ljLorh eSa vkSj esjk Material... · 2018-07-03 · Second Floor, MGM Tower, 19 Ansari Road,...
Transcript of ljLorh eSa vkSj esjk Material... · 2018-07-03 · Second Floor, MGM Tower, 19 Ansari Road,...
ljLorh
eSa vkSj esjk
ysf[kdk,¡
MkWú ek/qjh 'kkfyuh 'kekZ ,eúfiQyú] ih&,púMhú (fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;) ,eú,ú] chú,Mú (fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;) foHkkxkè;{kkµfnYyh ifCyd LowQy] n~okjdk vè;kfidkµfnYyh ifCyd LowQy] n~okjdk
U;w ljLorh gkml (bafM;k) izkúfyúubZ fnYyhµ110002 (bafM;k)
f'k{kd&lan£'kdk ,oa vH;kl&if=kdk
Second Floor, MGM Tower, 19 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (India) Phone : +91-11-43556600Fax : +91-11-43556688E-mail : [email protected] : www.saraswatihouse.comCIN : U22110DL2013PTC262320Import-Export Licence No. 0513086293
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Revised edition 2018
TM Code: 2017007000138
Published by: New Saraswati House (India) Pvt. Ltd.19 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (India)
The moral rights of the author has been asserted.
©Reserved with the Publishers
Publisher’s Warranty: The Publisher warrants the customer for a period of 1 year from the date of purchase of the Book against any Printing/Binding defect or theft/loss of the book. Terms and Conditions apply: For further details, please visit our website www.saraswatihouse.com or call us at our Customer Care (toll free) No.: +91-1800-2701-460Jurisdiction: All disputes with respect to this publication shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Courts, Tribunals and Forums of New Delhi, India Only.
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Product Code: NSS2MMV036HINAC17CBY
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vkeq[k
f'k{kdksa dk Kku vR;ar O;kid gksrk gSA mUgsa lanf'kZdk lqiqnZ djus dk mn~ns'; gS] cPpksa dk lok±xh.k fodkl djukA
f'k{k.k iz.kkyh esa Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ gSA Hkk"kk dh xw<+ ckjhfd;ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, gekjk ,d iz;kl iqLrdh; Ük`a[kyk osQ :i esa vkiosQ le{k gS] ftldk uke gS eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.kA* ;g d{kk ,d ls ysdj vkBoha rd osQ fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, gSA gekjk mn~ns'; cPpksa dks fganh Hkk"kk fl[kkuk gSA
f'k{kd&lanf'kZdk ,oa vH;kl&if=kdk dk fuekZ.k f'k{kdksa osQ fy, fd;k x;k gS rkfd ^eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k* Ük`a[kyk dh i`"BHkwfe esa fufgr mn~ns';ksa dks os cPpksa rd lgh <ax ls igq¡pk losaQA
^f'k{kd&lanf'kZdk* dks vf/d mi;ksxh ,oa fon~;kfFkZ;ksa gsrq vH;klijd cukus osQ fy, O;kdj.k&fo"k; osQ izR;sd ikB dh ikB&;kstuk miyC/ djkbZ tk jgh gSA rRi'pkr~ ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa ,oa iz'u&i=kksa osQ mRrj fn, x, gSaA ikBksa osQ i'pkr~ gy lfgr dk;Z&if=kdk,¡ Hkh tksM+h xbZ gSaA
vk'kk gS] Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dh fn'kk esa fd;k x;k gekjk ;g iz;kl mi;ksxh fln~/ gksxkA
f'k{kkfonksa ,oa vuqHkoh f'k{kdksa n~okjk fd, x, lq>koksa dk ge Lokxr djsaxs ftlls Hkkoh la'kks/uksa esa enn feysxhA
µysf[kdk,¡
fo"k;&lwph
1- Hkk"kk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------5
2- o.kZekyk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
3- ek=kk,¡ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
4- 'kCn vkSj okD;------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
5- laKk -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
6- fyax -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
7- opu ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
vH;kl iz'u&i=kµ1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------21
8- loZuke ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22
9- fo'ks"k.k------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------25
10- fØ;k---------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------28
11- i;kZ;okph 'kCn---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------30
12- foykse 'kCn---------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------32
13- vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn-------------------------------------------------------35
14- eqgkojs---------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------36
15- v'kqn~f/&'kks/u---------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------38
vH;kl iz'u&i=kµ2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------40
Kku&ijh{kk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------41
dk;Z&if=kdk,¡ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------42
dk;Z&if=kdkµmRrjkoyh --------------------------------------------------------------------54
(iv)
5
Hkk"kkLanguage 1
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 3
fo"k; % fganh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % Hkk"kk fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; Hkk"kk osQ egRo dks le>kukA
Hkk"kk osQ :iksa ls ifjfpr djkrs gq, lalkj esa cksyh tkus okyh vU; Hkk"kkvksa dk Kku djkukA
fyfi D;k gSµle>kuk rFkk fofo/ Hkk"kkvksa dh fyfi;ksa dk Kku djkukA
iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[kus dk vH;kl djkukA
fofHkUu xfrfof/;ksa n~okjk Hkk"kk osQ izfr #fp mRiUu djukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj] Hkkjrh; eqæk] fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa&fyfi;ksa okys ÝyS'k dkMZ~lA
iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k Hkk"kk osQ vFkZ ,oa izdkj ls iwoZ ifjfpr gSaA ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa osQ iwoZKku dh tk¡p djukA
LraHk ls lacaf/r Nk=kksa osQ fopkj tkuukA
larks"ktud mRrj ikus ij vè;kid n~okjk vius mn~ns'; dh ?kks"k.kk djukµcPpks] vkt ge ^Hkk"kk* ikB i<+saxsA
lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ikB n'kkZ,¡xsA
ÝyS'k dkMZ~l osQ n~okjk ikB esa vk, mifo"k;ksaµHkk"kk osQ :i] fyfi vkfn dks n'kkZ,¡xs ,oa le>k,¡xsA
f'k{k.k&laosQr ikB osQ iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=kksa dks lgk;rk nsrs gq, d{kk esa djk, tk,¡xsA
vH;kl ls igys ^vkvks nksgjk,¡* osQ ekè;e ls ikB nksgjk;k tk,xkA
fofHkUu dkMZ~l ,oa f'k{k.k&lkexzh n~okjk Nk=kksa ls NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNs tk,¡xs] tSlsµ
1- fganh Hkk"kk dh fyfi dkSu&lh gS\
6
2- Hkkjrh; eqæk esa fdruh fyfi;k¡ vafdr gSa\
3- fy[kus osQ <ax dks D;k dgrs gSa\
4- us=kghu O;fDr i<+us osQ fy, fdl fyfi dk iz;ksx djrs gSa\ vkfnA
blosQ i'pkr~ lhúMhú osQ n~okjk Nk=kksa dks ikB le>k,¡A chp&chp esa muls iz'u Hkh iwNrs tk,¡A
bl fØ;k osQ nkSjku d{kk osQ yxHkx lHkh Nk=kksa dks vfHkO;fDr dk volj fn;k tk, rkfd mudh Hkkxhnkfjrk lqfuf'pr gksA
ikB osQ var esa nh xbZ xfrfof/;ksa dks ijLij ppkZ osQ ekè;e ls gy djok,¡A
fu"d"kZ [ksy&[ksy esa Hkk"kk ,oa mlosQ :i rFkk fyfi;ksa ls Nk=kksa dks ifjfpr djkukA
^”kjk lksfp, rks* LraHk n~okjk muesa fparu&euu dk Hkko txkukA
fujh{k.k vè;kid d{kk esa Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, izR;sd dk;Z (fyf[kr ,oa ekSf[kd) dk fujh{k.k djsaxsA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks
cksydj] fy[kdjA
fyfiA
ge vius fopkj ,d&nwljs rd ugha igq¡pk ikrsA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) ([k) (x) (?k) (Ä)
2- (d) fy[kdj ([k) ekSf[kd (x) 14 flracj (?k) fyfi (Ä) nsoukxjh
3- Nk=k igpkudj Lo;a djsaxsA
4- xqtjkrh] tkikuh] ejkBh] vaxzs”khA
”kjk lksfp, rks
Nk=k viuh le> osQ vuq:i Lo;a mRrj nsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k,
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa osQ ukeµ1- xqtjkrh] 2- vlfe;k] 3- ef.kiqjh] 4- rfey] 5- ey;kye]
6- fganh] 7- mfM+;k] 8- iatkch] 9- rsyqxq
vU; xfrfof/;k¡ Nk=k f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk dh lgk;rk ls Lo;a djsaxsA
7
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 3
fo"k; % fganh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % o.kZekyk fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; o.kZekyk esa of.kZr izR;sd o.kZ dh lgh igpku djkukA izR;sd o.kZ dk lgh mPpkj.k djuk fl[kkukA 'kCnksa esa vkbZ fofHkUu èofu;ksa dks igpkudj cksyukA fofHkUu o.kks± osQ iz;ksx ls u,&u, 'kCn cuokukA vuqLokj&vuqukfld fpg~uksa dk mfpr iz;ksx djukA o.kZ] o.kZekyk rFkk muosQ Hksnksa ls ifjfpr djkukA fganh Hkk"kk esa of.kZr la;qDr O;atuksa dh igpku djkuk rFkk muls u,&u, 'kCn
