Types of Metals
Transcript of Types of Metals
1
Meta
llic O
re D
eposits
Meta
llic O
re D
eposits
Avera
ge A
bundance o
f O
re M
eta
ls in
Avera
ge A
bundance o
f O
re M
eta
ls in
Earth
Earth’’ s
Cru
st
s C
rust
71 p
pm
71 p
pm
Zin
c (Zn)
Zin
c (Zn)
5.5
ppm
5.5
ppm
Tin
(Tin
(Sn
Sn))
20 p
pm
20 p
pm
Lead (Pb)
Lead (Pb)
20 p
pm
20 p
pm
Nic
kel (N
i)N
ickel (N
i)
350000 p
pm
350000 p
pm
Iron (Fe)
Iron (Fe)
25 p
pm
25 p
pm
Copper (C
u)
Copper (C
u)
.002 p
pm
.002 p
pm
Gold
(Au)
Gold
(Au)
.050 p
pm
.050 p
pm
Silv
er (A
g)
Silv
er (A
g)
Average Abundance in
Average Abundance in
the Crust
the Crust
Metal
Metal
ppm
= p
arts p
er
millio
n
= g
ram
s p
er
tonne
Types o
f M
eta
lsTypes o
f M
eta
ls
��B
ase M
eta
lsB
ase M
eta
ls
��M
eta
ls that oxid
ize a
nd c
orr
ode rela
tively
M
eta
ls that oxid
ize a
nd c
orr
ode rela
tively
easily
easily
��Fe, Pb, Zn, C
u, N
iFe, Pb, Zn, C
u, N
i
��P
recio
us M
eta
lsP
recio
us M
eta
ls
��M
eta
ls o
f hig
h e
conom
ic v
alu
e, and w
hic
h d
o
Meta
ls o
f hig
h e
conom
ic v
alu
e, and w
hic
h d
o
not oxid
ize o
r corr
ode e
asily
not oxid
ize o
r corr
ode e
asily
��Au, Pt, A
gAu, Pt, A
g
Requirem
ents
for O
re D
eposit F
orm
ation
Requirem
ents
for O
re D
eposit F
orm
ation
��All
ore
deposits require the follo
win
g:
All
ore
deposits require the follo
win
g:
��A s
ourc
e o
f m
eta
lsA s
ourc
e o
f m
eta
ls
��A m
eans to tra
nsport the m
eta
lsA m
eans to tra
nsport the m
eta
ls
��A flu
idA flu
id
��An e
nerg
y s
ourc
e (heat or gra
vity)
An e
nerg
y s
ourc
e (heat or gra
vity)
��A m
eans to c
oncentrate
the m
eta
ls a
t one location in
A m
eans to c
oncentrate
the m
eta
ls a
t one location in
an e
xtracta
ble
form
an e
xtracta
ble
form
��C
hange in c
hem
ical conditio
ns
Change in c
hem
ical conditio
ns
��Physic
al sortin
gPhysic
al sortin
g
2
Exam
ple
s o
f O
re D
eposit M
odels
Exam
ple
s o
f O
re D
eposit M
odels
��M
agm
aM
agm
a-- R
ela
ted O
re D
eposits
Rela
ted O
re D
eposits
��M
agm
a a
s a
Sourc
e o
f M
eta
ls (Epitherm
al)
Magm
a a
s a
Sourc
e o
f M
eta
ls (Epitherm
al)
��M
agm
a a
s a
Heat Engin
e (VM
S)
Magm
a a
s a
Heat Engin
e (VM
S)
��E
rosio
n/D
epositio
nE
rosio
n/D
epositio
n-- R
ela
ted O
re D
eposits
Rela
ted O
re D
eposits
��Physic
al Sortin
g o
f O
re M
inera
ls (Pla
cer)
Physic
al Sortin
g o
f O
re M
inera
ls (Pla
cer)
��C
hem
ical W
eath
ering a
nd C
oncentration o
f C
hem
ical W
eath
ering a
nd C
oncentration o
f
Ore
Min
era
ls (Superg
ene)
Ore
Min
era
ls (Superg
ene)
Epitherm
al M
inera
lization in V
ein
sE
pitherm
al M
inera
lization in V
ein
s
Au, Ag, C
u
Epitherm
al D
eposits
Epitherm
al D
eposits
VM
S O
res
VM
S O
res
Cu, Zn, Pb
3
Volc
anogenic
Massiv
