Toxicidad en Materiales.

7/22/2019 Toxicidad en Materiales.

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88 Ygsítlocs lo> www.rlvgstb-mm.dcm

GOT\MCT

³Lstbmcs Lovlolobojc bacs Ogòcs sgo Tbflrac3Tustbodgbs Zôxgdbs lo ab Ibfrgdbdgôo jlPrcjudtcs Goibotgals

Balxbojrb Dcacrbjc Dbstrc

Plrgcjgstb M&M

La mbolnc y dcocdgmglotc jl abs sustbodgbsl gosumcs lmpalbjcs lo ab prcjuddgôo jlmulfals, nukultls c prcjudtcs lo mbjlrb pbrb usc goibotga, jlmbojb jl sus ibfrgdbotlsuob batísgmb rlspcosbfgagjbj. \ob slalddgôo godcrrldtb lo lstl bspldtc puljl prcvcdbr lolstl vuaolrbfal slkmlotc jl mlrdbjc, jlsjl bilddgcols rlspgrbtcrgbs hbstb sbturogsmc.

\oc jl acs bdcotldgmglotcs mâs gmpcrtbotls lo ab vgjb

ls la obdgmglotc jl uo flfç5 lo tcroc b lstl hldhc,

tcjcs acs mglmfrcs jl ab ibmgagb dcmprbo ac mlncr lo rcpb,

nukultls, utlosgagcs pbrb su bagmlotbdgôo y lalmlotcs pbrb

lsmuabr su jlsbrrcaac dckogvc y psgdcmctrgz, b o qul acsprgmlrcs bòcs jla oulvc gotlkrbotl slbo acs mlncrls.

Lotrl acs brduacs botlrgcrls hby uoc qul lol krbo gmpcr-

tbodgb —yb qul lo çstl, la ogòc pbsb mâs jla ;0 pcr dglotc

jl su lmpc jurbotl su prgmlr bòc jl vgjb— plrc qul lo ab

mbycríb jl acs dbscs sl lagkl sgo lvbaubr la mbtlrgba qul sl

usô pbrb su ibfrgdbdgôo, acs gosumcs qul gotlkrb y la krbjc

jl slkurgjbj c acs rglskcs qul cirldl> ab duob c mcgsçs.

Buoqul pbrlzdb gotrbsdlojlotl, ab duob —c dubaquglr lal-

mlotc jl mbjlrb hldhc pbrb usc goiboa— puljl dcovlr-

rsl lo uo plagkrc pbrb la jlsobtbrgc sg lo su ibfrgdbdgôo

oc sl lmpalbo acs mbtlrgbals l gosumcs dcrrldtcs, dcmc

pcr lnlmpac> tbfalrcs bkacmlrbjcs, pgoturbs, fbrogdls y

sustbodgbs jl rldufrgmglotc agfrls jl lmgsgcols, abs mgs-

mbs qul prcvcdbo acs tlmgjcs prcfalmbs rlspgrbtcrgcs.

Lo lstl slojc y b jgilrlodgb jl ac qul cdurrl lo Dcacm-

fgb, lo Lstbjcs \ogjcs y lo ab mbycríb jl acs pbísls lurc-

plcs lxgstlo —tbotc pbrb ab ibfrgdbdgôo, dcmlrdgbagzbdgôo y

vlotb, dcmc pbrb ab rlstburbdgôo jl mulfals, lo lspldgba,Ictc> www.jgrldojustry.ls / gmbklols.qulfbrbtc



87Ygsítlocs lo> www.rlvgstb-mm.dcm

GOT\MCT

acs goiboals— pbrâmltrcs lstbfaldg-

jcs pcr abs butcrgjbjls bmfglotbals

rlabdgcobjcs dco la aímgtl jl lmgsgc-

ols jl acs prcjudtcs lmpalbjcs lo

su ibfrgdbdgôo.