cuokukA iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[kus dk vH;kl djkukA vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=krk gsrq dkO;&jpuk djkukAlgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj] fofHkUu o.kks± ls cus 'kCnksa osQ ÝyS'k
dkMZ~l] o.kZekyk dk pkVZ vkfnAiwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k o.kks± ,oa o.kZekyk ls iwoZ ifjfpr gSaA ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk osQ ekè;e
ls Nk=kksa osQ iwoZKku dh ijh{kk dh tk,A muls xfrfof/ ls lacaf/r NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNs tk,¡xsAf'k{k.k&laosQr vkvks nksgjk,¡* osQ ekè;e ls ikB nksgjk;k tk,xkA rRi'pkr~ fofHkUu f'k{k.k&lkexzh (pkVZ] dkMZ~l] lhúMhú) n~okjk ikB ls lacaf/r
NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNs tk,¡xsA 1- o.kks± osQ fdrus izdkj gksrs gSa\ 2- o.kZekyk oSQls curh gS\ 3- cgrk gqvk ikuh oSQlh èofu mRiUu djrk gS\ 4- la;qDr O;atu fdls dgrs gSa\ vkfnA
o.kZekykAlphabets 2
8
lhúMhú osQ n~okjk Nk=kksa dks ikB le>k;k tk,xkA chp&chp esa muls iz'u Hkh iwNs tk,¡xsA
d{kk esa lHkh Nk=kksa dh Hkkxhnkfjrk dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, muesa Hkkf"kd dkS'kyksa dk fodkl fd;k tk,xkA
ikB osQ var esa nh xbZ xfrfof/ izR;sd Nk=k ls djokbZ tk,xhA dfork&jpuk osQ i'pkr~ Nk=kksa ls mudk okpu djok;k tk,xkA
fu"d"kZ o.kZekyk osQ Kku osQ lkFk tgk¡ Nk=kksa esa o.kks± dh Kku&o`n~f/ gksxh] ogha fofHkUu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, dkO;&jpuk ls muesa jpukRed {kerk dk Hkh fodkl gksxkA
fujh{k.k d{kk esa Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, izR;sd dk;Z ,oa mudh izfrfØ;kvksa dk vè;kid n~okjk fujh{k.k fd;k tk,xkA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj”kjk crkb, rks Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
o.kZ dks Hkk"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ blfy, dgrs gSa] D;ksafd blosQ VqdM+s ugha fd, tk ldrsA
tks O;atu nks O;atuksa dks tksM+dj curs gSa] mUgsa la;qDr O;atu dgrs gSaA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- ([k) 'kgj (x) miou (?k) vknj
2- Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
3- xqykc] lwjteq[kh (iwQy) lsc] tkequ (iQy) cjiQh] xqykctkequ (feBkbZ)
4- (d) panu ([k) ew¡N (x) iw¡N (?k) ?kaVh
(Ä) oaQxu (p) ek¡ (N) xk¡o (t) ia[k
5- d
deydy'kduddejk
l
ljyljdlljlljxe
”kjk lksfp, rks Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k, Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
9
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 3
fo"k; % fganh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % ek=kk,¡µ3 fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; Hkk"kk esa Lojksa osQ egRo dks le>kukA
Loj dc ek=kk esa ifjofrZr gks tkrs gSaµle>kukA
fofHkUu ek=kkvksa dk Kku djkukA
O;atuksa esa ek=kk yxkdj u,&u, 'kCn cukukA
ek=kkvksa dh Hkk¡fr ,d&nwljs dh lgk;rk djrs gq, thou thus dh izsj.kk nsukA
iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[kuk fl[kkukA
ek=kkvksa osQ 'kqn~/ ,oa O;kogkfjd iz;ksx ij cyA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj] fofHkUu ek=kkvksa okys dkMZ~l rFkk fp=kA
iwoZKku ijh{kk tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* ls Nk=kksa dks tksM+rs gq, muosQ iwoZKku dh ijh{kk ysukA
fp=kksa dks fn[kkdj muosQ uhps fy[ks 'kCnksa ls Lojksa osQ fpg~u vyx djokukA
larks"ktud izfrfØ;k ikdj vè;kiu n~okjk vius mn~ns'; dh ?kks"k.kk djukA
cPpks] vkt ge ^ek=kk,¡* i<+saxs vkSj tkusaxs fd ;s oSQls O;atu osQ lkFk yxdj mUgsa iw.kZ djrh gSaA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lcls igys Nk=kksa dks vius&vius ukeksa esa vkbZ ek=kkvksa dks igpkudj cksyus dk volj fn;k tk,xkA
ikB esa nh xbZ rkfydk osQ ekè;e ls Lojksa osQ fofHkUu fpg~uksa dks ek=kk osQ :i esa le>k;k tk,xkA
j] Å rFkk Í dh ek=kkvksa dks fo'ks"k :i ls ÝyS'k dkM~Zl rFkk lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls le>k;k tk,xkA
ek=k,¡Symbols of Vowels 3
10
rRi'pkr~ ^vkvks nksgjk,¡* osQ ekè;e ls ikB nqckjk le>krs gq, ;g fuf'pr fd;k tk,xk fd ikB lHkh Nk=kksa dks le> vk x;k gSA
^”kjk crkb, rks* rFkk ^”kjk lksfp, rks* LraHkksa osQ n~okjk Nk=kksa dh rkfoZQd {kerk ,oa fparu&euu {kerk dks tk¡pk tk,xk rFkk mUgsa izksRlkfgr Hkh fd;k tk,xkA
vH;kl osQ iz'u&mRrj Nk=kksa osQ lkFk ckrphr djrs gq, fy[kok, tk,¡xsA
fofHkUu ek=kkvksa okys 'kCnksa ls oxZ&igsyh iwjh djokbZ tk,xhA
lHkh Nk=k mRlkfgr gksdj blesa Hkkx ysaxs vkSj d{kk dk ekgkSy mRlkgtud rFkk ÅtkZoku gksxkA
fu"d"kZ Nk=k ek=kkvksa dks le>dj u,&u, 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k dj ik,¡xsA
fujh{k.k Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, lHkh dk;ks± dk fujh{k.k fd;k tk,xk ,oa mudk mRlkgoèkZu fd;k tk,xkA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks
ek=kkA
^v*
^j* osQ isV esa yxrh gSA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) o` ([k) dks (x) jS
(?k) /q (Ä) [kh (p) lk
2- ykseM+h] vkyw] pkch] Ñ".k
3- (d) dy ([k) ty (x) ex
(?k) de (Ä) dn (p) eu
”kjk lksfp, rks
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k,
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
11
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 3
fo"k; % fganh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % 'kCn vkSj okD; fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; 'kCn oSQls curs gSa\
okD; fdls dgrs gSaµiz'uksa osQ mRrj le>kukA
'kCnksa esa o.kks± dk D;k egRo gS ;k o.kks± dk lgh LFkku ij iz;ksx gksuk fdruk vko';d gSµ;g le>kukA
'kCn ls oSQls okD; curs gSa\ okD; cukrs le; fdu ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg,µ;g le>kukA
lgh vkSj xyr 'kCnksa dh igpku djkukA
mfpr okD; cukuk fl[kkuk rFkk mudh igpku djkukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj] lgh&xyr 'kCnksa osQ ÝyS'k dkMZ~lA
iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k 'kCn vkSj okD; ls ifjfpr gSa] bldh tk¡p osQ fy, ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk dk vH;kl d{kk esa Nk=kksa ls djok;k tk,xkA
Nk=kksa dh mRlkgiwoZd Hkkxhnkfjrk ,oa vuqowQy izfrfØ;k ikdj vè;kid vius mn~ns'; dh ?kks"k.kk djsaxsA
cPpks] vkt ge ^'kCn vkSj okD;* ikB i<+saxsA vkt ge tkusaxs fd lkFkZd 'kCn vkSj okD; oSQls curs gSa\
f'k{k.k&laosQr lcls igys ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk ls Nk=kksa esa fo"k; osQ izfr #fp txkbZ tk,xh ,oa muosQ iwoZKku dh ijh{kk Hkh gks tk,xhA
'kCn dh ifjHkk"kk le>krs gq, lkFkZd rFkk fujFkZd 'kCn le>k, tk,¡xsA
'kCn vkSj okD;Word and Sentence 4
12
blosQ fy, 'kCnksa osQ ÝyS'k dkMZ~l dk bLrseky fd;k tk,xk vkSj Nk=kksa ls lgh&xyr 'kCn Nk¡Vus osQ fy, dgk tk,xkA
Nk=kksa ls oqQN u, lkFkZd 'kCn cuok, tk,¡xsA
'kCnksa osQ ckjs esa iwjh tkudkjh nsus osQ i'pkr~ okD; fdls dgrs gSa\ okD; oSQls curs gSa\µle>k;k tk,xkA
lgh vkSj xyr okD;ksa dh igpku crkbZ tk,xhA
';keiV ij izR;sd Nk=k ls lkFkZd 'kCn rFkk okD; fy[kok, tk,¡xsA
vkvks nksgjk,¡* osQ ekè;e ls ikB osQ eq[; fcanq nksgjk, tk,¡xs vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk,xk fd Nk=kksa dks 'kCn vkSj okD; iwjh rjg ls le> esa vk x, gSaA
vH;kl iz'u osQ mRrj ekSf[kd ppkZ osQ ckn fy[kok, tk,¡xsA
^djosQ nsf[k,* LraHk dh xfrfof/;ksa n~okjk ewd vfHku; n~okjk laosQrksa dk [ksy [ksysaxsA
fiatjs esa can i{kh osQ ewd Hkkoksa dks vius fe=k dks 'kCnksa vkSj okD;ksa esa crk,¡xsA
vark{kjh osQ [ksy ls viuk 'kCn&HkaMkj c<+k,¡xsA
fu"d"kZ lkFkZd 'kCn ,oa okD; osQ egRo dks le>rs gq, thou esa e/qj 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djuk lh[ksaxsA
fujh{k.k f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk Nk=kksa osQ dk;Z dh tk¡p djsaxs rFkk mudk mRlkg c<k,¡xsA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks
'kCnA
gk¡] ;g okD; gSA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) ckny ([k) tysch (x) fdj.k
(?k) cjru (Ä) oqQrqcehukj (p) xqtjkrh
2- (d) dks;y ([k) t;iqj (x) lqcg (?k) lwjt (Ä) gjk&Hkjk
3- edku] nqdku_ v#.k] d#.k_ nqxquk] cxqyk_ rfd;k] fVfd;kA
4- Nk=k Lo;a fy[ksaxsA
13
