The development of a marine reserve in Galicia
Juan FreireRecursos Marinos y PesqueríasUniversidade da Coruña
A workshop on the strategies for stock enhancement of clawed lobstersIGAFA, Galicia, 29-31 May 2007
1.Objetives of the marine reserve2.Process of project development. A bottom-
up approach3.Experimental approach to management4.Monitoring the performance of the marine
reserve5.Future?. Scaling up a management
approach based in marine reserves
LIRA
CEDEIRA
Coastal ecosystems in Galicia:
Multiples uses, multiple perturbations
Management systems in Galician fisheries (until 1990-)
CHARACTERISTICS COMMAND-AND-CONTROL
Property rights GovernmentNo access restrictions
Decision-making Flows Institutions
Top-downAutonomous government
Knowledge Scientific
Technical regulations • Effort: gears, closed seasons, minimum sizes (sexes, ovigeorus females) [Captures: daily quotas per vessel/fisher]
Surveillance In charge of surveillance Punishment
GovernmentLegal
Management systems in Galicia for some invertebrate fisheries(“recursos específicos”)
CHARACTERISTICS COMMUNITY-BASEDCO-MANAGEMENT
Property rights Communitary (territories)Access limits
Decision-making Flows Institutions
Bottom-upFishers’ organizations
Knowledge Traditional (+ scientífic)
Technical regulations Effort: minimum sizes, seasons Captures: TACs (using daily quotas per fisher and total annual effort) Rotations
Surveillance In charge of surveillance Punishment
Fishers + GovernmentSocial (+ legal)
COFRADÍA DE LIRA-CARNOTA
MARINE RESERVE OF OS MIÑARZOS
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE MARINE RESERVE OF OS MIÑARZOS
DRIVERS. October 2003
• Biological crisis due to over-exploitation affecting the artisanal fleet of the fishers’ organization (Cofradía de Pescadores) of Lira-Carnota. Marine reserves are an alternative?
• Success of the new community-based management systems implemented for some shellfisheries. Why not to expand to artisanal fleets and mobile resources?
• Previous experience in the development of projects to improve the status of the fishing sector. Active collaboration with research groups. Lonxanet, Mar de Lira, Fishing tourism, …
OBJETIVES OF THE MARINE RESERVE
1. Restoration of over-exploited stocks
2. “Troyan horse” for a change in the fishery management system:
• Limiting effectively access
• Introducing territorial users’ rights for fishers
• Moving from command-and-control to co-management
• Some future scenarios?: From community-based to market-based mechanisms
(individual transfereable quotas) Finnancial support derived from the reserve activity
IDEA AND PROPOSAL DEVELOPED BY THE FISHERS’ ORGANIZATION
• Workshops with fishers, scientists, governement officiers and NGOs, …
IDEA AND PROPOSAL DEVELOPED BY THE FISHERS’ ORGANIZATION
• Working group including organization leaders, fishers and scientists
IDEA AND PROPOSAL DEVELOPED BY THE FISHERS’ ORGANIZATION
• Discussions and decission-making carried out at the general assembly of the organization
FINAL PROPOSAL OF THE FISHERS’ ORGANIZATION. 2006
Implemented officially in April 2007 as a“Marine Reserve of fishery interest”
ZONING:
1. No-take reserves: nursery habitats
2. Marine protected area:• increases in minimum sizes,• new quotas for main resources,• fleet census (future access restriction)
3. Open-access areas: “business-as-usual”
No-take zones(79 Ha N + 61 Ha S)
MPA (2074 Ha)
Open-access
AN ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT APPROACH.OS MIÑARZOS AS AN EXPERIMENT
NO-TAKERESERVES
MPA
OPEN-ACCESSAREAS
Spillover?Spillover?
ALTERNATIVE MODELS FOR COASTAL FISHERIES MANAGEMENT
ALTERNATIVE MODELS FOR COASTAL FISHERIES MANAGEMENT
Only spillover from no-take reserves to MPAs
RESERVE RESERVE RESERVE
Both spillovers (from no-take reserves to MPAs and from MPAs to open access areas)
RESERVE RESERVE RESERVE
RESERVE
MONITORING SYSTEM
1. Assessment of the pre-reserve status of stocks and acosystems
2. Monitoring key parameters related to fishing performance, stock status and biodiversity:
BACI frameworkBefore / After + Control / Impact (reserve)
1. Development of infraestructure of geographical, environemntal and fishery data to be implemented in a Geographical Information System
HIDROACUSTIC MAPPING OF BENTHIC HABITATS
• Acoustic surveys
HIDROACUSTIC MAPPING OF BENTHIC HABITATS• Data analysis to map functional habitats in a GIS
BIODIVERSITY, ABUNDANCE AND COMMUNITY ESTRUCTURE OF BIOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES
• Sampling design:Before / After + Control / Reserve
VEGETATION AND DEMERSAL ASSEMBLAGES• Census and mapping using scuba diving.• Now, automatic videocameras and autonomous
vehicles
MACROBENTHIC BIODIVERSITY• Faunal samplings using suction pumps
MACROBENTHIC BIODIVERSITY• Faunal samplings using suction pumps
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1
C. baccata
S. polyschides
H. siliquosa
L. ochroleuca
A. armata
A. fistulosus
Lithophilum + Mytilusgalloprovincialis
Ulva sp.