Jgvlrscs lstujgcs barljljcr jla muo-

jc, hbo jlmcstrbjc acs ocdgvcs lild-

tcs qul prcvcdbo dglrtcs dcmpcolotls

bòbjgjcs lo ab ibfrgdbdgôo jl pgoturbs,

bjhlsgvcs y ctrbs sustbodgbs lmpalb-

jbs pbrb prcjudgr pbolals bkacmlrb-

jcs y trbtbr pglzbs lo mbjlrb, lmpalb-

jbs mbsgvbmlotl lo ab ibfrgdbdgôo jl

prcjudtcs jcmçsdcs l goiboals, y

hbo bjvlrjc scfrl ab oldlsgjbj jl

sustugracs pbrb prctlklr ab sbauj y ab

vgjb jl acs usubrgcs.

³\o Plagkrc Gobjvlrtgjc3

Tlkþo lstujgcs bjlabotbjcs lo Lstb-

jcs \ogjcs, jcojl rgkl abs rlkuabdgc-

ols jl ab Bklodgb jl Prctlddgôo Bm-

fglotba LPB (Lovgrcmlotba Prctldco

Bklody) (2), rlspcosbfal jla tlmb lo

lsl pbís, acs ogvlals jl pcaudgôo lo

gotlrgcrls puljlo slr hbstb 20 vldls

mâs batcs qul acs rlkgstrbjcs lo lx-

tlrgcrls —buo lo abs dgujbjls mâs go-

justrgbagzbjbs— sglojc, prldgsbmlo-

tl, uob jl abs dbusbs prgodgpbals, acsmulfals ibfrgdbjcs b pbrr jl mbjl-

rb prlosbjb (lsdrgtcrgcs, fgfagctldbs,

dbmbs, duobs), b rbzôo jl abs dbrbd-

tlrísdbs químgdbs jl acs gosumcs y

sustbodgbs uagzbjcs lo laacs.

Ls bsí dcmc, lo ab ibfrgdbdgôo jl acs

tbfalrcs prlosbjcs sl jlstbdb, lspl-

dgbamlotl, uo dcmpcolotl aabmbjc

icrmbajlhgjc, dcmpulstc crkâogdc

vcaâa (DCY) qul sl lvbpcrb iâdga-

mlotl b tlmplrbturb bmfglotl5 ls

sumbmlotl grrgtbotl5 sl dcodlotrbdco krbo ibdgagjbj lo ârlbs dlrrbjbs

—pcr ac qul su usc y prlslodgb lxgklo

bjldubjb vloabdgôo— y sl lmpalb

lo ab labfcrbdgôo jl bjhlsgvcs y dglr-

tc pc jl rldufrgmglotcs.

Jl hldhc, acs lstujgcs jl LPB brrc-

nbrco qul aulkc jl vbrgcs jíbs jl

bpagdbjc, abs aâmgobs qul godcrpcrbo

bjhlsgvcs dco fbsl icrmbajlhgjc,

dcooþbo agflrbojc dcotbmgobotls

lo uob rlbddgôo químgdb qul, godau-

sc, sl prcacokb hbstb jcs bòcs jls-

puçs jl slr ibfrgdbjcs.

Ac botlrgcr, rlprlslotb uo prcfalmb

slosgfal dubojc sl dcosgjlrb qul plsl

b qul lo Lstbjcs \ogjcs, ba gkuba qul

lo ctrcs pbísls jla muojc, sco ou-

mlrcsbs abs lmprlsbs qul pgotbo sus

duobs bpagdbojc sgstlmbs agfrls jl icr-

mca (bdríagdcs bducscs y/c ogtrc dlauaô-

sgdcs), tbmfgço usbo mbjlrb bkacml-

rbjb dco icrmbajlhgjc ac qul, lspl-

dídbmlotl pbrb la dbsc lo mlodgôo,

trbosicrmbo acs dubrtcs goiboals, lo

la lspbdgc mâs tôxgdc jla hckbr.

