8/7/2019 SITP presentation
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ental Shortcuts:A Necessary Evil?
DanielaRudloff
8/7/2019 SITP presentation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sitp-presentation 2/23
Outline
• Introduc3on:MentalShortcuts
• Shortcut#1:Op3calIllusions
• Shortcut#2:Pa>ernRecogni3on• Shortcut#:Heuris3cs
• Shortcut#4:Socialcomparison
• Shortcut#5:A>en3on&Focus
• Shortcut#6:Anchoring
• Conclusion
8/7/2019 SITP presentation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sitp-presentation 3/23
TypesofMentalShortcuts
Hard-wired
Hard to train
A matter of
knowledgeHard-wired
-Mental Shortcuts = deviations from rationalthought, requiring less effort but at the cost of accuracy
-
Evolutionary background
-A continuum of shortcuts, ranging from inbuilt& unchangeable to a matter of knowing
8/7/2019 SITP presentation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sitp-presentation 4/23
Op3calIllusions:
NowYouSeeit,NowYouDon’t:
Taken from http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/
8/7/2019 SITP presentation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sitp-presentation 5/23
Op3calIllusions
Taken from http://ahsmail.uwaterloo.ca/~alachman/ponzo_illusion.html
8/7/2019 SITP presentation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sitp-presentation 6/23
Op3calillusions
Taken from http://ahsmail.uwaterloo.ca/~alachman/ponzo_illusion.html
8/7/2019 SITP presentation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sitp-presentation 7/23
Op3calIllusions
Taken from http://ahsmail.uwaterloo.ca/~alachman/ponzo_illusion.html
8/7/2019 SITP presentation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sitp-presentation 8/23
Op3calIllusions
• Hard‐wiredprocessingrulesofoureyes’input
• Knowingtheprocessdoesnotchangethepercep3on
• Processingshortcuts
(e.g.,distantobjects
appearsmallerthannear
ones)speedsup
percep3onandreducesoverallworkload
• Percep3oncannotbe
consciously/
inten3onallycontrolled
• Percep3ondoesnot
necessarilyrepresentrealworldaccurately
8/7/2019 SITP presentation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sitp-presentation 9/23
Pa>ernrecogni3on
• Findingpa>ernsfast,recognisingpa>ernseasily
• Experiencehelpscreatebiggerpa>ern“chunks”
• Reducesmemory
workload
• Speedsupprocessing
• Reducesuncertainty
• “Coincidenceis
meaningful”
• Supers33ousbehaviour
• Confirma3onbias
8/7/2019 SITP presentation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sitp-presentation 10/23
SocialComparison
• We’resocialanimals
• We’relookingforotherstovalidateourbehaviour
• Behaviourofmajority
usuallyagoodcueto
appropriatebehaviour
• Providesvalida3on
• Letsusprofitfrom
otherpeoples’
experience
• Conformity
• Obedience
• Hindersinnova3on
• Groupthink
8/7/2019 SITP presentation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sitp-presentation 11/23
Heuris3cs
• Rulesofthumbforfastdecision‐making
• Availabilityheuris3c,representa3veheuris3c
• Speedupdecision
processes
• Canbesurprisingly
accurate
• Oencloselyrelatedto
real‐lifeexperience
• Canmakeusbypass
contentandgoforform
only
• Intui3ve,some3mes
illogical
• Unsuitableunder
unusualcircumstances
8/7/2019 SITP presentation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sitp-presentation 12/23
You see: The powerpoint slides - the colour of the background, the title, the text on the slides.The colour of the pub walls. The pictures on the walls. The windows and what’s going onbehind them. The lamps and lampshades. The sofas, chairs and tables. The leather sofa infront of you and who is sitting on it. The suede jacket the women sitting on the chair opposite iswearing. Her high heels. The top another women is wearing. The colour of the tie the guy
beside you. Your wine glass on the table. Your empty pint of beer on the table.You feel: The shape of the pint glass you’re holding in your hand. The cool texture of thatglass. The slow trickle of condensation water. The feel of your shoes’ soles against your feet.The feel of the jeans against your shins and knees and thighs. The fabric of your shirt againstyour skin. The feel of your glasses on your nose (optional). The slight scratch from the scrubbleyou didn’t shave this morning.
A>en3on&Focu‐Oh,look,shiny!
Take 10 seconds. Take stock of what is happening around you:
“General background noise, the slides, the taste of whatever drinkyou’re drinking.“ Is that all? Think again:
You hear: Conversations from other people in the pub. The roaring laughter from one particular
busy group. The low hum of the projector. The rustle of fabric when someone near you fidgetson their chair. Traffic noises during the rare moments when the rest of the pub is quiet.Someone coughing in the background.
8/7/2019 SITP presentation
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A>en3on&Focu‐Oh,look,shiny!
• Selec3vepercep3onofsensoryinput
• Selec3onofinputvital
forsurvival
• Makesinput
manageableinthefirst
place
• Wemaymissdetails
• Confirma3onbias
• Wecanbeac3vely
misled
8/7/2019 SITP presentation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sitp-presentation 14/23
AndTheWinneris...
0
50
100
150
200
250
Group A Group B
Anchor Group B
Anchor Group A
Realweight
8/7/2019 SITP presentation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sitp-presentation 15/23
Anchoring
• Over‐relianceonpar3cularinforma3ontomake
judgements
• Supportsevalua3ons
anddecision‐making,
withouthavingtostart
fromscratch
• Incorporatesandintegratesnew
informa3on
• Anchoringprocess
cannotbeavoided
• (Ab)usedasasales
technique
• Createsfake
comparisonstandards
8/7/2019 SITP presentation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sitp-presentation 16/23
GroupA
Pleasereadandanswerinsilence.
Pleaseconsiderthefollowing
twoques3onsandwritedown
youransweronthepieceof
paperprovided.
1)Doyouthinkanorange
weighsmorethan150g?
2)Whatdoyouthink,how
muchdoesanorangeweigh?
8/7/2019 SITP presentation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sitp-presentation 18/23
GroupB
Pleasereadandanswerinsilence.
Pleaseconsiderthefollowing
twoques3onsandwritedown
youransweronthepieceofpaperprovided.
1)Doyouthinkanorange
weighsmorethan50g?
2)Whatdoyouthink,howmuchdoesanorangeweigh?
8/7/2019 SITP presentation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sitp-presentation 20/23
HowIdroppedtheanchor
GroupA:“Pleaseconsiderthefollowingtwoques3onsandwritedownyouranswer
onthepieceofpaperprovided.
1)Doyouthinkanorangeweighsmorethan 150g?
2)Whatdoyouthink,howmuchdoesanorangeweigh?”
GroupB:“Pleaseconsiderthefollowingtwo
ques3onsandwritedownyouransweronthepiece
ofpaperprovided.
1)Doyouthinkanorangeweighsmorethan50g?
2)Whatdoyouthink,howmuchdoesanorange
weigh?”
8/7/2019 SITP presentation
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sitp-presentation 22/23
Conclusion:ButWait,There’sMore!
• Takingcuesfromtheenvironment,mindlessea3ng
• A>ribu3onbias
• Schemata&scripts
• Framing
• Emphasisonemo3ons‐over‐emphasisonanecdotalevidence
• Reduc3onofcogni3vedissonance
• Strivingforconsistentbehaviour
8/7/2019 SITP presentation
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Andthat’sit...
Thank you very much
for your a>enon!
h>p://www.le.ac.uk/pc/dr78/
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