Sargent & LundyIPRO 497-215: Smart Microgrids
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ObjectiveOur mission is to transform the Bronzeville power system, which is heavily
reliant on power transmitted from ComEd, to a smart microgrid system by implementing new ideas for generation, distribution, and reliability through research towards innovative energy solutions.
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Team Structure
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Timeline
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Agenda● Introduction of Microgrid● Capacity● Cost of Generation● A Resilient Microgrid● Self-Healing Microgrid● Interconnection of IIT and Bronzeville ● Energy Storage ● Future Work
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Introduction of Microgrid
6http://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/2013-4-july-august/innovate/power-microgrids
Microgrid Vs. Traditional Power GridSimilarities
● Generation● Distribution● Controls
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Differences
● Microgrids increases efficiency by decreasing transmissions
● Microgrids also integrate with renewable energy sources such as solar, wind power, geothermal, and combined heat and power (CHP) systems.
Microgrid Benefits● Energy Security
○ Increases Reliability○ General Grid○ Islanding○ Self Healing
● Cost Efficient○ Less Power Outages○ Less Transmission Loss
● Environmentally Friendly○ Renewable Energy○ Reduces Carbon Footprint○ Decreases Greenhouse Gas Emissions
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http://www.microgridinstitute.org/about-microgrids.html
ComEd and the 6 proposed microgrids● Chicago Rockford International Airport● Chicago Heights water pumping and treatment facility● Medical District in Chicago● Dupage County government complex● Aurora FAA facility● Bronzeville community
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Funding and Plan ● Bill introduced for $300 million for the 6 microgrids● $4 million grant from US Department of Energy● $1.2 million grant in 2014 to work on the master controller● Install the microgrids over a five year period● Help bolster the distribution system
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Constructing a Microgrid in Bronzeville“Bronzeville was chosen as a starting point because it houses infrastructure that would be vital to keep running during a mass power outage, like medical centers and police headquarters.” - (Marotti,”ComEd gets $4 million to build microgrid in Bronzeville”)
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Bronzeville ● Area: 1.67 sq. mi● Total Population : 119,284
○ 62% live below the poverty line
○ Population Density :71,472 persons per square mile
● Total households : 56,245○ 2.05 people per household
● Main Institutions and Buildings○ Illinois Tech○ Chicago Bee Building○ Supreme Life Building
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CapacityWe currently are in the process of researching the capacity of power generation for Bronzeville, but we have information on the capacity for the IIT campus.
● Main IIT campus only has the capability to generate essential needs
● Cogeneration facility is only cost effective in producing hot water
● The peak load of IIT’s microgrid is 10 MW consisting of two 4 MW combined cycle gas units, PV devices and a small wind turbine.
● IIT’s microgrid has a smaller capacity than that of Bronzeville
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Cost of Generation● In the process of researching the cost of generation for all of Bronzeville● IIT Microgrid (2008-2014) (not including 8 MW natural gas plant and 4 MW backup generators)
○ Design cost: $1.25 M○ Total equipment and installation cost: $7.8 M○ Project Management Cost: $450 k○ Total capital cost: $9.5 M○ R&D: $4.1 M○ Total project cost: $13.6 M○ Unit cost: $1.1 M / MW○ Annual O&M: $50 k
14*Data obtained from IIT Technical Report
Type of Renewable Energy
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Solar● Solar panels (PV devices) take energy from
the sun and convert it into electricity● Electricity can be used to power the microgrid
when the sun is shining● Excess electricity can be fed back into the
local grid and reduce the electricity bill or stored for future use
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SolarPros● cleanest and most abundant
renewable energy source● Solar PV cost per Kwh are
constantly decreasing○ Currently cost an average of $0.72
per watt for a solar panel
Cons● expensive initial cost and storage
○ 5 kW solar panel system has an 8 year
payback period in Illinois (ranked 18th among states)
● power only generated during daytime
● large area required for setup ○ Bronzeville does not have large open
spaces for solar panels
○ PV devices must be placed on top of buildings
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Wind● wind turbines capture kinetic
energy from the blowing wind and convert it to electricity
● Electricity generated can be used to power the microgrid or stored for future use
○ Electricity can also be sent into the utility grid to lessen the electricity bill
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WindPros● Renewable and will not run out● Low maintenance cost● cost-effective: prices expected to
continue to decrease○ Current price is 8.2 cents per kilowatt
hour
Cons● Wind is not constant● Expensive manufacturing and
installation costs● Turbines are threats to wildlife● Large area required for set up
○ Bronzeville does not have large
spaces for turbines and it is not practical to place them on buildings
○ Turbines may have to be placed in a
remote location near Bronzeville and electricity needs to be transported
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CHP (Combined Heat and Power)● Distributed generation (on-site generation)● Not an energy source
○ Way of getting more usable energy out of each unit of fuel
● Provides:○ Electricity or mechanical power○ Useful thermal energy (heating or cooling)○ Single source of energy (typically natural
gas)● Recovers heat normally lost in power
generation process○ Provides needed heating or cooling
● 65-75% total system efficiency compared to 50% when separate
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CHP (Combined Heat and Power)Pros:
● Increased Efficiency○ Saves energy○ Saves money○ Reduces CO2 emissions up to 30%
● Can enhance efficiency of sustainable energy systems
○ When used with renewable energy sources
Cons:● Not energy source● Heating or cooling demand must be
continuous● Not a sustainable solution for long term
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CHP (Combined Heat and Power)How does CHP fit in with microgrids?