5- (d) Vksdjh jlksbZ esa j[kh gSA
([k) 'khuk dkj ls vkbZA
(x) xUus esa feBkl gSA
(?k) izohu ?kwe jgk gSA
(Ä) vfnfr vPNh yM+dh gSA
6- lgh 'kCn xyr 'kCn osQ lgh :i
jksVh vk¡[k
dy'k dye
fe=k eNyh
ikyd larjk
Hkkyk ?kksM+k
fpfM+;k canj
jLlh canwd
lkbfdy frryh
”kjk lksfp, rks
Nk=k viuh le> osQ vuqlkj mRrj nsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k,
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
14
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 3
fo"k; % fganh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % laKk fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; uke okys 'kCnksa osQ fo"k; esa crkukA
;g crkuk fd uke okys 'kCn gh laKk dgykrs gSaA
fofo/ izdkj osQ ukeksa dh igpku djkukA
thou esa uke osQ egRo dks le>kukA
iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[kus dk vH;kl djkukA
Hkkf"kd dkS'kyksa dk fodkl djukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] fofHkUu izkf.k;ksa] oLrqvksa ,oa LFkkuksa osQ fp=k] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk esa fn, vuqPNsn dks d{kk esa eq[kj okpu djosQ Nk=kksa ls mlls lacaf/r iz'uksa osQ mRrj iwNsaxs] tSlsµ
µpw¡&pw¡ dkSu Fkk\
µog dgk¡ jgrk Fkk\
µfdls cgqr xqLlk vk;k\ vkfn
lHkh iz'uksa osQ larks"ktud mRrj ikdj vFkok vius mn~ns'; dh ?kks"k.kk djsaxsA
cPpks] vkt ge ^laKk* ikB i<+saxsA fofHkUu izdkj osQ ukeksa osQ fo"k; esa tkusaxs rFkk fofHkUu xfrfof/;k¡ djsaxsA
f'k{k.k&laosQr tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk ls ikB dk vkjaHk djrs gq, [ksy&[ksy esa ^laKk* dk ifjp; fn;k tk,xkA
laKkNoun 5
15
uke okys 'kCn gh ^laKk* 'kCn dgykrs gSaµle>k;k tk,xkA
fofHkUu ÝyS'k dkMZ~l n~okjk izkf.k;ksa] oLrqvksa] LFkku vkfn osQ ukesa dk ifjp; fn;k tk,xk rFkk mudh igpku djkbZ tk,xhA
lhúMhú dks izkstsDVj ij fn[kkrs gq, iwjk ikB vkd"kZd ,oa jkspd rjhosQ ls d{kk esa le>k;k tk,xkA
laKk osQ vusd izdkjksa dks ';keiV ij fy[kdj rFkk fp=kksa osQ ekè;e ls le>k;k tk,xkA
^vkvks nksgjk,¡* osQ n~okjk iwjs ikB dks fiQj ls nksgjk;k tk,xk rkfd lHkh Nk=k ^laKk* ikB vPNh rjg le> losaQA
vH;kl osQ iz'uksa ij Nk=kksa osQ lkFk ckrphr djrs gq,] mUgsa gy fd;k tk,xk rFkk d{kk esa fy[kok;k tk,xkA
”kjk lksfp, rks* rFkk ^”kjk crkb, rks* LraHkksa n~okjk Nk=kksa dh dYiuk&'kfDr vkSj rkfoZQd {kerk dks fodflr fd;k tk,xkA
djosQ nsf[k,* osQ ekè;e ls laKk 'kCn [kkstdj rFkk ,d&nwljs osQ uke cnydj vkilh ckrphr djokdj Nk=kksa esa mRlkg txk;k tk,xkA
fu"d"kZ uke dk egRo le>saxsA ,d&nwljs osQ uke dk lEeku djsaxsA ^laKk* 'kCn dks tku ik,¡xs rFkk lgh laKk 'kCn dk iz;ksx dj losaQxsA
fujh{k.k Nk=kksa osQ izR;sd dk;Z dk fujh{k.k fd;k tk,xkA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks
fdlh izk.kh] oLrq] LFkku] Hkko vkfn osQ uke dks laKk dgrs gSaA
laKk 'kCn O;fDr] oLrq] LFkku] Hkko vkfn osQ fy, vkrs gSaA
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) ([k) (x) (?k) (Ä)
2- (d) rkjs ([k) ty (x) igyoku
(?k) vUu (Ä) xsan (p) gfj;kyh
16
3- (d) Írq us iqLrd [kjhnhA
([k) jtr Mkd?kj ls fVdV ysus x;k gSA
(x) guh ck”kkj ls tysch yk,xkA
(?k) ukuh us cPpksa dks dgkuh lqukbZA
(Ä) Nk=k fidfud osQ fy, ÅVh x,A
(p) foosd iqLrdky; tkrk gSA
”kjk lksfp, rks
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k,
(d) Mkfd;k ([k) ykyfdyk (x) fcYyh
(?k) ljnh (Ä) fpfM+;k
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
17
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 3
fo"k; % fganh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % fyax fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; lekt esa nks rjg osQ izk.kh gksrs gSaµ^fyax* ikB osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dks le>kukA
fyax dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa mlosQ izdkjksa ls ifjfpr djkukA
fofHkUu L=khfyax&iqfYyax 'kCnksa dh igpku djkukA
^py] mM+ tk js* [ksy osQ ekè;e ls ikB dks jkspd cukdj le>kukA
vH;kl esa L=kh&iq#"k] yM+dk&yM+dh osQ HksnHkko dks feVkukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj] iqLrd] 'kCn&lwph] pkVZ isij vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk osQ jkspd [ksy py] mM+ tk js---* osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa osQ L=khfyax&iqfYyax laca/h iwoZKku dh tk¡p djukA
fofHkUu fp=kksa osQ ekè;e ls L=khfyax&iqfYyax dh igpku djkukA
larks"ktud mRrj ikdj vè;kid n~okjk vius mn~ns'; dh ?kks"k.kk djukA
f'k{k.k&laosQr ^py] mM+ tk js* e”ksnkj [ksy ls ikB dk vkjaHk djsaxsA
lHkh Nk=kksa dh Hkkxhnkfjrk fuf'pr djus osQ fy, lcls iz'u iwNsaxsA
^fyax* dh ifjHkk"kk le>k,¡xs rFkk mlosQ Hksnksa dks Li"V djsaxsA
L=khfyax&iqfYyax laca/h 'kCn&lwph dks d{kk esa Nk=kksa ls i<+ok,¡xs rkfd Nk=kksa esa iBu dkS'ky dk fodkl gks losQ rFkk muesa vkRefo'okl txk losQA
lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ikB n'kkZ,¡xs rFkk ^”kjk crkb, rks* ,oa ^”kjk lksfp, rks* LraHkksa osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dh dYiuk&'kfDr ,oa fparu&euu dk volj iznku djsaxsA
vH;kl osQ lHkh iz'u vkil esa ckrphr djosQ gy djsaxsA
6fyaxGender
18
liQyrk osQ f'k[kj ij igq¡ph fofHkUu efgykvksa osQ fp=k fn[kkdj lekt esa efgykvksa osQ egRo dks n'kkZ,¡xsA
ukuk&ukuh@nknk&nknh osQ tUefnu ij lqanj dkMZ cuok,¡xsA
fp=k fn[kkdj L=khfyax&iqfYyax 'kCn Nk¡VsxsA
fu"d"kZ L=khfyax&iqfYyax 'kCnksa dh igpku djrs gq, lekt esa nksuksa osQ leku egRo dks tkuukA
fujh{k.k Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, izR;sd dk;Z dk fujh{k.k fd;k tk,xkA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks L=kh ;k iq#"k tkfr dk Kku djkus okys 'kCn fyax dgykrs gSaA fyaxµL=khfyax vkSj iqfYyax] nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSaA Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- (d) ysf[kdk fdrkc fy[k jgh gSA
([k) gfFkuh xUuk [kk jgh gSA
(x) 'ksjuh ngkM+ jgh gSA
(?k) jktk egy esa cSBk gSA
2- iqfYyax L=khfyax
jktk Jherh
iafMr canfj;k
?kksM+k gfFkuh
lsB ekfyu
3- (d) cgu ([k) pqfg;k (x) cSy (?k) eksjuh (Ä) vè;kfidk
4- Nk=k fp=k ns[kdj Lo;a feyk,¡xsA
”kjk lksfp, rks
Nk=k viuh le> osQ vuqlkj mRrj nsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k,
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
19
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 3
fo"k; % fganh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % opu fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; opu* osQ 'kkfCnd vFkZ dks le>kukA
Hkk"kk esa opu osQ egRo dks le>kukA
opu osQ izdkj crkukA
,dopu rFkk cgqopu esa Hksn dj ikukA
opu osQ O;kogkfjd iz;ksx ij cy nsukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj] fofHkUu oLrq,¡µiqLrd] isafly vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk opu* laca/h Kku tk¡pus osQ fy, Nk=kksa ls d{kk esa ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk dh xfrfof/ djokbZ tk,xhA
Nk=k lhúMhú ns[ksaxs vkSj cgqr&ls 'kCnksa dh lwph Hkh i<+saxs] tks mUgsa opu osQ izdkjksa osQ ckjs esa crk,xhA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lcls igys ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk ls Nk=kksa osQ fo"k;&laca/h iwoZKku dh ijh{kk yh tk,xhA
rRi'pkr~ ^opu* dh ifjHkk"kk crkrs gq, ^opu* osQ fo"k; esa le>k;k tk,xkA
opu fdrus izdkj osQ gksrs gSaµ;g crkus osQ fy, f'k{k.k lgk;d lkexzh dh lgk;rk yh tk,xhA
fofHkUu oLrqvksa osQ ekè;e ls ,dopu vkSj cgqopu osQ fo"k; esa le>k;k tk,xkA
opu laca/h oqQN fo'ks"k ckrsa iqLrd rFkk lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls crkbZ tk,¡xh] tSlsµcM+ksa dks vknj nsus osQ fy, ges'kk cgqopu dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Lo;a
7opuNumber
20
Nk=kksa ls oqQN ,sls okD; cqyok, tk,¡xs] ftuesa cM+ksa dks vknj nsrs gq, cgqopu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gksA
blh rjg vU; ckrsa Hkh crkbZ tk,¡xh fd oqQN 'kCn lnSo cgqopu gksrs gSaA
opu laca/h lwph ls vH;kl djok;k tk,xkA
iz'u&mRrj ekSf[kd :i esa djus osQ i'pkr~ fy[kok, tk,¡xsA
vkvks nksgjk,¡* ls ikB osQ eq[; fcanq nksgjk, tk,¡xsA
djosQ nsf[k,* 'kh"kZd osQ varxZr dfork&ys[ku ,oa opu laca/h 'kCn Nk¡Vus dh xfrfof/ djokbZ tk,xhA
fu"d"kZ Nk=k ,dopu&cgqopu dh igpku dj losaQxs rFkk mudk lgh iz;ksx dj losaQxsA
fujh{k.k Nk=kksa dh xfrfof/ ,oa dk;ks± dk fujh{k.k fd;k tk,xkA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks
