La Guerra de Precios de Las Computadoras

7/26/2019 La Guerra de Precios de Las Computadoras

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INDICE:

LA GUERRA DE PRECIOS DE LAS COMPUTADORAS:.....................................2

1.-EL OLIGOPOLIO:....................................................................................... 31.1..-ETIMOLOGA:....................................................................................3

2.-QU ES UN OLIGOPOLIO?:......................................................................3

2.1.-DEFINICIN:......................................................................................3

3.- BARRERAS A LA ENTRADA DE NUEVAS EMPRESAS:.................................4

4.- EL NMERO DE EMPRESAS ES PEQUEO................................................5

INTERDEPENDENCIA:..........................................................................5

TENTACIN DE COOPERAR:................................................................5

5.- DOS MODELOS TRADIIONALES DE OLIGOPOLIO:...................................6

5.1.-EL MODELO DE LA CURVA DE DEMANDA QUEBRADA:.............7

................................................................................................................. 7

5.2.-OLIGOPOLIO DE EMPRESA DOMINANTE:...........................................8

!.- "UEGOS DE OLIGOPOLIO:........................................................................8

#.-QU ES UN "UEGO?:...............................................................................9

$.- EL DILEMA DE LOS PRISIONEROS:...........................................................9

8.1.-REGLAS:.......................................................................................... 1

8.2.-ESTRATEGIAS:..................................................................................1

8.3.-RECOMPENSAS:...............................................................................1

8.4.-RESULTADO:.................................................................................... 11

9.-CMO ENCONTRAR EL EQUILIBRIO DE NASH:.......................................12

9.1.-EL DILEMA:...................................................................................... 13

9.2.-UN MAL RESULTADO:.......................................................................14

1%.-UN "UEGO DE &I"AI'N DE PREIOS EN EL OLIGOPOLIO:.....................15

11.-ONDIIONES DE OSTO ( DEMANDA:.................................................15

12.-TIPOS M)S &REUENTES DE ONENTRAI'N EMPRESARIAL:...........16

12.1.-CARTEL:.........................................................................................16

12.2.-!OLDING:......................................................................................16

12.3.-TRUST:...........................................................................................16

13.- RE&ERENIAS BIBLIOGR)&IAS:..........................................................17

LA GUERRA DE PRECIOS DE LAS COMPUTADORAS:


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(%&'* (+,*)* )++ ;'%& '% %&)"'+ &%/% "


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1.-EL OLIGOPOLIO:

1.1..-ETIMOLOGA:

D% #&*%#+ oligo: (+)+, polio: 0%'%'+&H.

2.-QU ES UN OLIGOPOLIO?:2.1.-DEFINICIN:

E, $" +&" '% %&)"'+ " )$" %,/ '+*"'" (+& $

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" $)+, )+(&"'+&%,. D%*'+ " $% " (+)+, 0%'%'+&%,

% %,/% /*(+ '% %&)"'+ )"'" +*#+(*,/" %,/ " /"/+ '% ",

"))*+%, '% ,$, )+(%/*'+&%, '"'+ $% ", '%)*,*+%, '% $"

%(&%," "%)/" + )"$," *$%)*", % ", '%)*,*+%, '% ",

+/&",.

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%&)"'+ '%/%&*"'+ $% +&%)% $ *,+ (&+'$)/+ (%&+

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%(&%,", $ (&+'$)/+ *'@/*)+ )+(%/*& *)"%/% % %
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(&%)*+ + *% "&*)"& $ (&+'$)/+ '*%&%)*"'+ )+(%/*& %

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'*""/%, "/$&"%,. E*,/% '+, /*(+, '% "&&%&",: ", %#"%,

", "/$&"%,.

4.- EL NMERO DE EMPRESAS ESPEQUEO

C++ %*,/% "&&%&", " " %/&"'" % +*#+(+*+ )+,*,/% %

$ (%$%+ %&+ '% %(&%,", )"'" $" '% ", )$"%,

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)++(%&"& %/&% ,; ("&" "$%/"& ,$, $/**'"'%, %)+*)",

% )+?$/+.