e S
ulfid
e (V
MS
) V
olc
anogenic
Massiv
e S
ulfid
e (V
MS
)
Deposits
Deposits
Bla
ck S
mokers
: K
ey to V
MS
Deposits
Bla
ck S
mokers
: K
ey to V
MS
Deposits
Model fo
r V
MS
Deposits
Model fo
r V
MS
Deposits
Pla
cer D
eposits
Pla
cer D
eposits
Au, Pt, A
g
4
Model fo
r P
lacer D
eposits
Model fo
r P
lacer D
eposits
Superg
ene M
inera
lization
Superg
ene M
inera
lization
Cu, Pb, Zn
Eh
Eh-- p
H D
iagra
ms
pH
Dia
gra
ms
Eh
Eh-- p
H
pH
Dia
gra
m: C
uD
iagra
m: C
u
5
Techniq
ues o
f S
meltin
gTechniq
ues o
f S
meltin
g
Native C
opper
Native C
opper
��C
opper can o
ccur as a
C
opper can o
ccur as a
native e
lem
ent
native e
lem
ent
��C
om
monly
associa
ted
Com
monly
associa
ted
with v
olc
anic
rocks
with v
olc
anic
rocks
��H
ard
ness =
2.5
Hard
ness =
2.5
-- 33
��M
alle
able
Malle
able
��M
eltin
g T
= 1
095
Meltin
g T
= 1
095°° CC
Early C
opper U
se
Early C
opper U
se
��N
ative c
opper is
too
Native c
opper is
too
soft to b
e u
sed
soft to b
e u
sed
effectively
for to
ols
effectively
for to
ols
��In
itia
lly n
ative c
opper
Initia
lly n
ative c
opper
was u
sed for valu
able
w
as u
sed for valu
able
orn
am
ents
orn
am
ents
��Beads, dis
ks, pla
tes,
Beads, dis
ks, pla
tes,
headdre
sses
headdre
sses
Cold
Cold
-- Work
ing o
f C
opper
Work
ing o
f C
opper
��H
am
mering, pre
ssin
g, ro
lling, etc
. of
Ham
mering, pre
ssin
g, ro
lling, etc
. of
copper w
hen it is
cold
changes its
copper w
hen it is
cold
changes its
pro
pertie
s d
ue to d
efo
rmation o
f th
e
pro
pertie
s d
ue to d
efo
rmation o
f th
e
copper cry
sta
lscopper cry
sta
ls
��C
opper becom
es h
ard
er (s
imila
r to
iro
n)
Copper becom
es h
ard
er (s
imila
r to
iro
n)
��C
opper becom
es m
ore
brittle
Copper becom
es m
ore
brittle
6
Chalc
olit
hic
Chalc
olit
hic
Period
Period
��C
opper w
as c
old
Copper w
as c
old
-- work
ed a
s long a
go a
s
work
ed a
s long a
go a
s
7000B
C a
t 7000B
C a
t ÇÇ
ay
ayöönnüü
Tepesi
Tepesi , in e
aste
rn
, in
easte
rn
Turk
ey
Turk
ey
��Tra
nsitio
n fro
m S
tone A
ge (N
eolit
hic
) Tra
nsitio
n fro
m S
tone A
ge (N
eolit
hic
)
chara
cte
rized b
y the a
bsence o
f m
eta
ls for
chara
cte
rized b
y the a
bsence o
f m
eta
ls for
tool m
akin
g, to
the B
ronze A
ge w
here
to
ol m
akin
g, to
the B
ronze A
ge w
here
copper allo
ys w
ere
used
copper allo
ys w
ere
used
Copper M
inera
lsC
opper M
inera
ls
��N
ative C
opper
Native C
opper
��C
uprite
Cuprite
(Cu O
xid
e)
(Cu O
xid
e)
��M
ala
chite a
nd A
zurite
Mala
chite a
nd A
zurite
(Cu C
arb
onate
s)
(Cu C
arb
onate
s)
��C
halc
ocite
Chalc
ocite
(Cu
(Cu
22S),
S),
Covellite
Covellite
(( CuS
CuS
),),Born
ite
Born
ite
(Cu5FeS4),
(Cu5FeS4),
Chalc
opyrite
(C
uFeS2)
Chalc
opyrite
(C
uFeS2)
