ljLorh eSa vkSj esjk Material... · 2018. 7. 3. · Second Floor, MGM Tower, 19 Ansari Road,...
Transcript of ljLorh eSa vkSj esjk Material... · 2018. 7. 3. · Second Floor, MGM Tower, 19 Ansari Road,...
ljLorh
eSa vkSj esjk
ysf[kdk,¡
MkWú ek/qjh 'kkfyuh 'kekZ ,eúfiQyú] ih&,púMhú (fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;) ,eú,ú] chú,Mú (fnYyh fo'ofon~;ky;) foHkkxkè;{kkµfnYyh ifCyd LowQy] n~okjdk vè;kfidkµfnYyh ifCyd LowQy] n~okjdk
U;w ljLorh gkml (bafM;k) izkúfyúubZ fnYyhµ110002 (bafM;k)
f'k{kd&lan£'kdk ,oa vH;kl&if=kdk
Second Floor, MGM Tower, 19 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (India) Phone : +91-11-43556600Fax : +91-11-43556688E-mail : [email protected] : www.saraswatihouse.comCIN : U22110DL2013PTC262320Import-Export Licence No. 0513086293
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Revised edition 2018
TM Code: 2017007000142
Published by: New Saraswati House (India) Pvt. Ltd.19 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (India)
The moral rights of the author has been asserted.
©Reserved with the Publishers
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Product Code: NSS2MMV076HINAC17CBY
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vkeq[k
f'k{kdksa dk Kku vR;ar O;kid gksrk gSA mUgsa lanf'kZdk lqiqnZ djus dk mn~ns'; gS] cPpksa dk lok±xh.k fodkl djukA
f'k{k.k iz.kkyh esa Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ gSA Hkk"kk dh xw<+ ckjhfd;ksa dks è;ku esa j[krs gq, gekjk ,d iz;kl iqLrdh; Ük`a[kyk osQ :i esa vkiosQ le{k gS] ftldk uke gS eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.kA* ;g d{kk ,d ls ysdj vkBoha rd osQ fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, gSA gekjk mn~ns'; cPpksa dks fganh Hkk"kk fl[kkuk gSA
f'k{kd&lanf'kZdk ,oa vH;kl&if=kdk dk fuekZ.k f'k{kdksa osQ fy, fd;k x;k gS rkfd ^eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k* Ük`a[kyk dh i`"BHkwfe esa fufgr mn~ns';ksa dks os cPpksa rd lgh <ax ls igq¡pk losaQA
^f'k{kd&lanf'kZdk* dks vf/d mi;ksxh ,oa fon~;kfFkZ;ksa gsrq vH;klijd cukus osQ fy, O;kdj.k&fo"k; osQ izR;sd ikB dh ikB&;kstuk miyC/ djkbZ tk jgh gSA rRi'pkr~ ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa ,oa iz'u&i=kksa osQ mRrj fn, x, gSaA ikBksa osQ i'pkr~ gy lfgr dk;Z&if=kdk,¡ Hkh tksM+h xbZ gSaA
vk'kk gS] Hkk"kk&f'k{k.k dh fn'kk esa fd;k x;k gekjk ;g iz;kl mi;ksxh fln~/ gksxkA
f'k{kkfonksa ,oa vuqHkoh f'k{kdksa n~okjk fd, x, lq>koksa dk ge Lokxr djsaxs ftlls Hkkoh la'kks/uksa esa enn feysxhA
µysf[kdk,¡
fo"k;&lwph 1- Hkk"kk&fopkj --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
2- o.kZ&fopkj -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
3- laf/ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
4- 'kCn&fopkj --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
5- 'kCn&HkaMkj ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
7- milxZ] izR;; ,oa lekl -----------------------------------------------------------------------21
8- laKk -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25
9- fyax] opu vkSj dkjd----------------------------------------------------------------------------28
10- loZuke---------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------32
vH;kl iz'u&i=kµ1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------35
11- fo'ks"k.k --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------37
12- fØ;k--------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------40
13- dky ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------42
14- vfodkjh 'kCn ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44
15- okD; ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48
16- v'kqn~/ okD;ksa dk la'kks/u --------------------------------------------------------------------50
17- fojke&fpg~u -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------52
18- eqgkojs vkSj yksdksfDr;k¡ -------------------------------------------------------------------------55
20- vifBr cks/ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------58
vH;kl iz'u&i=kµ2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------61
dk;Z&if=kdk,¡ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------62
dk;Z&if=kdkµmRrjkoyh --------------------------------------------------------------------------79
5
Hkk"kk&fopkjPhilology 1
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 7
fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % Hkk"kk&fopkj fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; Hkk"kk osQ mn~Hko] fodkl] :iksa vkfn dh tkudkjh nsukA
¯gnh Hkk"kk egRo le>kukA
Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodklA
Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dk Kku ,oa iz;ksxA
ikB ij vk/kfjr fofo/ vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[kukA
Hkk"kk osQ O;kogkfjd iz;ksx esa oqqQ'ky cukukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj] fofo/ Hkk"kkvksa (lkaosQfrd ,oa fyf[kr) osQ uewusA
iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k ^Hkk"kk* ls iwoZ&ifjfpr gSaA muosQ iwoZKku dks vk/kj cukrs gq, muls lM+d osQ fdukjs yxs cksMZ ij cus laosQrksa osQ fo"k; esa iwNsaA
rRi'pkr ikB osQ vkjaHk esa fn, x, ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk dks è;kuiwoZd i<+us vkSj le>us osQ fy, dgsaA
blosQ mijkar ml ij d{kk esa Nk=kksa osQ lkFk ppkZ djsaA muls iwNsa fd os ?kj esa fdl Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA larks"ktud mRrj feyus ij 'kh"kZd dh ?kks"k.kk djsaA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lhúMhú pykdj Nk=kksa dks ikB fn[kk,¡ vkSj lquok,¡A Nk=kksa ls ikB è;kuiwoZd lquus vkSj ns[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
chp&chp esa lhúMhú jksddj ikB le>k,¡ vkSj Nk=kksa ls NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNsa vkSj mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djsaA
6
ikB lekIr gksus ij vH;kl&iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj lhúMhú esa fn, x,
vH;kl&iz'u Nk=kksa ls djok,¡A
rRi'pkr iqLrd esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=kksa ls fy[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
fu"d"kZ Nk=k Hkk"kk osQ :iksa rFkk egRo] fyfi] O;kdj.k vkfn osQ fo"k; osQ tkudkjh
izkIr dj pqosQ gSaaA ikB ij vk/kfjr iz'uksa osQ mRrj Lo;a ns ldrs gSaA
fujh{k.k f'k{kd Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, vH;kl&dk;Z dh LrjkuqowQy tk¡p djsaxs vkSj
=kqfV&'kks/u djsaxsA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks xhr xkuk] ckrphr djukA iatkch&xq#eq[kh] laLo`Qr&nsoukxjhA
14 flracj 1949 dksA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- (d) ([k) (x) (?k) (Ä) 2- (d) nwljk ([k) O;kdj.k (x) xn~;] in~; (?k) i=k] dgkuh
3- (d) jkseu ([k) ckaxyk (x) nsoukxjh (?k) xq#eq[kh
(Ä) nsoukxjh (p) jkseu
4- fyf[kr Hkk"kk µ i=k] lekpkj i=k] iqLrd] ,lú,eú,lú
ekSf[kd Hkk"kk µ Hkk"k.k] okrkZyki] jsfM;ks] dkO;&ikB
5- (d) ekSf[kd ([k) fyf[kr (x) fyf[kr (?k) ekSf[kd
(Ä) ekSf[kd
6- (d) t;'kadj izlknµ¯gnh ([k) eaq'kh izsepanµ¯gnh
(x) rqylhnklµvo/h (?k) jke/kjh ¯lg ^fnudj*µ¯gnh
(Ä) dchjµl/qDdM+h (Ä) lqHknzkoqQekjh pkSgkuµ¯gnh
”kjk lksfp, rks Nk=k viuh le> osQ vuqlkj lkspdj crk,¡xsA
djosQ nsf[k,
vè;kid osQ funsZ'k ,oa lg;ksx ls Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
7
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 7
fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % o.kZ&fopkj fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; o.kZ dh ifjHkk"kk] Hksn rFkk miHksnksa dh tkudkjh nsukA
o.kks± osQ mPpkj.k LFkku ,oa 'kqn~/ mPpkj.k ij cyA
Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodklA
Hkk"kk dh v'kqn~f/;ksa osQ laca/ esa tkudkjh
ikB ij vk/kfjr fofo/ vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[kukA
o.kks± dh igpku ,oa varj esa oqQ'ky cukukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k ^o.kZ* ls iw.kZ ifjfpr gSA muosQ iwoZKku Kku dks vk/kj cukrs gq,
vè;kid Nk=kks a ls ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk dks è;kuiwoZd i<+us vkSj
djus osQ fy, dgsaxsA
rRi'pkr Nk=kks a osQ lkFk d{kk esa ml ij ppkZ djsaxsA larks"ktud mRrj
feyus ij 'kh"kZd dh ?kks"k.kk djsaxsA ';keiV ij 'kh"kZd fy[ksaxsA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lhúMhú pykdj Nk=kks a dks ikB fn[kk,¡ vkSj lquok,¡A Nk=kks a ls ikB
è;kuiwoZd lquus vkSj ns[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
chp&chp esa lhúMhú jksddj ikB le>k,¡ vkSj Nk=kks a ls NksVs&NksVs iz'u
iwNsa vkSj mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djsaA
ikB lekIr gksus ij vH;kl&iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj lhúMhú esa fn, x,
vH;kl&iz'u Nk=kks a ls djok,¡A
o.kZ&fopkjOrthography 2
8
rRi'pkr iqLrd esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=kks a ls fy[kus osQ
fy, dgsaA
var esa f'k{kd Nk=kks a dks v'kqn~/ 'kCnksa dh lwph nsaxs vkSj Nk=kks a ls muosQ
'kqn~/ :i fy[kus osQ fy, dgsaxsA
oqQN le; i'pkr~ muosQ 'kqn~/ :i ';keiV ij fy[ksaxs vkSj Nk=kks a ls vius
'kCnksa dk feyku djus osQ fy, dgsaxsA
fu"d"kZ Nk=k o.kZ osQ Hksnks a rFkk miHksnks a dks igpkurs gSa rFkk ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs
gSa aA orZuh dh lkekU; v'kqn~f/;ksa dks 'kqn~/ djus esa Hkh l{ke gSaA
fujh{k.k f'k{kd Nk=kks a n~okjk fd, x, vH;kl&dk;Z dh LrjkuqowQy tk¡p djsaxs vkSj
=kqfV&'kks/u djsaxsA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks chp esa rFkk var esaA mPpkj.k LFkku osQ vk/kj ijA
o.kks ± dks ijLij feykus dh izfozQ;k dks o.kZ la;ksx dgrs gSaA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) ckou ([k) Loj] O;atu (x) nh?kZ Loj (?k) Lojksa
(Ä) laLo`Qr (p) v;ksxokg (N) n~foRo O;atu (t) la;qDr O;atu
2- (d) la;qDrk{kj µ jDr] eD[ku] I;kl] okD;
([k) la;qDr O;atu µ {kek] foKkiu] i=k] Jherh
(x) n~foRo O;atu µ xUuk] iRrk] NRrk] izlUu
(?k) vuqukfld µ ek¡x] lk¡dy] ik¡p] pk¡nuh
3- (d) l~ $ vkSa $ n~ $ j~ $ ;~ $ v
([k) vk $ o~Q $ ½ $ r~ $ b
(x) o~Q $ "k~ $ v $ r~ $ j~ $ vk $ .k~ $ bZ
(?k) o~ $ b $ 'k~ $ j $ vk $ e~ $ v
(Ä) l~ $ i~ $ v $ j~ $ 'k~ $ v
9
4- (d) fuHkZ; ([k) foJke (x) vk¡xu (?k) mRiUu
(Ä) {kf=k;
5- (d) d] [k] x] ?k] Ä] g] v% ([k) p] N] t] >] ×k] ;] 'k
(x) V] B] M] <] .k] M+] <+] "k (?k) r] Fk] n] /] u
(Ä) l] ”k] j~] y
6- (d) vè;;u ([k) lkIrkfgd (x) Ük` a[kyk (?k) ueLdkj
(Ä) HkkSxksfyd (p) R;ksgkj (N) lglz (t) vuqowQy
(×k) oaQI;wVj
”kjk lksfp, rks Nk=k viuh le> osQ vuqlkj lkspdj crk,¡xsA
djosQ nsf[k,
vè;kid osQ funsZ'k ,oa lg;ksx ls Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
10
laf/kNoun 3
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 7
fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % laf/ fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; laf/ dh ifjHkk"kk] Hksn rFkk igpku djkukA
Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ Kku ij cyA
Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodklA
laf/ rFkk laf/ foPNsn fl[kkukA
laf/ ij vk/kfjr fofo/ vH;kl&iz'u djukA
laf/ osQ O;kogkfjd iz;ksx dks lqn`<+ djukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk iwoZKku ijh{kk gsrq f'k{kd Nk=kks a ls ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* dks è;kuiwoZd i<+us osQ fy, dgsaA rRi'pkr~ mlh izdkj osQ oqQN vU; 'kCn ';keiV ij fy[ksa_ tSlsµlw;ksZn;] iz'uksRrjA
Nk=kks a ls iwNsa fd ;s fdu nks 'kCnksa osQ esy ls cus gaSA
larks"ktud mRrj feyus ij crk,¡ fd 'kCn fuekZ.k dh ;g izfozQ;k laf/ dgykrh gSA
rRi'pkr~ ikB osQ 'kh"kZd rFkk mn~ns';ksa dh ?kks"k.kk djsaA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lhúMhú pykdj Nk=kks a dks ikB fn[kk,¡ vkSj lquok,¡A Nk=kks a ls ikB è;kuiwoZd lquus vkSj ns[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
chp&chp esa lhúMhú jksddj ikB le>k,¡ vkSj Nk=kks a ls NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNsa vkSj mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djsaA
11
ikB lekIr gksus ij vH;kl&iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj lhúMhú esa fn, x,
vH;kl&iz'u Nk=kks a ls djok,¡A
rRi'pkr iqLrd esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=kks a ls fy[kus osQ
fy, dgsaA
var esa f'k{kd Nk=kks a dks v'kqn~/ 'kCnksa dh lwph nsaxs vkSj Nk=kks a ls muosQ
'kqn~/ :i fy[kus osQ fy, dgsaxsA
oqQN le; i'pkr~ muosQ 'kqn~/ :i ';keiV ij fy[ksaxs vkSj Nk=kks a ls 'kCnksa
dk feyku djus osQ fy, dgsaxsA