INTERDEPENDENCIA:

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", "))*+%, '% )"'" $" '% %", *$% % ", $/**'"'%, '%

/+'", ", '%,.

TENTACIN DE COOPERAR:C$"'+ $ (%$%+ %&+ '% %(&%,", )+("&/% $

%&)"'+ ($%'% "$%/"& ,$, $/**'"'%, " */%#&"& $ )&/%

")/$"& )++ $ ++(+*+.

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", $/**'"'%, %)+*)",. A$$% +, )&/%%, ,+ *%#"%, "

0%)%, +(%&" % "#$+, %&)"'+,


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5.- DOS MODELOS TRADIIONALES

DE OLIGOPOLIO:

I"#*% $% $,/%' +(%&" $" '% ", *)", /&%, #",+*%&",

$% " % $ (%$%+ (+"'+. E,/ /&"/"'+ '% '%)*'*&

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(&++,/*)"& )+ &%"))*+"& ", +/&", %(&%,", )")$"&

+, %%)/+, '% '*)", &%"))*+%, ,+&% ", $/**'"'%, $% $,/%'

+/*%%.

S* "?" ,$, (&%)*+, (%&+ ,$, )+(%/*'+&%, + + ")% ",

0%/", '% $,/%' "$%/"& ", '% +, +/&+, '+,

)+(%/*'+&%, '*,*$*&. C++ )+,%)$%)*" %, $

(&+"% $% ", +/&", %(&%,", /"*@ '*,*$" ,$,

(&%)*+, ", $/**'"'%, $% $,/%' +/%#" '*,*$". P+& +

/"/+ B$@ "& $,/%'

S% " '%,"&&+"'+ $)+, +'%+, ("&" %(*)"& )+

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(%&+ %(%"&%+, )+ '+, +'%+, /&"'*)*+"%,.


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5.1.-EL MODELO DE LA CURVA DE DEMANDA QUEBRADA:

E +'%+ '% " )$&0" '% '%"'" $%&"'" '% +*#+(+*+ ,%

"," % % ,$($%,/+ '% $% )"'" %(&%," )&%% $% ,* ,$% ,$(&%)*+ ", '%, + + "& (%&+ ,* + "?" ", +/&",

/"*@ + "&.

E (&%)*+ % $ %&)"'+ +*#+(*)+ %, P. C"'" %(&%," )&%%

$% %&%/" " )$&0" '% '%"'" D.A (&%)*+, (+& "&&*" '%

P+& $ (%$%+ "$%/+ '% (&%)*+ (&+0+)" $" #&"

'*,*$)* % " )"/*'"' 0%'*'" '%*'+ " $% ", '%,%(&%,", + "$%/" ,$, (&%)*+,. A (&%)*+, (+& '%"?+ '% P

*)$,+ $" #&" '*,*$)* '% (&%)*+ (&+0+)" ,+ $

(%$%+ "$%/+ % " )"/*'"' 0%'*'" " $% ", '%,

%(&%,", /"*@ "?" ,$, (&%)*+,. E 0*,/" '% $% " )$&0"

'% '%"'" %,/ $%&"'" " )$&0" '% *#&%,+ "*" IM,

/*%% $" */%&&$()* %AB. L", $/**'"'%, ,% "**" "

(&+'$)*& . L" )$&0" '% )+,/+ "*" ("," " /&"0@, '% "&%)" % " )$&0" '% *#&%,+ "*". L+, )"*+, % +,

)+,/+, "*"%, '%/&+ '% */%&0"+AB '%?" ,* )"*+, "

(&%)*+ " )"/*'"'.