��Tetrahedrite
Tetrahedrite
(Cu
(Cu
12
12Sb
Sb
44SS
13
13
),
),
Tennantite
Tennantite
(Cu
(Cu
12
12As
As
44SS
13
13))
Copper S
meltin
gC
opper S
meltin
g
��O
f th
e c
opper m
inera
ls o
nly
native C
u h
as
Of th
e c
opper m
inera
ls o
nly
native C
u h
as
the m
alle
able
pro
pertie
s o
f a m
eta
lth
e m
alle
able
pro
pertie
s o
f a m
eta
l
��O
ther copper m
inera
ls n
eed to b
e tre
ate
d
Oth
er copper m
inera
ls n
eed to b
e tre
ate
d
in o
rder to
extract native c
opper
in o
rder to
extract native c
opper
��Sm
eltin
gSm
eltin
gis
the s
epara
tion o
f m
eta
ls fro
m o
re
is the s
epara
tion o
f m
eta
ls fro
m o
re
by h
eating the o
re in a
reducin
g e
nvironm
ent
by h
eating the o
re in a
reducin
g e
nvironm
ent
Sm
eltin
g fro
m M
ala
chite O
reS
meltin
g fro
m M
ala
chite O
re
��H
eating o
f m
ala
chite in a
fire o
r fu
rnace p
roduces c
opper
Heating o
f m
ala
chite in a
fire o
r fu
rnace p
roduces c
opper
oxid
eoxid
e
��C
uC
u22(C
O(C
O33)(O
H)
)(O
H) 22
= 2
CuO
+ C
O= 2
CuO
+ C
O22+ H
+ H
22O
O
��H
eating c
opper oxid
e to 1
100
Heating c
opper oxid
e to 1
100°° C
under lo
wC
under lo
w-- o
xygen
oxygen
conditio
ns p
roduces m
olten c
opper
conditio
ns p
roduces m
olten c
opper
��C
uO
CuO
+ C
O =
Cu +
CO
+ C
O =
Cu +
CO
22
��If there
was too m
uch s
ilicate
mate
rial in
the o
re, th
en
If there
was too m
uch s
ilicate
mate
rial in
the o
re, th
en
the c
opper w
ould
melt b
ut w
ould
not separa
te fro
m the
the c
opper w
ould
melt b
ut w
ould
not separa
te fro
m the
solid
sili
cate
ssolid
sili
cate
s
7
Sm
eltin
g a
nd P
ottery
Sm
eltin
g a
nd P
ottery
��C
lay w
ill h
ard
en a
t ~650
Cla
y w
ill h
ard
en a
t ~650°° CC
��Sim
ple
cera
mic
s c
ould
have b
een p
roduced in
Sim
ple
cera
mic
s c
ould
have b
een p
roduced in
a c
am
pfire
a c
am
pfire
��S
meltin
g requires ~
1100
Sm
eltin
g requires ~
1100°° CC
��R
equires tem
pera
ture
s in e
xcess o
f th
at
Requires tem
pera
ture
s in e
xcess o
f th
at
pro
duced b
y a
cam
pfire
pro
duced b
y a
cam
pfire
��R
equires a
kiln
Requires a
kiln
��C
era
mic
technolo
gy a
llow
ed for th
e d
iscovery
C
era
mic
technolo
gy a
llow
ed for th
e d
iscovery
and im
ple
menta
tion o
f m
eta
llurg
yand im
ple
menta
tion o
f m
eta
llurg
y
Copper
Copper
Sm
eltin
gS
meltin
g
Sm
eltin
g fro
m M
ala
chite O
reS
meltin
g fro
m M
ala
chite O
re
��If the c
opper ore
conta
ined b
oth
quartz a
nd
If the c
opper ore
conta
ined b
oth
quartz a
nd
hem
atite
, th
en these m
ate
rials
would
the iro
n
hem
atite
, th
en these m
ate
rials
would
the iro
n
would
act as a
flu
x for th
e s
ilicate
min
era
ls,
would
act as a
flu
x for th
e s
ilicate
min
era
ls,
resultin
g in a
melt a
t 1120
resultin
