãi}jdk|

lidqie2 Dìk



01

0< Q}ivòojdchk}jrkdqio

~i}i i`|yp`}ai

Ê F}kdqio %Aidãi}jdk|

lidqie2 a`|~`}ajl`

01 îdk}íejli Ê F}kdqio òiq`}io %

Aidãi}jdk|lidqie2 |pi|

00 îdk}íejli ^C ôkdcâ %Aidãi}jdk|

lidqie2

èkãð`|$

06 Q}ivòojdc Ê Oiq`}io %Aidãi}jdk|

lidqie2 A`jx` qkak



00

03 @|qéqjli ^C F}kdqio %Aidãi}jdk|

lidqie2 k |`piek}

08 @|qéqjli Î F}kdqio %Aidãi}jdk|lidqie2 è

eje$

0: Q}ivòojdcoiq`}io

Ê F}kdqio ` 9+1 “ Lk}k|

fèjdjdk|

lidqie2 Dìk

6> @|qéqjli Î Oiq`}io %Lk}k|

fèjdjdk|lidqie2

lke~i}qjoh`



06

69 @|qéqjli Î F}kdqio %Lk}k|

fèjdjdk|lidqie2 |pi

6= Q}ib`qü}ji Î F}kdqio %Lk}k|

fèjdjdk|lidqie2

a`vk%

6< Q}ib`qü}ji Ê 9+1 % Lk}k|fèjdjdk|

lidqie2 ãìk$

61 Q}ivòojdc~i}i f}`dq`

Ê 9+1 % Lk}k|fèjdjdk|lidqie2 A`~k|jq`



03

60 Q}ib`qü}ji Î ôkdcâ %Lk}k|

fèjdjdk|lidqie2 qkakk |`p iek} è

66 @|qéqjli ^^ F}kdqio “ Lk}k|

fèjdjdk|lidqie2 eje

O`c`dai ak| ~oidk| a` fjoeicè2

i* ^C “ ôidk C`}io “ li~qiãìk a` ie~oi }ìojaia` `|~iljio/ k iemj`dq` ai iãìk7m* Ê % ôidk Eêajk % âdfi|` di| ~`}|kdic`d| è a`q}je`dqk ak iemj`dq`7l* Î “ ôidk Ie`}jlidk % fklk a` akj| kp q}â| ~`}|kdic`d| î ioqp}i ak bkòhk kp ~òk e`jk ai ~`}di7a* ^^ “ ^}je`j}k ôidk % i ~`}|kdicè vj|qi a` ~`}qk/ jeicè i~}``dajai iljei ak mp|qk7`* ^^^ “ ^}je`j}å||jek ̂ oidk “ }ìol` a` pei fj|jkdkeji/ kmb`qk kp a`qioh`7

O`c`dai ak| ídcpok| a` fjoeicè2

i* ôkdcâ “ i líe`}i fjli ~k|jljkdiai iljei ak |`p kmb`qk7m* Lkdq}i ôkdcâ “ i líe`}i ê lkokliai imijxk ak kmb`qk7l* F}kdqio “ i líe`}i fjoei k ~`}|kdicè kp kmb`qk a` f}`dq`7

a* Oiq`}io “ k ~`}|kdicè ê vj|qk a` oiak7`* Q}i|`j}k “ k ~`}|kdicè ê vj|qk ~k} q}é|7f* <+1 “ ídcpok jdq`}eàjé}jk `dq}` k f}kdqio ` k oiq`}io7c* 9+1 “ ídcpok jdq`}eàjé}jk `dq}` k oiq`}io ` k q}i|`j}k7



08

0 Lkdlop|ìk

K ep|jlio fkj pe ak| câd`}k| ljdèiqkc}éfjlk| yp` eij| f`r |pl`||k i~ü| k iav`dqk ak

ljdèi |kdk}k$ Ap}idq` i l}j|` a` 9:=:/ k câd`}k fkj epjqk l}jqjliak ~k} |` q}iqi} a` ljdèi`|~`qélpok/ a` ~p}k `dq}`q`dje`dqk$ K câd`}k `}i lhieiak a` `|li~j|qi/ ~kj| i eijk}ji ak|

ep|jlij| dìk ~k||påi lkek qèi l`dq}io i a`~}`||ìk/ ei| |je i |kljàia` a` |`p qè~k/

lkdqpak/ km|`}vidak ~òk ~kdqk a` vj|qi ljdèiqkc}éfjlk/ k| ep|jlij| lkdq}jmpå}ie ~i}i i

l}jiãìk a` pe jeicjdé}jk fidqé|qjlk/ iq}ivê| a` e`lidj|ek| di}}iqjvk| lke |kopãð`| qå~jli|

ak ljdèi$

I q}ib`qü}ji ak| ep|jlij| hkoozskkajidk| ê ei}liai ~òi l}jiqjvjaia` ` kp|iaji a` ajf`}`dq`|