Tcfrl la pbrduabr, acs lstujgcs brrcnb-

rco qul ab lxpcsgdgôo irldulotl jl uo

gojgvgjuc —lo lstl dbsc, la usubrgc jl

uo mulfal c prcjudtc qul godauyl icr-

mbajlhgjc—, b ogvlals mbycrls jl 0.029

ppm lo la bgrl y lo gotlrgcrls, çstb bsc-

dgbjb dco bilddgcols rlspgrbtcrgbs dcmc

ab tcs, y b qul ogvlals suplrgcrls ba 0.0<6

ppm godrlmlotb abs pcsgfgagjbjls jl

pbjldlr bsmb5 rglskcs qul sco octc-

rgbmlotl mbycrls pbrb acs goibotls qul

julrmlo lo abs duobs, muy dlrdb ba ârlb

jl lmgsgôo dcotbmgobotl y qul, klol-rbamlotl, sl ufgdbo lo lspbdgcs dco u-

ncs jl bgrl muy rlstrgokgjcs.

Lstb ls uob jl abs rbzcols pcr abs qullo la bòc 2776, la dcmpulstc iul jl-

dabrbjc pcr ab DBVF (Dbagicrogb BgrVlscurdls Fcbrj) —butcrgjbj bmfglo-

tba jl Dbagicrogb, lo Lstbjc \ogjcs—,

‑dcotbmgobotl tôxgdc jla bgrl (ZBD)” baoc cirldlr uo ogvla slkurc jl lxpcsg-

dgôo. Pcstlrgcrmlotl, lo la bòc 600:

iul rldabsgdbjc —pcr ab Bklodgb Gotlr-

obdgcoba pbrb ab Govlskbdgôo jla Dâo-dlr (GBVD)— dcmc ‑prcfbfal bklotl

dbrdgoôkloc” b ‑dbrdgoôkloc”, fbsbjclo boâagsgs qul jlmcstrbrco su bsc-

dgbdgôo jgrldtb dco dbscs jl plrscobs

bildtbjbs pcr dâodlr jl obscibrgokl

y5 oulvbmlotl, ab DBVF ac prchgfgô,b pbrr jla 2 jl lolrc jl 6007, lo ab

prcjuddgôo jl mbjlrb prlosbjb.

La dubrtc jla flfç, la lspbdgc tba

vlz mâs juadl jla hckbr pcjríb

dcovlrrsl lo la mâs tôxgdc,

sg mulfals godauylo sustbodgbs

dcmc abdbs dbtbagzbjbs c tbfalrcs

prlosbjcs dco bjhlsgvcs b pbrr

jl urlbs icrmbajlhgjc.

I c t c s > V l d e r l c .




GOT\MCT

Oc uagzbr pgoturbs duycs

pgkmlotcs slbo tôxgdcs c jl

prcdljlodgb sl jlsdcoczdb,

jlfl slr uob jl abs rlkabs jl

crc lotrl acs ibfrgdbotls jl

nukultls pbrb ogòcs.

Plsl b qul ab sustbodgb y acs tbfalrcs

qul ab gotlkrbo hbo prcvcdbjc la bu-

mlotc jl dbscs jl loilrmljbjls rls-

pgrbtcrgbs, bdtubamlotl, sco oumlrc-

sbs abs lmprlsbs barljljcr jla muo-jc qul ibfrgdbo mulfals y prcjudtcs

lo mbjlrb lmpalbojc tbfalrcs c pgl-

zbs dco la prcjudtc lo mlodgôo, c sgo

rlvgsbr acs dcmpcolotls qul gotlkrbo

la tbfalrc qul usbo. Ac botlrgcr, hb

dcoaalvbjc b ab rlbagzbdgôo jl gmpcr-

tbotls lstujgcs, pcr pbrtl jl ab Crkb-

ogzbdgôo Muojgba jl ab Tbauj, (CMT)

lo acs qul sl jltlrmgobo bjlmâs jl

abs tbsbs jl mcrtbagjbj y mcrfgagjbj

pcr lstl dcodlptc, bddgcols pbrb mg-

ogmgzbrabs, slòbabojc dcmc lslodgba

la lojurldgmglotc jl rlkuabdgcols

bmfglotbals lo acs pbísls qul rlkgs-

trbo dbscs mbycrgtbrgcs.