g in a
melt a
t 1120°° CC
��H
em
atite
+ Q
uartz =
H
em
atite
+ Q
uartz =
Fayalit
eFayalit
e+ O
xygen
+ O
xygen
��2 F
e2 F
e33OO
44+ 3
SiO
+ 3
SiO
22= 3
Fe
= 3
Fe
22SiO
SiO
44(l)
(l)+ O
+ O
2 (g)
2 (g)
��M
olten
Molten fayalit
efa
yalit
eis
less d
ense than c
opper, s
o the
is less d
ense than c
opper, s
o the
silicate
melt flo
ats
and the c
opper sin
ks
silicate
melt flo
ats
and the c
opper sin
ks
Cru
cib
le S
meltin
gC
rucib
le S
meltin
g
8
Copper from
Sulfid
es
Copper from
Sulfid
es
��As s
urface d
eposits o
f As s
urface d
eposits o
f
Cu
Cu-- c
arb
onate
s w
ere
carb
onate
s w
ere
deple
ted, people
deple
ted, people
turn
ed to the m
ore
tu
rned to the m
ore
abundant C
uabundant C
u-- s
ulfid
e
sulfid
e
min
era
lsm
inera
ls
��R
equires a
n e
xtra
Requires a
n e
xtra
ste
p to p
roduce
ste
p to p
roduce
copper m
eta
lcopper m
eta
l
Roasting o
f R
oasting o
f S
ulfid
icS
ulfid
icO
res
Ore
s
��S
ulfid
icS
ulfid
icore
s a
re roaste
d in a
n o
xygen
ore
s a
re roaste
d in a
n o
xygen-- ric
h
rich
furn
ace to o
xid
ize the o
refu
rnace to o
xid
ize the o
re
��2
2 C
uS
CuS
+ 3
O+ 3
O22
= 2
= 2
CuO
CuO
+ 2
SO
+ 2
SO
22
��The o
xid
ized o
re c
an then b
e s
melted
The o
xid
ized o
re c
an then b
e s
melted
Bro
nze
Bro
nze
��Bro
nze is a
n a
lloy that conta
ins 8
5Bro
nze is a
n a
lloy that conta
ins 8
5-- 9
5%
copper
95%
copper
��Earlie
st bro
nze w
as a
n a
lloy o
f copper and
Earlie
st bro
nze w
as a
n a
lloy o
f copper and
ars
enic
ars
enic
��Ars
enic
al copper
Ars
enic
al copper
��H
ard
er th
an c
opper
Hard
er th
an c
opper
��Sta
ys h
ard
when h
eate
dSta
ys h
ard
when h
eate
d
��Low
er m
eltin
g tem
pera
ture
Low
er m
eltin
g tem
pera
ture
��C
an b
e b
rittle
Can b
e b
rittle
Ars
enic
al C
opper
Ars
enic
al C
opper
��Ars
enic
Ars
enic
-- bearing m
inera
ls
bearing m
inera
ls
com
monly
occur in
epitherm
al
com
monly
occur in
epitherm
al
copper deposits
copper deposits
��First ars
enic
al copper pro
bably
First ars
enic
al copper pro
bably
pro
duced a
ccid
enta
lly b
y
pro
duced a
ccid
enta
lly b
y
sm
eltin
g A
ssm
eltin
g A
s-- b
earing c
opper ore
bearing c
opper ore
��Tennantite
Tennantite
(Cu
(Cu
12
12As
As
44SS
13
13) is
a c
opper
) is
a c
opper
ore
min
era
l th
at is
com
mon in
ore
min
era
l th
at is
com
mon in
epitherm
al deposits a
nd c
onta
ins
epitherm
al deposits a
nd c
onta
ins
substa
ntial am
ounts
of ars
enic
substa
ntial am
ounts
of ars
enic
9
Ars
enic
Pois
onin
gA
rsenic
Pois
onin
g
��W
ork
ing w
ith a
rsenic
al copper w
ould
W
ork
ing w
ith a
rsenic
al copper w
ould
have resulted in a
rsenic
pois
onin
g
have resulted in a
rsenic
pois
onin
g
(( ars
enic
osis
ars
enic
osis
))
��Sym
pto
ms inclu