fu"d"kZ Nk=k laf/ rFkk laf/&foPNsn djus esa leFkZ gSa rFkk laf/ fd, x, 'kCnksa
dks Hksnks a osQ vk/kj ij ukekafdr Hkh dj ldrs gSaA
fujh{k.k f'k{kd Nk=kks a n~okjk fd, x, vH;kl&dk;Z dh LrjkuqowQy tk¡p djsaxs vkSj
=kqfV&'kks/u djsaxsA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks nks o.kks ± osQ esy dks laf/ dgrs gSa aA
laf/ osQ rhu Hksn gksrs gSaµLoj laf/] O;atu laf/] folxZ laf/A
laf/ esa o.kks ± dk esy fd;k tkrk gS rFkk o.kks ± osQ esy ls cus 'kCn dks okil igyh
okyh fLFkfr esa ykuk laf/&foPNsn dgykrk gSA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- (d) p] N ([k) v;~] vk;~ (x) ,] vks] vj~ (?k) nh?kZ
(Ä) ,] vks] vj~] xq.k
2- (d) O;atu laf/ ([k) folxZ laf/ (x) Loj laf/ (?k) O;atu
(Ä) folxZ laf/
3- (d) nh?kZ laf/ & okrkZyki] o/wRlo] doh'oj
([k) xq.k laf/ & ohjksfpr] egs'k
(x) o`n~f/ laf/ & rFkSo] egkSt
(?k) ;.k~ laf/ & vR;ko';d
(Ä) v;kfn laf/ & iou
12
4- (d) U;k;ky; ([k) p;u (x) vR;ar (?k) narkS"B
(Ä) vfUofr (p) lnSo (N) xaxksn; (t) vè;srk
(>) ;Fks"V (×k) xq:ins'k
5- (d) nqj~ $ xq.k ([k) ij $ midkj (x) jtuh $ bZ'k (?k) yksd $ mfDr
(Ä) xS $ vd (p) er $ ,sD; (N) vfHk $ vkxr (t) fu% $ rst
(>) panz $ mn; (×k) yksd $ bZ'k (V) fuj~ $ tu (B) eu% $ gj
(M) ;'k% $ xku (<) nqj~ $ n'kk
5- (d) fnd~ $ xt & O;atu laf/
([k) lq $ vkxr & ;.k~ laf/
(x) HkkS $ md & v;kfn laf/
(?k) mr~ $ M;u & O;atu laf/
(M-) fu% $ ps"V & folxZ laf/
(p) lkj $ va'k & nh?kZ laf/
(N) izfr $ bZ{kk & nh?kZ laf/
(t) vfr $ vkpkj & ;.k~ laf/
(>) le~ $ dYi & O;atu laf/
(×k) mr~ $ ykl & O;atu laf/
”kjk lksfp, rks Nk=k viuh le> osQ vuqlkj Lo;a mRrj nsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k,
equhanz] 'kphanz] dohanz] eghanz] johanzA
jtuh'k] joh'k] fxjh'k] unh'k] lrh'kA
fon~;ky;] fgeky;] okpuky;] Hkkstuky;] fpfdRlky;A
13
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 7
fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % 'kCn&fopkj fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; 'kCn jpuk] 'kCn&Hksn ls ifjp;A
Hkk"kk osQ Hksnksa dk vk/kj ij igpkuA
Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ #i dk Kku ,oa iz;ksxA
Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodklA
'kCn&fopkj ij vk/kfjr vH;kl&dk;Z djukA
'kCnksa osQ O;kogkfjd iz;ksx ij cyA
jpukRed dkS'kyksa dk fodklA
Hkk"kk osQ O;kogkfjd iz;ksx esa oqqQ'ky cukukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k 'kCn&jpuk ls iwoZ ifjfpr gSaA Nk=kksa dh iwoZKku ijh{kk osQ fy, ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk è;kuiwoZd i<+us vkSj djus osQ fy, dgsaA
';keiV ij mlh izdkj osQ oqQN 'kCn fy[ksaA Nk=kksa ls ml ij vk/kfjr iz'u iwNsaA
larks"ktud mRrj feyus ij 'kh"kZd rFkk mn~ns';ksa dh ?kks"k.kk djsaA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lhúMhú pykdj Nk=kksa dks ikB fn[kk,¡ vkSj lquok,¡A Nk=kksa ls ikB è;kuiwoZd lquus vkSj ns[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
chp&chp esa lhúMhú jksddj ikB le>k,¡ vkSj Nk=kksa ls NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNsa vkSj mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djsaA
'kCn&fopkjMorphology 4
14
ikB lekIr gksus ij vH;kl&iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj lhúMhú esa fn, x,
vH;kl&iz'u Nk=kksa ls djok,¡A
rRi'pkr iqLrd esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=kksa ls fy[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
fu"d"kZ Nk=k mRifRr] jpuk] iz;ksx ,oa vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCnksa dks oxhZoQr dj ldrs gSaA
fujh{k.k f'k{kd Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, vH;kl&dk;Z dh LrjkuqowQy tk¡p djsaxs vkSj
=kqfV&'kks/u djsaxsA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks rRlo] rn~Hko] ns'kt ,oa fons'khA
:<+ 'kCnµ;s ijaijk ls iz;ksx esa vk jgs 'kCn gksrs gSaA buosQ [kaM djus ij dksbZ vFkZ ugha
fudyrkA
;ksx:<+ 'kCnµijaijk ls :<+ gks pqosQ ;kSfxd 'kCn ;ksx:<+ 'kCn dgykrs gSaA
vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCnksa osQ nks Hksn gSaA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- (d) ns'kt ([k) opu] fodkjh (x) leqPp;cks/d] foLe;kfncks/d
(?k) rRle (Ä) ;kSfxd
2- (d) ix ([k) 'kqYd (x) nSuafnuh (?k) lax.kd
(Ä) vkdk'k (p) iz/kukpk;Z (N) izkFkZuk&i=k
3- rRle rn~Hko ns'kt fons'kh
ftg~ok lksuk f[kM+dh xks'r
iq=kksRifRr xjeh >kM+w lanwd
Jn~/k uhan ixM+h odhy
ladksp fnu Bksdj lkSnk
fpRr lk¡l ikuh IysVySV
e`nqy diM+k isVh fdLe
{kh.k da/k isV gkFk
mi;qDr iSj iqfM+;k nLrd
15
nwf"kr jkr [kfV;k de”kksj
d.k lh[k pqYyw LykbM
pj.k [kV[kVkuk xkM+h
r`".kk ckfj'k
4- (d) 'kr ([k) r`.k (x) Jko.k (?k) izLrj
(Ä) vfXu (p) vf{k (N) fnol (t) vk'p;Z
5- (d) HkkX; ([k) vLoLFk (x) eku (?k) nwjHkk"k
(Ä) mRrj&iqfLrdk (p) {kek (N) grkgr (t) ijkt;
”kjk lksfp, rks Nk=k viuh le> osQ vuqlkj lkspdj crk,¡xsA
djosQ nsf[k,
vè;kid osQ funsZ'k ,oa lg;ksx ls Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
16
'kCn&HkaMkjVocabulary 5
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 7
fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % 'kCn&HkaMkj fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij 'kCnksa dh igpku djkukA
'kCnksa osQ 'kqn~/ ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr :i dk iz;ksx djukA
Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodklA
'kCn&HkaMkj ij vk/kfjr fofo/ vH;kl iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[kukA
jpukRedrk tkxzr djukA
'kCn&Kku osQ O;kogkfjd iz;ksx ij cyA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk iwoZKku ijh{kk gsrq Nk=kksa ls tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk dks è;kuiwoZd i<+us le>us
vkSj djus osQ fy, dgsaA mlh izdkj osQ oqQN vU; 'kCn ';keiV ij fy[ksaA
rRi'pkr~ ml ij Nk=kksa ls ppkZ djsaA larks"ktud mRrj feyus ij 'kh"kZd rFkk
mn~ns';ksa dh ?kks"k.kk djsaA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lhúMhú pykdj Nk=kksa dks ikB fn[kk,¡ vkSj lquok,¡A Nk=kksa ls ikB è;kuiwoZd
lquus vkSj ns[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
chp&chp esa lhúMhú jksddj ikB le>k,¡ vkSj Nk=kksa ls NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNsa
vkSj mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djsaA
ikB lekIr gksus ij vH;kl&iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj lhúMhú esa fn, x,
vH;kl&iz'u Nk=kksa ls djok,¡A
rRi'pkr iqLrd esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=kksa ls fy[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
17
fu"d"kZ Nk=k vf/drj i;kZ;okph] foykse] okD;ka'k osQ fy, ,d 'kCn vkfn ljyrk
ls crk ldrs gSaA muosQ 'kCn&HkaMkj esa o`n~f/ gks jgh gSA
fujh{k.k f'k{kd Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, vH;kl&dk;Z dh LrjkuqowQy tk¡p djsaxs vkSj
=kqfV&'kks/u djsaxsA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
i;kZ;okph 'kCn
”kjk crkb, rks ck/k] fo?u fo'o] txr] Hkqou
vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- (d) i'kqifr ([k) euksgj (x) oklj (?k) pk#
2- (d) vfy ([k) gksf'k;kj (x) vfl] [kM~x (?k) èot
(Ä) buke
3- (d) ifo=k] 'kqfp ([k) ladV] fo?u (x) niZ] ?keaM (?k) mYykl] vkeksn
(Ä) ehu] eRL;
4- (d) nhu] jad] fu/Zu ([k) 'kj] ck.k] rhj
(x) eoZQV] okuj] dfi (?k) èot] irkdk] >aMk
5- (d) efgyk ([k) es?k (x) izLrj (?k) ryokj
djosQ nsf[k, ;g xfrfof/ f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk osQ lg;ksx ls d{kk esa Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
foykse 'kCn
”kjk crkb, rks
foijhr vFkZ izdV djus okys 'kCn foykse 'kCn dgykrs gSaA
^fujFkZd*A
18
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) vuSfrd ([k) Hk{kd (x) vuko`f"V (?k) vugksuh
(Ä) voufr (p) ln`'; (N) nqjkRek (t) dq:i
2- (d) ifjJeh ([k) leFkZu (x) mifLFkr (?k) bPNk
(Ä) ikrky
3- Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
4- (d) ln`'; ([k) LusgfjDr (x) lLoj (?k) ßLo
(Ä) eanrj (p) ukeqefdu (N) mFkyk (t) gkfuizn
5- (d) lTtu µ nqtZu] vukFk & lukFk] nqcZy & lcy] oqQfVy & ljy] nkuo & ekuo
Jqfrle&fHkUukFkZd 'kCn
”kjk crkb, rks
lquus es leku] ijarq vyx vFkZ nsus okykA
^ikl* dk vFkZ gSµ^fudV* rFkk ^ik'k* dk vFkZµca/u gSA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) iou&iq=k ([k) [kku (x) Hkou (?k) o`Qi.k
(Ä) fuekZ.k
2- (d) iqj & jk;iqj ,d fo'kky uxj gSA
iwj & psUubZ dks ljdkj us iwjxzLr {ks=k ?kksf"kr fd;k gSA
([k) Jo.k & e/qj opu Jo.k djus ls eu 'kkar gks x;kA
Je.k & xkSre cqn~/ ls izHkkfor gksdj la?kfe=k Je.k cu x;kA
(x) volku & bl ;qx dk volku gksus okyk gSA
vklku & oqQN iz'uksa osQ mRrj cgqr vklku FksA
(?k) y{k & prqj chjcy dks ,d y{k eqnzk,¡ nh xb±A
y{; & lkglh iq#"k vius y{; dh vksj c<+ pykA
(?k) iz.k; & ;qod us ;qorh ls iz.k;&fuosnu fd;kA
ifj.k; & nkfeuh vkSj lej ifj.k; ca/u esa c¡/ x,A
19
3- (d) vjh ([k) 'kkSd (x) daxky (?k) fnu
(Ä) uhM+
vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn
”kjk crkb, rks Hkk"kk dks laf{kIr] lqanj ,oa izHkko'kkyh cukus osQ fy,A
vYikgkjhA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- (d) u'oj ([k) mifjfyf[kr (x) oqQ'kkxzcqn~f/ (?k) vYikgkjh
(Ä) lgdehZ
(Nk=k okD; Lo;a fy[ksaxsA)
2- (d) cgqK ([k) lgikBh (x) js[kkafdr (?k) oqQ'kkxzcqn~f/
(Ä) oqQyhu (p) nwjn'khZ (N) HkwriwoZ (t) vtkr'k=kq
(>) gLrfyf[kr (×k) fujkdkj (V) iQykgkjh (B) jksxh
3- (d) tkuus dh bPNk j[kus okyk ([k) ftls {kek u fd;k tk losQ
(x) fgr pkgus okyk (?k) ehu (eNyh) tSlh vk¡[kksa okyh
djosQ nsf[k, (d) ijksidkjh ([k) vuar (x) loZO;kIr (?k) vewY;
(Ä) o`QrK (p) 'kkdkgkjh (N) lkIrkfgd
vusdkFkZd 'kCn
”kjk lksfp, rks
,d ls vf/d vFkZ crkus okys 'kCnkss dks vusdkFkhZ 'kCn dgrs gSaA gkFk] VSDlA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- (d) v¡xwBk ([k) gsrq (x) vkdk'k (?k) i{kh
(Ä) jksxh
20
2- (d) dkuwu ([k) ia[k (x) dkafr (?k) i+ Qjsc
(Ä) panzek (?k) vkdk'k (N) gFkkSM+k (t) lkSHkkX;
(>) fujkdkj
3- (d) vacj µ vacj esa dkfyek Nkus yxh FkhA
vacj µ lk¡oys jax ij ihr&vacj cgqr 'kksHkk nsrk gSA
([k) 'kwU; µ vaxn 'kwU; esa fugkj jgk FkkA
'kwU; µ ,d osQ ckn 'kwU; yxkus ij nl cu x;kA
(x) mipkj µ jksxh dks mipkj osQ fy, fpfdRld ds ikl ys x,A
mipkj µ bl ladV ls mcjus dk mipkj crkb,A
(?k) cy µ jLlh ty xbZ] ij cy ugha x;kA
cy µ igyoku us vius cy ls oqqQ'rh thr yhA
(Ä) lkse µ lkse dk iku djuk LokLF; osQ fy, gkfudkjd gSA
lkse µ lkseokj dks fon~;ky; [kqyk FkkA
”kjk lksfp, rks
vftZr Kku osQ vk/kj ij Nk=k crk,¡xsA
djosQ nsf[k,
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
uksV % ikB 6 fofo/ tkudkjh ls lacaf/r gS] vr% Nk=k mls iqLrd esa gh i<s+axs vkSj le>saxsA
21
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 7
fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % milxZ] izR;; ,oa lekl fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; milxZ] izR;; ,oa lekl dh igpku] Hksn rFkk iz;ksx dh tkudkjh nsukA
Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dk Kku rFkk iz;ksx ij cyA
Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodklA
jpukRedrk tkxzr djukA
ikB ij vk/kfjr fofo/ vH;kl&iz'u djukA
'kCn&fuekZ.k laca/h Kku dks iq"V djukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk iwoZKku ijh{kk gsrq Nk=kksa ls ikB osQ vkjaHk esa fn, x, ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk dks è;kuiwoZd i<+us osQ fy, dgsaA
rRi'pkr mlh izdkj osQ oqQN vU; 'kCn ';keiV ij fy[ksaA ml ij Nk=kksa osQ lkFk ppkZ djsaA
larks"ktud mRrj ikus ij 'kh"kZd rFkk mn~ns';ksa dh ?kks"k.kk djsaA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lhúMhú pykdj Nk=kksa dks ikB fn[kk,¡ vkSj lquok,¡A Nk=kksa ls ikB è;kuiwoZd lquus vkSj ns[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
chp&chp esa lhúMhú jksddj ikB le>k,¡ vkSj Nk=kksa ls NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNsa vkSj mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djsaA
ikB lekIr gksus ij vH;kl&iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj lhúMhú esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'u Nk=kksa ls djok,¡A
rRi'pkr iqLrd esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=kksa ls fy[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
milxZ] izR;; ,oa leklPrefi x, Suffi x and Compound 7
22
fu"d"kZ Nk=k milxZ] izR;; rFkk lekl dks ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSaA rhuksa osQ izdkj igpkurs gSa rFkk muosQ O;kogkfjd iz;ksx esa Hkh leFkZ gSaA
fujh{k.k Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, vH;kl&dk;Z dh LrjkuqowQy tk¡p djsa vkSj =kqfV&'kks/u djsaA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
milxZ