Abdbs> \o Frgaabotl Plagkrc

Pbrduabrmlotl lo Dcacmfgb, sl

hbo gjlodbjc vbrgcs prcfalmbs

rlabdgcobjcs dco la usc jl mbjlrb

bkacmlrbjb y dco ab godausgôo jl icr-

mbajlhgjc y jl ctrbs sustbodgbs lo ab

dcmpcsgdgôo jl pglzbs usbjbs pbrb

ibfrgdbr mulfals y brduacs lo mb-jlrb duycs jlsobtbrgcs, sco ogòcs.

Ba rlspldtc y abmlotbfalmlotl, la 70

pcr dglotc jl abs aâmgobs dcmlrdgbagzb-

jbs lo la pbís godauylo rlsgobs urlb-icr-

mbajlhíjc c mlabmgob-icrmbajlhíjc

dcmc bjhlsgvc lo su dcmpcsgdgôo, y

bjlmâs —dcmc hldhc qul ‑dcmpal-

mlotb” olkbvbmlotl ab sgtubdgôo— uo

fulo pcrdlotbnl jl lstcs tbfalrcs sl

rldufrlo, yb lo pabotb, dco abdbs dbtbag-

zbjbs ba âdgjc prcjudgjbs dco la mgsmc

pc jl rlsgob lmpalbjb pbrb acs mlo-dgcobjcs plkbotls, lo uob prâddb pc-

puabr qul sl jgspbrô b pbrr jl acs bòcs

80 y hb jlnbjc prlcdupbotls rlpcrtls

lo mbtlrgb jl sbauj pþfagdb.

Tcfrl abs dbtbagzbjbs, çstbs rlkgstrbo

uob lmgsgôo gogdgba jl icrmbajlhgjc

qul, ba pbsc jla lmpc, bumlotb

prcjudglojc uob batb dbojbj jl

dcmpulstc jl rlbddgôo, la duba sl

mboglstb mglotrbs ab abdb rlduab yaalkb b su durbjc tctba, lo uo abpsc jl

bprcxgmbjbmlotl < y 2: jíbs5 pcstl-

rgcrmlotl, dcooþb lmbobojc fb-

nbs dcodlotrbdgcols, buoqul pcr uo

plrgcjc abrkc qul puljl lxtlojlrsl

lotrl jcs y dgodc bòcs.

Aalvbjc ba paboc jl acs lmpcs y

mçtcjcs jl prcjuddgôo prcpgcs jl

abs lmprlsbs ibfrgdbotls jl mulfals

acdbals, çstbs lotrlkbo ba daglotl sus

prcjudtcs, ocrmbamlotl, botls jl

qul dumpabo abs 6: hcrbs jl hbflrsgjc pgotbjcs5 ac qul pbrb la usubrgc

rlsuatb ibtba sg sl dcosgjlrb qul sôac

ab lmgsgôo jl icrmbajlhíjc prcjudg-

jb pcr uob abdb dbtbagzbjb ba âdgjc,

lstâ lotrl 6.< b 60.0 ppm, y qul jg-

dhbs dcodlotrbdgcols sl rljudlo jl

icrmb muy alotb jbjc qul ba dbfc jl

uo mls jl slrvgdgc, la mulfal lmbob

jl 0.0< b 6.0 ppm, y slgs mlsls jls-

puçs buo lxpgjl ba bgrl, dcotlogjcs

jl lotrl 0.06 y 0.0< ppm, ac qul prc-vcdb jgsotcs lildtcs bjvlrscs lo acs

usubrgcs. (Ylr tbfab 2).

Zbfab 2

dcodlotrbdgôo (ppm)

lildtcs bjvlrscs

0.0< — 2.0 \mfrba jl cacr grrgtbotl.

0.0< — 6.0 Grrgtbdgôo jl acs cncs ylildtcs olurcsgcaôkgdcs.

0.20 — 6.< Grrgtbdgôo jl ab obrgzy ab kbrkbotb.

<.22 — 60.0 Abdrgmbdgôo, jgduatbjpbrb rlspgrbr (jgsolb).

Mâs jl 60.0 Ljlmb puamcobr,

olumcoíb.

I c t c

> V l e r l c .

I

c t c > L x p c b r t l s b o í b s .

Ab tbfab jl fgc-jgspcogfgagjbj jgbrgb pbrb lausc jl nukultls ls dcrrldtb buoqul lstcs

ogvlals dbjb vlz lojlo b fbnbr mâs.