● Can be used to power critical infrastructures (CI)
○ Can be islanded in anticipation of emergency
● Can be complemented with intermittent distributed energy sources
● South Oaks Hospital in Amityville, NY● Micro-CHP (MCHP) for residences
○ Produces < 50 kW○ Small fuel cell or heat engine○ If heat isn’t needed, power comes from
grid○ Expensive initial investment ($25,000 in
2009)22
Geothermal HVACHow it works:
● Outdoor temperatures fluctuates with changing seasons, but underground temperatures don’t change as dramatically.
● 4 - 6 Feet below ground - Temperatures stay relatively constant year-round (Approximately 50-60 degrees Fahrenheit)
● Uses heat from the ground instead of the air outside
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Geothermal HVACPros:
● Save 30-60 % on heating
● Save 20-50% on cooling
● Uses Clean, Renewable Energy
● Low maintenance
● Long lifespan (15 - 50 years)
Cons:
● Expensive initial investment
● Range from: $10,000 - 30,000 (household)
○ Soil Condition
○ Plot Size
○ System Configuration
○ Site Accessibility
○ Amount of digging and drilling
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A Resilient Microgrid in Bronzeville● Integration of renewable energy sources● Safety of backup energy storage● Able to sense loads and faults and reroute power● Ability to operate on its own (Islanding)
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Important Measures● Stability during and after
emergencies● Interaction with large scale
generation● Reduction in outage times● Support critical loads during
power outages
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http://www.dreamstime.com
Priorities● Hospitals (Mercy Hospital)● Medical Centers● Police (Chicago Police
Headquarters)● Fire Departments● Municipal Buildings
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Power Outage
28http://hpac.com/building-controls/getting-macro-benefits-microgrids
29http://www.kohlergenerators.com/common/pdf/RES_Infographic.pdf
Interruption Cost Estimate Calculator● Department of Energy funded project● Allows for calculation of power outage estimates● Calculations are done based on average:
○ Outage duration - 90min○ Outage frequency - 1.1 per year○ Cost of electricity
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Power Outage Cost 1000/200For 1000 residential and 200 commercial customers
Sector # customers cost per outage
cost per average kW
total cost of interruptions
Medium and Large C&I
16 $8,140.1 $45.3 $143,266
Small C&I 184 $914.7 $191.2 $185,126
Residential 1000 $4.8 $4.5 $5,275
All customers
1200 $252.8 $63.0 $333,669
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* Data from Interruption Cost Estimate Calculatorhttp://www.icecalculator.com/
Self-Healing MicrogridSelf-healing is a power system concept that enables the identification and isolation
of faulted system component and restore power by using local generation.
Island mode allows for a local distribution to switch from primary source of power
to local generation or other power sources.
http://www.feis.unesp.br/Home/departamentos/engenhariaeletrica/self-healing.pdf
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Benefits of Self-Healing Microgrid● improves reliability
○ It narrows the location of
faults
○ reduces fault investigation
time
○ lessens the burden on the power grid
http://www.survalent.com/news-events/press-releases/469-survalent-technology-flisr-solution-helps-central-georgia-electric-membership-corporation-dramatically-reduce-customer-outage-time-and-enhance-competitiveness
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Requirements for Self-Healing Microgrid● alternative power source
● local distribution
● ability to automatically switch to
“island mode” via FLISR
https://www.nema.org/Storm-Disaster-Recovery/Microgrids-and-Energy-Storage/Pages/Energy-Reliability-with-Microgrids.aspx
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FLISR Technology● Fault location, Isolation, and
service restoration ● Automatic line switching
device● Allows power to be restored
faster● Island mode is dependent on
FLISR technology
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Estimated Time for Power to be Restored
http://www.feis.unesp.br/Home/departamentos/engenhariaeletrica/self-healing.pdf 36
FLISR commercial uses
● Sustainable Power System’s Universal Microgrid Controller○ can be optimized to use 100% renewable energy○ provides cybersecurity○ Logs warnings and shutdowns potential faults
● SPIREA’s Bluefin microcontroller○ can monitor and display dynamic topology of the microgrid
http://www.spirae.com/products/blue-fin-platform/microgrid-controls/http://www.sustainablepowersystems.com/universal-microgrid-controllertm/
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Interconnection of Microgrid in IIT to BronzevilleEquipment needed:● Automated switches● Transformers● Larger load pocket● Master Controller● DMS(Distribution management
system)--control and management of distribution systems instead of simple micro-grid controller
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Master Controller (MC)
● Maintaining specified voltage and frequency at the load end ● Ensure energy optimization for the microgrid● Operate in automatic mode with provision for manual intervention when
necessary● each MC must execute its control in close coordination with neighboring
MCs
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DMS(Distribution management system)
● Interact with MCs
● Is aware of potential wheeling paths in the microgrid
● When in fault condition, disconnection from the power source and switch to emergency support
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Benefits of the connected microgrids
● Reliability -- An interconnected microgrid increases stability and control capability with a distributed
control structure. -- Can have more redundancy to ensure better supply reliability.
