Vista previa de “Conferencia Bernardo.ppt”...28/4/16 Jornada SEA 13...
Transcript of Vista previa de “Conferencia Bernardo.ppt”...28/4/16 Jornada SEA 13...
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22/09/2014 Máster Mina 1
Valentín González
28/4/16 2 Jornada SEA
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28/4/16 3 Jornada SEA
ELEMENTOS(RADIACTIVOS(NATURALES(
• ELEMENTOS(PRIMORDIALES:(((((URANIO(238((((URANIO(235((((TORIO(232((((NEPTUNIO(237((((POTASIO(40(• PRODUCTOS(DE(ACTIVACIÓN(• TRITIO(• CARBONO(14(• OXÍGENO(18(• ETC.(
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28/4/16 8 Jornada SEA
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También((se(iniciaron(aplicaciones(sin(una(base(
cien1fica;(casi(llegó(a(suponerse(que(la(
radiac8vidad(era(una(especie(de(Bálsamo(de(
Fierabras.(Sobre(esta(idea(se(especulaba(que(
sanaría(enfermedades(como(artri8cas,(de(corazón,(
hígado,(tubo(diges8vo,(riñones,(pulmones,(
resfriados…(((
Uno(de(sus(primeros(usos(de(la(radiac8vidad(fue(la(
terapia(del(cáncer(de(cerebro,(una(decisión(
acertada.(El(estudio(de(esta(aplicación(lo(inició(
Marie(Curie.((
28/4/16 10 Jornada SEA
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28/4/16 11 Jornada SEA
28/4/16 12 Jornada SEA
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28/4/16 13 Jornada SEA
En(los(años(1950O1960,(comenzaron(a(
normalizarse(estas(aplicaciones,(de(forma(
paralela(al(desarrollo(de(una(nueva(disciplina(de(
excepcional(importancia(para(el(uso(de(las(
radiaciones,(que(es(la(protección(radiológica.(
A(pesar(del(mayor(conocimiento(se(con8nuaron(
importando,(de(forma(incontrolada,(agujas(de(
radio(para(la(terapia(del(cáncer(y(suspensiones(de(
sulfato(de(radioO226(para(su(uso(en(esferas(de(
relojes(fluorescentes.(((((
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Hoy(día(se(8ende(a(no(u8lizar(radisótopos,(tanto(en(
terapia(como(en(diagnós8co,(siendo(sus8tuidos(por(
aceleradores(de(positrones(y(por(la(diagnosis(por(
imagen(PET((Positron(Emision(Tomography)(y(
con8nua(u8lizándose(el(TAC((Tomogra[a(Axial(
Computarizada)(mediante(rayos(X(y(algoritmos(
matemá8cos.((((
Se(inició(el(uso(de(fuentes(de(CsO137(y(CoO60(para(la(
terapia(de(tumores(cancerosos.((
También(se(comenzó(a(u8lizar(radisótopos(para(
diagnosis(médica(como,(por(ejemplo,(el(
tecnecioO99,(que(se(usa(en(el((80%(de(las(
aplicaciones(médicas,(así(como(el(tri8o(y(el(
carbonoO14(tanto(en(diagnosis(como(en(desarrollo(
de(fármacos.(
16
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Lise Meitner
Enrico Fermi y la pila atómica
Otto$Hahn$
28/4/16 17 Jornada SEA
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28/4/16 20 Jornada SEA
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El proyecto Manhattan
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TIPOS(DE(REACTORES(
HOMOGENEOS$Y$HETEROGENEOS$$$$$$$1ENTRE$LOS$HETEROGENEOS:$$$$$$AGUA$LIGERA$Y$PESADA$(PRESIÓN$Y$EBULLICIÓN,$CANDU),$GRAFITO1GAS$$
TIPO$DE$COMBUSTIBLE:$$$$$URANIO$METÁLICO,$ÓXIDO$DE$URANIO,$ÓXIDO$DE$PLUTONIO,$CARBURO$DE$URANIO,$ÓXIDO$DE$TORIO,$ÓXIDOS$MIXTOS,$UO21PuO2.$