”kjk crkb, rks ewy 'kCn osQ 'kq: esa tqM+dj vFkZ esa ifjorZu ykus okys 'kCnka'k milxZ dgykrs gSaA Lojkt] LosPNkA fganh esa pkj izdkj osQ milxZ izpfyr gSaA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- (d) fu $ "ks/ ([k) le~ $ rks"k (x) uk $ nku (?k) mr~ $ /kj (Ä) lg $ mnj (p) ge $ 'kDy (N) le~ $ eku
2- fganh osQ milxZ laLo`Qr osQ milxZ mnwZ osQ milxZ pkSrji+ Qk] v/dpjk LokFkZ] nqHkkf"k;k] fuca/ [kq'k[kcjh] njfe;ku] vkS?kV] Hkjiwj] ljnkj] izf'k{k.k] izopu] LoYi ckdk;nk] fcykukxk] ijyksd] frikbZ ifjØek] mRd"kZ deflu
3- (d) voekuuk] voyksdu ([k) foekspu] foJke (x) fcykukxk] fcykotg (?k) iqu#n~/kj] iqufuZekZ.k (Ä) mRd"kZ] mRFkku
4- (d) Lo:i] izxfr'khy ([k) vR;k/qfud (x) vo'ks"k (?k) ln~O;ogkj (Ä) fu/Zurk] vfHk'kki
5- (d) iz (vf/d] vkxs Åij) µ izpkj] izlkj] izHkko ([k) vuq (ihNs) µ vuqowQy] vuqlkj] vuqHko (x) fo (fo'ks"k] vyx] vHkko) µ foKku] foKfIr] foghu (?k) nqj~ (cqjk] dfBu) µ nqjkpkj] nqO;Zogkj] nqHkkZo
”kjk lksfp, rks Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k, Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
23
izR;;
”kjk crkb, rks ewy 'kCn osQ var esa tqM+dj u, 'kCn cukus okys 'kCnka'k izR;; dgykrs gSaA
okf"kZd] /kfeZd] oSKkfud] ,sfPNd] nSfud] ,sfrgkfld] HkkSxksfydA
o`Qr~ izR;;] rn~f/r izR;;A
cukoV] FkdkoVA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- (d) lPpk $ vkbZ ([k) eFk $ uh (x) euq"; $ rk (?k) lgk; $ vd
(Ä) cu $ vkoV (p) lt $ vkoV (N) y?kq $ rk
2- (d) vfM+;y ([k) eukSrh (x) fcNkSuk (?k) fcdkmQ
(Ä) Fkkyh (p) je.kh;
3- (d) fMfc;k] fcafn;k ([k) lthyk] jkschyk (x) I;klk] Hkw[kk
(?k) HkqyDdM+] ?kqeDdM+ (Ä) ukfod] LokHkkfod (p) cukoV] ltkoV
4- (d) uh ([k) vkgV (x) bZ (?k) b;k
(Ä) vkfn
5- (d) lw[k $ vk = lw[kk = bl o"kZ oqQN bykdksa esa lw[kk iM+k gSA
([k) ywV $ ,jk = yqVsjk = ekxZ esa yqVsjksa us ;kf=k;ksa dks ywV fy;kA
(x) vFkZ $ bd = vkfFkZd = ns'k vkfFkZd :i ls le`n~/ gSA
(?k) nqcZy $ rk = nqcZyrk = nqcZyrk osQ dkj.k uhjt [kM+k ugha gks ik jgkA
(Ä) cukjl $ bZ = cukjlh = cukjlh lkM+h cgqr laqnj gksrh gSA
(N) laxhr $ dkj = laxhrdkj = ,úvkjú jgeku fo'o izfln~/ laxhrdkj gSA
(t) cw<+k $ vkik = cq<+kik = cq<+kik vkus ij 'kjhj de”kksj gks tkrk gSA
(>) Ny $ b;k = Nfy;k = oklq ,d Nfy;k gS] tks yksxksa dks Nyrk gSA
”kjk lksfp, rks Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k, Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
24
lekl
”kjk crkb, rks n~oan~o lekl esaA cgqozhfg lekl esa nksuksa in iz/ku ugha gksrs] cfYd vU; in iz/ku gksrk gS] tcfd n~foxq
lekl esa iwoZin la[;kokph gksrk gSA n'kkuu & nl vkuuksa dk lewg (n~foxq) nl gSa vkuu ftlosQ vFkkZr jko.k (cgqozhfg) f=kos.kh & rhu osf.k;ksa dk lewg (n~foxq) rhu osf.k;ksa dk laxe LFky vFkkZr iz;kxjkt (cgqozhfg)
vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- (d) xq.k ls ;qDr µ rRiq#"k lekl ([k) rhu osf.k;ksa dk lewg µ n~foxq lekl (x) xzke dks xr µ rRiq#"k lekl (?k) dku&gh&dku esa µ vO;;hHkko lekl (Ä) fo"k dks /kj.k djrk gS tks & cgqozhfg lekl (p) 'osr gS tks i=k & deZ/kj;
2- (d) ([k) (x) (?k) (Ä) (p)
3- (d) gkFkksagkFk µ vO;;hHkko lekl ([k) ;Fkkle; µ vO;;hHkko lekl (x) vknku&iznku µ n~oan~o lekl (?k) vktUe µ vO;;hHkko lekl (Ä) ykyfdyk µ deZ/kj; lekl
4- (d) vdkyihfM+r ([k) vkichrh (x) nky&pkoy (?k) jkrksajkr (Nk=k okD; Lo;a cuk,¡xsA)
5- (d) 'kfDr osQ vuqlkj ([k) isV Hkjdj (x) vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr (?k) ik¡p jRuksa dk lewg (Ä) rhu jaxksa dk lekgkj
”kjk lksfp, rks Nk=k viuh le> osQ vuqlkj lkspdj crk,¡xsA
djosQ nsf[k, vè;kid osQ funsZ'k ,oa lg;ksx ls Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
25
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 7
fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % laKk fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; laKk dh igpku] iz;ksx rFkk Hksnksa dh tkudkjh izkIr djukA
Hkkookpd laKk cukukA
Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dk Kku rFkk iz;ksx djukA
Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodklA
jpukRedrk tkxzr djukA
laKk osQ O;kogkfjd iz;ksx ij cyA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k laKk* ls iwoZ ifjfpr gSaA iwoZKku ijh{kk gsrq Nk=kksa ls tqfM+, vkSj lef>,*
LraHk è;kuiwoZd i<+us vkSj djus osQ fy, dgsaA
rRi'pkr Nk=kksa osQ lkFk ml ij ppkZ djsaA larks"ktud mRrj feyus ij 'kh"kZd
rFkk mn~ns';ksa dh ?kks"k.kk djsaA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lhúMhú pykdj Nk=kksa dks ikB fn[kk,¡ vkSj lquok,¡A Nk=kksa ls ikB è;kuiwoZd
lquus vkSj ns[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
chp&chp esa lhúMhú jksddj ikB le>k,¡ vkSj Nk=kksa ls NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNsa
vkSj mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djsaA
ikB lekIr gksus ij vH;kl&iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj lhúMhú esa fn, x,
vH;kl&iz'u Nk=kksa ls djok,¡A
rRi'pkr iqLrd esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=kksa ls fy[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
laKkNoun 8
26
fu"d"kZ Nk=k laKk 'kCnksa dks igpkuus rFkk mUgsa Hksnksa osQ vk/kj ij ukekafdr djus esa
leFkZ gks pqosQ gSa rFkk fodkjh 'kCnksa ls Hkkookpd laKk cuk ldrs gSaA
fujh{k.k f'k{kd Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, vH;kl&dk;Z dh LrjkuqowQy tk¡p djsaxs vkSj
=kqfV&'kks/u djsaxsA
”kjk crkb, rks
izk.kh] oLrq] LFkku rFkk Hkko osQ uke dk cks/ djkus okys 'kCn dks laKk dgrs gSaA laKk osQ
rhu Hksn gSaµO;fDrokpd laKk] tkfrokpd laKk] Hkkookpd laKkA
ihry] pk¡nh] nw/] ikuh vkfnA
Hkkookpd laKk dk iz;ksx cgqopu esa djus ij og tkfrokpd laKk cu tkrh gSA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) p<+kbZ ([k) lTturk (x) Hk; (?k) [kVkl
(Ä) ykyh (?k) nwjh
2- O;fDrokpd laKk tkfrokpd laKk Hkkookpd laKk
oYyHkHkkbZ iVsy ek[ku vkuan
fojkV dksgyh bfrgkl mQ¡pkbZ
f=kosanze yqgkj pkSM+kbZ
n~okjdk fctyh fouezrk
dkark eksj e/qjrk
lehj c`toklh eksVkik
O;atu eg¡xkbZ
vk¡[k izlUurk
fdjk;snkj laiUurk
cxhpk
ckt
27
3- (d) ekxZ ([k) tokuksa (x) vkik (?k) {kek
(Ä) feBkl (p) cpiu (N) lqHknzk oqQekjh pkSgku
(t) eksj] ½rq (>) jsyxkM+h (×k) #i;s
4- (d) d'ehj] 'kkyhekj ckx µ O;fDrokpd laKk] ckx µ tkfrokpd laKk
([k) vkyL;q µ Hkkookpd laKk_ 'k=kq µ tkfrokpd laKk
(x) >qaM] HksM+] dke µ tkfrokpd laKk
(?k) d{kk] Nk=k µ tkfrokpd laKk
(Ä) fon~;ky; µ tkfrokpd laKk] gfj;kyh µ Hkkookpd laKk
”kjk lksfp, rks
Nk=k viuh le> osQ vuqlkj mRrj nsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k, Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
28
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 7
fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % ¯yx] opu vkSj dkjd fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; ¯yx@opu@dkjd dh igpku] iz;ksx rFkk Hksnksa dh tkudkjh iznku djukA
fyax rFkk opu cnyus osQ fu;eksa dh tkudkjh iznku djukA
Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ Kku rFkk iz;ksx ij cyA
Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodkl djukA
jpukRedrk tkxzr djuk rFkk roZQ'kfDr dk fodkl djukA
ikB ij vk/kfjr fofo/ vH;kl&iz'u djokukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk iwoZKku ijh{kk gsrq Nk=kksa ls ikB osQ vkjaHk esa fn, x, ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk dks è;kuiwoZd i<+us osQ fy, dgsaA
rRi'pkr mlh izdkj osQ oqQN vU; 'kCn ';keiV ij fy[ksaA ml ij Nk=kksa osQ lkFk ppkZ djsaA
larks"ktud mRrj ikus ij 'kh"kZd rFkk mn~ns';ksa dh ?kks"k.kk djsaA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lhúMhú pykdj Nk=kksa dks ikB fn[kk,¡ vkSj lquok,¡A Nk=kksa ls ikB è;kuiwoZd lquus vkSj ns[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
chp&chp esa lhúMhú jksddj ikB le>k,¡ vkSj Nk=kksa ls NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNsa vkSj mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djsaA
ikB lekIr gksus ij vH;kl&iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj lhúMhú esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'u Nk=kksa ls djok,¡A
rRi'pkr iqLrd esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=kksa ls fy[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
fyax] opu vkSj dkjdGender, Number and Case 9
29
fu"d"kZ Nk=k fyax] opu rFkk dkjd dh igpku rFkk iz;ksx djus esa leFkZ gSaA fyax rFkk opu dk fu;ekuqlkj ifjorZu Hkh dj ldrs gSaA dkjd&fpg~uksa dh igpku rFkk iz;ksx Hkh ljyrk ls dj ldrs gSaA
fujh{k.k f'k{kd Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, vH;kl&dk;Z dh LrjkuqowQy tk¡p djsaxs vkSj
=kqfV&'kks/u djsaxsA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
fyax
”kjk crkb, rks fyax dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ gSµfpg~uA HksM+] eSukA
[kjxks'k] dNqvkA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- (d) iqfYyax ([k) iqfYyax (x) L=khfyax (?k) L=khfyax
(Ä) iqfYyax (p) L=khfyax (N) iqfYyax (t) L=khfyax
2- L=khfyax µ fon~;k] FkdkoV] o`Q".kk] Vksih] vk¡[k] vtok;u
iqfYyax µ cktjk] iqyko] eksrh] iq[kjkt
3- (d) cpiu dHkh ykSVdj ugha vkrkA
([k) vkt esjs fe=k dh lxkbZ gSA
(x) esjk HkkbZ ew[kZ gSA
(?k) vfHkusrk dks uk;d dgrs gSaA
(Ä) lkjk ?kh fxj x;kA
(p) ve`rk izhre izfln~/ dof;=kh gSaA
4- (d) vkRetk ([k) Hkonh; (x) us=kh (?k) cqn~f/eku
(Ä) lezkKh (p) Hkhyuh (N) vkpk;Z (t) vknj.kh;k
(>) {kqnzk (×k) lapkyd (V) fMCck (B) rifLouh
5- (d) lezkKh ([k) f'k";] xq#vkbu (x) yykbu (?k) cSy
(Ä) ysf[kdk
30
”kjk lksfp, rks Nk=k viuh cqn~f/&dkS'ky osQ vuqlkj Lo;a crk,¡xsA
djosQ nsf[k, Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
opu
”kjk crkb, rks 'kCn osQ ,d ;k vusd gksus dk cks/ djkus okys 'kCn opu dgykrs gSaA nksµ,dopu] cgqopuA ?kj] turkA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) ifRr;k¡ ([k) NqV~fV;k¡ (x) fcfYy;ksa] pqfg;k¡ (?k) eSnkuksa] xkS,¡ (Ä) pqufj;k¡ (p) i{kh (Nk=k okD; Lo;a fy[ksaxsA)
2- (d) yqfV;k¡ ([k) ea=khx.k (x) oLrq (?k) vki yksx (Ä) eD[kh (p) ge (N) oqQjrs (t) xUuk (>) jkrsa (×k) [kfV;k¡
3- (d) cgqopu ([k) ,dopu (x) ,dopu (?k) cgqopu (Ä) ,dopu (p) cgqopu
4- (d) ½rq,¡ ([k) xq#tu (x) Mkfy;k¡ (?k) ikB'kkyk (Ä) yM+fd;k¡ (p) dfox.k
5- (d) turk us vius uk;d osQ Lokxr osQ fy, c<+h pyh vk jgh FkhA ([k) nq[k Hkjh dgkuh lqudj ek¡ dh vk¡[kksa ls vk¡lw Nyd iM+sA (x) f'k"; vius xq# osQ n'kZu djuk pkgrk FkkA (?k) Øks/ lHkh cqjkb;ksa dk dkj.k gksrk gSA
”kjk lksfp, rks Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k, Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
31
dkjd
”kjk crkb, rks laKk vFkok loZuke dks fØ;k ls tksM+us okys fpg~u dkjd dgykrs gSaA
deZ dkjd crkrk gS fd fØ;k dk iQy fdl ij iM+k] tcfd laiznku dkjd fdlh osQ fy,
oqQN djus ;k nsus osQ ckjs esa crkrk gSA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa 1- (d) viknku ([k) viknku (x) dj.k (?k) dj.k
(Ä) dj.k (p) dj.k (N) dj.k
2- (d) dkdk dkysydj us ufn;ksa dks yksdekrk dgk gSA
([k) ek¡ dh xksn dh rjg xaxk dh /kjk esa Mqcfd;k¡ yxkrkA
(x) dBiqryh xqLls ls mcyhA
(?k) IysVySV d.k dh deh ls Msaxw chekjh gksrh gSA
(Ä) ck<+&ihfM+rksa osQ fy, Hkkstu osQ iSosQV fHktok, x,A
(p) ek/onkl dks og fpfM+;k cM+h euekuh yxhA
3- (d) Fkkyh esa Hkkstu ijkslk x;kA
([k) Nr ij fcYyh dk cPpk gSA
(x) vjs! rqe dc ls ;gk¡ [kM+s gks\
(?k) fuy; ek/o ls cM+k gSA
(Ä) ek¡ cPps dks le>kus yxhA
(p) o#.k us laqnj fp=kksa okyh iqLrd [kjhnhA
4- (d) us & drkZ ([k) esa & vf/dj.k (x) us & drkZ (?k) osQ & laca/
(Ä) esa & vf/dj.k (p) dh & laca/ (N) us & drkZ
5- dh] us] dks] ls] osQ] us] osQ] dks] gs] dh
”kjk lksfp, rks Nk=k viuh le> osQ vuqlkj mRrj nsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k, Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
32
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 7
fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % loZuke fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; loZuke dh igpku] iz;ksx rFkk Hksnksa dh tkudkjh iznku djukA
loZuke 'kCnksa dh :i&jpuk dh tkudkjh iznku djukA
Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodkl djukA
Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dh tkudkjh rFkk iz;ksx ij cyA
loZuke ij vk/kfjr fofo/ vH;kl&dk;Z djokukA
nSfud thou esa loZuke osQ mfpr iz;ksx dks lqn`<+ djukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k ^loZuke* ls iwoZ ifjfpr gSaA iwoZKku ijh{kk gsrq ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* LraHk Nk=kksa ls i<+us vkSj djus osQ fy, dgsaA
mlh izdkj osQ oqQN vU; mnkgj.k Nk=kksa ls iwNsaA