}ìojriak}`|/ i}qj|qi|/ qêldjlk| ` ~}kapqk}`|$ Liai pe lkdq}jmpjp ~i}i i l}jiãìk a` pe `|qjok

k}jcjdio$ I hj|qü}ji ak ep|jlio hkoozskkajidk i~kdqi pe liejdhk è aj}`ãìk ik fpqp}k ak

ljdèi/ è `|~`ljio ak câd`}k/ yp` vè }`|ciqidak ` lke~}kvidak ap}idq` k| idk|/ è

`|~`ljio dk ~}`|`dq` |êlpok7 dìk a`jxidak k ep|jlio ek}}`}/ ei|/ ~òk lkdq}é}jk/ im|k}v`dak

`|q}iqêcji| idqjci|/ iai~qidak ` |` }`jdv`dqidak iq}ivê| a` dkvk| câd`}k| ` `|qjok|$

K ljdèi ~k||pj pei ojdcpicè ajdíejli/ è lkd|qidq` ekvje`dqk/ ~`|ypj|idak `

im|k}v`dak dkvi| `|q}iqêcji| ` l}jidak fk}ei| jdkviak}i| a` |` lkdqi} hj|qü}ji|$ Lke k~i||i} ak| idk|/ c}ida`| ep|jlij| a`|`dvkov`}ie qêldjli| yp` i||kljivie i fk}ei ik

lkdq`òak/ lkd|`cpjdak `dvkov`} k `|~`lqiak}/ iq}ivê| ak pdjv`}|k |kdhiak} ak| ~`}|kdic`d|/

pe opci} a` |pmojeiãìk ai| }ìojaia`| ~k||åv`j|/ ` iqê e`|ek lh`cidak i lkdvjaé%ok i pei

}`fo`xìk$

I ~i}qj} a` ~`|ypj|i| ak `|qpak ~}k~k|qk/ ~}klp}kp%|` lkdh`l`} i hj|qü}ji ak ep|jlio a`|a` k|

|`p| ~}jeü}ajk|/ a`|`dvkovje`dqk ̀ `|q}pqp}i di}}iqjvi$ I ~i}qj} ak fjoe` Eieei Eji (=>>8*/~ka`%|` lke~}kvi} i| ~k||jmjojaia`| ak ljdèi a` `dq}`q`dje`dqk/ ~kj| k ep|jlio lkd|q}üj

|pi di}}iqjvi i ~i}qj} a` eò|jli| ~}ê%`|qimò`ljai| ` l}jiai| dk| idk| a` 9:3> ~òk c}p~k

|p`lk Immi$

Pe fiqk} ~}jek}ajio ~i}i i lkd|q}pãìk ai di}}iqjvi ê i eò|jli/ lkd|ja`}iai ~k} epjqk q`ü}jlk|

lkek pe ak| }`lp}|k| eij| ~ka`}k|k| ` iemåcpk| ai ojdcpicè ljdèiqkc}éfjli/ `x`}l`dak

pei |ê}j` a` fpdãð`| yp` k~`}i}ie aj}`qie`dq` di di}}iqjvi/ jdfop`dljidak di fk}ei lkek

i~}`ljiek| k| fjoe`|$ I ~`}l`~ãìk ak ~i~ò ai| eò|jli| dk ljdèi `|qé aj}`qie`dq`

}òiljkdiai ik ~k|jljkdie`dqk aòi| di di}}iqjvi$



6>

]@F@]ÂDLJI\

I]IÒBK/ Jdéljk$ Ljdèi/ k epdak ̀ e ekvje`dqk$ \ìk îpok2 \~jljkd`/ =>>=$

IPEKDQ/ Bilyp`| ̀ kpq}k|$ I @|qêqjli ak Fjoe $̀ Lie~jdi|2 ̂ i~j}p| @ajqk}i/ =>>3$

MJOHI]JDHK/ Cpjak$ Lè idk| a` ljdèi$ Pm`}imi2 Jd|qjqpqk Q}jidcpojdk a` Lpoqp}i/9::6$

MK]AS@OO/ Aivja$ K ljdèi loé||jlk hkoozskkajidk2 Dk}ei| ` ~}jdlå~jk| di}}iqjvk|$ JD2 ]IEK\/ F`}dìk ^`||ki (K}c*$ Q`k}ji lkdqè~k}ídì ak ljdèi/ Vko$ =$ \ìk îpok2@a$\`dil/ =>>0$