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5.2.-OLIGOPOLIO DE EMPRESA DOMINANTE:

U ,%#$'+ +'%+ /&"'*)*+" %(*)" $" ,*/$")*

+*#+(*)" % '+'% $" %(&%," '+*"/% (+,%% $" #&"

0%/"?" '% )+,/+, % )+("&")* )+ +/&", %(&%,",

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L" %(&%,"

'+*"/% %,/"%)% % (&%)*+ '% %&)"'+ ", '%,

")/" )++ /+"'+&", '% (&%)*+.


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E?%(+, '% +*#+(+*+, '% %(&%," '+*"/% ,%&;" $"

#&" %,/")* '% 0%/" '% #",+*" + $" #&" /*%'" '% &%/"

'% 0*'%+, $% '+*" ,$ %&)"'+ +)".

!.- "UEGOS DE OLIGOPOLIO:

L+, %)++*,/", %$*("&" " +*#+(+*+ )+ $ ?$%#+ ("&"

%,/$'*"& +, %&)"'+, +*#+(*)+, $/**" $ )+?$/+ '%

%&&"*%/", '%+*"'+ /%+&;" '% ?$%#+,. L" /%+&;" '%

?$%#+, %, $" %&&"*%/" ("&" %,/$'*"& % compor!mi"#o

"$r!%gico %, '%)*& " )+'$)/" $% /+" % )$%/" %

)+(+&/"*%/+ %,(%&"'+ '% +, '%, $% &%)++)% "

*/%&'%(%'%)*" $/$". L" /%+&;" '% ?$%#+, $% '%,"&&+"'"% 1937 (+& + 0+ N%$" $% "(*"'" (+& % (&+(*+

N%$" O,>"& M+%,/%& % 1944.

E +?%/*0+ '% " /%+&;" '% ?$%#+, %, )+(&%'%& /"/+ %

+*#+(+*+ )++ +/&", +&", '% &*0"*'"' %)+*)" (+;/*)"

,+)*" % *)$,+ *+#*)" $/**"'+ $ @/+'+ '% "*,*,

'*,%"'+ %,(%);)"%/% ("&" %(*)"& +, ?$%#+, '% /+'+

/*(+ *)$%'+ +, ?$%#+, '% " 0*'" '*"&*".

#.-QU ES UN "UEGO?: B$@ )"&")/%&;,/*)", " % /+'", %,", '*%&%/%, ")/*0*'"'%,

$% ", *'%/*)" )++ ?$%#+, B$@ /*%% /+'", %", %

)+ R%,(+'%&%+, %,/", (&%#$/", ""*"'+ $ ?$%#+""'+ % '*%" '% +, (&*,*+%&+,H. E %,/% ?$%#+ ,%

&%% ", )"&")/%&;,/*)", %,%)*"%, '% $)+, ?$%#+, %/&%

%+, % +*#+(+*+ +, '" $" $%" *'%" '% )+ $)*+"

" /%+&;" '% ?$%#+, )+ %, )"(" '% ")%& (&%'*))*+%,.

$.- EL DILEMA DE LOS PRISIONEROS:


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A&/$&+ R+%&/+ ,+ )"(/$&"'+, i# &r!g!#i *%/&", &+""

$ "$/+0*. E 0*,/" '% $% + (+';" "%#"& *+)%)*"

$%&+ )+'%"'+, " '+, "+, '% )&)% )"'" $+ (+& %,/%

'%*/+. D$&"/% ,$, %/&%0*,/", )+ +, '+, (&*,*+%&+, % ,)")+*%" " ,+,(%)"& $% "'%, ,+ &%,(+,"%, '%

&++ '% 0"&*+, *+%, '% '"&%, '% $ ")+ &%"*"'+

$+, %,%, "/%,. P%&+ ,+ %, $" ,+,(%)". E ,)" +

($%'% )+'%"&+, (+& %,/% '%*/+ "+& " %+, $% )+,*#"

")%&+, )+%,"&. P%&+ B)+ +#&"&+ L" &%,($%,/" %, ")%&

$% +, (&*,*+%&+, %/&% " $ ?$%#+ )+ ", ,*#$*%/%, &%#",.

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R%#",.

E,/&"/%#*",.