larks"ktud mRrj feyus ij 'kh"kZd rFkk mn~ns';ksa dh ?kks"k.kk djasA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lhúMhú pykdj Nk=kksa dks ikB fn[kk,¡ vkSj lquok,¡A Nk=kksa ls ikB è;kuiwoZd lquus vkSj ns[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
chp&chp esa lhúMhú jksddj ikB le>k,¡ vkSj Nk=kksa ls NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNsa vkSj mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djsaA
ikB lekIr gksus ij vH;kl&iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj lhúMhú esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'u Nk=kksa ls djok,¡A
rRi'pkr iqLrd esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=kksa ls fy[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
loZukePronoun 10
33
fu"d"kZ Nk=k loZuke 'kCnksa dks ljyrk ls igpkurs gSa vkSj mudk mfpr iz;ksx djus esa
Hkh leFkZ gSaA loZuke 'kCnksa dks Hksnksa osQ vuqlkj ukekafdr dj ldrs gaSA
fujh{k.k f'k{kd Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, vH;kl&dk;Z dh LrjkuqowQy tk¡p djsaxs vkSj
=kqfV&'kks/u djsaxsA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks
laKk osQ LFkku ij iz;ksx gksus okys 'kCn loZuke dgykrs gSaA
loZuke osQ Ng Hksn gSaµiq#"kokpd] fu'p;okpd] vfu'p;okpd] iz'uokpd] laca/okpd rFkk
futokpdA
viuk dke vius vki djksA (futokpd loZuke)
vki dc vk,\ (iq#"kokpd loZuke)
D;ksafd ;s lHkh laKk 'kCnksa osQ lkFk leku :i ls iz;ksx gksrs gSaA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) vU; iq#"kokpd loZuke ([k) iz'uokpd loZuke
(x) vfu'p;okpd loZuke (?k) futokpd loZuke
(Ä) laca/okpd loZuke
2- fu'kkar fnYyh ifCyd LowQy esa i<+rk gSA mldh ek¡ vè;kfidk gSa rFkk mlosQ firk ljdkjh
deZpkjh gSaA og vius ekrk&firk dk cgqr vknj djrk gSA og dHkh fdlh ls enn ugha
ysrkA og viuk dke Lo;a gh djrk gSA
3- (d) ([k) (x) (?k)
(Ä)
4- (d) mlosQ µ vU; iq#"kokpd loZuke
([k) ml µ fu';pokpd loZuke
(x) vius&vius µ futokpd loZuke
(?k) eSaus µ mRre iq#"kokpd loZuke
34
(Ä) dkSu] fdldk] dgk¡ µ iz'uokpd loZuke
(p) mUgksaus] vkiosQ µ iq#"kokpd loZuke
(N) tks] mls µ laca/okpd loZuke
(t) vius&vki µ futokpd loZuke
5- esjs] eq>ls] bl] buesa] rw] og] vkidk] vki
”kjk lksfp, rks
viuh le> osQ vuqlkj Nk=k Lo;a crk,¡xsA
djosQ nsf[k,
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
35
vH;kl iz'u&i=kµ1 1- (d) ekSf[kd Hkk"kk ([k) ckbZl (x) xn~;] in~; (?k) naR;] vkS"B~; (Ä) vYiizk.k] egkizk.k (p) ik¡p] nh?kZ] xq.k] o`n~f/ v;kfn
2- (d) l~ $ v $ j~ $ o~ $ v $ t~ $ ×k~ $ v ([k) i~ $ j~ $ v $ Hk~ $ vk $ o~ $ v $ i~ $ Å $ j~ $ .k~ $ v (x) l~ $ va $ u~ $ ;~ $ vk $ l~ $ bZ (?k) l~ $ va $ x~ $ j~ $ v $ g~ $ vk $ y~ $ v $ ;~ $ v
3- (d) jpf;rk ([k) T;ksRLuk (x) Jherh (?k) ijh{kk (Ä) lkIrkfgd (p) R;ksgkj
4- (d) ueLrs & folxZ laf/ ([k) egk'k; µ nh?kZ laf/ (x) lnSo µ o`n~f/ laf/ (?k) Hkou µ v;kfn laf/ (Ä) vuqPNsn µ O;atu laf/ (p) mPpkj.k µ O;atu laf/ (N) fu"dke µ folxZ laf/
5- (d) liuk ([k) i=k (x) ik¡p (?k) Å¡pk (Ä) lksuk (p) ftg~ok (N) i{kh (t) iq=k
6- (d) ghu] ?kfV;k ([k) dih'k] iouiq=k (x) oqqQ'ky] ;ksX; (?k) 'kqfp] LoPN
7- (d) fod"kZ.k ([k) dBksj (x) naM (?k) nqHkkZX;'kkyh
8- (d) eqfDr] jpuk ([k) f'ko] ladjk
9- (d) rs”k cqn~f/ okyk ([k) pkj Hkqtkvksa okyk (x) lnk jgus okyk (?k) ftldk vkjaHk u gks
10- (d) O;ogkjoqQ'kyrk Hkh ,d dyk gSA ([k) i`Foh vius v{k ij ?kwerh gSA (x) ;K fof/ osQ vuqlkj laiUu gqvkA
11- (d) nqO;Zogkj] nqyZHk ([k) oqQekxZ] oqQiq=k
12- (d) lkr lkS dk lekgkj µ n~foxq lekl ([k) oh.kk gS ikf.k (gkFk) esa ftlosQ µ cqgozhfg lekl
13- (d) pkSeklk µ n~foxq lekl ([k) rqylho`Qr µ rRiq#"k lekl
36
14- (d) fojkV dksgyh] lkfu;k fe”kkZ] ihúoh ¯l/q ([k) fnYyh] dksydkrk] jktuxj (x) ekuork] lH;rk] n;k
15- (d) Hkkyw] [kjxks'k] dkSvk] phrk ([k) frryh] fNidyh] eD[kh] dks;y
16- (d) fp=kk dh vk¡[kksa ls vk¡lw cg fudysA ([k) ejh”k dks gks'k vk x;k gSA (x) fon~okuksa dk dguk gS fd ozQks/ va/k gksrk gSA (?k) usrkx.k lHkk esa i/kj pqosQ gSaA
17- (d) ek¡ us fHk[kkjh dks Hkkstu fn;kA foHkksj us nknk th dks i=k fy[kkA
([k) feL=kh us b±Vksa ls edku cuk;kA gekjk ns'k lHkh ns'kksa ls egku gSA
18- (d) rqEgkjs µ eè;e iq#"kokpd loZuke ([k) viuh] vki µ futokpd loZuke (x) dkSu µ iz'uokpd loZuke (?k) ftlus&mlus µ laca/okpd loZuke
37
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 7
fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % fo'ks"k.k fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; fo'ks"k.k dh igpku] iz;ksx rFkk Hksnksa dh tkudkjh iznku djukA
fodkjh rFkk vfodkjh 'kCnksa ls fo'ks"k.k cukuk fl[kkukA
Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ Kku ,oa iz;ksx ij cyA
Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodklA
jpukRedrk tkxzr djukA
fo'ks"k.k laca/h fofo/ vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj nsuk ,oa fy[kukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk ^fo'ks"k.k* ls Nk=k iwoZ ifjfpr gSaA blh iwoZKku dks vk/kj cukrs gq, Nk=kksa ls ^tqfM+, vkSj lef>,* i<+us vkSj djus osQ fy, dgsaA
Nk=kksa ls fo'ks"k.k&laca/h NksVs&NksVs vU; iz'u Hkh iwNsaaA
blh izdkj osQ oqQN vU; mnkgj.k Nk=kksa ls iwNsaA larks"ktud mRrj feyus ij 'kh"kZd rFkk mn~ns';ksa dh ?kks"k.kk djsA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lhúMhú pykdj Nk=kksa dks ikB fn[kk,¡ vkSj lquok,¡A Nk=kksa ls ikB è;kuiwoZd lquus vkSj ns[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
chp&chp esa lhúMhú jksddj ikB le>k,¡ vkSj Nk=kksa ls NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNsa vkSj mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djsaA
ikB lekIr gksus ij vH;kl&iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj lhúMhú esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'u Nk=kksa ls djok,¡A
rRi'pkr iqLrd esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=kksa ls fy[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
fo'ks"k.kAdjective 11
38
fu"d"kZ Nk=k fo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa dh igpku] Hksnksa dks ukekafdr djus rFkk mudk iz;ksx djus
esa fuiq.k gks x, gSaA os vU; fodkjh 'kCnksa ls fo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa dh jpuk Hkh dj
ldrs gSaA
fujh{k.k f'k{kd Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, vH;kl&dk;Z dh LrjkuqowQy tk¡p djsaxs vkSj
=kqfV&'kks/u djsaxsA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks
tks laKk ;k loZuke dh fo'ks"krk crkrs gSaA
ftl laKk ;k loZuke dh fo'ks"krk crkbZ tk,A
tks fo'ks"k.k dh Hkh fo'ks"krk crk,A
laKk] loZuke] fozQ;k rFkk vO;; 'kCnksa lsaA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) ,d µ fuf'pr la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k dkSvk µ fo'ks";
f?kukSuh] dkyh µ xq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k ik¡[ksa µ fo'ks";
([k) e'kgwj µ xq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k psgjk µ fo'ks";
(x) 'kkiHkz"V] nsoh&lh µ xq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k nknh nknh ek¡ µ fo'ks";
(?k) xa/iw.kZ µ xq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k ty µ fo'ks";
2- (d) HkkX;'kkyh ([k) HkkSxksfyd (x) rqe&lk (?k) yM+kowQ
(Ä) Hkhrjh (p) ?kfVr (N) y[kuoh (t) eesjk
(>) isQfuy
3- ewykoLFkk µ rhoz iou] fiz; fe=k] izkphu dyk
mRrjkoLFkk µ rhozrj okgu] Js"Brj xk;d
mRrekoLFkk µ loksZRre iqLrd] lqanjre Hkou] e/qjre laxhr
4- (d) fo'kky] gjk&Hkjk ([k) NksVk] iqQrhZyk
(x) jax&fcajxh] Lokfn"V (?k) ubZ] lqanj (Ä) fo'kky] lqanj
39
5- fo'ks"k.k fo'ks";
dksey gkFk
ehBk vpkj
yky VekVj
eksVk ykyk
pkykd ekek
Hkkjh lkeku
pkj Fkjel
”kjk lksfp, rks
Nk=k viuh le> osQ vuqlkj lkspdj crk,¡xsA
djosQ nsf[k,
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
40
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 7
fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % fozQ;k fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; fozQ;k dh igpku] iz;ksx rFkk Hksnksa dh tkudkjh iznku djukA
uke/krq fozQ;k cukuk fl[kkukA
Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i osQ Kku ,oa iz;ksx ij cyA
Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodklA
ikB ij vk/kfjr vH;kl&dk;Z djokukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=kksa ls ^tqfM+, ,oa lef>,* xfrfof/ esa nh xbZ dfork gko&Hkko osQ lkFk
i<+us ,oa muesa fozQ;k 'kCnksa dh igpku djus dks dgsaA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lhúMhú pykdj Nk=kksa dks ikB fn[kk,¡ vkSj lquok,¡A Nk=kksa ls ikB è;kuiwoZd
lquus vkSj ns[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
chp&chp esa lhúMhú jksddj ikB le>k,¡ vkSj Nk=kksa ls NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNsa
vkSj mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djsaA
ikB lekIr gksus ij vH;kl&iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj lhúMhú esa fn, x,
vH;kl&iz'u Nk=kksa ls djok,¡A
rRi'pkr iqLrd esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=kksa ls fy[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
fu"d"kZ Nk=k fozQ;k 'kCnksa dh igpku] Hksnksa dks ukekafdr djus rFkk mudk iz;ksx djus
esa fuiq.k gks x, gSaA os fozQ;k 'kCnksa dh jpuk Hkh dj ldrs gSaA
fØ;kVerb 12
41
fujh{k.k f'k{kd Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, vH;kl&dk;Z dh LrjkuqowQy tk¡p djsaxs vkSj
=kqfV&'kks/u djsaxsA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks
fdlh dk;Z dk djuk ;k gksuk crkus okys 'kCn fozQ;k 'kCn dgykrs gSaaA
nks ldeZd fozQ;k,¡ ,d lkFk iz;ksx gksus ij n~fodeZd fozQ;k cu tkrh gSA
fozQ;k dk ewy :iA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) py jgh ([k) c<+h (x) uhps (?k) pykrk
2- (d) djuk ([k) gksuk (x) gksuk (?k) djuk
(Ä) gksuk (p) gksuk (N) djuk (t) gksuk
3- nck] ncrs] gqbZ] lqudj] nkSM+dj] vk;k] gks x;k] le>h] dgrs] tkvksA
4- (d) ekfyd lsod ls lkeku mBokrk gSA
([k) uhfyek us ek¡ osQ lkFk diM+s /qyok,A
(x) nknh v.kZo dks lqykrh gSaA
(?k) uoqQy us fou; dks vkblozQhe f[kykbZA
(Ä) firk th fpjkx ls i=k fy[kok jgs gSaaA
5- (d) mM+dj ([k) Mkydj (x) ns[kdj (?k) Fkddj
(Ä) g¡ldj
”kjk lksfp, rks
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k,
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
42
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 7
fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % dky fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; dky dh igpku rFkk iz;ksx fl[kkukA
dky osQ Hksn rFkk dky&ifjorZu fl[kkukA
Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dh tkudkjh rFkk iz;ksx ij cyA
Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodklA
jpukRedrk tkxzr djukA
^dky* ij vk/kfjr fofo/ vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj fy[kukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k dky osQ vFkZ ls iwoZ ifjfpr gSaA iwoZKku osQ vk/kj ij Nk=kksa ls ^tqfM+, ,oa lef>,* xfrfof/ djok,¡ rFkk iz'u iwNsaA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lhúMhú pykdj Nk=kksa dks ikB fn[kk,¡ vkSj lquok,¡A Nk=kksa ls ikB è;kuiwoZd lquus vkSj ns[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
chp&chp esa lhúMhú jksddj ikB le>k,¡ vkSj Nk=kksa ls NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNsa vkSj mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djsaA
ikB lekIr gksus ij vH;kl&iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj lhúMhú esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'u Nk=kksa ls djok,¡A
rRi'pkr iqLrd esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=kksa ls fy[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
fu"d"kZ Nk=k dky dh ljyrk ls igpku dj ldrs gSaA dkyksa dks Hksnksa osQ vk/kj ij ukekafdr dj ldrs gSa rFkk miHksnksa dh igpku djus esa vf/drj Nk=k fuiq.k gks x, gSaA dky&ifjorZu djus esa Hkh vf/drj Nk=k fuiq.k gks pqosQ gaSA
dkyTense 13
43
fujh{k.k f'k{kd Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, vH;kl&dk;Z dh LrjkuqowQy tk¡p djsaxs vkSj
=kqfV&'kks/u djsaxsA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks
fozQ;k osQ gksus osQ le; dks dky dgrs gSaA lkekU; orZeku dky] viw.kZ orZeku dky] lafnX/ orZeku dkyA Hkfo";r~ dkyA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) lkekU; Hkwrdky ([k) orZeku dky (x) lkekU; orZeku dky (?k) lkekU; Hkfo";r~ dky
2- (d) lkekU; orZeku dky ([k) lkekU; Hkfo";r~ dky (x) laHkkO; Hkfo";r~ dky (?k) vklUu Hkwrdky (Ä) iw.kZ Hkwrdky (p) lafnX/ orZeku dky (N) lkekU; orZeku dky (t) viw.kZ Hkwrdky
3- (d) nknh ek¡ usgk dh pkph dks le>k,¡xhA ([k) Dokj osQ fnu ys[kd dks fo'ks"k fiz; yxsaxsA (x) f[kykSusokyk viuh ph”ksa lLrs esa ns tk,xkA (?k) esjs ikl ,d iQksMZ vkbdkWu gksxh] tks eSa lu~ 2000 esa [kjhnw¡xkA (Ä) og uhe osQ iM+ksa dh ?kuh Nk¡o ls gksrk gqvk] fl;kj dh dgkuh dk e”kk ysrk gqvk tk,xkA