REFRIGERANTES:$AGUA$1LIGERA$Y$PESADA1,$GASES$1DIÓXIDO$DE$CARBÓNO,$HELIO1,$FLUIDOS$ORGÁNICOS$O$INORGÁNICOS1Na1,$ETC.)$$$
ENRIQUECIMIENTO$DEL$COMBUSTIBLE:$SIN$ENRIQUECER,$LIGERAMENTE$ENRIQUECIDO$Y$ALTO$ENRIQUECIMIENTO$
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28/4/16 26 UNIA BAEZA, CURSO DE VERANO
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28/4/16 27 UNIA BAEZA, CURSO DE VERANO
28/4/16 28 UNIA BAEZA, CURSO DE VERANO
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TOP(LEACHING(
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CONCENTRADO DE URANIO (Yellow cake, Na2U2O7, (NH4)2U2O7)
NITRATO(DE(URANILO(HEXAHIDRATO,(UO2(NO3)2.6H2O(
28/4/16 UNIA BAEZA, CURSO DE VERANO 32
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TRIÓXIDO(DE(URANIO,(UO3(
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DIÓXIDO(DE(URANIO,(UO2(
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TETRAFLUORURO(DE(URANIO,(UF4(
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SITUACIÓN(MUNDIAL(
EXISTEN$440$REACTORES$NUCLEARES$EN$OPERACIÓN,$QUE$PRODUCEN$EL$15117$%$DE$LA$
ELÉCTRICIDAD$CONSUMIDA$EN$EL$MUNDO$Y$70$REACTORES$EN$CONSTRUCCIÓN.$
ESTADOS$UNIDOS$TIENE$EL$MAYOR$NÚMERO$DE$
CENTRALES$EN$OPERACIÓN,$110,$SEGUIDA$DE$
FRANCIA,$CON$59,$ETC.$$
28/4/16 36 UNIA, Baeza, curso de verano
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Inicio(del(uso(de(la(energía(nuclear:(se(utilizaba(el(ciclo(del(combustible,(con(reciclado.(
1977,(INFCE,(International(Nuclear(Fuel(Cycle(Evaluation.((Guerra(fría:(EEUU(y(otros(países(optan(por(el(ciclo(abierto.(((Francia,(Rusia,(Japón,(Bélgica,(Suiza(Reino(Unido…(siguen(con(ciclo(cerrado(
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Argumentos(de(los(partidarios(del((ciclo(abierto(en(1977:((◦ Preocupación(por(el(riesgo(de(proliferación,((◦ al(recuperar(el(Plutonio(del(combustible((◦ usado(◦ Costes(demasiado(elevados(del(reproceso\(◦ reciclado(
La(experiencia(y(el(I+D(en(reproceso(ha((modificado(drásticamente(la(situación:((◦ Disminución(del(coste,(hoy(análogo(al(coste((◦ del(almacenamiento(directo(◦ Mayor(conocimiento,(lo(que(permite(estrategias(de(gestión(de(combustible(avanzadas(◦ Clarificación(de(algunos(puntos,(como(el((◦ multireciclado(del(Plutonio(((((
28/4/16 42 Jornada SEA
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EL(RESULTADO((DE(LAS(MATERIAS(PRIMAS(ENERGÉTICAS(UTILIZADAS(
La$fisión$del$Uranio$produce$200$MeV$de$energía$por$átomo$fisionado$(e=mc2).$
La$combustión$del$Carbono$produce$4$eV$por$átomo$de$C$quemado$a$CO2$$$$
(1$eV$=$1,6.10119$J)$ La$generación$de$residuos$está$en$razón$directa$a$la$materia$prima$consumida,$es$decir,$50$millones$de$veces$menos$por$átomo$o$2,5$millones$de$veces$menos$en$términos$de$masa.$$28/4/16 43 UNIA, Baeza, curso de verano
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9.6.2.(CANTIDAD(DE(RESIDUOS(RADIACTIVOS(GENERADOS(EN(ESPAÑA(
(CORTESÍA(DE(ENRESA)(
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9.6.1.(INSTALACIONES(NUCLEARES(Y(DEL(CICLO(DEL(COMBUSTIBLE(EN(
ESPAÑA((cortesía(de(ENRESA)(