R%)+(%,",.

R%,$/"'+,

8.1.-REGLAS:

C"'" $+ '% +, (&*,*+%&+, J?$#"'+&%,K %, )++)"'+ % $"

"*/")* *'%(%'*%/% '% +'+ $% + ($%'")+$*)"&,% %/&% ,;. A )"'" $+ ,% % '*)% $% %, ,+,(%)+,+

'% "%& ("&/*)*("'+ % % &++ " ")+ . S* "+, )+%," "%& )+%/*'+ %,/% '%*/+ , #&"0%

)"'" $+ &%)**& $" ,%/%)*" '% 3 "+, (+& "+, '%*/+,.

S* ,+ $+ )+%," (%&+ ,$ )(*)% + % (&*%&+ $% +

"#" &%)**& $" ,%/%)*" &%'$)*'" '% 1 "+ *%/&", $%

,$ )(*)% &%)**& $" ,%/%)*" '% 1 "+,.


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8.2.-ESTRATEGIAS:

E " /%+&;" '% ?$%#+, ", %,/&"/%#*", ,+ /+'", ", "))*+%,

(+,*%, '% )"'" $+ '% +, ?$#"'+&%,.

A&/$&+ R+%&/+ ($%'% &%"*"& )"'" $+ '+, (+,*%,

"))*+%,:

1. C+%,"& % &++ " ")+.

2. N%#"& "%& )+%/*'+ % &++ " ")+.

D%*'+ " $% " '+, ?$#"'+&%, )"'" $+ '% %+, ($%'%

$/**"& '+, %,/&"/%#*", %*,/% )$"/&+ &%,$/"'+, (+,*%,:

1. $% +, '+, )+%,%.

2. $% +, '+, *%#$% % '%*/+.

3. $% A&/$&+ )+%,% R+%&/+ + *%#$%.

4. $% R+%&/+ )+%,% A&/$&+ + *%#$%.

8.3.-RECOMPENSAS:

C"'" (&*,*+%&+ ($%'% '%/%&*"& " r"comp"#$! $%

+/%'& % )"'" $" '% %,/", ,*/$")*+%,.E, (+,*% /"$"&

", )$"/&+ &%)+(%,", (+,*%, ("&" )"'" (&*,*+%&+

%'*"/% + $% ,% '%+*" "/&* '%&%)+(%,", ("&" %

?$%#+. U" "/&* '% &%)+(%,",%, $" /"" $% $%,/&"

", &%)+(%,", ("&" )"'" "))* (+,*% '% )"'" ?$#"'+&

/+"'+ % )$%/" )"'" "))* (+,*% '% )"'" $+ '% +,

'%, ?$#"'+&%,.


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L" /"" $%,/&" " "/&* '% &%)+(%,", '% A&/$&+

R+%&/+. L+, )$"'&+, $%,/&" ", &%)+(%,", ("&" )"'"

(&*,*+%&+: % /&*#$+ &+?+ '% )"'" )$"'&+ &%(&%,%/" ",

&%)+(%,", '% A&/$&+ % /&*#$+ "$ ", '% R+%&/+. S*"+, (&*,*+%&+, )+%," )"'" $+ +/*%% $" )+'%"

'% 3 "+, '% (&*,*. S* R+%&/+ )+%," (%&+ A&/$&+ *%#" ,$

("&/*)*(")* % % &++ A&/$&+ +/*%% $" )+'%" '% 1

"+, '% (&*,* R+%&/+ $" ,%/%)*" '% 1 "+. S* A&/$&+

)+%," R+%&/+ *%#" ,$ ("&/*)*(")* A&/$&+ +/*%% $"

,%/%)*" '% 1 "+ R+%&/+ $" '% 1 "+,. P+& /*+ ,*

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,%/%)*" '% 2 "+, '% (&*,* (+& % &++ '% "$/+0*.