4- (d) ([k) (x) (?k) (Ä) 5- (d) dj fy;k Fkk ([k) ns[kk (x) vk,¡xs (?k) djrs (Ä) i<+s
”kjk lksfp, rks
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k,
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
44
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 7
fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % vfodkjh 'kCn fnukad % ---------------------- (fozQ;k fo'ks"k.k@laca/cks/d@leqPp;cks/d@foLe;kfncks/d)
mn~ns'; vfodkjh 'kCnkas dh igpku] iz;ksx rFkk Hksnksa dh tkudkjh iznku djukA
Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dk Kku rFkk iz;ksx ij cyA
Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodklA
jpukRedrk tkxzr djukA
ikB ij vk/kfjr fofo/ vH;kl&dk;Z djokukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k vfodkjh 'kCnksa osQ vFkZ ls iwoZ ifjfpr gSaA iwoZKku osQ vk/kj ij Nk=kksa
ls ^tqfM+, ,oa lef>,* xfrfof/ djok,¡ rFkk iz'u iwNsaA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lhúMhú pykdj Nk=kksa dks ikB fn[kk,¡ vkSj lquok,¡A Nk=kksa ls ikB è;kuiwoZd
lquus vkSj ns[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
chp&chp esa lhúMhú jksddj ikB le>k,¡ vkSj Nk=kksa ls NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNsa
vkSj mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djsaA
ikB lekIr gksus ij vH;kl&iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj lhúMhú esa fn, x,
vH;kl&iz'u Nk=kksa ls djok,¡A
rRi'pkr iqLrd esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=kksa ls fy[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
vfodkjh 'kCnIndeclinable Words 14
45
fu"d"kZ Nk=k vfodkjh 'kCnksa dks igpkurs gSa vkSj mudk O;kogkfjd iz;ksx lh[k x, gSaA
vfodkjh 'kCnksa dks Hksnksa osQ vk/kj ij ukekafdr djus esa Hkh fuiq.k gks jgs gSaA
fujh{k.k f'k{kd Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, vH;kl&dk;Z dh LrjkuqowQy tk¡p djsaxs vkSj =kqfV&'kks/u djsaxsA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k
”kjk crkb, rks
LFkkuokpd fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k LFkku laca/h fo'ks"krk crkrs gSa vkSj dkyokpd fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k le; lacaèkhA mlosQ ikl de #i;s gSaA (deµfo'ks"k.k)_ de cksyks (deµfozQ;kfo'ks"k.k)
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- okD; Nk=k Lo;a cuk,¡xsA
2- (d) rRdky µ jhfrokpd ([k) mruk] ftruk µ ifjek.kokpd fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k (x) vkl&ikl µ LFkkuokpd fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k (?k) /hjs&/hjs µ jhfrokpd fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k (Ä) dy µ dkyokpd fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k
3- (d) rs”k ([k) rqjar (x) gkFkksagkFk (?k) FkksM+k (Ä) vpkud
4- (d) fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k ([k) fo'ks"k.k (x) fo'ks"k.k (?k) fo'ks"k.k (Ä) fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k
5- (d) Mxexkrh ([k) [kksa&[kksa (x) ncs ik¡oksa (?k) jasxrk gqvk (Ä) ?kwjdj (p) /M+k/M+
”kjk lksfp, rks
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k, Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
46
laca/cks/d
”kjk crkb, rks
laKk ;k loZuke dk laca/ okD; osQ nwljs 'kCnksa ls tksM+rk gSA lerkokpd] LFkkuokpd] fojks/okpd] gsrqokpd] lk/uokpdA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) osQ Hkhrj ([k) osQ ihNs (x) osQ fy, (?k) osQ lkFk (Ä) osQ fy, (p) osQ ckn (N) osQ fo#n/ (t) osQ Åij
2- okD; Nk=k Lo;a cuk,¡xsA
3- (d) dh vis{kk µ rqyukokpd ([k) osQ ckgj µ LFkkuokpd (x) dh vis{kk µ rqyukokpd (?k) osQ fdukjs µ LFkkuokpd (Ä) osQ lax µ laxokpd (p) osQ fo#n~/ µ fojks/okpd
4- (d) LFkkuokpd µ osQ ikl] osQ Hkhrj] osQ vanj] osQ uhps ([k) rqyukokpd µ dh rjg] dh vis{kk] osQ tSls] osQ cjkcj (x) lk/uokpd µ osQ n~okjk] osQ lgkjs] osQ fy,] osQ fofHkUu (?k) lerkokpd µ dh Hkk¡fr] osQ leku] dh rjg] osQ cjkcj
”kjk lksfp, rks
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k, Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
leqPp;cks/d
”kjk crkb, rks
nks 'kCnksa ;k okD;ksa dks vkil esa tksM+us ;k vyx djus okys 'kCnA lekukf/dj.k] O;f/dj.kA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) iqfyl us jksfgr dks oqQN ugha dgk] D;ksafd og usrk dk HkkbZ gSA ([k) lkSjHk us le>k;k fd ckr vkxs er c<+kvksA (x) bl lky lw[kk iM+k gS] blfy, i+ Qly lw[k xbZ gSA (?k) rqEgkjh rch;r [kjkc gS] blfy, nokbZ rks [kkuh iM+sxhA (Ä) tYnh tkvks] rkfd le; ij igq¡p ldksA
47
2- (d) vFkok ([k) blfy, (x) D;ksafd (?k) vkSj (Ä) blfy, (p) cfYd
3- (d) fodkl us dksf'k'k rks dh] ysfdu ikl u gks ldkA ([k) dfiy odhy lkgc ls feyk] D;ksafd mls dkuwuh enn pkfg, FkhA (x) tYnh pyks] rkfd le; ij igq¡p ldksA (?k) vki ;gk¡ cSBsaxs ;k ogk¡] lkspdj crkb,A (Ä) 'kjkjr vfuy us ugha cfYd foiqy us dh FkhA
”kjk lksfp, rks
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k, Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
foLe;kfncks/d
”kjk crkb, rks
eu osQ Hkkoksa dks izdV djus okys vfodkjh 'kCnA ;s izk;% okD; esa vkjaHk esa yxrs gSaA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) Hk; µ cki js! vc D;k gksxk\ ([k) g"kZ µ HkbZ okg! [kkuk [kkdj e”kk vk x;kA (x) vk'khokZn µ lq[kh jgks! Hkxoku rqEgsa lnk izlUu j[ksA (?k) ?k`.kk µ fN%! ;gk¡ fdruh xanxh iSQyh gSA (Ä) Loho`Qfr µ Bhd gS! rqe igys cksyksA
2- (d) ?k`.kkcks/d ([k) laca/cks/d (x) 'kksdcks/d (?k) foLe;cks/d (Ä) Loho`Qfrcks/d (p) psrkouhcks/d
3- (d) okg ([k) lko/ku (x) gk; (?k) lquks (Ä) mi+ Q
”kjk lksfp, rks
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k, Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
48
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 7
fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % okD; fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; okD; dh lajpuk] Hksnksa rFkk miHksnksa dh tkudkjh nsukA
okD;&ifjorZu fl[kkukA
Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dh tkudkjh rFkk iz;ksx ij cyA
Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodklA
jpukRed dkS'kyksa dk fodklA
ikB ij vk/kfjr fofo/ vH;kl&iz'u djokukA
O;kogkfjd thou esa okD;ksa dh jpuk rFkk iz;ksx esa oqQ'ky cukukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj vkfn A
iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k okD; osQ vFkZ ls iwoZ ifjfpr gSaA iwoZKku osQ vk/kj ij Nk=kksa ls ^tqfM+, ,oa lef>,* xfrfof/ djok,¡ rFkk iz'u iwNsaA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lhúMhú pykdj Nk=kksa dks ikB fn[kk,¡ vkSj lquok,¡A Nk=kksa ls ikB è;kuiwoZd lquus vkSj ns[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
chp&chp esa lhúMhú jksddj ikB le>k,¡ vkSj Nk=kksa ls NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNsa vkSj mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djsaA
ikB lekIr gksus ij vH;kl&iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj lhúMhú esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'u Nk=kksa ls djok,¡A
rRi'pkr iqLrd esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=kksa ls fy[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
fu"d"kZ Nk=k lkFkZd okD; jpuk djus esa fuiq.k gks pqosQ gSaA os okD;ksa dks Hksnksa osQ vkèkkj ij ukekafdr dj ldrs gSaA okD; ifjorZu djus esa Hkh leFkZ gSaA
okD;Sentence 15
49
fujh{k.k f'k{kd Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, vH;kl&dk;Z dh LrjkuqowQy tk¡p djsaxs vkSj =kqfV&'kks/u djsaxsA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks
'kCnksa osQ lkFkZd lewg dksA ljy okD;] la;qDr okD;] feJ okD;A vkB Hksnµfo/kuokpd] fu"ks/okpd] iz'uokpd] vkKkokpd] bPNkokpd] lansgokpd]
laosQrokpd] foLe;okpdA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- mn~ns'; fo/s; (d) lsukifr jktk ls feyus x;kA ([k) HksfM+;s Hkkxdj fNi x,A (x) ek¡ us cPps dh ckr lquhA (?k) d{kk esa cSBs Nk=k ckrsa dj jgs gSaA (Ä) vki iyax ij ysV tkb,A (p) lsB us fpfM+;k dks izyksHku fn,A (N) nknh ek¡ lanwd ls oaQxu fudky ykb±A
2- (d) ,d fnu rwi+ Qku vkus ls dbZ o`{k fxj x,A ([k) esjs ikl ,d f[kykSuk gS] tks cgqr eg¡xk gSA (x) lnk lR; cksyus okys dHkh ugha MjrsA (?k) vki Luku dfj, vkSj Hkkstu dj yhft,A (Ä) esjs ?kj osQ ikl ,d eafnj gS] tks cgqr fo'kky gSA
3- (d) fu"ks/okpd ([k) lansgokpd (x) iz'uokpd (?k) fo/kuokpd (Ä) vkKkokpd (p) laosQrokpd (N) foLe;okpd (t) vkKkokpd (>) iz'uokpd (×k) foLe;okpd (V) lansgokpd
”kjk lksfp, rks
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k, Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
50
v'kqn~/k okD;ksa dk la'kks/kuCorrection of Incorrect Sentences 16
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 7
fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % v'kqn~/ okD;ksa dk la'kks/u fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; orZuh rFkk okD;ksa esa v'kqn~f/ dh igpku djuk rFkk 'kks/u djuk fl[kkukA
Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dh tkudkjh rFkk iz;ksx ij cy nsukA
Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodklA
ikB ij vk/kfjr fofo/ vH;kl&dk;Z djokukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k v'kqn~f/ la'kks/u osQ vFkZ ls iwoZ ifjfpr gSaA iwoZKku osQ vk/kj ij Nk=kksa ls ^tqfM+, ,oa lef>,* xfrfof/ djok,¡ rFkk iz'u iwNsaA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lhúMhú pykdj Nk=kksa dks ikB fn[kk,¡ vkSj lquok,¡A Nk=kksa ls ikB è;kuiwoZd lquus vkSj ns[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
chp&chp esa lhúMhú jksddj ikB le>k,¡ vkSj Nk=kksa ls NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNsa vkSj mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djsaA
ikB lekIr gksus ij vH;kl&iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj lhúMhú esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'u Nk=kksa ls djok,¡A
rRi'pkr iqLrd esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=kksa ls fy[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
fu"d"kZ Nk=k 'kCn rFkk okD;ksa esa fy[krs@cksyrs le; gksus okyh lkekU; v'kqn~f/;ksa dks igpkudj mUgsa 'kqn~/ dj ldrs gSaA
fujh{k.k f'k{kd Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, vH;kl&dk;Z dh LrjkuqowQy tk¡p djsaxs vkSj =kqfV&'kks/u djsaxsA
51
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks
orZuh rFkk vU; izdkj dh v'kqn~f/;k¡A
loZuke laca/h
eq>s osQoy oqQN #i;s pkfg,A
vFkok
eq>s ek=k oqQN #i;s pkfg,A
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) eq>s vkt fon~;ky; tkuk gSA
([k) ekrk th us xje&xje idkSM+s mrkjsA
(x) vusd yksx xaxkLuku osQ fy, x,A
(?k) vfHkusrk vkSj vfHkus=kh eap ij vk,A
(Ä) xk; dk rk”kk nw/ LokLF;o/Zd gksrk gSA
(p) rcykoknd rcyk ctk jgk FkkA
(N) brus ifjJe cko”kwn Hkh vliQy gks x,A
2- (d) ([k) (x) (?k) (Ä) (p) (N)
”kjk lksfp, rks
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k, Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
52
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 7
fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % fojke&fpg~u fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; fojke&fpg~uksa dh igpku] Hksn rFkk egRo le>kukA
fojke&fpg~uksa dk mfpr iz;ksx djukA
Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodklA
ikB ij vk/kfjr fofo/ vH;kl&dk;Z djokukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV~V] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k fojke&fpg~u ls iwoZ ifjfpr gSaA iwoZKku osQ vk/kj ij Nk=kksa ls ^tqfM+,
,oa lef>,* xfrfof/ djok,¡ rFkk iz'u iwNsaA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lhúMhú pykdj Nk=kksa dks ikB fn[kk,¡ vkSj lquok,¡A Nk=kksa ls ikB è;kuiwoZd
lquus vkSj ns[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
chp&chp esa lhúMhú jksddj ikB le>k,¡ vkSj Nk=kksa ls NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNsa
vkSj mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djsaA
ikB lekIr gksus ij vH;kl iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj lhúMhú esa fn, x,
vH;kl iz'u Nk=kksa ls djok,¡A
rRi'pkr iqLrd esa fn, x, vH;kl iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=kksa ls fy[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
fu"d"kZ Nk=k fojke&fpg~uksa dks Hksnksa osQ vk/kj ij igpkudj ukekafdr dj ldrs gSa
rFkk fojke&fpg~uksa osQ mfpr iz;ksx esa l{ke gaSA
fujh{k.k f'k{kd Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, vH;kl&dk;Z dh LrjkuqowQy tk¡p djsaxs vkSj =kqfV&'kks/u djsaxsA