opu la[;k crkrs gSaA
opu osQ nks izdkj gSaµ,dopu] cgqopuA
vk¡[ksa] nokb;k¡A
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) ([k) (x) (?k)
2- vkSj 3 Nk=k fp=k ns[kdj Lo;a fy[ksaxsA
4- (d) uhjt us nokb;k¡ [kk yhaA
([k) ckx esa iwQy f[kys gSaA
(x) os pkfc;k¡ mBk ykvksA
”kjk lksfp, rks
Nk=k viuh le> osQ vuqlkj mRrj nsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k,
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
21
vH;kl iz'u&i=kµ1
1- (d) ([k) (x) (?k) (Ä)
2- (d) i~Q $ v $ y~ $ v
([k) o~Q $ v $ y~ $ v $ e~ $ v
(x) l~ $ v $ M+~ $ v $ o~Q $ v
(?k) vk $ o~Q $ vk $ 'k~ $ v
3- (d) ugj ([k) 'kjkjrh (x) vkleku (?k) efgyk
4- (d) Ñ ([k) eks (x) iwQ
(?k) js (Ä) iS (p) [kh
5- (d) okD; ([k) vè;kid (x) cgqopu
6- (d) (ii) ([k) (i) (x) (ii)
7- (d) yM+oQh dke dj jgh gSA
([k) ge ik¡p HkkbZ gSaA
(x) cSy ?kkl [kkrk gSA
8- fe=krk] rkykc] cdjk] Hkkjr] tgk”k] niZ.k] uFk] dey] y[kuÅ] jFk] Fku] jkuh] ru] gy
(dksbZ nl)
22
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 3
fo"k; % fganh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % loZuke fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; ^loZuke* 'kCnksa dk Kku djkukA
Hkk"kk esa loZuke 'kCnksa dh mi;ksfxrk le>kukA
fofHkUu izdkj osQ loZuke 'kCnksa ls ifjfpr djkukA
loZuke laca/h Kku dks iq"V djus osQ fy, fofHkUu xfrfof/;k¡ djokukA
Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodkl djukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj] xfrfof/ if=kdk vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k loZuke ls ifjfpr gSaµ;g tkuus osQ fy, ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk esa fn;k igyk vuqPNsn i<+k tk,xkA rRi'pkr~ nwljk vuqPNsn Nk=kksa ls i<+us osQ fy, dgk tk,xkA
nksuksa vuqPNsnksa esa vk, varj dks Nk=k igpkusaxs vkSj crk,¡xs fd dj.k vkSj vHk; uke ckj&ckj u fy[kdj muosQ LFkku ij oqQN vU; 'kCnksa] tSlsµos] muosQ] muls vkfn dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k x;k gSA
larks"ktud mRrj ikdj vè;kid vius mn~ns'; dh ?kks"k.kk djsaxsA
cPpks] vkt ge ^loZuke* ikB i<+saxsA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lhúMhú rFkk vU; f'k{k.k&lkexzh dh lgk;rk ls ge ikB dks le>k;k tk,xkA
lcls igys ^loZuke* 'kCn dk vFkZ iwNsaxsµlcosQ fy, ukeA
^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* xfrfof/ djus osQ fy, dgsaxsA
rRi'pkr nksuksa vuqPNsnksa osQ varj dks igpkuus osQ fy, dgsaxs rFkk ;g iwNsaxs fd nwljk vuqPNsn igys okys vuqPNsn ls fHkUu D;ksa gS\ blls Hkk"kk esa D;k cnyko
loZukePronoun 8
23
vk;k\ tSlsµigys vuqPNsn esa uke fy[ks x, gSa ysfdu nwljs vuqPNsn esa muosQ LFkku ij vU; 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
igys ls rS;kj fd;k x;k xfrfof/ i=k Nk=kksa dks ck¡Vsaxs vkSj mls è;kuiwoZd i<+dj gy djus osQ fy, dgsaxsA
loZuke dh ifjHkk"kk le>k,¡xsA
iqLrd esa fn, oqQN vU; loZuke 'kCn rFkk muosQ iz;ksx osQ fo"k; esa crk,¡xsA
Nk=kksa dks fo'ks"k rkSj ij ;g le>k;k tk,xk fd fofHkUu loZuke 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx dc] dgk¡ vkSj fdl izdkj fd;k tkrk gSA
ikB dh lhúMhú fn[kkdj chp&chp esa iz'u iwNs tk,¡xsA loZuke 'kCn Nk¡Vus osQ fy, dgk tk,xkA
^djosQ nsf[k,* osQ varxZr dfork&ikB djokrs gq, mlesa vk, loZuke 'kCn Nk¡Vus dks dgk tk,xkA
fu"d"kZ Nk=k loZuke osQ fo"k; esa tku ik,¡xs rFkk mudk lgh :i esa iz;ksx dj ik,¡xsA
fujh{k.k Nk=kksa n~okjk dh xbZ xfrfof/ ,oa dk;ks± dk fujh{k.k fd;k tk,xkA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks
laKk osQ LFkku ij vkus okys 'kCn loZuke dgykrs gSaA
laKk osQ LFkku ij loZuke dk iz;ksx djus ls Hkk"kk ljy vkSj lqanj gks tkrh gSA
fdlh vU; osQ fy,µog] os] ml] mudk] mUgsa] mUgksaus vkfn loZuke 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) nknh] vki dgk¡ tk jgh gSa\
([k) fj;k us dgk] ¶eSaus rqEgsa diM+s ns fn, FksA¸
(x) ns[kks] dkSu vk;k gS\
(?k) yxrk gS] ogk¡ dksbZ gSA
(Ä) ge lc fu'kk osQ ?kj x,A
24
2- (d) jfo us dgk fd eq>s vke ilan gSA
([k) ;'k osQ HkkbZ us mls ikoZQ esa ?kqek;kA
(x) ehuw viuh lgsyh ls lkbfdy pykuk lh[k jgh gSA
(?k) ekrk th us Í"kHk ls dgk fd mldk fp=k cgqr lqanj gSA
(Ä) xfjek us dgk fd fnYyh esa mlosQ ekek jgrs gSaA
3- loZuke 'kCn
mudk] rqEgkjk] vki] ge] mlA
”kjk lksfp, rks
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k,
cuk jgh gS viuk ?kj
ns[kHkky dj mlus ik;k
[kkyh gS mldk dksVjh
dHkh b/j ls] dHkh m/j ls
iqQnd&iqQnd ?kj&?kj tkrh]
fpFkM+k&xqnM+k&lqryh&rkxk
ys tkrh tks oqQN ikrhA
ys tkrh og eq¡g esa nkcs
dksVj esa j[k&j[k vkrh]
ns[k cM+k lkeku bdV~Bk
fdyd&fdyddj og xkrhA
25
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 3
fo"k; % fganh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % fo'ks"k.k fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; fo'ks"krk crkus okys 'kCnksa dh igpku djkukA
fo'ks"k.k fdls dgrs gSaµle>kukA
O;fDr ;k oLrq dh fdl&fdl rjg dh fo'ks"krk crkbZ tkrh gS ;k tk ldrh gSµle>kukA
,d&nwljs dh fo'ks"krkvksa] xq.kksa dks viukus osQ fy, izsfjr djukA
Hkkf"kd dkS'kyksa dk fodkl djukA
iz'u&mRrj fy[kus dk vH;kl djkukA
fo'ks"k.k osQ O;kogkfjd iz;ksx ij cyA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj] pkVZ isij vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk ^fo'ks"k.k* 'kCnksa dh tkudkjh Nk=kksa dks igys ls gS fd ughaµ;g tkuus osQ fy, ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* xfrfof/ djokbZ tk,xhA
xfrfof/ esa fn, x, iz'u iwNs tk,¡xsA
iz'uksa osQ larks"ktud mRrj ikdj vè;kid vius mn~ns'; dh ?kks"k.kk djsaxsµ
µ cPpks] vkt ge ^fo'ks"k.k* ikB i<+saxsA
µ lhúMhú rFkk fofHkUu f'k{k.k&lkefxz;ksa osQ ekè;e ls fo'ks"k.k le>saxsA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lcls igys ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* xfrfof/ d{kk esa djokbZ tk,xhA
fo'ks"k.kAdjective 9
26
rRi'pkr~ ^fo'ks"k.k* 'kCn dk ifjp; fn;k tk,xkA
fdl&fdl rjg osQ fo'ks"k.k 'kCn gksrs gaSµ;g le>k;k tk,xkA
fofHkUu izdkj osQ fo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa dks le>kus osQ fy, d{kk esa fofo/ izdkj dh lfC”k;ksa] oLrqvksa] fp=kksa vkfn dk lgkjk fy;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn dM+ok djsyk crkrk gS rksµdjsys dk fp=k fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSA
lqanj ys[k osQ fo"k; esa crkuk gS rks d{kk esa ml Nk=k dh mRrj&iqfLrdk fn[kkbZ tk ldrh gS] ftlesa Nk=k dk ys[k lqanj gksA
iqLrd esa cus fp=kksa ,oa fn, x, mnkgj.kksa osQ ekè;e ls fo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa dh igpkuk djkbZ tk,xhA
^vkvks nksgjk,¡* n~okjk ikB nksgjk;k tk,xk rFkk ikB osQ eq[; fcanqvksa ij ppkZ dh tk,xhA
vH;kl&iz'u ikjLifjd ppkZ osQ ckn gy djok, tk,¡xsA
Nk=kksa dks ^djosQ nsf[k,* xfrfof/ Lo;a djus osQ fy, izsfjr fd;k tk,xkA
,d&nwljs dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks lqudj mudh iz'kalk esa rkyh ctkbZ tk,xhA
fu"d"kZ fo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa dks igpku losaQxs rFkk izkf.k;ksa] oLrqvksa] LFkkuksa vkfn dh fo'ks"krk crk losaQxsA
fujh{k.k dk;Z dk fujh{k.k fd;k tk,xkA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks
laKk ;k loZuke dh fo'ks"krk crkus okys 'kCn fo'ks"k.k dgykrs gSaA
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
27
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- Nk=k fp=k ns[kdj Lo;a fy[ksaxsA
2- Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
3- (d) m¡Qpk ([k) ohj (x) uhyk (?k) xksy
4- gS LoxZ ls Hkh vPNk Hkkjr oru gekjkA
lknk jgk gS thou] m¡Qph fopkj/kjkAA
”kjk lksfp, rks
Nk=k viuh le> osQ vuqlkj mRrj nsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k,
lrjaxh baæ/uq"k] yky Nrjh] nks es<d] uUgha cw¡n] uhyk vkleku] eksVk es<d] NksVk es<dA
28
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 3
fo"k; % fganh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % fØ;k fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; dke fdls dgrs gSaµifjfpr djkukA
dke djuk ;k gksuk D;k gSµifjfpr djkukA
fofHkUu LraHkksa osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dks ^fØ;k* le>kukA
[ksy&[ksy esa Nk=kksa dks fØ;k 'kCn dh igpku djkukA
okD; cukus osQ fy, mlesa fØ;k dk gksuk fdruk ”k:jh gSµ;g le>kukA