8.4.-RESULTADO:

L", %%))*+%, '% "+, ?$#"'+&%, '%/%&*" % &%,$/"'+

'% ?$%#+. P"&" (&%'%)*& '*)+ &%,$/"'+ $/**"+, % )+)%(/+

'% %$**&*+ (&+($%,/+ (+& + N", '% " U*0%&,*'"' '%.

S%# % %$**&+ '% N", % ?$#"'+& %*#% " %?+& "))*

(+,*% /+"'+ % )$%/" " "))* '% ?$#"'+& B, ' %

?$#"'+& B %*#% " %?+& "))* (+,*% /+"'+ % )$%/" "

"))* '% ?$#"'+&A.

E % )",+ '% '*%" '% +, (&*,*+%&+, % %$**&*+ '% N",

+)$&&% )$"'+ A&/$&+ %*#% ,$ %?+& +()* /+"'+ %

)$%/" " +()* %%#*'" (+& R+%&/+ )$"'+ R+%&/+ %*#%

,$ %?+& +()* /+"'+ % )$%/" " %%#*'" (+& A&/$&+. P"&" %)+/&"& % %$**&*+ '% N", )+("&"+, /+'+, +,

(+,*%, &%,$/"'+, ",+)*"'+, " )"'" +()* %**"+, +,

$% %,/ '+*"'+, %, '%)*& +, $% + ,+ /" $%+,

)++ "#$" '% ", +/&", +()*+%,.

9.-CMO ENCONTRAR EL EQUILIBRIO DE NASH:


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A"*)%+, "

,*/$")*

'%,'% %

($/+ '%

0*,/" '% A&/$&+. S* R+%&/+ )+%," " %?+& "))* $%

A&/$&+ ($%'% &%"*"& %, )+%,"& (+&$% % %,% )",+ ,%&

,%/%)*"'+ " 3 "+, '% (&*,* % $#"& '% 1.

S* R+%&/+ + )+%," " %?+& "))* $% A&/$&+ ($%'%

&%"*"& /"*@ %, )+%,"& " $% % %,% )",+ &%)**& $"

,%/%)*" '% 1 "+ + '% 2. P+& + /"/+ " %?+& "))*

$% ($%'% &%"*"& A&/$&+ %, )+%,"&.

A+&" ""*)%+, " ,*/$")* '%,'% % ($/+ '% 0*,/" '%

R+%&/+. S* A&/$&+ )+%," " %?+& "))* $% R+%&/+

($%'% &%"*"& %, )+%,"& (+&$% % %,% )",+ ,%&

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%?+& "))* $% ($%'% &%"*"& R+%&/+ ,*#$% ,*%'+

)+%,"& " $% '% %," "%&" &%)**& $" ,%/%)*" '% 1"+ % $#"& '% 2. P+& + /"/+ " %?+& "))* $% ($%'%

&%"*"& R+%&/+ %, )+%,"&.


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D%*'+ " $% " %?+& "))* $% ($%'% &%"*"& "+,

?$#"'+&%, %, )+%,"& )"'" $+ &%)*% $" ,%/%)*" '% 3

"+, '% (&*,* % ,)" &%,$%0% % &++ " ")+. Q,/% %, %%$**&*+ '% N", ("&" %,/% ?$%#+.

9.1.-EL DILEMA:

A+&" $% " ,% " %)+/&"'+ " ,+$)* ("&" % '*%" '%

+, (&*,*+%&+, (+'%+, )+(&%'%& %?+& % '*%". E '*%" ,$% )$"'+ )"'" $+ '% +, (&*,*+%&+, ""*" ",

)+,%)$%)*", '% %#"& ,$ ("&/*)*(")* % % &++ " ")+. C"'" (&*,*+%&+ ,"% $% ,* "+, *%#" % &++ " ")+

&%)**& *)"%/% $" ,%/%)*" '% 2 "+, '% (&*,* (+&

% &++ '% "$/+0* ,* %"+ *#$+ '% %+, /*%%

+&" '% ,"%& $% ,$ )(*)% + %#"&. C"'" $+ '% +,

(&*,*+%&+, ,% ")% ", ,*#$*%/%, (&%#$/",: B'%+ %#"& %

&++ )+"& % $% * )(*)% /"*@ + %#"& ("&" $%

" "+, +, '% $" ,%/%)*" '% ,+ 2 "+, '% (&*,* BO

'%+ )+%,"& )+ " %,(%&"" '% $% % '% ,+ 1 "+

J,*%(&% )$"'+ * )(*)% *%#$% % &++ " ")+K

,"*%'+ $% ,* * )(*)% )+%," " "+, +,

,%/%)*"& " 3 "+, '% (&*,* E '*%" ,% &%,$%0%

)$"'+ ,% %#" " %$**&*+ '% ?$%#+.

9.2.-UN MAL RESULTADO:

P"&" +, (&*,*+%&+, % %$**&*+ '% ?$%#+ %, '%)*& $%

"+, )+%,% + %, % %?+& &%,$/"'+. S* *#$+

'% +, '+, )+%," )"'" $+ &%)*% ,+ $" ,%/%)*"

'% 2 "+, '% (&*,* (+& $ '%*/+ %+&. B!" "#$"


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"%&" % $% ($%'" +#&"&,% %,/% %?+& &%,$/"'+

A("&%/%%/% + " $% +, ?$#"'+&%, + ($%'%

)+$*)"&,% %/&% ,;. C"'" ?$#"'+& ($%'% (+%&,% %

% $#"& '% +/&+ /&"/"& '% *"#*"& )$ ,%&;" " %?+&%,/&"/%#*".

E &%"*'"' +, (&*,*+%&+, %&%/" $ '*%". C"'"

$+ ,"% $% (+'&;" ,%& )+'%"'+ " ,+ 2 "+, '%

(&*,* ,*%(&% )$"'+ ($'*%&" )+"& % $% % +/&+

*%#$% % &++ " ")+. P%&+ )"'" (&*,*+%&+ ,"%

/"*@ $% " +/&+ + % )+0*%% %#"&+ %#" " "

)+)$,* '% $% '%% )+%,"& + )$" (&+0+)" $

" &%,$/"'+ ("&" "+,. L", %(&%,", % $

+*#+(+*+ ,% %)$%/&" % $" ,*/$")* ,**"& " " '%

A&/$&+ R+%&/+ % % ?$%#+ '% '*%" '% +,

(&*,*+%&+,.

1%.-UN "UEGO DE &I"AI'N DEPREIOS EN EL OLIGOPOLIO:

P"&" %/%'%& )+ ,% ?" +, (&%)*+, % +, +*#+(+*+,

""*"&%+, % )",+ %,(%)*" '% $ '$+(+*+ %, '%)*& $

+*#+(+*+ +&"'+ (+& '+, %(&%,",. L", '+, %(&%,",


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)+(%/%)*" %/&% %+, ?'+,% (&%)*+, &%("&/*& "

)*%/%" #%+#&)"%/%.

12.2.-!OLDING: A$%" % " $% " %(&%," )+/&+" " $ #&$(+ '%

%(&%,", '%*'+ " $% '*)" %(&%," " "'$*&*'+ /+'", + "

"+& ("&/% '% ", "))*+%, '% ", '%,.

12.3.-TRUST: D%% " ,*/$")* % $% 0"&*", %(&%,", $% (&+'$)% +,

*,+, (&+'$)/+, ,% $% +&"'+ $" ,+" %(&%," )+ "

"*'"' '% )+/&+"& % %&)"'+.

13.- RE&ERENIAS BIBLIOGR)&IAS:

P"&>* M*)"%. E)++;". M@*)+. 29 E)*)+(%'*" ")*%&" J213K. O*#+(+*+.

C+,$/"'+ %://(:===.%)*)+(%'*"")*%&".)+%&)"'+,-")*%&+,%,/&$)/$&"+*#+(+*+./

La Guerra de Precios de Las Computadoras

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