fojke&fpg~uPunctuation
17
53
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks
#dus dk fpg~uA
bdgjk mn~/j.k fpg~u] nksgjk mn~/j.k fpg~uA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) o.kZ osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSaµLoj vkSj O;atuA
([k) fdlh ,d fo"k; ij vuqPNsn fy[ksaµ ^esjh vfoLej.kh; ?kVuk*] ^fon~;kFkhZ vkSj vuq'kklu*A
(x) nknk th oklq ls cksys] ¶pyks] ?kweus pyrs gSaA¸
(?k) esjh ekrk th dk uke MkWú lquhrk gSA
(Ä) xjfe;ksa esa vke] osQyk] vukj] yhph] vkM+w vkfn [kwc lkjs jlhys iQy gksrs gSaA
(p) ;klqdh pku osQ gkFk&iSj de”kksj FksA
(N) ^xksnku* izsepan dh vej jpuk ekuh tkrh gSA
(t) fpfM+;k cksyh] ¶eq>s nsj gks jgh gSA¸
(>) bl dfork dks fpf=kr djus osQ fy, fdu&fdu jaxksa dk iz;ksx djuk gksxkA
(×k) 'k%! 'k%! yky rkÅ cksy jgk gw¡A
2- eqjyhokyk cksyk] ¶vkidks D;k irk ckcw th fd budh vlyh ykxr D;k gS\ ;g rks xzkgdksa
dk nLrwj gksrk gS fd nqdkunkj pkgs gkfu mBkdj ph”k D;ksa u csps] ij xzkgd ;gh le>rs
gSaµnqdkunkj eq>s ywV jgk gSA vki Hkyk dkgs dks fo'okl djsaxs] ysfdu lp iwfN, rks
ckcw th vlyh nke nks gh iSlk gSA vki dgha ls nks iSls esa ;s eqjyh ugha ik ldrsA eSaus
rks iwjh ,d g”kkj cuokbZ Fkha] rc eq>s bl Hkko iM+h gSaA¸
3- (d) dks"Bd ([k) bdgjk mn~/j.k fpg~u
(x) foLe;kfncks/d fpg~u (?k) ;kstd fpg~u
(Ä) yk?ko fpg~u (p) galin
54
4- (d) xyrh djuk NksVksa dk LoHkko gS_ {kek djuk cM+ksa dk /eZA
([k) ek¡ (g¡lrs gq,)µD;ksa vc D;k lksp jgs gks\
(x) izksú mekdkar us Nk=kksa dks lacksf/r fd;kA
(?k) 'kkck'k! rqeus ns'k dk uke jks'ku dj fn;kA
(Ä) D;k rqeus esjh ;kstuk ij fopkj fd;k\
”kjk lksfp, rks
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k,
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
55
ikB ;kstuk
f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk
iqLrd % eSa vkSj esjk O;kdj.k d{kk % 7
fo"k; % ¯gnh vof/ % ----------------------
mifo"k; % eqgkojs vkSj yksdksfDr;k¡ fnukad % ----------------------
mn~ns'; eqgkojs rFkk yksdksfDr;ksa osQ egRo ls ifjp;] muosQ vFkZ rFkk O;kogkfjd iz;ksx
dks le>kuk
Hkk"kk osQ 'kqn~/ :i dk Kku rFkk iz;ksx ij cyA
Hkk"kkbZ dkS'kyksa dk fodklA
ikB ij vk/kfjr fofo/ vH;kl&iz'u djokukA
jpukRedrk tkxzr djukA
lgk;d lkexzh ';keiV] pkWd] MLVj] iqLrd] lhúMhú] izkstsDVj@oaQI;wVj vkfnA
iwoZKku ijh{kk Nk=k eqgkojs&yksdksfDr;ksa ls iwoZ ifjfpr gSaA iwoZKku osQ vk/kj ij Nk=kksa ls
^tqfM+, ,oa lef>,* xfrfof/ djok,¡ rFkk iz'u iwNsaA
f'k{k.k&laosQr lhúMhú pykdj Nk=kksa dks ikB fn[kk,¡ vkSj lquok,¡A Nk=kksa ls ikB è;kuiwoZd
lquus vkSj ns[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
chp&chp esa lhúMhú jksddj ikB le>k,¡ vkSj Nk=kksa ls NksVs&NksVs iz'u iwNsa
vkSj mudh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr djsaA
ikB lekIr gksus ij vH;kl&iz'uksa ij ppkZ djsa vkSj lhúMhú esa fn, x,
vH;kl&iz'u Nk=kksa ls djok,¡A
rRi'pkr iqLrd esa fn, x, vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=kksa ls fy[kus osQ fy, dgsaA
eqgkojs vkSj yksdksfDr;k¡Idioms and Proverbs 18
56
fu"d"kZ Nk=k vf/drj eqgkojs rFkk yksdksfDr;ksa osQ vFkZ le>us rFkk mudk O;kogkfjd iz;ksx djus esa leFkZ gSaA
fujh{k.k f'k{kd Nk=kksa n~okjk fd, x, vH;kl&dk;Z dh LrjkuqowQy tk¡p djsaxs vkSj =kqfV&'kks/u djsaxsA
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
”kjk crkb, rks
lkekU; vFkZ dks NksM+dj fo'ks"k vFkZ izdV djus okys okD;ka'k eqgkojs dgykrs gSaA
yksd (yksxksa) n~okjk dgha xbZ mfDr ykssdksfDr dgykrh gSA
Nk=k Lo;a fy[ksaxsA
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) okn&fookn izfr;ksfxrk esa uohu us vius izfrn~oan~oh nk¡r [kV~Vs dj fn,A
([k) eqlhcr osQ le; vius Hkh vk¡[ksaa pqjkus yxsA
(x) ijh{kk osQ le; iz'u&i=k ns[kdj lcosQ psgjs ij gokb;k¡ mM+us yxhaA
(?k) vè;kfidk osQ tkrs gh Nk=kksa us vkleku flj ij mBk fy;kA
(Ä) ;'k ij ek¡ dh ckrksa dk dksbZ vlj ugha iM+k] og fpduk ?kM+k gSA
2- (d) eqlhcr ij eqlhcr vkukA
([k) 'kfe±nk gksus ij nwljs ij ozQks/ fudkyukA
(x) ew[kks± esa FkksM+k KkuhA
(?k) 'kfDrghu gksus ij Hkh ?keaM djukA
(Ä) vksNk O;fDr c<+&p<+dj cksyrk gSA
3- (d) izLFkku djuk ([k) fdlh Hkwy ij cs'kehZ ls g¡luk
(x) ?kcjk tkuk (?k) izca/ djuk
(Ä) cqjh rjg gkjuk (p) /ks[kk nsuk
(N) ykHk&gkfu ns[kdj ikyk cnyuk (t) cqjh rjg Mjuk
57
4- (d) xkxj esa lkxj ([k) bZn dk pk¡n
(x) vk¡[ksa pqjkrs (?k) ijfgr ljl /je ugha HkkbZ
(Ä) ukp u tkus vk¡xu Vs<+k
5- (d) fpaxkfj;k¡ lqyx jgha Fkha ([k) xqLlk gok gks x;k
(x) lk¡l jksosQ gq, [kM+k jgk (?k) Hkwpky vk x;k
(Ä) nk¡rksa rys v¡xqyh nckdj (?k) ukS&nks X;kjg gks x;kA
”kjk lksfp, rks
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
djosQ nsf[k,
Nk=k Lo;a djsaxsA
uksV % ikB 19 ekSf[kd vfHkO;fDr dk vH;kl Nk=k f'k{kd@f'kf{kdk dh lgk;rk ls djsaxsA
58
vifBr cks/kUnseen Comprehension 20
ikBkar vH;kl&iz'uksa osQ mRrj
vifBr xn~;ka'k
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) y{ehckbZ dk fookg >k¡lh osQ jktk xaxk/j jko osQ lkFk gqvk FkkA
([k) vaxzs”kksa us fuLlarku ejus okys jktk osQ jkT; dks vius 'kklu esa feykus dk dkuwu
cuk;k FkkA
(x) vaxzs”kksa us jkuh osQ xksn fy, iq=k osQ vf/dkj dks ekU;rk nsus ls badkj dj fn;kA
(?k) iztkA
(Ä) e`R;[email protected]
(Ä) y{ehckbZ us viuk 'kklu cuk, j[kus osQ fy, ,d ckyd xksn ys fy;kA
2- (d) ¯l/q ?kkVh lH;rk nf{k.k esa dkfB;kokM+ vkSj if'pe esa edjku ls fgeky; rd iSQyh
gqbZ FkhA
([k) gM+Iik vkSj eksgutksnM+ksa uxjksa osQA
(x) fla/q ?kkVh osQ yksxksa dh vkthfodk dk vk/kj o`Qf"k FkkA
(?k) ¯l/q ?kkVh esa laHkor% Å¡V ugha FkkA
(Ä) eksgjksa ij xk;] cSy vkfn i'kqvksa dh vko`Qfr cus gksus lsA
3- (d) vuq'kklu dkA
([k) eu dks oasQfnzr j[kuk vkSj f'k{k.k laLFkk osQ fu;eksa ij pyukA
(x) vuq'kklu dhA
(?k) ej.k] vKku] vliQyrkA
(Ä) fon~;kFkhZ thou vkSj vuq'kkluA
4- (d) vf/d&ls&vf/d lq[kksa dh pkg osQ dkj.kA
([k) bPNkvksa dks lhfer djus okykA
59
(x) eksg rFkk vkdka{kkvksa osQ dkj.kA
(?k) larks"k lcls cM+k /u gSA
(Ä) larks"k vkSj ekuo thouA
5- (d) lEeku vkSj vkRe&xkSjo dh vuqHkwfr lsA
([k) viekfur thou fcrkus osQ fy,A
(x) dk;j O;fDr la?k"kZ ls Mjus osQ dkj.k Lok/hu ugha jg ikrkA
(?k) Lok/hu jgus osQ fy, la?k"kZ djuk vko';d gSA
(Ä) ijk/hurk vkSj Lok/hurkA
vifBr in~;ka'k
vkb,] vc fy[ksa
1- (d) ohj gkFk esa fy, dke dks iwjk djosQ NksM+rs gSaA
([k) dfBukbZ ns[kdj ohj O;fDr ?kcjkrs ugha gSaA
(x) usiksfy;u us dgk FkkµvlaHko dk;jksa dk 'kCn gSA
(?k) 'kfDr] mRlkg vkSj LokfHkeku osQ fcuk thou O;FkZ gSA
(Ä) x~ $ b $ j~ $ b $ 'k~ $ ½a $ x~ $ v
2- (d) e”knwj fujarj fuekZ.k djrk jgrk gS] ifjJe mldk deZ gS] blfy, mls /uokuksa ls
ljksdkj ugha gSA
([k) vla[; ckj lqanj fuekZ.k djukA
(x) e”knwj dfBukbZ vkSj la?k"kZ osQ le; esa xhr xkus dh ckr dj jgk gSA
(?k) eSa e”knwjA
(Ä) fgeky; dks phjdj xaxk dh fueZy /kjk ls /jrh dh I;kl cq>kbZ FkhA
3- (d) iy dks lksus osQ leku dgk x;k gSA
([k) le; dk egRo u le>us okyk viuh eaf”ky izkIr ugha dj ikrkA
(x) le; dk lnqi;ksx djus okyk mPp f'k[kj ij p<+rk gSA
(?k) le; ij dke u djus okys osQ iSj ihNs eqM+ tkrs gSaA
(Ä) nq#i;ksxA
60
4- (d) dfo dye dh 'kfDr dks cM+k ekurk gSA
([k) dye fnekxksa esa vkx yxkus dk dke djrh gSA
(x) dfo eu esa Tofyr vFkkZr~ mRlkg txkus okys fopkj j[kus dks dg jgk gSA
(?k) ryokj fgalz tho ls cpko djrh gSA
(Ä) i~ $ j~ $ v $ t~ $ o~ $ v $ y~ $ b $ r~ $ vA
5- (d) HkkjrHkwfe dks ek¡ dh mikf/ nh xbZ gSA
([k) dfo us /jrh ek¡ dks ,d vjc ls vf/d Hkqtkvksa okyh dgk gSA
(x) Hkkjr dh laLo`Qfr fofo/rk esa ,drk okyh gS vFkkZr~ lk>h dgk gSA
(?k) ftldk neu u fd;k tk losQA
(Ä) nqj~ (milxZ)] e;h (izR;;)A
uksVµvU; lHkh ikBksa osQ iz'uksa osQ mRrj Nk=k viuh jpukRedrk osQ vk/kj ij fy[ksaxsA
61
vH;kl iz'u&i=kµ2
1- (d) lansgokpd ([k) fu"ks/okpd (x) iz'uokpd (?k) laosQrokpd
2- (d) deµifjek.kokpd ([k) è;kuiwoZdµjhfrokpd (x) jkr Hkjµdkyokpd (?k) pkjksa vksjµLFkkuokpd
3- (d) fo/kuokpd ([k) fu"ks/okpd
4- (d) cgqr ([k) ogk¡ (x) vkt
5- (d) lkorhaµfuf'pr la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k ([k) ckfydk xkuk ugha xkrhA (x) f'kokax us ijh{kk ikl dj yhA (?k) lquks! fdlus nLrd nh\ mlls uke&irk rks iwNksA
6- (d) ehBk cksyus okys O;fDr dks lHkh pkgrs gSaA ([k) tks ¯gnh i<+krs gSa] os esjs firk th gSaA (x) dchj ck”kkj x;k vkSj nokb;k¡ [kjhn yk;kA
7- (d) jks jgk gSµvdeZd fozQ;k ([k) pj jgh gSµldeZd fozQ;k (x) ugkdjµiwoZdkfyd fozQ;k] fØ;kµldeZd fozQ;k (?k) gqvkµldeZd fozQ;k
8- (d) geus [kkuk [kk fy;kA ([k) rqels feydj eq>s cgqr [kq'kh gqbZA (x) Mj osQ ekjs izk.k fudy x,A (?k) eq>s osQoy nl vad gh feysA
9- lqcg eSaus ns[kk] pkjikbZ ij cSBs firk th vkSj fd'ku HkS;k euekjs oqQN lksp jgs FksA ¶nwljk pkjk gh D;k gS\¸ ckcw cksys] ¶#i;k dksbZ nsrk ughaA fdrus osQ rks vHkh fiNys Hkh ckdh gSaA¸ os jksus&jksus&ls gks x,A
10- (d) ek¡ osQ ?kj ij u gksus ij cPps vkleku flj ij mBk ysrs gSaA ([k) yM+kbZ&>xM+k NksM+dj feydj jgks] D;ksafd ,d vksSj ,d X;kjg gksrs gSaaA (x) pkykdh esa rks uoqQy cM+s&cM+ksa osQ dku drjrk gSA (?k) rsukyhjkeu dh gkf”kjtokch ns[kdj lHkh nk¡rksa rys m¡xyh nckrs FksA
11- (d) ge Hkkjrh; gSaA ([k) Hkkjrokfl;ksa dksA (x) Hkkjr dh lk>h laLo`Qfr gSA (?k) ^lqfnuksa esa ,d lkFk g¡lrs] xkrs] lksrs gSa vkSj nqfnZu esa lkFk&lkFk tkxrs vkSj ikS#"k <ksrs gSaA (Ä) (i) izns'k] cy'kkyh (ii) l{ke] j{kk (iii) fgEer] fHkUu
12- Nk=k Lo;a fy[ksaxsA
13- Nk=k Lo;a fy[ksaxsA
62
dk;Z&if=kdkµ1
uke % -------------- d{kk % -------------- vè;kid@vè;kfidk % -------------- iw.kk±d
ozQekad % -------------- fnukad % -------------- vfHkHkkod % -------------- 20
1- ekr`Hkk"kk vkSj jk"VªHkk"kk esa D;k varj gS\
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2- ¯gnh Hkk"kk dk D;k egRo gS\
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3- lgh dFku ij lgh () dk fpg~u yxkb,µ
(d) nh?kZ Loj lkr gSaA
([k) ekud Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx f'kf{kr yksx djrs gSaA
(x) ¯gnh fnol 14 flracj dks euk;k tkrk gSA
(?k) ;] j] y] o Å"e O;atu gksrs gSaA
(Ä) v'kqn~/ mPpkj.k ls orZuh dh v'kqn~f/;k¡ gksrh gSaA
(p) ^j* dk iz;ksx ek=kk osQ :i esa ugha gksrkA
63
4- nh?kZ rFkk ßLo Lojksa esa varj Li"V dhft,A
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5- la;qDr O;atu vkSj n~foRo O;atu osQ mnkgj.k fyf[k,µ
la;qDr O;atu n~foRo O;atu
---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
6- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ 'kqn~/ :i fyf[k,µ
(d) ewj[k ---------------------------------- (x) fn{kk ----------------------------------
([k) ?kfu"B ---------------------------------- (?k) ue'kdkj ----------------------------------
64
dk;Z&if=kdkµ2
uke % -------------- d{kk % -------------- vè;kid@vè;kfidk % -------------- iw.kk±d
ozQekad % -------------- fnukad % -------------- vfHkHkkod % -------------- 20
1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks vFkZ fyf[k,µ
(d) vacj µ ------------------ ------------------ ([k) lqj µ ------------------ ------------------
(x) irax µ ------------------ ------------------ (?k) cky µ ------------------ ------------------
(Ä) dyk µ ------------------ ------------------ (p) iV µ ------------------ ------------------
2- nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) mis{kk µ ------------------ ------------------ ([k) xjhc µ ------------------ ------------------
(x) iq=k µ ------------------ ------------------ (?k) fo?u µ ------------------ ------------------
3- foykse 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) larks"k µ ------------------------ ([k) fodflr µ ------------------------
(x) Lej.k µ ------------------------ (?k) vknj µ ------------------------
(Ä) lLrk µ ------------------------ (p) izse µ ------------------------
4- okD;ka'kkas osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fyf[k,µ
(d) tgk¡ tkuk dfBu gks ------------------------------------
([k) tks bfrgkl ls laca/ j[krk gks ------------------------------------
(x) u"V gksus okyk ------------------------------------
(?k) jkr esa ?kweus okyk ------------------------------------ (Ä) tks de tkurk gks ------------------------------------
(p) ftldk dksbZ 'k=kq u gks ------------------------------------
65
5- laf/ dhft,µ
(d) egh $ banz µ -------------------------- ([k) ;Fkk $ b"V µ --------------------------
(x) rFkk $ ,o µ -------------------------- (?k) vuq $ bfr µ --------------------------
(Ä) fu% $ /u µ -------------------------- (p) lq $ vkxr µ --------------------------
6- laf/&foPNsn dhft,µ
(d) fnxacj µ ------------------$ ------------------ ([k) lTtu µ ------------------$ -----------------