Ygsítlocs lo> www.rlvgstb-mm.dcm

ICVLTZBA

Tgo lmfbrkc, bquí oc tlrmgobo acs prcfalmbs rlabdgcob-

jcs dco acs gosumcs usbjcs lo prcjudtcs jl mbjlrb y

sus lildtcs scfrl ab sbauj humbob. Mudhbs jl abs jldc-

rbdgcols lo dcacr qul lxhgflo nukultls, duobs, bobqul-

als y mulfals goiboals lo klolrba, sco rlbagzbjcs, pcrpbrtl jl lfbogstb y dbrpgotlrcs, dco pgkmlotcs hldhcs b

pbrr jl mltbals plsbjcs dcmc Pacmc, Drcmc, Dbjmgc,

Bomcogc y ^god, acs dubals puljlo dbusbr, trbs dcotbdtc

irldulotl, jlsjl sbturogsmc(6), prcfalmbs rlobals, uadl-

rbdgcols y prcfalmbs jla híkbjc hbstb dâodlr jl jgilrlo-

tls pcs.

Lo Dcacmfgb, jurbotl acs þamcs bòcs y dchlrlotls dco

ab cab bmfglotba, bakuobs lmprlsbs jljgdbjbs b ibfrgdbr

prcjudtcs lo mbjlrb pbrb ogòcs sl hbo mcstrbjc slo-

sgfals ba tlmb, sustuylojc sus pgoturbs y bjhlsgvcs

trbjgdgcobals, pcr ctrcs slkurcs l godausc pctlodgbamlo-

tl mâs rlotbfals, pcr dubotc hbo lodcotrbjc qul susvlotbnbs lo mbtlrgb jl slkurgjbj sl trbjudlo lo vbacrls

bkrlkbjcs qul sl sumbo ba mulfal u cfnltc, uob vlz sl

dcmlrdgbagzb.

Lstl ls la dbsc jl Nukultls Jgjâddcs Pgocdhc, lmprl-

sb fckctbob qul uagzb y bpagdb fbnc uo lstrgdtc dcotrca,

pgkmlotcs bprcfbjcs pcr ab IJB, rldufrgmglotcs dglo pcr

dglotc lxlotcs jl dcotbmgobotls plagkrcscs pbrb la bgrl,

HBP (pcr sus sgkabs lo gokaçs Hbzbrjcus Bgr Pcaautbots) ydco fbnc DCY, hldhcs qul als hb plrmgjc, bjlmâs jlprctlklr ab vgjb jl sus daglotls, lxpcrtbr b vbrgbs pbrtls

jla muojc dco dglrtbs vlotbnbs dcmplvbs irlotl b

ctrcs ibfrgdbotls jl nukultls acdbals.

Labjgc Pçrlz, klrlotl jl Jgjâddcs Pgocdhc, brmb qulacs prcjudtcs lo mbjlrb jgrgkgjcs ba pþfagdc goiboa,mâs baaâ jl slr dcacrgjcs, btrbdvcs y iuodgcobals, jl-

flo slr tctbamlotl slkurcs, bspldtc qul, slòbab, ls uodcodlptc bnloc lo abs lmprlsbs plqulòbs, dbrpgotlrcsy brtlsbocs.

‑Buoqul lo Dcacmfgb oc slbo jl dcocdgmglotc y bpagdb-

dgôo mbsgvb, lo la muojc lxgstlo ocrmbs jl dbagjbj qullolo qul vlr dco la jgslòc jl prcjudtcs goiboals, dcola pc jl mbtlrgbs prgmbs qul sl uagzb, la tbmbòc gjlba

jla brduac y ab icrmb pbrb qul oc rlvgstbo plagkrc, dco -jgdgcols tcjbs qul abs lmprlsbs dcacmfgbobs jlflríbodumpagr pcr slr vgtbals pbrb ab vgjb y ab slkurgjbj jla daglo-

tl, sgo lmfbrkc, sl jlsdcocdlo”, boctb Pçrlz.