● Resilience -- Reduction in outage time of critical loads
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Illinois Institute of Technology’s Microgrid
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http://iitmicrogrid.net/microgrid/index_all.htm
Phasor Measurement Units
● 12 Locations● Report electricity consumption, instantaneous voltage, and current of DER
units to the master controller.● Sampling rate of one signal per cycle● Update every 15 minutes
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http://iitmicrogrid.net/microgrid/index_PMU_photo.htm
High Reliability Distribution Systems
● 7 feeder loops to isolate faults○ Underground closed-loop fault-clearing S&C Vista switchgear○ SEL-351 directional overcurrent protection relays
● Fiber optic cables & VISTA switches
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http://iitmicrogrid.net/microgrid/index_HRDS_photo.htm
45http://iitmicrogrid.net/microgrid/imgs/all/fig3.png
Charging Stations
● Natural-Gas Turbine Synchronous○ 8 MW power plant; two 4MW Rolls Royce gas-turbines
● Solar PV○ 300 kW; 280 kW from three rooftops and 20 kW solar canopy
● Wind Turbine○ 8 kW
● 4,034 KW backup generator46
http://iitmicrogrid.net/microgrid/index_solar_photo.htm
Energy Storage
● 500 kWh ZBB (zinc-bromine) flow battery storage○ 10 individual sets of stacks each rated at 50kWh
● Max discharge rate is 2 hours (250 kW)
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http://iitmicrogrid.net/microgrid/index_storage_photo.htm
Types of Batteries● Lead Acid (Pba)
● Nickel Cadmium (NiCad)
● Lithium Ion (Li-Ion)
● Sodium Sulfur (NaS)
● Vanadium Redox (VRB)
● Zinc Bromine (ZnBr)
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https://www.ngk.co.jp/nas/specs/ 49
Example of a system
*PCS is a type of AC/DC power conversion system
https://www.ngk.co.jp/nas/specs/ 50
● R&D began in 1984 with the first commercial battery in 2002● Many US locations, most ranging in system size from 1 to 4 MWs● Biggest one is in northern Japan at 34 MWs, discussed on the next slide
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● Japan decided to increase its proportion of renewable energy to 3% by 2010.● Therefore in one of the best wind areas, they built a 51 MW wind farm● The battery is able to charge during the night when the demand is low and discharge during the day● 17 units of 2MW each, constant power utilizing wind forecasts
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Sodium SulfurPros
● High Temperature (300C - 350C)
● Efficiency of this battery is 90%
● Effective at stabilizing renewable energy
● Better for larger areas
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Cons
● The high temperature is difficult to store
● Corrosion of the insulators● Damaging chemicals to the
environment
Possible Design Solution● ComEd is committed to high-power
solar photovoltaics and energy storage● Connection to IIT’s microgrid via a tie
point● Has to be built big enough to supply
power to critical buildings● Master Controller will look for patterns
and adjust accordingly
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Solar/Storage● Price of solar has gone down
significantly● Same for energy storage● Provides emergency power during
both the day and night● Eases congestion in places with
high demand● Reduces greenhouse gases since
power plants can operate more efficiently
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http://www.forbes.com
Direction● Try to determine the future design of the Bronzeville microgrid (ComEd)● Present an idealised approach to creating a microgrid for Bronzeville (Ipro)
○ Potential for PV on rooftops○ Potential for wind/localized or offshore○ Potential for HVAC geothermal○ Potential for CHP○ Potential for energy storage ○ Potential for energy efficiency○ Research in progress on microgrid controller design○ Understanding electricity trending and its impact on electricity supply efficiency○ Compare with S&L Feedback
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Future Deliverables●Final Presentation (April TBD): a presentation that will be separate from
IPRO day to display and present our work from the semester to Sargent & Lundy. The day has not been set yet.
●IPRO Day (April 22nd): presentation day where the Illinois Institute of
Technology community will view our work and judge based on a set of criteria.
●Final Report (May 5th): the last report of the semester to summarize findings and developments. Also we will examine which goals were obtained.
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