(x) euksjFk µ ------------------$ ------------------ (?k) fu"izk.k µ ------------------$ -----------------
(Ä) egksRlo µ ------------------$ ------------------ (p) iz'uksRrj µ ------------------$ -----------------
7- mRifRr osQ vk/kj ij 'kCnksa osQ Hksn crkb,µ
(d) dku µ -------------------------- ([k) Hkzej µ --------------------------
(x) Vsyhxzke µ -------------------------- (?k) rkjh[+k µ --------------------------
(Ä) Vksdjh µ -------------------------- (p) >kM+w µ --------------------------
66
dk;Z&if=kdkµ3
uke % -------------- d{kk % -------------- vè;kid@vè;kfidk % -------------- iw.kk±d
ozQekad % -------------- fnukad % -------------- vfHkHkkod % -------------- 20
1- milxZ vkSj ewy'kCn vyx&vyx djosQ fyf[k,µ
(d) lRlax µ ------------------------- -------------------------
([k) Hkjiwj µ ------------------------- -------------------------
(x) vkthou µ ------------------------- -------------------------
(?k) vuqowQY k µ ------------------------- -------------------------
(Ä) izfrfnu µ ------------------------- -------------------------
2- fuEufyf[kr izR;;ksa ls nks&nks 'kCn cukb,µ
(d) oku µ ------------------ ------------------ ([k) bZ µ ------------------ ------------------
(x) vkbZ µ ------------------ ------------------ (?k) vkik µ ------------------ ------------------
(Ä) iu µ ------------------ ------------------ (p) vkgV µ ------------------ ------------------
3- fn, x, 'kCnksa ls Hkkookpd laKk cukb,µ
(d) fe=k µ ----------------------------- ([k) xjhc µ -----------------------------
(x) yky µ ----------------------------- (?k) jksuk µ -----------------------------
(Ä) vga µ ----------------------------- (p) loZ µ -----------------------------
4- xn~;ka'k ls laKk 'kCn Nk¡Vdj Hksnksa osQ uke fyf[k,µ
jksfgr us crk;k fd lquhy osQ ?kj esjh igpku ,d oqQEgkj ls gqbZA og feV~Vh osQ lqanj ?kM+s
cukrk FkkA ?kM+ksa ij dh xbZ fp=kdkjh ns[kus yk;d gksrh FkhA eSa ,d ?kM+k ?kj ys vk;kA mls yksgs dh frikbZ ij j[kk ?kM+s osQ ikuh dh BaMd mlosQ lkSan;Z ls vf/d FkhA
----------------------------- ----------------------------- -----------------------------
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----------------------------- ----------------------------- -----------------------------
----------------------------- ----------------------------- -----------------------------
67
dk;Z&if=kdkµ4
uke % -------------- d{kk % -------------- vè;kid@vè;kfidk % -------------- iw.kk±d
ozQekad % -------------- fnukad % -------------- vfHkHkkod % -------------- 20
1- ¯yx cnfy,µ
(d) ys[kd µ ----------------------------- ([k) lezkV µ -----------------------------
(x) cyoku µ ----------------------------- (?k) nklh µ -----------------------------
(Ä) dof;=kh µ ----------------------------- (p) ;kpd µ -----------------------------
2- pkj&pkj fuR; iqfYayx rFkk fuR; L=kh¯yx 'kCn fyf[k,µ
fuR; iqfYayx µ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fuR; L=khfyax µ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3- opu cnfy,µ
(d) lM+d µ ----------------------------- ([k) /suq,¡ µ -----------------------------
(x) fMfc;k µ ----------------------------- (?k) i{kh µ -----------------------------
(Ä) fe=k µ ----------------------------- (p) iafDr µ -----------------------------
4- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa dkjd igpkfu, vkSj Hksn fyf[k,µ
(d) fdlku us [ksrksa dks ikuh fn;kA --------------------------------------------
([k) Nk=k f'kf{kdk dks Mk;jh ns x;kA --------------------------------------------
(x) lHkh lk¡i ls Mj x,A --------------------------------------------
(?k) deh”k dks gSaxj ij Vk¡x nksA --------------------------------------------
5- dkjdkas osQ fpg~u fyf[k,µ
(d) drkZ µ ----------------------------- ([k) deZ µ -----------------------------
(x) dj.k µ ----------------------------- (?k) laiznku µ -----------------------------
(Ä) viknku µ ----------------------------- (p) laca/ µ -----------------------------
(N) vf/dj.k µ ----------------------------- (t) lacks/u µ -----------------------------
68
dk;Z&if=kdkµ5
uke % -------------- d{kk % -------------- vè;kid@vè;kfidk % -------------- iw.kk±d
ozQekad % -------------- fnukad % -------------- vfHkHkkod % -------------- 20
1- loZuke osQ lHkh Hksnksa osQ uke fyf[k,µ
------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------
2- okD;ksa esa iz;qDr loZuke 'kCn Nk¡Vdj Hksnksa osQ uke fyf[k,µ
(d) esjk ?kj ikl gh gSA --------------------------------------------
([k) mlosQ ikl oqQN rks gksxkA --------------------------------------------
(x) ftlus ifjJe fd;k] og liQy gqvkA --------------------------------------------
(?k) os fp=kk osQ iM+kslh gSaA --------------------------------------------
(Ä) rqe ogk¡ D;k djus tkrs gks\ --------------------------------------------
(p) viuk dke Lo;a djksA --------------------------------------------
3- fo'ks"k.k osQ fdrus Hksn gksrs gSa\ uke fy[kdj nks&nks mnkgj.k nhft,µ
-------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
69
4- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa ls fo'ks"k.k cukb,µ
(d) LokLF; µ ----------------------------- ([k) Hkkjr µ -----------------------------
(x) ifjokj µ ----------------------------- (?k) i<+uk µ -----------------------------
(Ä) jax µ ----------------------------- (p) ohjrk µ -----------------------------
(N) prqjkbZ µ ----------------------------- (p) dher µ -----------------------------
5- fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa osQ fy, mfpr fo'ks"; 'kCn fyf[k,A
(d) li+ sQn µ ----------------------------- ([k) frjaxk µ -----------------------------
(x) Lokfn"V µ ----------------------------- (?k) fons'kh µ -----------------------------
(Ä) lqgkuk µ ----------------------------- (p) lqanj µ -----------------------------
6- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa fo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa dks Nk¡Vdj Hksn fyf[k,µ
(d) ;g ckx eSaus cgqr ckj ns[kk gSA --------------------------------------------
([k) fizQ”k esa ehBs lsc j[ks gSaA --------------------------------------------
(x) chjcy cgqr prqj vkSj cqn~f/eku FksA --------------------------------------------
(?k) ;gk¡ ls FkksM+h nwj esjk ?kj gSA --------------------------------------------
70
dk;Z&if=kdkµ6
uke % -------------- d{kk % -------------- vè;kid@vè;kfidk % -------------- iw.kk±d
ozQekad % -------------- fnukad % -------------- vfHkHkkod % -------------- 20
1- deZ osQ vk/kj ij fozQ;k osQ fdrus Hksn gSa\ nks&nks mnkgj.k fyf[k,A
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2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa deZ osQ vk/kj ij fozQ;k Nk¡fV, vkSj Hksn crkb,µ
(d) ge jkr dks ukS cts lksrs gSaaA --------------------------------------------
([k) vkt rs”k /wi fudyrh gSA --------------------------------------------
(x) iz/kukpk;Z us Nk=kksa dks iqjLdkj fn,A --------------------------------------------
(?k) ge jkr osQ le; ckgj ugha fudyrsA --------------------------------------------
(Ä) jktu us x`gdk;Z dj fy;kA --------------------------------------------
3- funsZ'kkuqlkj dky ifjofrZr dhft,µ
(d) rqe NqV~VfV;ksa esa dgk¡ x, Fks\ (Hkfo";r~ dky)
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([k) dy lwjt osQ n'kZu ugha gksxsA (Hkwrdky)
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71
(x) fu'kk us eap ij cgqr vPNk u`R; izn'kZu fd;kA (orZeku dky)
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(?k) lqcg ls ikuh cjl jgk gSA (Hkwrdky)
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(Ä) ge feydj fons'k tk,¡xsA (orZeku dky)
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(p) fozQosQV dk fo'o&di bl eghus gSA (Hkfo";r~ dky)
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4- lajpuk osQ vk/kj ij fozQ;k osQ fdrus Hksn gSa\ uke fyf[k,A
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5- n~forh; izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k cukb,µ
(d) /ksuk µ ----------------------------- ([k) pyuk µ -----------------------------
(x) nsuk µ ----------------------------- (?k) jksuk µ -----------------------------
(Ä) [kkuk µ ----------------------------- (p) i<+uk µ -----------------------------
(N) djuk µ ----------------------------- (p) gVuk µ -----------------------------
72
dk;Z&if=kdkµ7
uke % -------------- d{kk % -------------- vè;kid@vè;kfidk % -------------- iw.kk±d
ozQekad % -------------- fnukad % -------------- vfHkHkkod % -------------- 20
1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa osQ fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k 'kCnksa dks js[kkafdr djosQ Hksnksa osQ uke fyf[k,µ
(d) vkvks feydj li+ QkbZ vfHk;ku dks liQy cuk,¡A
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) esjs firk th vkt vk,¡xsA
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(x) ckgj [ksyks] vanj txg ugha gSA
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(?k) iraxsa vkdk'k esa LoPNan mM+ jgh gSA
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(Ä) geus nkor esa cgqr [kk;kA
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(p) rqe tkvks eSa ihNs vkrk gw¡A
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2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks laca/cks/d 'kCnksa ls iwjk dhft,µ
(d) 'khr ½rq -------------------------------- olar ½rq vkrh gSA
([k) esjs ?kj -------------------------------- nks iqjkus isM+ gSaA
(x) es”k -------------------------------- fcYyh cSBh gSA
73
(?k) cxhps -------------------------------- ,d iQOokjk gSA
(Ä) euh"kk -------------------------------- ekek th Hkh vk jgs gSaA
(p) d{kk -------------------------------- Nk=k cSBs gSaA
3- fjDr LFkkukas esa foLe;kfncks/d 'kCn Hkfj,µ
(d) ----------------------------------------- fdruh xjeh gSA
([k) ----------------------------------------- fdruk lqgkuk ekSle gSA
(x) ----------------------------------------- bl ckj rqe izFke vkbZ gksA
(?k) ----------------------------------------- rqEgkjk dejk fdruk xank gSA
(Ä) ----------------------------------------- ihNs lk¡i gSA
(p) ----------------------------------------- eSa dy vo'; vkšxkA
4- fuEufyf[kr leqPp;cks/d vO;;ksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
(d) ¯drq µ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) fd µ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) cfYd µ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5- vfodkjh 'kCnksa dks igpkudj mudk Hksn fyf[k,µ
(d) dh otg µ ----------------------------- ([k) vf/d µ -----------------------------
(x) rFkk µ ----------------------------- (?k) gs jke µ -----------------------------
(Ä) rkfd µ ----------------------------- (p) dh vksj µ -----------------------------
(N) lnk µ ----------------------------- (t) thrs jgks µ -----------------------------
(>) /r~ µ ----------------------------- (p) lesr µ -----------------------------
74
dk;Z&if=kdkµ8
uke % -------------- d{kk % -------------- vè;kid@vè;kfidk % -------------- iw.kk±d
ozQekad % -------------- fnukad % -------------- vfHkHkkod % -------------- 20
1- funsZ'kkuqlkj okD; ifjorZu dhft,µ
(d) eSaus ns[kk fd ?kj ij dksbZ ugha gSA (ljy okD;)
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([k) esjs vkrs gh 'kksj can gks x;kA (feJ okD;)
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(x) fou; cSBdj bfrgkl i<+rk gSA (la;qDr okD;)
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2- lajpuk osQ vk/kj ij okD; dk izdkj crkb,µ
(d) eSa rqels ugha cksyw¡xkA -----------------------------------------------------
([k) xkMZ us gjh >aMh fn[kkbZ vkSj xkM+h py nhA -----------------------------------------------------
(x) mlosQ ikl tks ?kM+h gS] og lqanj gSA -----------------------------------------------------
(?k) nknh ckx esa xbZ gSa rkfd Vgy losaQA -----------------------------------------------------
(Ä) tks lnk lR; cksyrs gSa] os fuf'par jgrs gSaA -----------------------------------------------------
(p) D;k rqe [ksyus pyksxs\ -----------------------------------------------------
3- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks 'kqn~/ djosQ nqckjk fyf[k,µ
(d) esjs ls i<+k ugha tkrkA
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([k) mldh rks vDy ej xbZ gSA
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75
(x) cPps dks xje djosQ nw/ nksA
