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Chapter 1
Abnormal Behavior in
Historical Context
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Myths and MisconceptionsAbout Abnormal Behavior
No single definition ofpsychologicalabnormality
No single definition ofpsychologicalnormality
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What is a PsychologicalDisorder?
Psychological dysfunction Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or
behavioral functioning
Personal distress Difficulty performing appropriate and expected
roles
Impairment is set in the context of a persons
background Atypical or not culturally expected
response Reaction is outside cultural norms
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Abnormal Behavior Defined
Working definition
A psychological dysfunction associated withdistress or impairment in functioning that is
not typical or culturally expected The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
(DSM-IV-TR)
DSM Contains diagnostic criteria
The field of psychopathology The scientific study of psychological disorders
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The Science ofPsychopathology
Mental health professionals
The Ph.D.: Clinical and counseling psychologist
The Psy.D.: Clinical and counseling Doctor of
Psychology M.D.: Psychiatrist
M.S.W.: Psychiatric or non-psychiatric socialworker
MN/MSN: Psychiatric nurse Lay public and community groups
United by the scientist-practitionerframework
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The Scientist-Practitioner
Producers of research
Consumers of research
Evaluators of their work using empirical
methods
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Clinical Description
Begins with the presenting problem
Description aims to
Distinguish clinically significant dysfunction
from common human experience
Describe prevalence and incidence ofdisorders
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Causation, Treatment,and Outcome
Etiology
What contributes to the development ofpsychopathology?
Treatment development How can we help alleviate psychological
suffering?
Includes pharmacologic, psychosocial, and/or
combined treatments
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Causation, Treatment,and Outcome (continued)
Treatment outcome research
How do we know that we have helped?
Limited in specifying actual causes of disorders
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Historical Conceptions ofAbnormal Behavior
Major psychological disorders have existed
In all cultures
Across all time periods
Causes and treatment of abnormalbehavior
Varies widely across cultures, time periods,world views
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Historical Conceptions ofAbnormal Behavior (continued)
Three dominant traditions
Supernatural
Biological
Psychological
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The Supernatural Tradition
Deviant behavior as a battle ofGood vs. Evil
Caused by demonic possession, witchcraft,
sorcery Treatments included exorcism, torture,
beatings, and crude surgeries
The moon and the stars
Paracelsus and lunacy
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The Biological Tradition
Hippocrates: Abnormal behavior as aphysical disease
Hysteria the wandering uterus
Galen extends Hippocrates work Humoral theory of mental illness
Treatments remained crude
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The Biological Tradition(continued)
Galenic-Hippocratic tradition
Linked abnormality with brain chemicalimbalances
Foreshadowed modern views
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The 19th Century
General paresis (syphilis) and thebiological link with madness
Several unusual psychological and behavioral
symptoms Pasteur discovered the cause a bacterial
microorganism
Led to penicillin as a successful treatment
Bolstered the view that mental illness =physical illness
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The 19th Century(continued)
John Grey and the reformers
Championed biological tradition in the U.S.
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Consequences of theBiological Tradition
Mental illness = physical illness
Emil Kraepelin
Diagnosis and classification
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The Psychological Tradition
The rise of moral therapy
More humane treatment of institutionalizedpatients
Encouraged and reinforced social interaction
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The Psychological Tradition(continued)
Proponents of moral therapy
Philippe Pinel and Jean-Baptiste Pussin
Benjamin Rush led reforms in U.S.
Dorothea Dix mental hygiene movement William Tuke followed Pinels lead in England
The falling out of moral therapy
Emergence of competing alternativepsychological models
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Psychoanalytic Theory
Freudian theory of the structure andfunction of the mind
Structure of the mind
Id (pleasure principle; illogical, emotional,irrational)
Ego (reality principle; logical and rational)
Superego (moral principles; keeps id and ego
in balance)
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Psychoanalytic Theory(continued)
Defense mechanisms: Ego loses the battlewith the id and superego
Displacement & denial
Rationalization & reaction formation
Projection, repression, and sublimation
Psychosexual stages of development
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages
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Later Developments inPsychoanalytic Thought
Anna Freud and self-psychology
Emphasized influence of the ego in definingbehavior
Melanie Klein, Otto Kernberg, and objectrelations theory
Emphasized how children incorporate(introject) objects
Objects images, memories, and values ofsignificant others
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Later Developments inPsychoanalytic Thought
(continued)
The neo-Freudians: Departures fromFreudian thought
De-emphasized the sexual core of Freudstheory
Jung, Adler, Horney, Fromm, and Erickson
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Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy:The Talking Cure
Unearth the hidden intrapsychic conflicts
The real problems
Therapy is often long term
Techniques Free association
Dream analysis
Examine transference and counter-transference issues
Little evidence for efficacy
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Humanistic Theory
Major players
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Major themes
That people are basically good Humans strive toward self-actualization
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Humanistic Theory(continued)
Humanistic therapy
Therapist conveys empathy and unconditionalpositive regard
Minimal therapist interpretation No strong evidence that humanistic
therapies work
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The Behavioral Model
Derived from a scientific approach to thestudy of psychopathology
Classical conditioning (Pavlov; Watson)
Ubiquitous form of learning Contingency between neutral and
unconditioned stimuli
Conditioning was extended to the acquisition
of fear
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The Beginnings ofBehavior Therapy
Challenged psychoanalysis andnon-scientific approaches
Early pioneers
Joseph Wolpe systematic desensitization
Operant conditioning (Thorndike; Skinner)
Another ubiquitous form of learning
Voluntary behavior is controlled byconsequences
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The Beginnings ofBehavior Therapy (continued)
Learning traditions influenced thedevelopment of behavior therapy
Behavior therapy tends to be time-limited and
direct Strong evidence supporting the efficacy of
behavior therapies
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The Present:An Integrative Approach
Psychopathology is multiply determined
Unidimensional accounts of
psychopathology are incomplete
h
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The Present:An Integrative Approach
(continued)
Must consider reciprocal relations between
Biological, psychological, social, and
experiential factors Defining abnormal behavior
Complex, multifaceted, and has evolved
The supernatural tradition
Has no place in a science of abnormal behavior