fØ;k osQ lgh ,oa O;kogkfjd iz;ksx ij cy nsukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj] xeys] ikS/s] feV~Vh] ikuh vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k fØ;k 'kCn ls ifjfpr gSa ;k ughaµ;g tkuus osQ fy, ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk esa fp=kkRed dFkk osQ ekè;e ls oqQN iz'uksa osQ mRrj iwNs tk,¡xs_ tSlsµ
µ cht /jrh esa D;k dj jgk gS\
µ uhan esa cht us D;k fd;k\ vkfnA
lHkh iz'uksa osQ larks"ktud mRrj ikdj vè;kid vius mn~ns'; dh ?kks"k.kk djsaxsA
cPpks] ge ^fØ;k* ikB i<+saxsA
f'k{k.k&laosQr ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk esa fpf=kr fp=kdFkk fn[kkrs gq, rFkk mls le>krs gq, Nk=kksa ls mlesa fn, x, iz'uksa osQ mRrj iwNs tk,¡xsA
fØ;k osQ ;s Hksn fofHkUu ÝyS'k dkMZ~l rFkk Nk=kksa ls d{kk eas fofHkUu fØ;k,¡ djokdj] tSlsµnkSM+uk] g¡luk] fy[kuk] i<+uk vkfn n~okjk le>k, tk,¡xsA
fØ;k osQ fcuk okD; oSQls v/wjk jgrk gSµiqLrd esa fn, x, oqQN mnkgj.kksa osQ ekè;e ls le>k,¡xsA
fØ;kVerb 10
29
lhúMhú fn[kkdj ikB dks vPNh rjg le>k;k tk,xkA
fofHkUu fØ;k 'kCnksa dh lwph i<+h tk,xhA
^vkvks nksgjk,¡* n~okjk ikB nksgjk;k tk,xkA Nk=kksa dks ikB iwjh rjg le> vk x;k] bldh iqf"V dh tk,xhA
vH;kl osQ iz'u&mRrj vkilh ppkZ osQ ckn d{kk esa fy[kok, tk,¡xsA
^”kjk lksfp, rks* esa fn, x, dk;Z osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dks v¡/sjs&izdk'k dk varj le>k;k tk,xk rFkk ckgj [ksyuk Hkh fdruk ”k:jh gSµ;g Hkh crk;k tk,xkA
^djosQ nsf[k,* osQ ekè;e ls ikS/k jksi.k ,oa mudh tk¡p] oxZ igsyh esa ls fØ;k 'kCnksa dks igpkudj xksyk cukuk vkfn xfrfof/;k¡ djokbZ tk,¡xhA
fu"d"kZ fofHkUu fØ;kvksa dks Nk=k igpkuus yxs gSa ,oa fØ;k 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
fujh{k.k Nk=kksa osQ dk;ks± ,oa xfrfof/;ksa dk fujh{k.kA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks dke dk djuk ;k gksuk fØ;k dgykrk gSA gk¡] ^mxuk* fØ;k 'kCn gSA Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- (d) ns jgh gS ([k) pyk jgk gS (x) ty jgk gS (?k) p<+ jgk gS (Ä) xk jgh gS 2- (d) lqu ([k) i<+k;k (x) cSBh (?k) tk (Ä) f[kyrs
3- pyuk µ /hjs&/hjs pyuk vPNk gSA thruk µ eq>s ;g buke thruk gSA ns[kuk µ Vhúohú ”;knk ugha ns[kuk pkfg,A feyuk µ eSa vkt vius fe=k ls feykA f[kykuk µ if{k;ksa dks nkuk f[kykuk pkfg,A
”kjk lksfp, rks Nk=k viuh le> osQ vuqlkj mRrj nsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k, fØ;k 'kCnµrSjuk] Hkjuk] ihuk] fgykuk] Mjuk] ns[kuk] peduk] nsuk] gksukA
30
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 3
fo"k; % fganh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % i;kZ;okph 'kCn fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa osQ fo"k; esa crkukA
fofHkUu 'kCnksa osQ leku vFkZ crkus okys vyx&vyx 'kCnksa ls ifjfpr djkukA
lgh i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dh igpku djkuk rFkk 'kCn&HkaMkj esa o`n~f/ djukA
Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodkl djukA
i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa osQ O;kogkfjd iz;ksx ij cyA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj] i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa osQ ÝyS'k dkMZ~l vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa ls ifjfpr gSa] blosQ fy, ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk djus osQ fy, izsfjr fd;k tk,xkA
Nk=kksa dh vuqowQy izfrfØ;k ikdj vè;kid vius mn~ns'; dh ?kks"k.kk djsaxsA
cPpks] vkt ge ^i;kZ;okph 'kCn* i<+saxsA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lcls igys ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk ls vkjaHk djsaxsA
rRi'pkr~ Nk=kksa dks fp=k fn[kkdj mlesa fy[ks 'kCnksa dks i<+us osQ fy, dgsaxsA muls iwNsaxs fd i{kh osQ fy, [kx] fogx] fpfM+;k uHkpj vkfn 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k x;k gS\ Nk=k viuh izfrfØ;k nsaxsA
ÝyS'k dkMZ~l osQ ekè;e ls fofHkUu fp=k fn[kk, tk,¡xsA ,d Nk=k dks cqykdj ';keiV ij mu dkMZ~l ij cus fp=kksa osQ vyx&vyx uke fy[kok, tk,¡xsA
izR;sd 'kCn osQ mPpkj.k ij è;ku nsus osQ fy, lHkh Nk=kksa dks mu 'kCnksa osQ eq[kj okpu osQ fy, dgsaxsA
i;kZ;okph 'kCnSynonyms 11
31
iqLrd esa nh xbZ lwph d{kk esa i<+kbZ ,oa le>kbZ tk,xhA
lhúMhú fn[kkdj iwjk ikB n'kkZ;k tk,xk rFkk vkvks nksgjk,¡* n~okjk ikB osQ eq[; fcanqvksa ij ppkZ dh tk,xhA
ikB osQ var esa fn, x, vH;klµiz'uksa ij ppkZ djosQ muosQ mRrj fy[kok, tk,¡xsA
^”kjk lksfp, rks* ,oa ^djosQ nsf[k,* xfrfof/;k¡ d{kk esa Nk=kksa osQ lkFk ckrphr djrs gq, iwjh djokbZ tk,xhA
fu"d"kZ i;kZ;okph 'kCnksa dks igpku losaQxs rFkk mudk lgh iz;ksx dj losaQxsA
fujh{k.k Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, dk;ks± dh tk¡p dh tk,xhA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks
leku vFkZ crkus okys 'kCnksa dks lekukFkhZ vFkok i;kZ;okph 'kCn dgrs gSaA
fu'kkµjkf=k] jtuh_ fxfjµioZr] ux
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) iou ([k) jkf=k (x) o`{k (?k) iq"i (Ä) lkxj
2- (d) oL=k ([k) miou (x) vacj@vkleku@uHk (?k) ifjJe
3- (d) ckfydk] yM+dh ([k) /jrh] i`Foh (x) foVi] o`{k
”kjk lksfp, rks Nk=k viuh le> osQ vuqlkj mRrj nsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k,
(d) i{kh] [kx ([k) iwQy] iq"i (x) es?k] ckny (?k) vk¡[k] u;u
32
foykse 'kCnAntonyms 12
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 3
fo"k; % fganh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % foykse 'kCn fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; foykse 'kCnksa osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh nsukA
ikB esa vk, fofo/ foykse 'kCnksa ls ifjfpr djkukA
vH;kl ,oa xfrfof/;ksa osQ ekè;e ls Nk=kksa dks foykse 'kCnksa dh igpku djkuk ,oa muosQ egRo ls ifjfpr djkukA
Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodkl djukA
foykse 'kCnksa dh igpku ,oa O;kogkfjd iz;ksx ij cyA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj] fp=k] iqLrd vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk esa vk, vuqPNsn dks Nk=kksa ls i<+okdj mlesa vk, foykse 'kCnksa dks N¡VokukµNk=kksa dks foykse 'kCnksa dh iwoZ tkudkjh gSµbldk Kku ysukA
Nk=kksa dh izfrfØ;k ls iw.kZ larqf"V osQ i'pkr~ vè;kid n~okjk vius mn~ns'; dh ?kks"k.kk djukA
cPpks] vkt ge ^foykse 'kCn* osQ fo"k; esa tkusaxsA
ikB esa nh xbZ foykse 'kCnksa dh lwph Nk=kksa ls d{kk esa i<+okbZ tk,xhA
lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls iwjk ikB n'kkZ;k ,oa le>k;k tk,xkA
f'k{k.k&laosQr ikB esa nh xbZ foykse 'kCnksa dh lwph d{kk esa i<+h tk,xhA
lwph esa vk, dfBu 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ Li"V fd, tk,¡xsA
^vkvks nksgjk,¡* osQ ekè;e ls ikB nksgjk;k tk,xkA
Nk=kksa dh lgk;rk ysrs gq, vH;kl osQ iz'u&mRrj fy[kok, tk,¡xsA
33
';keiV ij Nk=kksa ls 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fy[kok, tk,¡xsA blls Nk=kksa esa vkRefo'okl tkxsxkA
fp=kksa ,oa lhúMhú n~okjk foykse 'kCnksa dh xgu tkudkjh nh tk,xh ,oa mudh igpku djokbZ tk,xhA
d{kk dks jkspd ,oa esytksy c<+kus osQ fy, chp&chp esa iz'u Hkh iwNs tk,¡xsA
lqanj] ohjµ'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn crk,¡A
^”kjk lksfp, rks* LraHk osQ iz'uksa n~okjk Nk=kksa osQ vyx&vyx fopkjksa dks tkuk tk,xkA
^djosQ nsf[k,* LraHk esa 'kCn&lh<+h n~okjk Nk=kksa dks fofHkUu 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn tkuus dk volj fn;k tk,xkA
fu"d"kZ Nk=k foykse 'kCnksa dks igpku ldrs gSa rFkk 'kCnksa osQ mfpr foykse crk ldrs gSaA
fujh{k.k Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, fyf[kr vH;kl dk fujh{k.k fd;k tk,xkA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks
foykse 'kCn gSaA
gk¡] foykse 'kCn dks foijhrkFkZd 'kCn Hkh dgrs gSaA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) >wB ([k) cqn~f/eku (x) nq[kh (?k) uhps (Ä) ohj
(p) fons'k (N) xjhc (t) thr (>) ve`r (×k) vusd
2- (d) tYnh ([k) mRrj (x) dk;j (?k) thr (Ä) ,d
3- (d) ehBk ([k) v¡/sjk (x) ckgj (?k) ew[kZ (Ä) cqjk
4- (d) nq[kh ([k) dk;j (x) cqn~f/eku
(?k) ifjJeh (Ä) xjhc (p) vLoPN
”kjk lksfp, rks Nk=k viuh le> osQ vuqlkj mRrj nsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k,
1- (d) lqcg ([k) gydk (x) dkyk
(?k) ykHk (Ä) Hkjk (p) jkr
34
vusd 'kCnksa ds fy, ,d 'kCn
One Word Substitution
13ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 3