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(?k) esjs ekrk th vk, gSaA
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4- vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij okD;&ifjorZu dhft,µ
(d) oqQEgkj feV~Vh osQ crZu cukrk gSA (fu"ks/okpd)
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([k) ?kksM+k cks> ugha <ks ldrkA (lansgokpd)
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(x) Mªkboj n~okjk cl pykbZ tkrh gSA (laosQrokpd)
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(?k) ferkyh u`R; dj jgh gSA (vkKkokpd)
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(Ä) 'kk;n vkt o"kkZ gksA (iz'uokpd)
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5- vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij okD;ksa osQ Hksn crkb,µ
(d) fgrs"k ls fy[kk ugha tkrkA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
([k) yM+fd;k¡ dkj pykrh gSaA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) mi+ Q! esjs cgqr rs”k cq[kkj gSA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(?k) 'kksj er djksA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Ä) rqe ?kj dc tkvksxs\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
76
dk;Z&if=kdkµ9
uke % -------------- d{kk % -------------- vè;kid@vè;kfidk % -------------- iw.kk±d
ozQekad % -------------- fnukad % -------------- vfHkHkkod % -------------- 20
1- fuEufyf[kr fojke fpg~uksa osQ uke fyf[k,µ
(d) ( _ ) ¾ ----------------------------- ([k) ( % ) ¾ -----------------------------
(x) (^ *) ¾ ----------------------------- (?k) ( ! ) ¾ -----------------------------
2- fn, x, okD;ksa esa mfpr fojke&fpg~u yxkb,A
(d) Bhd dg jgs gks HkkbZ ([k) th gk¡ eSaus vHkh vHkh ikB i<+k gS
(x) ijarq egkjkt ;g gekjk 'k=kq gS (?k) lfpu cksyk eq>s vkt eSp [ksyuk gS
(Ä) lquks ”kjk ;g lkeku ogk¡ j[k nks
3- fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa osQ vFkZ fyf[k,µ
(d) v¡xwBk fn[kkuk µ -----------------------------------------------------
([k) vDy dk va/k µ -----------------------------------------------------
(x) [kjh&[kksVh lqukuk µ -----------------------------------------------------
(?k) dku [kMs+ gksuk µ -----------------------------------------------------
4- fjDr LFkku esa mfpr eqgkojs Hkfj,µ
(d) idoku ns[kdj esjs ------------------------------------ A
([k) eqlhcr vkus ij lHkh us ------------------------------------ A
(x) d{kk esa epkus okys Nk=kksa dks vè;kfidk us ------------------------------------ nhaA
(?k) oqQN [kkus dks nks] esjs isV esa ------------------------------------ gSaA
5- fuEufyf[kr vFkks± osQ fy, mfpr yksdksfDr fyf[k,µ
(d) >xM+s dh o”kg ,d O;fDr ugha gksrk µ ------------------------------------
([k) ”k:jr osQ vuqlkj oLrq u gksuk µ ------------------------------------
(x) cyoku dh gh thr gksrh gS µ ------------------------------------
(?k) ew[kZ dks vPNh jk; nsuk µ ------------------------------------
77
dk;Z&if=kdkµ10
uke % -------------- d{kk % -------------- vè;kid@vè;kfidk % -------------- iw.kk±d
ozQekad % -------------- fnukad % -------------- vfHkHkkod % -------------- 20
1- uhps fy[ks xn~;ka'k dks è;kuiwoZd i<+dj iwNs x, iz'uksa osQ fy, mRrj fyf[k,µ
,d 'kgj esa ,d cgqr cM+k bathfu;j jgrk FkkA ,d fnu mls fdlh dke ls nwj osQ xk¡o
tkuk iM+kA lqcg dk le; FkkA jkLrs esa mlus csy ij yxs cM+s&cM+s dn~nw ns[ksA FkksM+k vkxs
gh mls ,d fo'kky cjxn ij yxs NksVs&NksVs iQy fn[ksA bathfu;j eu&gh&eu vk'p;Z djrs
gq, lkspus yxkµfdruh fofp=k gS Hkxoku dh l`f"V! brus cM+s o`{k ij fdrus NksVs&NksVs iQy
vkSj NksVh&lh csy ij brus cM+s&cM+s iQyA yxrk gS izo`Qfr dks vuqikr dk Kku ugha gSA
viuk dke lekIr djosQ ykSVrs&ykSVrs nksigj gks xbZA /wi rs”k Fkh] blfy, bathfu;j cjxn
osQ isM+ osQ uhps Nk;k esa ysV x;kA rHkh rs”k gok pyus yxh vkSj cjxn osQ NksVs&NksVs iQy
mlosQ Åij rFkk vkl&ikl fxjus yxsA vpkud bathfu;j dh cqn~f/ [kqyhA og lkspus yxk]
;fn cjxn ij Hkh dn~nw ftrus cM+s iQy yxs gksrs rks muosQ fxjus ls esjk rks flj gh iwQV
x;k gksrkA bl o`{k osQ uhps euq"; vkSj i'kq dHkh foJke djus ugha vkrsA Hkxoku fdruk
egku bathfu;j gSA mldh izR;sd jpuk dk iz;kstu gSA mlh iwjh l`f"V esa ,d O;oLFkk vkSj
fu;e gS vkSj mlh esa lHkh izkf.k;ksa dk fgr gSA
(d) bathfu;j dks ,d fnu dgk¡ tkuk iM+k\
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([k) mlus vk'p;Zpfdr gksdj D;k lkspk\
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(x) mldh cqn~f/ vpkud oSQls [kqy xbZ\
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(?k) bathfu;j us Hkxoku dks egku bathfu;j D;ksa dgk\
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78
(Ä) xn~;ka'k esa ls ^cM+k* 'kCn osQ fy, lekukFkhZ 'kCn <w¡<+dj fyf[k,A
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2- fuEufyf[kr dkO;ka'k dks i<+dj iwNs x, iz'uksa osQ mfpr fodYi pqudj fyf[k,µ
;fn pozQ ugha rks xkM+h Hkh D;k xkM+h]
c<+ ldrh ugha vxkM+h vkSj fiNkM+hA
gS fcuk pozQ osQ lkjs ra=k v/wjs]
dj ldrs lius ugha jk"Vª osQ iwjsA
tks lSfud j.k esa dkS'ky fn[kykrk gS]
og ohj&pozQ migkj :i esa ikrk gSA
ns[kks 'kksfHkr gS pozQ jk"Vª osQ èot ij]
^xfreku cuks* dgrk gS 'kh'k mBkdjA
ml ije pozQ dk ozQe u VwVus ik,]
og pozQ izxfr&iFk ij c<+rk gh tk,A
(d) fcuk pozQ osQ xkM+h dk D;k gksrk\
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([k) lSfud dks ;qn~/ esa ohjrk fn[kkus ij D;k feyrk gS\
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(x) jk"Vªèot dk pozQ gesa D;k crkrk gS\
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(?k) dkO;ka'k esa dkSu&dkSu ls pozQksa osQ ckjs esa crk;k x;k gS\
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(Ä) dkO;ka'k osQ fy, ,d mfpr 'kh"kZd fyf[k,A
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79
dk;Z&if=kdkµmRrjkoyh
dk;Z&if=kdkµ1
1- ekr`Hkk"kk µ og Hkk"kk] ftls ckyd vius ifjokj ls lh[krk gSA
jk"VªHkk"kk µ og Hkk"kk] ftldk iz;ksx jk"Vª osQ vf/drj fuokfl;ksa osQ n~okjk fd;k tkrk gSA
2- fganh Hkk"kk fo'o dh ,dek=k oSKkfud Hkk"kk gSA Hkkjr osQ 72 izfr'kr ls vf/d fuoklh bldk iz;ksx
djrs gSaA ;g Hkkjr dh jktHkk"kk gSA Hkkjr osQ vykok fo'o osQ vusd ns'kksa esa cksyh tkrh gSA
3- (d) ([k) (x) (?k) +
(Ä) + (p) 4- ßLo Lojµftu Lojksa osQ mPpkj.k esa ,d ek=kk dk le; yxrk gS_ tSlsµv] b] m vkfnA
nh?kZ Lojµftu Lojksa osQ mPpkj.k esa nks ek=kkvksa dk le; yxrk gS_ tSlsµvk] bZ] Å vkfnA 5- la;qDr O;atu n~foRo O;atu j{kk lPpkbZ i=kdkj lRrkou foKkiu lEeku Jheku eUur
6- (d) ew[kZ ([k) ?kfu"B (x) nh{kk (?k) ueLdkj
dk;Z&if=kdkµ2
1- (d) oL=k] vkleku ([k) nsork] Loj (x) lw;Z] dhM+k (?k) ckyd] osQ'k
(Ä) xq.k] va'k (p) oL=k] dikV
2- (d) frjLdkj] vogsyuk ([k) nhu] jad (x) csVk] lqr
(?k) ck/k] #dkoV
3- (d) vlarks"k ([k) vfodflr (x) foLej.k (?k) vuknj
(Ä) e¡gxk (p) ?k`.kk
4- (d) nqxZe ([k) ,sfrgkfld (x) u'oj (?k) fu'kkpj
(Ä) vYiK (p) vtkr'k=kq
80
5- (d) eghanz ([k) ;Fks"V (x) rFkSo (?k) vfUofr
(Ä) fu/Zu (p) Lokxr
6- (d) fno~Q $ vacj ([k) lr~ $ tu (x) eu% $ jFk (?k) fu% $ izk.k
(Ä) egk $ mRlo (p) iz'u $ mRrj
7- (d) rn~Hko ([k) rRle (x) fons'kh (?k) fons'kh
(Ä) ns'kt (p) ns'kt
dk;Z&if=kdkµ3
1- (d) lr~ $ lax ([k) Hkj $ iwjk (x) vk $ thou (?k) vuq $ owQy
(Ä) izfr $ fnu
2- (d) izfrHkkoku] cyoku ([k) lq[kh] nsjh
(x) fy[kkbZ] xgjkbZ (?k) cq<+kik] eksVkik
(Ä) cpiu] yM+diu (p) ?kcjkgV] eqldjkgV
3- (d) fe=krk ([k) xjhch (x) ykfyek (?k) #ykbZ
(Ä) vgadkj (p) loZLo
4- jksfgr µ O;fDrokpd ?kj µ tkfrokpd
lquhy µ O;fDrokpd oqQEgkj µ tkfrokpd
igpku µ Hkkookpd ?kM+s µ tkfrokpd
feV~Vh µ tkfrokpd ikuh µ tkfrokpd (nzO;okpd)
frikbZ µ tkfrokpd BaMd µ Hkkookpd
fp=kdkjh µ Hkkookpd lkSan;Z µ Hkkookpd
dk;Z&if=kdkµ4
1- (d) ysf[kdk ([k) lezkKh (x) cyorh (?k) nkl
(Ä) dfo (p) ;kfpdk
2- fuR; iqfYayx µ dcwrj] dkSvk] exjePN] ePNj fuR; L=khfyax µ dks;y] frryh] fNidyh] eNyh
81
3- (d) lM+osaQ ([k) /suq (x) fMfc;k¡ (?k) i{kho`an (Ä) fe=kx.k (p) iafDr;k¡
4- (d) usµdrkZ ([k) dksµdeZ (x) lsµviknku (?k) dksµdeZ] ijµvf/dj.k
5- (d) us ([k) dks (x) ls (?k) osQ fy, (Ä) ls (p) dk] osQ] dh (N) esa] ij (t) gs! vjs!
dk;Z&if=kdkµ5
1- (d) iq#"kokpd loZuke ([k) fu'p;okpd loZuke (x) vfu'p;okpd loZuke (?k) iz'uokpd loZuke (Ä) laca/okpd loZuke (p) futokpd loZuke
2- (d) esjk µ mRre iq#"kokpd ([k) mlosQ µ vU; iq#"kokpd] oqQN µ vfu'p;okpd (x) ftlus] og µ laca/okpd loZuke (?k) os µ vU; iq#"kokpd (Ä) rqe µ eè;eiq#"kokpd] D;kµ iz'uokpd loZuke (p) viuk] Lo;a µ futokpd loZuke
3- fo'ks"k.k osQ pkj Hksn gksrs gSaµ (d) xq.kokpd fo'ks"k.k µ cM+k] xqykchA ([k) la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.k µ (i) fuf'pr la[;kokpd fo'ks"k.kµik¡p lkS] nks ntZu (ii) vfuf'pr la[;kokpdµoqQN yksx] FkksM+s #i;s (x) ifjek.kokpd fo'ks"k.k µ (i) fuf'pr ifjek.kokpdµrhu fdyks] iPphl yhVj (ii) vfuf'pr ifjek.kokpdµFkksM+k nw/] cgqr [kkuk (?k) lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k µ esjk HkkbZ] og nqdku
4- (d) LoLFk ([k) Hkkjrh; (x) ikfjokfjd (?k) i<+kowQ (Ä) jaxhu (p) ohj (N) prqj (t) dherh
5- (d) diM+k ([k) >aMk (x) Hkkstu (?k) ?kM+h (Ä) ekSle (p) lkM+h
6- (d) ;g µ lkoZukfed fo'ks"k.k ([k) ehBs µ xq.kokpd
(x) prqj] cqn~f/eku µ xq.kokpd (?k) FkksM+h µ vfuf'pr ifjek.kokpd
82
dk;Z&if=kdkµ6
1- deZ osQ vk/kj ij fozQ;k osQ nks Hksn gksrs gSaµ
(d) ldeZd fozQ;k µ (i) lehjk xhr xkrh gSA (ii) fouhr fozQosQV [ksy jgk FkkA ([k) vdeZd fozQ;k µ (i) vkdk'k esa ckny Nk, gSaaA (ii) i{kh isM+ ij cSBs gSaA
2- (d) lksrs gSµvdeZd fozQ;k ([k) fudyrh gSµvdeZd fozQ;k
(x) fn,µn~fodeZd fozQ;k (?k) fudyrsµvdeZd fozQ;k
(Ä) dj fy;kµldeZd fozQ;k
3- (d) rqe NqV~fV;ksa esa dgk¡ tkvksxsA
([k) dy lwjt osQ n'kZu ugha gq,A
(x) fu'kk eap ij vPNk u`R; djrh gSA
(?k) lqcg ls ikuh cjl jgk FkkA
(Ä) ge feydj fons'k tk jgs gSaA
(Ä) fozQosQV dk fo'o&di vxys eghus gksxkA
4- lajpuk osQ vk/kj ij fozQ;k osQ pkj Hksn gSaµ
(d) la;qDr fozQ;k ([k) uke/krq fozQ;k
(x) izsj.kkFkZd fozQ;k (?k) iwoZdkfyd fozQ;k
5- (d) /qyokuk ([k) pyokuk (x) fnyokuk (?k) #yokuk
(Ä) f[kyokuk (p) i<+okuk (N) djokuk (t) gVokuk
dk;Z&if=kdkµ7
1- (d) liQy µ jhfrokpd ([k) vkt µ dkyokpd
(x) ckgj] vanj µ LFkkuokpd (?k) LoPNan µ jhfrokpd
(Ä) cgqr µ ifjek.kokpd (p) ihNs µ dkyokpd
2- (d) osQ ckn ([k) osQ ihNs (x) osQ uhps (?k) osQ chp
(Ä) osQ lkFk (p) osQ vanj
3- (d) mi+ Q! ([k) vgk! (x) 'kkck'k! (?k) fN%!
(Ä) gksf'k;kj (p) gk¡!
83
4- (d) fufru le>nkj gS] ¯drq fo'oklik=k ugha gSA
([k) jksgu us lquk fd dgha dksbZ nq?kZVuk ?kVh gSA
(x) rqe vkt ugha cfYd dy tkukA
5- (d) laca/cks/d ([k) fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k (x) leqPp;cks/d
(?k) foLe;kfncks/d (Ä) leqPp;cks/d (p) laca/cks/d
(N) fozQ;kfo'ks"k.k (t) foLe;kfncks/d (>) foLe;kfncks/d
(×k) laca/cks/d
dk;Z&if=kdkµ8
1- (d) esjs ?kj ij dksbZ ugha gSA
([k) tSls gh eSa vk;k] oSls gh 'kksj can gks x;kA
(x) fou; cSBks vkSj bfrgkl i<+ksA
2- (d) ljy okD; ([k) la;qDr okD; (x) feJ okD; (?k) la;qDr okD;
(Ä) feJ okD; (p) ljy okD;
3- (d) eq>ls i<+k ugha tkrkA ([k) mldh rks vDy ekjh xbZ gSA
(x) cPps dks nw/ xje djosQ fiykvksA (?k) esjh ekrk th vkbZ gSaA
4- (d) oqQEgkj feV~Vh osQ cjru ugha cukrk gSA
([k) 'kk;n ?kksM+s ls cks>k ugha <ks;k tk,xkA
(x) Mªkboj cSBsxk] rks cl pysxhA
(?k) ferkyh u`R; djksA
(Ä) D;k vkt o"kkZ gksxh\
5- (d) fu"ks/okpd ([k) fo/kuokpd (x) foLe;okpd (?k) vkKkokpd
(Ä) iz'uokpd
dk;Z&if=kdkµ9
1- (d) v/Zfojke ([k) fooj.k fpg~u (x) bdgjk mn~/j.k fpg~u
(?k) foLe;kfncks/d
84
2- (d) Bhd dg jgs gks] HkkbZA
([k) th gk¡! eSaus vHkh&vHkh ikB i<+k gSA
(x) ijarq egkjkt] ;g gekjk 'k=kq gSA
(?k) lfpu cksyk] ¶eq>s vkt eSp [ksyuk gSA¸
(Ä) lquks! ”kjk ;g lkeku ogk¡ j[k nksA
3- (d) lki+ Q euk djuk ([k) ew[kZ
(x) Hkyk&cqjk dguk (?k) pkSdUuk gksuk
4- (d) eq¡g esa ikuh vk x;k ([k) vk¡[ksa isQj yha
(x) vk¡[ksa fn[kk (?k) pwgs owQn jgs gSa
5- (d) rkyh ,d gkFk ls ugha ctrh ([k) Å¡V osQ eq¡g esa thjk
(x) ftldh ykBh mldh HkSal (?k) HkSal osQ vkxs chu ctkuk
dk;Z&if=kdkµ10
1- (d) fdlh dke ls nwj xk¡o tkuk iM+kA
([k) mlus lkspk fd Hkxoku dh l`f"V cgqr fofp=k gS fd cM+s isM+ ij NksVs iQy vkSj NksVh
csy ij cM+s iQy yxs gSaA
(x) tc gok pyus ls isM+ osQ NksVs&NksVs iQy mlosQ Åij vkdj fxjus yxs] rc mldh
cqn~f/ [kqy xbZA
(?k) mlosQ ,slk blfy, dgk] D;ksafd bZ'oj+ dh gjsd jpuk osQ ihNs ,d iz;kstu fNik gSA
(Ä) fo'kkyA
2- (d) fcuk pozQ osQ xkM+h py dgha ldrhA
([k) lSfud dks ;qn~/ esa ohjrk fn[kykus ij ohj&pozQ feyrk gSA
(x) jk"Vªèot dk pozQ ges fujarj xfr'khy cus jgus dks dgrk gSA
(?k) dkO;ka'k esa xkM+h osQ pozQ] ohj pozQ rFkk jk"Vªèot osQ pozQ osQ ckjs esa crk;k x;k gSA
(Ä) pozQ dk thou esa egRoA