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28/4/16 50 Jornada SEA
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enresa La Gestión de los Residuos Radiactivos en la Unión Europea
Centro Almcto. El Cabril
Almacenamiento Definitivo de RBMA: Centro de Almacenamiento El Cabril (España)
28/4/16 51 Jornada SEA
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28/4/16 53 Jornada SEA
28/4/16 54 Jornada SEA
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28/4/16 55 Jornada SEA
28/4/16 56 Jornada SEA
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La Gestión de los Residuos Radiactivos en la Unión Europea
Almacenamiento Geológico Profundo
Almacenamiento Definitivo de RBMA: ROKKASHO MURA (JAPON)
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28/4/16 60 Jornada SEA
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28/4/16 61 Jornada SEA
28/4/16 62 Jornada SEA
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28/4/16 65 Jornada SEA
28/4/16 66 Jornada SEA
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enresa La Gestión de los Residuos Radiactivos en la Unión Europea
Almacen Temporal Combustible Gastado
Almacen Temporal Combustible Gastado
28/4/16 67 Jornada SEA
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*U$=$95%,$enriquecimiento$0,9%$en$U235$*Pu239$=$$1%$*Productos$de$fisión$=$3,6%$*Actínidos$menores$=$$0,4%$
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enresa La Gestión de los Residuos Radiactivos en la Unión Europea
Almacenamiento Geológico Profundo
Almacenamiento Geológico Profundo
28/4/16 75 Jornada SEA
Los residuos de alta radiactividad y vida larga han de ser almacenados de manera segura durante miles de años.
La solución técnica es el almacenamiento en formaciones geológicas, estables y con barreras de ingeniería.
Tiene una fuerte componente política y social. Técnicamente no hay dificultades para la construcción de un AGP.
Se impone una estrategia de gestión por etapas en la que los almacenes temporales permiten ganar tiempo, ofreciendo flexibilidad, la continuación de la I+D y el diálogo entre los actores institucionales y sociales.
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ANÁLOGOS(NATURALES:(LOS(REACTORES(NUCLEARES(
NATURALES(DE(OKLO,(GABÓN(
EL$YACIMIENTO$SE$FORMÓ$HACE$2000$MILLONES$DE$AÑOS$
LOS$REACTORES$INICIARON$LA$FISIÓN$HACE$1800$MILLONES$DE$AÑOS,$AL$CIRCULAR$AGUA$SOBRE$EL$YACIMIENTO$
LA$FISIÓN$SE$MANTUVO,$DE$FORMA$INTERMITENTE,$DURANTE$MEDIO$MILLÓN$DE$AÑOS$
LOS$PRODUCTOS$DE$DECAIMIENTO$DE$LOS$DE$FISIÓN$Y$ACTIVACIÓN$PERMANECEN$RELATIVAMENTE$CERCA$DEL$YACIMIENTO$
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80
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81
82
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POSIV A CONCEPTS FOR HIGH LEVEL WASTE REPOSITORY 83
28/4/16 84 Jornada SEA
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enresa La Gestión de los Residuos Radiactivos en la Unión Europea
Almacenamiento Definitivo de RAA: REPOSITORY YUCCA MOUNTAIN (USA)
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Uranio(95%:(99,1%(de(U238,(0,9%(de(U235(