fo"k; % fganh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; Hkk"kk dks lqanj vkSj izHkko'kkyh cukus osQ fy, vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn dh mi;ksfxrk le>kukA
fofHkUu mnkgj.kksa ,oa xfrfof/;ksa n~okjk Nk=kksa dks mifo"k; dh ifjHkk"kk ls ifjfpr djkukA
^okD;ka'kksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn* dh iqLrd esa nh xbZ lwph ls voxr djkuk rFkk Hkk"kk eas muosQ vf/dkf/d iz;ksx ls Hkk"kk dks vkd"kZd ,oa izHkko'kkyh cukuk fl[kkukA
vH;kl esa fn, x, iz'uksa dks gy djuk fl[kkukA
'kCnksa osQ O;kogkfjd iz;ksx dks lqn`<+ djukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] 'kCnksa dh lwph] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk esa fn, x, fp=k fn[kkdj rFkk muosQ uhps fy[ks okD; i<+dj Nk=kksa osQ iwoZKku dh ijh{kk ysukA
larks"ktud mRrj izkIr gksus osQ i'pkr~ vè;kid n~okjk vius mn~ns'; dh ?kks"k.kk djukA
cPpks] vkt ge ^vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn* i<+saxs vkSj tkusaxs fd buosQ iz;ksx ls Hkk"kk fdruh ljy] vkd"kZd ,oa izHkko'kkyh cu tkrh gSA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lcls igys ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk n~okjk Nk=kksa osQ iwoZKku dh ijh{kk yh tk,xhA
okD;ksa osQ eq[kj okpu n~okjk muosQ iBu dkS'ky ,oa Jo.k&dkS'ky dk fodkl fd;k tk,xkA
35
mifo"k; dh 'kkfCnd ifjHkk"kk mnkgj.kksa osQ ekè;e ls le>kbZ tk,xhA ikB esa fn, x, fp=kksa ,oa mnkgj.kksa dh lgk;rk yh tk,xhA
iqLrd esa nh xbZ lwph Nk=kksa dks le>krs gq, Lej.k djkbZ tk,xhA
^vkvks nksgjk,¡* rFkk lhúMhú osQ ekè;e ls ikB iwjk n'kkZ;k tk,xk ,oa ikB esa of.kZr eq[; fcanqvksa ij Nk=kksa dk è;ku vkdf"kZr djk;k tk,xkA
fofHkUu fyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mRrj ekSf[kd :i ls ppkZ djus osQ i'pkr~ fy[kus dks fn, tk,¡xsA
blls Nk=kksa osQ okpu@iBu ,oa ys[ku dkS'ky dk Hkh fodkl gksxkA
^djosQ nsf[k,* osQ varxZr ,d 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx ls 'kCn&igsyh HkjokbZ tk,xhA
fu"d"kZ Nk=k vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn dh igpku dj ldrs gSaA muosQ fy, vusd 'kCn (okD;ka'k) crk ldrs gSaA nSfud thou esa ,sls 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
fujh{k.k Nk=kksa osQ vH;kl&dk;Z dh tk¡p dh tk,xhA
Nk=kksa dh jpukRed ,oa ekSf[kd vfHkO;fDr dk fujh{k.k fd;k tk,xkA mUgsa ljkgk tk,xk rFkk vPNs dke osQ fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k tk,xkA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks Hkk"kk dks ljy ,oa izHkko'kkyh cukus osQ fy, vusd 'kCnksa osQ LFkku ij ,d 'kCn dk iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA o"kZ esa ,d ckj gksus okykµokf"kZd_ nwljs ns'k dh oLrqµfons'khA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- (d) fuMj ([k) fpfdRld (x) lgikBh (?k) okf"kZd 2- (d) Mjiksd ([k) fons'kh (x) ;ksn~/k (?k) lkIrkfgd 3- (d) fp=kdkj ([k) 'kkdkgkjh (x) ifjJeh (?k) vkylh
”kjk lksfp, rks Nk=k viuh le> osQ vuqlkj mRrj nsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k, (d) ekfld] okf"kZd ([k) Lons'kh] fons'kh (x) iqLrdky;] fon~;ky; (?k) yqgkj@yksgkj] oqQEgkj
36
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 3
fo"k; % fganh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % eqgkojs fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; Hkk"kk esa eqgkojksa osQ iz;ksx dk egRo le>kukA
eqgkojksa ls ifjfpr djkukA
okD;ksa esa vk, eqgkojksa dh igpku djkukA
vkil esa eqgkojsnkj ckrphr djuk fl[kkukA
'kkjhfjd vax laca/h eqgkojksa osQ iz;ksx ls e”ksnkj dgkuh] dkVwZu vFkok fp=kdFkk cuokdj Nk=kksa esa jpukRed ys[ku ,oa l`tu&dkS'ky dks fodflr djukA
eqgkojksa osQ O;kogkfjd iz;ksx ij cyA
Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodkl djukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj] eqgkojs fy[kh oqQN ifpZ;k¡] ,d NksVh Vksdjh] dkMZ~l] dkWfeDl vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k eqgkojksa ls ifjfpr gSa ;k ugha] blosQ fy, ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* xfrfof/ d{kk esa Nk=kksa osQ lkFk dh tk,xhA
lkekU; okD; rFkk eqgkojsnkj okD; esa varj igpkurs gq, Nk=kksa osQ vyx&vyx fopkj tkus tk,¡xsA
rRi'pkr~ vè;kid vius mn~ns'; dh ?kks"k.kk djsaxsµcPpks] vkt ge ^eqgkojs* ikB i<+saxs vkSj tkusaxs fd eqgkojs D;k gksrs gSa\
f'k{k.k&laosQr oqQN eqgkojksa ij d{kk esa vfHku; djok;k tk,xk vkSj fiQj Nk=kksa ls mu eqgkojksa dh igpku djkbZ tk,xhA
fp=k fn[kkdj eqgkojs igpkuus osQ fy, fn, tk,¡xsA
^vkvks nksgjk,¡* osQ ekè;e ls ikB nksgjk;k tk,xkA
eqgkojsIdioms 14
37
Nk=k eqgkojksa osQ vFkZ tkusa ;k ughaµbls tk¡pus osQ fy, vH;kl esa fn, x, iz'u ijLij ppkZ osQ ckn fy[kok, tk,¡xsA
ÝyS'k dkMZ~l] dkWfeDl] lhúMhú vkfn f'k{k.k&lkexzh dk mi;ksx djrs gq, fofo/ eqgkojs le>k, tk,¡xsA
Nk=kksa ls ijLij ppkZ ,oa mUgsa vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=krk nsrs gq, muesa Hkk"kk osQ iBu] okpu ,oa ys[ku laca/h dkS'kyksa dk fodkl fd;k tk,xk rFkk mudh lgHkkfxrk dks ljkgk tk,xkA
^djosQ nsf[k,* osQ varxZr xfrfof/;ksa n~okjk Nk=kksa esa jpukRed {kerk dk fodkl fd;k tk,xkA
fu"d"kZ Nk=k Hkk"kk osQ lkSan;Z esa eqgkojksa osQ egRo dks le>saxs rFkk eqgkojksa dk ekSf[kd ,oa fyf[kr iz;ksx dj ik,¡xsA
fujh{k.k Nk=kksa dh jpukRed ,oa ekSf[kd vfHkO;fDr dk fujh{k.k fd;k tk,xk] mUgsa ljkgk tk,xk rFkk vPNs dke osQ fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k tk,xkA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj”kjk crkb, rks eqgkojksa osQ iz;ksx n~okjk Hkk"kk dks lqanj vkSj izHkko'kkyh cuk ldrs gSaA Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA ihB FkiFkikukAvkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- Hkhxh fcYyh cuuk] vkleku flj ij mBkuk] eq¡g esa ikuh vkuk] mYyw cukuk] nk¡rksa rys m¡xyh nckuk] isV esa pwgs owQnukA
2- (d) dku ij tw¡ u jsaxuk ([k) eq¡g esa ikuh vkuk (x) ihB FkiFkikuk
(?k) vkxccwyk gksuk (Ä) vk¡[kksa esa /wy >ksaduk
3- (d) (iii) ([k) (v) (x) (iv) (?k) (i) (Ä) (ii)
4- (d) eq¡g dh [kkuh iM+h ([k) vk¡[kksa dk rkjk (x) dej dl yh
(?k) isV esa pwgs nkSM+ jgs gSa (Ä) nk¡rksa rys m¡xyh nck yhA
”kjk lksfp, rks Nk=k viuh le> osQ vuqlkj mRrj nsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k, Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
38
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 3
fo"k; % fganh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % v'kqn~f/&'kks/u fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; mPpkj.k ,oa orZuh laca/h v'kqn~f/;ksa dh igpku djkukA
izR;sd 'kCn osQ lgh mPpkj.k ij cy nsukA
mPpkj.k dh 'kqn~/rk dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, orZuh dh 'kqn~/rk ij cy nsukA
d{kk osQ izR;sd Nk=k dh orZuh rFkk mPpkj.k laca/h v'kqn~f/;ksa dks nwj djus osQ fy, Jqrys[k dk vk;kstu djukA
Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ iBu] okpu rFkk ys[ku osQ egRo dks le>kukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj] dfBu 'kCnksa dh lwph] dk;Z&if=kdk vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk iwoZKku ijh{kk gsrq Nk=kksa ls ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk laca/h tkudkjh ysukA
^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* xfrfof/ d{kk esa Nk=kksa n~okjk djokukA
xfrfof/ esa vk, v'kqn~/ okD;ksa dks Nk=kksa ls 'kqn~/ cqyokukA
mPpkj.k rFkk orZuh laca/h v'kqn~f/;ksa osQ fo"k; esa viuh f'k{k.k&lkexzh osQ ekè;e ls le>kukA
^v'kqn~f/ 'kks/u* ikB i<+us laca/h mn~ns'; dh ?kks"k.kk djukA
f'k{k.k&laosQr 'kCn&lwph ls oqQN lkekU; v'kqn~f/ okys 'kCn Nk=kksa ls iwNuk ,oa ';keiV ij fy[kokukA
okD; laca/h v'kqn~f/;ksa dks nwj djokus osQ fy, d{kk esa Nk=kksa ls NksVs&NksVs okD; cqyokukA
^vkvks nksgjk,¡* osQ ekè;e ls ikB nksgjkukA
v'kqn~f/k&'kks/kuCorrect Spelling 15
39
Jqrys[k ysukA
Nk=kksa esa ikjLifjd laokn djkdj ,d&nwljs dh xyfr;ksa@v'kqn~f/;ksa dks igpkudj mUgsa 'kqn~/ djkukA
ÝyS'k&dkMZ] pkVZ vkfn esa vk, v'kqn~/ 'kCn vFkok okD;ksa dh igpku djkukA
vH;kl osQ iz'uksa dks d{kk esa Nk=kksa dh lgk;rk ysrs gq, le>kuk ,oa fy[kokukA
^djosQ nsf[k,* xfrfof/ dks vf/d ls vf/d #fpdj cukrs gq, d{kk esa djkuk rFkk Nk=kksa dks 'kck'kh nsrs gq, mUgsa izksRlkfgr djukA
fu"d"kZ Nk=k 'kCnksa vkSj okD;ksa dh v'kqn~f/ dks igpkuus ,oa 'kqn~/ djus esa l{ke gSaA