LI^PRRK/ H`jqk}$ Oéc}jei| a` opr2 k a}iei }keídqjlk dk ljdèi$ Mòk Hk}jrkdq`2 @a$

PFEC/ 9:::$

LI^PRRK/ H`jqk}$ K ljdèi ioêe ai jeicjdiãìk$ Vjqü}ji2 Fpdaiãìk L`ljojidk Imò aÌoe`jai/ 9::>$

LI]]I\LK/ D`z$ \zcgh}kdk|$ I fk}eiãìk ai ~kêqjli ep|jlio ak ljdèi$ \ìk îpok2 VjiO`qq`}i/ =>><$

LI\QIDH@J]I/ ̂ à}k Bpdyp`j}i ]`j|$ I }`jdv`dãìk ak| ep|jlij| ak |êlpok XXJ2 pe `|qpak

|km}` i| epaidãi| ljdèiqkc}éfjli| ak câd`}k$ =>>:$ Ekdkc}ifji (lkdlop|ìk a` lp}|k* %L`dq}k Pdjv`}|jqé}jk a` Mòk Hk}jrkdq` “ Pdj%MH/ A`~i}qie`dqk a` Ljâdlji ai

Lkepdjliãìk/ Mòk Hk}jrkdq`$

LK\QI / Idqñdjk$ Lke~}``da`} k Ljdèi$ =¢ à$ ]jk a` Bid`j}k2 Cokmk/ 9:8:$

AIZID/ Aidjò$ K lüajck qpqk} ak ljdèi loé||jlk$ JD2 ]IEK\/ F`}dìk ^`||ki (K}c*$Q`k}ji Lkdqè~k}ídì ak Ljdèi$ \ìk îpok2 @a$ \`dil/ =>>0$

AP]IDA/ Fémjk$ Ojdcpicè Ipajkvj|pio % Pe ~`yp`dk Cok||é}jk a` q`}ek| ~i}i ^}kapãìk

Ipajkvj|pio$ =>>:$ Aj||`}qiãìk a` E`|q}iak “ Pdjv`}|jaia` a` \ìk îpok/ @|lkoi a`Lkepdjliãìk ` I}q`|/ \ìk îpok$ Aj|~kdåvò è ?hqq~2++sss$edèkljd`$lke$m}hqq~2++sss$edèkljd`$lke$m}+ljdèi+ap}idaojdc$hqe4$ Il`||k è >9+>0+=>9>$

@J\@D\Q@JD/ \`}c`j$ I fk}ei ak fjoe`$ ]jk a` Bid`j}k2 Bk}c` Rihi} @ajqk} Oqai/ 9::>$

F]@J]@ AI LK\QI/ ]ka}jck$ ^kêqjli ak ~k~2 I eò|jli lkek }`lp}|k di}}iqjvk dk ljdèi

lkdqè~k}íd`k$ =>>3$ Aj||`}qiãìk a` E`|q}iak è Lkepdjliãìk ` Lpoqp}i Lkdqè~k}ídì %^}kc}iei a` ^ü| C}iapiãìk è Lkepdjliãìk ` Lpoqp}i Lkdqè~k}ídì|$ Filpoaia` a`Lkepdjliãìk/ Pdjv`}|jaia` Fà`}io ai Mihji/ \ioviak}$ Aj|~kdåvò è ?hqq~2++akejdjk~pmojlk$y~}klp}i$lke$m} 4$ Il`||k è =0+>1+=>9>$

C@IAI/ @api}ak$ K ljdèi `|~`lqélpok/ lko`ãìk i}q` & lkepdjliãìk$ Oj|mki2 @ajãð`|

3>/ 9:89$

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69

CJK]C@QQJ/ Eip}k$ Ai diqp}`ri ` ~k||åv`j| fpdãð`| ai eò|jli dk ljdèi$ I}qjckLj`dqjfjlk$ 9::8$ Aj|~kdåvò è2 ?hqq~2++sss$edèkljd`$lke$m}+ljdèi+|keq`xqk|+q}johi|kdk}i$hqe4$ Il`||k ̀ e =>+>0+=>9>$

H@DD@M@OO@/ Cpz$ K| ljdèi| diljkdij| lkdq}i Hkoozskka $ ]jk a` Bid`j}k2 îr ` Q`}}i/9:38$

O@KD@/ @api}ak$ ]`fo`xð`| |km}` i ekdqicè ljdèiqkc}éfjli$ Mòk Hk}jrkdq`2 @ajqk}iPFEC/ =>>0$

EIDRIDK/ Opjr Iaòek F`}dida`|$ \ke % Jeicè dk ljdèi2 I `x~`}jâdlji ioèì a`F}jqr Oidc$ \ìk îpok2 ^`}|~`lqjvi/ FI^@\^/ =>><$