de
Sym
pto
ms inclu
de liv
idity
livid
ity
of th
e lim
bs
of th
e lim
bs
and s
kin
cancers
and s
kin
cancers
��H
ephaestu
s (G
reek g
od o
f bla
cksm
iths)
Hephaestu
s (G
reek g
od o
f bla
cksm
iths)
and V
ulc
an (R
om
an g
od o
f bla
cksm
iths)
and V
ulc
an (R
om
an g
od o
f bla
cksm
iths)
were
both
lam
e a
nd d
isfigure
dw
ere
both
lam
e a
nd d
isfigure
d
��Lik
ely
a reflection o
f Lik
ely
a reflection o
f ars
enic
osis
ars
enic
osis
whic
h
whic
h
would
have a
fflic
ted b
lacksm
iths w
ho
would
have a
fflic
ted b
lacksm
iths w
ho
work
ed w
ith a
rsenic
al copper
work
ed w
ith a
rsenic
al copper
Tin
Bro
nze
Tin
Bro
nze
��Allo
y o
f copper w
ith tin
Allo
y o
f copper w
ith tin
��Sn
Sn
ore
is m
uch rare
r th
an A
s o
reore
is m
uch rare
r th
an A
s o
re
��First used in T
urk
ey ~
3000 B
CFirst used in T
urk
ey ~
3000 B
C
��M
ay h
ave b
een a
n a
ccid
enta
l dis
covery
M
ay h
ave b
een a
n a
ccid
enta
l dis
covery
because the tin
because the tin
-- bearing m
inera
l bearing m
inera
l sta
nnite
sta
nnite
looks s
imila
r to
the C
ulo
oks s
imila
r to
the C
u-- A
sAs--
bearing m
inera
l bearing m
inera
l te
nnantite
tennantite
��In
bro
ad u
se b
y ~
2000 B
CIn
bro
ad u
se b
y ~
2000 B
C��
Hard
er and less b
rittle
than a
rsenic
al copper
Hard
er and less b
rittle
than a
rsenic
al copper
��N
ot to
xic
Not to
xic
��M
eltin
g tem
pera
ture
of 950
Meltin
g tem
pera
ture
of 950°° CC
Sta
nnite
Tennantite
Iron S
meltin
gIron S
meltin
g
��In
princip
le, Fe s
meltin
g is s
imila
r to
that
In p
rincip
le, Fe s
meltin
g is s
imila
r to
that
of C
uof C
u
��R
educe iro
n o
xid
es to iro
n m
eta
l in
a
Reduce iro
n o
xid
es to iro
n m
eta
l in
a
low
low
-- oxygen furn
ace
oxygen furn
ace
��Fe
Fe
33OO
44+ 4
CO
= 3
Fe +
4 C
O+ 4
CO
= 3
Fe +
4 C
O22
Hem
atite
Iron S
meltin
gIron S
meltin
g
��Iron h
as a
meltin
g tem
pera
ture
of 1538
Iron h
as a
meltin
g tem
pera
ture
of 1538°° CC
��C
ould
not be m
elted in p
rim
itiv
e furn
aces
Could
not be m
elted in p
rim
itiv
e furn
aces
��Solid
iro
n form
s a
Solid
iro
n form
s a
spongey
spongey
mass (blo
om
)m
ass (blo
om
)
��H
ole
s in b
loom
will
conta
in im
purities a
nd s
lag
Hole
s in b
loom
will
conta
in im
purities a
nd s
lag
10
Wro
ught Iron
Wro
ught Iron
��If the iro
n b
loom
is reheate
d
If the iro
n b
loom
is reheate
d
and h
am
mere
d, th
en the
and h
am
mere
d, th
en the
molten im
purities in the
molten im
purities in the
bubble
s c
an b
e w
ork
ed o
ut
bubble
s c
an b
e w
ork
ed o
ut
��R
equires repeate
d h
eating
Requires repeate
d h
eating
and w
ork
ing
and w
ork
ing
��The p
ure
iro
n p
roduct is
The p
ure
iro
n p
roduct is
calle
d
calle
d w
rought iron
wro
ught iron