C. baccata + S.polyschides
C. baccata + H. siliquosa
H. siliquosa + S.polyschides
H. siliquosa + L.ochroleuca
S. polyschides + L.ochroleuca
Codium sp + S.polyschides
C. baccata + D.polypodioides
S. polyschides + L.ochroleuca + H. siliquosa
Sin algas fijadas alsustrato
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1
C. baccata
S. polyschides
H. siliquosa
L. ochroleuca
A. armata
A. fistulosus
Lithophilum + Mytilusgalloprovincialis
Ulva sp.
C. baccata + S.polyschides
C. baccata + H. siliquosa
H. siliquosa + S.polyschides
H. siliquosa + L.ochroleuca
S. polyschides + L.ochroleuca
Codium sp + S.polyschides
C. baccata + D.polypodioides
S. polyschides + L.ochroleuca + H. siliquosa
Sin algas fijadas alsustrato
0
10
20
30
40
50
1Estación Z2
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10
20
30
40
50
1Estación C1
Áre
a (%
)0
10
20
30
40
50
1Estación Z2
0
10
20
30
40
50
1Estación C2
0
10
20
30
40
50
1Estación Z2
0
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20
30
40
50
1Estación C1
Áre
a (%
)0
10
20
30
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1Estación Z2
0
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1Estación C2
Are
a (%
)
Station Z2
Station Z2
Station C1
Station C2
MAPPING BENTHIC VEGETATION
DEMERSAL FISH ASSEMBLAGES
0.0000
0.0050
0.0100
0.0150
0.0200
0.0250
Z2 C2
0.2150.050 0.312
0.0000
0.0050
0.0100
0.0150
0.0200
0.0250
Z1 C1
1.0555
0.0385
0.0309
Den
sity
(in
d.
/ m
2)
Census stations
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 .2
1
Ammodytes sp. Trachurus trachurusBoops boops Labrus bergyltaPollachius pollachius Trisopterus luscusScomber japonicus Diplodus vulgarisSpondiliosoma cantharus Raja sp.Diplodus sargus Coris julisChelidonichtys sp. Serranus cabrillaMullus surmuletus Conger congerSolea vulgaris
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 .2
1
Ammodytes sp. Trachurus trachurusBoops boops Labrus bergyltaPollachius pollachius Trisopterus luscusScomber japonicus Diplodus vulgarisSpondiliosoma cantharus Raja sp.Diplodus sargus Coris julisChelidonichtys sp. Serranus cabrillaMullus surmuletus Conger congerSolea vulgaris
MONITORING FISHING ACTIVITY
• Fishery data: Effort, captures, spatial location Continuous GPS tracks Daily data for each vessel and tow Complimentary data from landings
• Collaboration between fishers and scientists1. Information from fishers2. Onboard observers3. Traditional ecological knowledge
• Integrating information in a GIS
• OBJETIVE: Analysis of reserve efect on captures and fleet distribution:
1. Spillover from no-take reserves2. Spillover from marine protected area
MONITORING FISHING ACTIVITY• Field observations
MONITORING FISHING ACTIVITY
• Mapping fishing effort
SMALL VESSELS
MONITORING FISHING ACTIVITY
• Mapping fishing effort
MEDIUM VESSELS
MONITORING FISHING ACTIVITY
• Mapping fishing effort
LARGE VESSELS
DEVELOPMENTN OF A GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM
• Infraestructure of cartographic data: bathymetry, topography, satellite images, aerial photography, …
• Environmental information: oceanography, benthic habitat mapping, biotic communities, …
• Fishery information [monitoring]: spatial and temporal distribution of captures and effort
• Tool for information management• Assessment of regulations (especially, reserve
effect)• Support for discussions and decision making
FUTURE?. SCALING UP A MANAGEMENT APPROACH BASED IN MARINE RESERVES
1. ALTERNATE MODELS FOR COASTAL FISHERIES MANAGEMENT
RESERVE RESERVE RESERVE
RESERVE RESERVE RESERVE ?
2. NEW ONGOING PROJECTS BORN FROM THE INTEREST OF OTHER FISHERS ORGANIZATIONS.
The case of CEDEIRA
Proposal of no-take zones
Shellfish grounds
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