Plutonio(1%:(60%(de(Pu239,(6%(de(Pu241,(26%(de(Pu240,(6%(de(Pu242(y(2%(de(Pu238(
Productos(de(fisión(3,6%:(Cesio137,(Estroncio90(en(altas(proporciones(y(muchos(otros(
Actínidos(menores(0,4%:(Americio,(Curio,(etc.(
88
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89
Plutonio(238…………3%(Plutonio(239………..34%(Plutonio(240………..37%(Plutonio(241………..15%(Plutonio(242………..11%(
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Pu238(y(Am241(
Am242\\\\\Pu238(+(α(
U235(+(n1(\\\>(U236(+ϒ)(+(n1(\\\>(U237(+ϒ)((\\\>(Np237(+β)(+(n1(\\\>(Np238(+ϒ)((\\\>(Pu238(+β)(
Pu241((\\\\>(Am241(+(β(
MulFreciclado:(Radisótopos(problemá8cos(
92
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Nuevas(estrategias(de(reproceso(y(mulFreciclado:((Restricciones(en(la(fabricación(del(MOX(
Contenido(máximo(en(Pu(en(las(pastillas(de(MOX(<(11%(
(Pu238+Am241)/(Pu+Am241)(<(3,4%( Contenido(medio(de(Pu(en(el(combustible(MOX(<(9,7%$
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Ventajas(asociadas(al(MulFreproceso(
Reducción(de(volumen(de(los(residuos(finales(/5((( Disminución(de(radiotoxicidad/10( Se(utilizan(las(infraestructuras(existentes( No(salvaguardias(por(la(ausencia(del(Plutonio( Ahorro(en(Uranio(natural((y(en(enriquecimiento)( Más(flexibilidad(en(la(gestión(del(combustible:(
multireciclado(interviene(20(años(después(de(descarga(inicial(de(UOx((
Mantiene(abierta(la(opción(del(uso(de(reactores(de(4ª(Generación(como(transmutadores,(permitiendo(una(transición(ordenada(
28/4/16
BENEFICIOS(TANGIBLES(DEL(RECICLADO(
RECUPERACIÓN(DEL(URANIO( RECUPERACIÓN(DEL(PLUTONIO(SOBRANTE:(ALMACENAMIENTO(SIN(SALVAGUARDIAS(
PRODUCTOS(DE(ACTIVACIÓN(Y(ACTÍNIDOS(MENORES(
ELIMINA(INCERTIDUMBRE(EN(EL(PROCESO(GLOBAL(
96 Jornada SEA
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28/4/16 Jornada SEA
BENEFICIOS(INTANGIBLES(DEL(RECICLADO(
QUEMADO(DEL(PLUTONIO(COMO(MOX( LAS(RADIACIONES(BETA\GAMMA(DEL(VIDRIO(DECAEN(EN(UNOS(6001800(AÑOS(
DISMINUYE(SIGNIFICATIVAMENTE(LA(
RADIOTOXICIDAD:(FACTOR(DE(10$ SE(OPTIMIZA(EL(USO(DEL(COMBUSTIBLE( RESPONDE(A(DEMANDAS(DEL(PÚBLICO(FRENTE(A(LOS(RESIDUOS(RADIACTIVOS(
97
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Los accidentes nucleares
Three Mile Island en Harrisburg 1979: El síndrome de China
Acumulación de errores al tomar decisiones bajo estrés y multiplicidad de elementos y controles de seguridad
28/4/16 99 Jornada SEA
Chernóbil: 1986
28/4/16 100 Jornada SEA
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((((((EL(ACCIDENTE(
((((((((((((((((DE((
(((((((FUKUSHIMA(
28/4/16 101 Jornada SEA
102
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103
104
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28/4/16 105 Jornada SEA
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RIESGO=Probabilidadxdaño(
Fumar………………………………1013$
Automóvil………………..........1014$
Avión……………………….........1015$
Reactor…………………............1016$
Almacén$de$residuos$rad….1017$
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SCAR
28/4/16 109 Jornada SEA
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28/4/16 111 Jornada SEA
28/4/16 112 Jornada SEA