fujh{k.k Nk=kksa osQ dk;ks± ,oa fØ;kdykiksa dk fujh{k.k djukA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks mPpkj.k rFkk orZuh dh 'kqn~/rk dks è;ku esa j[kus ij ge fganh Hkk"kk 'kqn~/ :i ls cksy vkSj
fy[k ldrs gSaA cjkr] vk'khokZnA i{kh Mky ij cSBk gSA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- (d) tokc ([k) #i;k (x) eNyh (?k) blfy, (Ä) Jherh
2- (d) ns[kks] ckgj dksbZ [kM+k gSA ([k) eSaus rqEgsa dgk FkkA (x) Mky ls iQy fxj x;kA (?k) cPps Nr ij cSBs gSaA
3- (d) Ñi;k ([k) cjkr (x) chekjh (?k) vuqPNsn (Ä) x`gdk;Z (p) #i;k
4- (d) esjh nhnh ck”kkj xbZ gSaA ([k) eq>s ?kweus ugha tkukA (x) dy firk th dks vkuk gSA (?k) nw/ esa oqQN fxj x;k gSA
”kjk lksfp, rks Nk=k viuh le> osQ vuqlkj mRrj nsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k, Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
40
vH;kl iz'u&i=kµ2
1- (d) Lokfn"V ([k) pkykd (x) m¡Qpk] gjk&Hkjk (?k) lI+ksQn
2- (d) [kk jgk Fkk ([k) bL=kh djrk gS (x) lhapk
(?k) ck”kkj tk,¡xs (Ä) [ksy jgs gSaA
3- fØ;k 'kCnµysVk] ysVrs gh] uhan vk xbZA liuk ns[kk] igq¡p x;k gS] ?kweus yxk] ns[kdj] Hkkxus
yxs] vPNk yx jgk FkkA
4- (d) cqn~f/eku ([k) ve`r (x) 'kke (?k) mRrj
5- (d) i{kh µ fogx] [kx
([k) lalkj µ tx] nqfu;k
(x) 'ksj µ flag] O;k?kz
(?k) jkr µ fu'kk] jkf=k
6- (d) v¡xwBk fn[kk fn;k
([k) vkleku flj ij mBk ysrs gSa
(x) ukS&nks X;kjg gks x;k
(?k) iwQyk ugha lek jgk Fkk
7- (d) 'kkdkgkjh ([k) fon~;kFkhZ (x) fpfdRld (?k) okf"kZd
8- (d) firk th vk x,A
([k) eq>s iQy ugha [kkusA
(x) ;g rqeus D;k fd;k\
(?k) isM+ ij canj cSBk gSA
(Ä) og esjh ukuh th gSaA
uksVµvU; lHkh ikBksa osQ iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=k viuh jpukRedrk osQ vk/kj ij fy[ksaxsA
41
Kku&ijh{kk
1- (d) xq#eq[kh ([k) nsoukxjh (x) I+kQkjlh (?k) jkseu
2- (d) Hk¡ojk] Nk¡o ([k) izkar] ea=kh
3- (d) ehuw] d{kk ([k) fpfM+;k] ?kksalys] vaMs
(x) lM+d] dkjsa (?k) xfjek] miou] iqQVckWy
4- (d) ([k) (x) (?k)
(Ä) (p) (N) (t)
5- (d) lq[kh ([k) xank (x) xjhc
(?k) jkr (Ä) >wB (p) cqjk
6- (d) ukuk th ?kweus tkrs gSaA
([k) yM+dk >wyk >wy jgk gSA
(x) jkuh us fdlku dks buke fn;kA
7- (d) eSa ([k) mlosQ] esjh (x) eq>s@mls (?k) esjh
8- (d) lqanj ([k) gjh] yky (x) e/qj (?k) ik¡p
9- (d) ijekRek] Hkxoku ([k) x`g] fuosQru (x) iou] ok;q (?k) ioZr] fxfj
10- (d) iqLrdky; ([k) lkIrkfgd (x) fons'kh (?k) ifjJeh
11- (d) lksus tk jgk gS ([k) cuk,xk (x) nkSM+rk gS (?k) pyk jgk Fkk
12- (d) rqEgsa eq>ls D;k pkfg,\ ([k) eq>s rqEgkjh Nrjh pkfg,A
(x) xk; dk xje nw/ ys vkvksA (?k) eq>s dgkfu;ksa dh ,d iqLrd nksA
(Ä) xq# th] vki ;gk¡ cSfB,A
13- (d) cgqr Øks/ djuk ([k) 'kkck'kh nsuk
(x) yypk tkuk (?k) fuf'par gksdj lksuk
(Ä) cgqr Øksf/r gksuk
14- Nk=k Lo;a fy[ksaxsA
42
dk;Z&if=kdkµ1
uke % -------------- d{kk % -------------- vè;kid@vè;kfidk % -------------- iw.kk±d
ozQekad % -------------- fnukad % -------------- vfHkHkkod % -------------- 15
1- Hkk"kk osQ fdrus :i gksrs gSa\ uke fyf[k,A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- fyfi fdls dgrs gSa\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3- o.kZ fdrus izdkj osQ gksrs gSa\ uke fyf[k,A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4- la;qDr O;atu Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ
{k] x] /] =k] e] K] t] J
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5- mfpr 'kCnksa n~okjk fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,µ
(d) -------------------------- Hkk"kk dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gSA
([k) Hkkjr dh jktHkk"kk -------------------------- gSA
(x) -------------------------- vkSj -------------------------- v;ksxokg gSaA
43
6- lgh dFku ij () vkSj xyr ij () dk fpg~u yxkb,µ
(d) o.kks± osQ O;ofLFkr esy ls o.kZekyk curh gSA
([k) Hkk"kk osQ osQoy nks gh dkS'ky gksrs gSaA
(x) mnwZ dh fyfi nsoukxjh gSA
(?k) Loj O;atuksa osQ mPpkj.k esa lgk;rk djrs gSaA
7- lgh feyku dhft,µ
(d) O;atu (i) J
([k) v;ksxokg (ii) iQ
(x) la;qDr O;atu (iii) vk
(?k) Loj (iv) va
44
dk;Z&if=kdkµ2
uke % -------------- d{kk % -------------- vè;kid@vè;kfidk % -------------- iw.kk±d
ozQekad % -------------- fnukad % -------------- vfHkHkkod % -------------- 15
1- fn, x, 'kCnksa ij lgh ek=kk,¡ yxkdj nqckjk fyf[k,µ
(d) dgku µ -------------------------- ([k) ilk µ --------------------------
(x) Hkky µ --------------------------
2- o.kks± dks lgh Øe esa fy[kdj lkFkZd 'kCn cukb,µ
(d) 'kckfj µ -------------------------- ([k) udknq µ --------------------------
(x) ydks; µ --------------------------
3- mfpr 'kCnksa n~okjk fjDr LFkku Hkfj,µ
(d) -------------------------- osQ feyus ls 'kCn curs gSaA
([k) O;atuksa osQ lkFk tqM+us ij Loj dk cnyk :i -------------------------- dgykrk gSA
4- nh xbZ ek=kkvksa dks tksM+dj u;k 'kCn cukb,µ
(d) d $ bZ ¾ -------------------------- ([k) d $ vks ¾ --------------------------
(x) e $ Å ¾ --------------------------
5- 'kCnksa dks lgh Øe esa fy[kdj mfpr okD; cukb,µ
(d) vPNh fiz;k gS xkf;dkA µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) ukuk th tkrs gSa lqcg lSj dksA µ ------------------------------------------------------------------------
6- lgh tksM+s feykb,µ
(d) c $ vks [khj
([k) n $ , Nwuk
(x) [k $ bZ nsj
(?k) N $ Å cksry
45
dk;Z&if=kdkµ3
uke % -------------- d{kk % -------------- vè;kid@vè;kfidk % -------------- iw.kk±d
ozQekad % -------------- fnukad % -------------- vfHkHkkod % -------------- 15
1- js[kkafdr laKk 'kCnksa dk lgh esy dhft,µ
(d) VksD;ks tkiku dh jkt/kuh gSA O;fDr dk uke
([k) ,úihútsú dyke egku oSKkfud FksA LFkku dk uke
(x) o"kkZ gksus ij es<d iqQndus yxrs gSaA izk.kh dk uke
2- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ opu cnydj fyf[k,µ
(d) iqLrd µ -------------------------- ([k) nokbZ µ --------------------------
(x) fpfM+;k µ --------------------------
3- fn, x, 'kCnksa esa ls iqfYyax vkSj L=khfyax 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ
cdjh] eksj] ?kksM+k] cPpk] L=kh] vè;kfidk] gkFkh] ekfyu
iqfYyax L=kh¯yx
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
46
4- laKk 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ
(d) yfrdk ifjJeh ckfydk gSA
([k) unh esa iwQy f[kyk gSA
(x) Nk=k d{kk esa i<+ jgs gSaA
5- fn, x, 'kCnksa esa ls ,dopu vkSj cgqopu 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ
jkr] vk¡[ksa] diM+s] iRrk] nokbZ] dgkfu;k¡] ekrk] esos
,dopu cgqopu
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
------------------------------------ ------------------------------------
47
dk;Z&if=kdkµ4
uke % -------------- d{kk % -------------- vè;kid@vè;kfidk % -------------- iw.kk±d
ozQekad % -------------- fnukad % -------------- vfHkHkkod % -------------- 15
1- ,d 'kCn esa mRrj fyf[k,µ
(d) vius fy, iz;ksx gksus okyk loZuke µ ---------------------------------------
([k) vknj nsus osQ fy, ,dopu osQ LFkku
ij cgqopu esa iz;ksx gksus okyk loZuke µ ---------------------------------------
(x) ek=kk osQ fy, iz;ksx gksus okyk ,d fo'ks"k.k µ ---------------------------------------
2- okD;ksa esa iz;ksx fd, x, fo'ks"k.k 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ
(d) eq>s cM+h xsan pkfg,A ------------------------------------
([k) ?kksM+k rs”k nkSM+us okyk tkuoj gSA ------------------------------------
(x) lqugjh eNyh ikuh esa gSA ------------------------------------
3- fØ;k fy[kdj okD; iwjs dhft,µ
(d) ';ke lkbfdy /hjs --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A
([k) xk; ?kkl ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A
4- lgh loZuke 'kCnksa ls fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,µ
(d) vkb,] --------------------------------- vanj vk tkb,A
([k) --------------------------------- dy fidfud tk,¡xsA
(x) firk th us --------------------------------- ik¡p #i;s fn,A
5 fØ;k osQ vuqlkj mfpr 'kCn Hkfj,µ
(d) isM+ ij cSBk canj osQyk -------------------------- gSA
([k) jkr esa rkjs -------------------------- gSaA
(x) 'ksj -------------------------- jgk gSA
48
dk;Z&if=kdkµ5
uke % -------------- d{kk % -------------- vè;kid@vè;kfidk % -------------- iw.kk±d
ozQekad % -------------- fnukad % -------------- vfHkHkkod % -------------- 15
1- fn, x, 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks i;kZ;okph fyf[k,µ