EJI Eieei$ Aj}`ãìk2 ^hzoojai Ookza`$ @|qiak| Pdjak|/ Ioèidhi ` Jdcoiq`}}i2 Pdjv`}|io^jlqp}`|/ =>>8$ 9 AVA (9>8 ejd$*/ |kd$ lkok}$

EI]QJD/ Ei}lò$ I ojdcpicè ljdèiqkc}éfjli$ Mòk Hk}jrkdq`2 Jqiqjiji/ 9:6<$

E@DA@\/ @api}ak \jeð`| ak| \idqk|$ I q}johi |kdk}i dk| lp}qi%e`q}ic`d| a` fjlãìk

}ìojriak| è \ìk îpok `dq}` 9:8= ` 9::=$ Q`|` a` E`|q}iak$ \ìk îpok2 P\^+@LI/ 9::1$Aj|~kdåvò è ? hqq~2++cioixz$jdq`}lke$k}c$m}2898>+a|~il`+hidao`+9:>1+9<811 4$ Il`||k dkaji ==+>0+=>9>$

K]QJR/ Li}ok|$ Li}qjohi ak Ljdèi$ ]jk a` Bid`j}k2 J}j|/ 9:1:$

^@OO@C]JDJ/ Qídji7 `q io$ Ojq`}iqp}i/ ljdèi ` qò`vj|ìk$ \ìk îpok2 \`dil/ =>><$

^@]@J]I/ Oia`djo|kd Bk|ê$ Ljdèi dk `d|jdk a` hj|qü}ji2 i| lhidlhiai| ` k| idk| 9:0> $^pmojliak dk idk a` =>>6$ Aj|~kdåvò è ?hqq~2++sss1$pdjdkv`$m}+kb|+jda`x$~h~+lia`}dk|a`~k|+i}qjlo`+vj`sFjo`+9808+91034 Il`||k è =< a` f`v`}`j}k a` =>9>$

]K\@DF@OA/ Idiqko$ Ljdèi2 i}q` & jdaò|q}ji$ \ìk îpok2 ^`}|~`lqjvi2 =>>=$

\IAKPO/ C`k}c`|$ Hj|qü}ji ak Ljdèi Epdajio$ Q}iapãìk \ñdji \ioo`| Cke`|$ \ìk îpok2Ei}qjd|/ 9:6<$

\IOO@\/ Fjoj~`$ Jeic`d| ep|jlij| kp eò|jli vj|pio$ Pe `|qpak |km}` i| ifjdjaia`| `dq}` k|ke ` i jeicè/ mi|ìak dk fjoe` Fidqi|ji (9:1:*/ a` Sioq Aj|d`z$ Aj||`}qiãìk a` E`|q}iakai ^kdqjfålji Pdjv`}|jaia` Liqüojli a` \ìk îpok/ =>>=$ Aj|~kdåvò è?hqq~2++sss$edèkljd`$lke$m}+fjoj~`+q`|è`|q}iak+q`|ì~}`|`dq$hqe 4$ Il`||k è >6 aèijk a` =>9>$

\GOI]/ ]km`}q$ Hj|qü}ji |kljio ak ljdèi ie`}jlidk$ \ìk îpok2 Lpoq}jx/ 9:38$

\KPRI/ Lh}j|qjd` V`}i| a`$ K |hks a`v` lkdqjdpi}$ Aj||`}qiãìk a` E`|q}iak ai @|lkoi a`Mòi| I}q`| ai PFEC Mòk Hk}jrkdq`/ =>>0$

QP]D@]/ C}iè`$ Ljdèi lkek ~}éqjli |kljio$ \ìk ̂ ipok2 \peep|/ 9::3$

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6=

V@JOOKD/ Kojvj`}%]`dê$ K ljdèi ie`}jlidk ak| idk| q}jdqi$ \ìk îpok2 Ei}qjd| Fkdq`|/9::=$

VPCEID/ F`}didak \jeìk$ I Fk}eiãìk ` i Jd|qimjojaia` ak| Câd`}k| Hkoozskkajidk|$

]`vj|qi Ipajkvj|pio/ hqq~2++sss$}`vj|qiiv$pdj|jdk|$m}+ $ Il`||k ̀ e >1+><+=>9>$XIVJ@]/ J|eijo (k}c$*$ I @x~`}jâdlji ak ljdèi$ =² à$ }`v$ ` ipe$ ]jk a` Bid`j}k 2 @ajãð`|C}iio2 @em}ifjoe`/ 9::9$

XIVJ@]/ J|eijo$ Ak q`xqk ik fjoe`2 i q}iei/ i l`di ` i lkd|q}pãìk ak kohi} dk ljdèi$ Jd2^òo`c}jdj/ Qídji (K}c$*$ Ojq`}iqp}i/ ljdèi ` qò`vj|ìk$ \ìk îpok2 \`dil/ =>><$

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