(d) lwjt µ -------------------------- --------------------------
([k) gok µ -------------------------- --------------------------
(x) izdk'k µ -------------------------- --------------------------
2- js[kkafdr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn n~okjk fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,µ
(d) jfo jke tSlk vPNk yM+dk gS] rks jksgu jko.k tSlk --------------------------A
([k) Hkkjr vusdrk esa -------------------------- okyk ns'k gSA
(x) eSa -------------------------- lkeku mBk ysrk gw¡] ijarq Hkkjh lkeku ugha mBk ikrkA
3- vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, lgh 'kCn dks feykb,µ
(d) xkuk xkus okyk (i) vkpk;Z
([k) ;qn~/ esa yM+us okyk (ii) ;ksn~/k
(x) vkpj.k fl[kkus okyk (iii) xk;d
4- js[kkafdr 'kCnksa osQ i;kZ;okph fyf[k,µ
(d) jkf=k esa v¡/sjk gks x;kA --------------------------
([k) cxhps esa iwQy f[kys gSaA --------------------------
(x) esjk fe=k esjs ?kj osQ fudV jgrk gSA --------------------------
5- foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) Å¡pk µ -------------------------- ([k) tUe µ --------------------------
(x) ijk;k µ --------------------------
49
dk;Z&if=kdkµ6
uke % -------------- d{kk % -------------- vè;kid@vè;kfidk % -------------- iw.kk±d
ozQekad % -------------- fnukad % -------------- vfHkHkkod % -------------- 15
1- js[kkafdr 'kCnksa osQ LFkku ij mfpr eqgkojk fyf[k,µ
(d) xjek&xje tysch ns[kdj uhfyek dk eu yypk x;kA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) d{kk esa Nk=kksa us 'kksj epkdj cgqr ijs'kku dj fn;kA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) ijh{kk lekIr gksus osQ ckn eSa cgqr xgjh uhan esa lksrh gw¡A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) vPNs cPps lHkh dks cgqr I;kjs gksrs gSaA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- v'kqn~f/;k¡ fdrus izdkj dh gksrh gSa\ uke fyf[k,A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3- v'kqn~/ 'kCnksa osQ 'kqn~/ :i fyf[k,µ
(d) Da;wfd µ -------------------------- ([k) izFoh µ --------------------------
(x) pqgk µ --------------------------
50
4- okD;ksa dks 'kqn~/ djosQ fyf[k,µ
(d) esjs dks migkj pkfg,A -----------------------------------------------------
([k) ehjk xkuk xk jgk gSA -----------------------------------------------------
(x) rqedh fdrkc dgk¡ gS\ -----------------------------------------------------
5- fn, x, vadksa dks ¯gnh 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,µ
(d) 22 µ -------------------------------
([k) 39 µ -------------------------------
(x) 28 µ -------------------------------
51
dk;Z&if=kdkµ7
uke % -------------- d{kk % -------------- vè;kid@vè;kfidk % -------------- iw.kk±d
ozQekad % -------------- fnukad % -------------- vfHkHkkod % -------------- 15
1- fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa osQ vFkZ fyf[k,µ
(d) dej dluk --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) mYyw cukuk ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) vDy dk nq'eu --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) ihB FkiFkikuk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- lIrkg osQ fnuksa dks lgh Øe esa fyf[k,µ
eaxyokj] 'kfuokj] lkseokj] 'kqØokj] cq/okj] xq#okj] jfookj
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3- Hkkjr osQ nks jk"Vªh; R;ksgkjksa osQ uke fyf[k,A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4- (d) i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(i) pk¡n µ -------------------------- (ii) i`Foh µ --------------------------
([k) foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(i) liQy µ -------------------------- (ii) lq[k µ --------------------------
(x) ^mYyw cukuk* eqgkojs dk vFkZ crkb,A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) feV~Vh osQ crZu cukus okys dks D;k dgrs gSa\
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
52
dk;Z&if=kdkµ8
uke % -------------- d{kk % -------------- vè;kid@vè;kfidk % -------------- iw.kk±d
ozQekad % -------------- fnukad % -------------- vfHkHkkod % -------------- 15
1- uhps fn, x, o.kks± dks mfpr txg ij lgh Øe esa fyf[k,µ
x] vk] ½] /] o] >] vks] e] bZ] ;
Loj ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
O;atu ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2- okD;ksa esa ls ,d laKk vkSj ,d fo'ks"k.k Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ
laKk fo'ks"k.k
(d) jktw us dPps vke rksM+sA ---------------------- ----------------------
([k) eq>s [kV~Vh&ehBh VkWfI+kQ;k¡ cgqr ilan gSaA ---------------------- ----------------------
(x) uUgk [kjxks'k rs”kh ls Hkkx jgk gSA ---------------------- ----------------------
(?k) vkxjk esa lqanj rktegy gSA ---------------------- ----------------------
3- loZuke vkSj fØ;k Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ
lkjka'k us vius tUefnu ij vius lHkh nksLrksa dks cqyk;kA mlus u, diM+s igus FksA mlosQ
nksLrksa us dgk] ^^rqe cgqr vPNs yx jgs gksA** mlus osQd dkVk vkSj lHkh us mls migkj fn,A
loZuke ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fØ;k ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
53
4- js[kkafdr 'kCnksa dk lgh feyku dhft,µ
(d) mlus lcdks pqVoqQys lquk,A (i) fo'ks"k.k
([k) uhyh irax vkleku esa mM+ jgh gSA (ii) fØ;k
(x) Lokfr d{kk esa izFke vkbZA (iii) loZuke
(?k) cPpk cgqr lqanj fy[k jgk gSA (iv) laKk
54
dk;Z&if=kdkµmRrjkoyh
dk;Z&if=kdkµ1
1- Hkk"kk osQ nks :i gksrs gSaµ(i) ekSf[kd Hkk"kk] (ii) fyf[kr Hkk"kkA 2- Hkk"kk dks fy[kus dk rjhdk gh fyfi dgykrk gSA tSls ¯gnh Hkk"kk dh fyfi nsoukxjh gSA
3- o.kZ nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSaµ(i) Loj] (ii) O;atuA 4- {k] =k] K] J
5- (d) o.kZ ([k) ¯gnh (x) vuqLokj] vuqukfld
6- (d) ([k) (x) (?k) 7- (d) O;atu µ (ii) iQ] ([k) v;ksxokg µ (iv) va_ (x) la;qDr O;atu µ (i) J_
(?k) Loj µ (iii) vk
dk;Z&if=kdkµ2
1- (d) dgkuh ([k) iSlk (x) Hkkyw
2- (d) ckfj'k ([k) nqdku (x) dks;y
3- (d) o.kks± ([k) ek=kk
4- (d) dhµdhy@dhM+k ([k) dksµdksey@dksuk
(x) ew&ewyh@ew[kZ
5- (d) fiz;k vPNh xkf;dk gSA ([k) ukuk th lqcg lSj djus tkrs gSaA
6- (d) cksµcksry ([k) nsµnsj (x) [khµ[khj (?k) NwµNwuk
dk;Z&if=kdkµ3
1- (d) LFkku dk uke ([k) O;fDr dk uke (x) izk.kh dk uke
2- (d) iqLrosaQ ([k) nokb;k¡ (x) fpfM+;k¡
3- (d) iqfYyax µ eksj] ?kksM+k] cPpk] gkFkhA
([k) L=khfyax µ cdjh] L=kh] vè;kfidk] ekfyuA
4- (d) yfrdk] ckfydk ([k) unh] iwQy
(x) Nk=k] d{kk
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5- ,dopu µ jkr] iRrk] nokbZ] ekrkA
cgqopu µ vk¡[ksa] diM+s] dgkfu;k¡] esosA
dk;Z&if=kdkµ4
1- (d) eSa ([k) vki (x) fdyks@yhVj (?k) xksy@pkSdksj
2- (d) cM+h ([k) rs”k (x) lqugjh
3- (d) pyk jgk gS ([k) [kkrh gS
4- (d) vki ([k) ge (x) eq>s
5- (d) [kk jgk ([k) pedrs (x) ngkM+
dk;Z&if=kdkµ5 1- (d) lw;Z] jfo ([k) ok;q] iou (x) jks'kuh] mtkyk
2- (d) cqjk ([k) ,drk (x) gydk
3- (d) xkuk xkus okyk (iii) xk;d
([k) ;qn~/ esa yM+us okyk (ii) ;ksn~/k
(x) vkpj.k fl[kkus okyk (i) vkpk;Z
4- (d) jkr ([k) miou (x) x`g
5- (d) uhpk ([k) e`R;q (x) viuk
dk;Z&if=kdkµ6
1- (d) xjek&xje tysch ns[kdj uhfyek osQ eq¡g esa ikuh vk x;kA
([k) d{kk esa Nk=kksa us 'kksj epkdj ukd esa ne dj fn;kA
(x) ijh{kk lekIr gksus osQ ckn eSa ?kksM+s cspdj lksrh gw¡A
(?k) vPNs cPps lHkh dh vk¡[kksa dk rkjk gksrs gSaA
2- v'kqn~f/;k¡ nks izdkj dh gksrh gSaµ
(i) orZuh (fy[kus) dh v'kqn~f/;k¡]
(ii) mPpkj.k (cksyus) dh v'kqn~f/;k¡A
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3- (d) D;ksafd ([k) i`Foh (x) pwgk
4- (d) eq>s migkj pkfg,A ([k) ehjk xkuk xk jgh gSA
(x) rqEgkjh fdrkc dgk¡ gS\
5- (d) ckbZl ([k) murkyhl (x) vV~BkbZl
dk;Z&if=kdkµ7
1- (d) rS;kj gksuk ([k) ew[kZ cukuk (x) ew[kZ (?k) 'kkck'kh nsuk
2- lkseokj] eaxyokj] cq/okj] xq#okj] 'kqØokj] 'kfuokj] jfookj
3- Lora=krk fnol] x.kra=k fnol
4- (d) (i) panzek (ii) /jrh ([k) (i) vliQy (ii) nq[k
(x) ew[kZ cukuk (?k) oqQEgkj
dk;Z&if=kdkµ8
1- Loj µ vk] bZ] ½] vks
O;atu µ x] >] /] e] ;] o
2- laKk fo'ks"k.k
(d) jktw dPps
([k) VkWfI+kQ;k¡ [kV~Vh&ehBh
(x) [kjxks'k uUgk
(?k) vkxjk lqanj
3- loZuke µ vius] mlus] mlosQ] rqe] mls
fØ;k µ cqyk;k] igus Fks] dgk] yx jgs gks] dkVk] fn,
4- (d) (iii) loZuke ([k) (i) fo'ks"k.k
(x) (iv) laKk (?k) (ii) fØ;k