Lo lildtc, lo Dcacmfgb lxgstlo bakuobs ocrmbs fâsgdbs y

klolrbals scfrl mulfals y nukultls lo mbjlrb pbrb ogòcs,

—dcmc ab OZD ;22, ;6 y ;4 jl Gdcotld qul hbdlo rlilrlodgb

ba jgslòc, acs pcs jl mbtlrgbals, sustbodgbs y acs krbjcs jl




GOT\MCT

pak Iah

• Batc rglskc jl pbjldlr bsmb.

• Jgsmgoudgôo jl ab iuodgôo puamcobr.

• Gobmbdgôo jl acs puamcols.

• Godrlmlotc jl balrkgbs y loilrmljbjls

rlspgrbtcrgbs.

• Grrgtbdgôo plrsgstlotl jl cncs, obrgz y kbrkbotb.

• Vgogs.

• Tlosgfgagjbj ba icrmbajlhgjc.

mz a L

Pbrb mgogmgzbr acs lildtcs jla icrmbajlhgjclo la bmfglotl y prctlklr ab sbauj jl acs ml-

ocrls jl ljbj, usubrgcs jl prcjudtcs lo mb-

jlrb, acs ibfrgdbotls jlflo tlolr lo dulotb

abs sgkuglotls rldcmlojbdgcols>

• Bfstlolrsl jl prcjudgr mulfals lo mbjlrb

y/c bkacmlrbjcs pbrb ogòcs (duobs, mcgsçs,dcrrbals, dbmbs, nukultls, daôslt) pgotbjcs

dco abdbs dbtbagzbjbs ba âdgjc.

• Lmpalbr la acs bdbfbjcs jl sus prcjudtcs,

abdbs bdríagdbs bducsbs c abdbs ogtrcdlauaôsg-

dbs, qul oc dcotlokbo icrmbajlhíjc lo suicrmuabdgôo.

• \sbr, pbrb ibfrgdbr mulfals c prcjudtcs

pbrb ogòcs, lo acs pcsgfal, mbjlrb sôagjb (oc

bkacmlrbjb).

• Lo dbsc qul sl godauybo pglzbs lo mbjlrbbkacmlrbjb, suklrgr ba daglotl, jgspcolr uob

fulob vloabdgôo lo acs dubrtcs goiboals.

Tl rldcmglojb mbotlolr uob tlmplrbturb yhumljbj mljgb (lotrl 90 — ;0 pcr dglotc),jlfgjc b qul la icrmbajlhíjc sl olutrbagzbdco abs dcrrglotls jl bgrl.

• Buoqul oc sco muy dcmuols lo oulstrc ml-

jgc, suklrgr pbrb acs dubrtcs goiboals, la uscjl dglrtbs pabotbs dcmc abs brbòbs, acs hlal-

dhcs jl Fcstco, abs pbambs lobobs y acs agrgcsjl pbz, jbjc qul bfscrflo ab pcaudgôo.

• Bslkþrlsl jl lmpalbr sglmprl y dcmc rlkab

klolrba, pbrb nukultls lo mbjlrb, pgoturb y

abdbs jl abs dubals dcoczdb su prcdljlodgb ydcmpcsgdgôo.

tcxgdgjbj l gobmbfgagjbj qul badbo-

zbo, l godausc la oþmlrc jl pglzbs qul

jlflo dcmpcolr dglrtcs prcjudtcs—

plrc qul oc sco jl cfagkbtcrgc dum-

pagmglotc dcmc lo Lurcpb c Lstbjcs\ogjcs, jcojl abs sbodgcols lxgstlotls

lo ab mbtlrgb sco slvlrbs y sl bpagdbo

oc sôac pbrb ab prcjuddgôo acdba, sgoc

pbrb acs brduacs gmpcrtbjcs.

Tlkþo ac lxpagdb Nbgrc Pbmpacob, kl-

rlotl jl Mbjlrbojgb, dcmpbòíb ufg-dbjb lo Plosgavbogb (Dbajbs), y dco jlmâs jl 60 bòcs jl trbjgdgôo lo ab ib-

frgdbdgôo jl nulkcs pbrb ogòcs, ful-

ob pbrtl jl abs lmprlsbs obdgcobals

jljgdbjbs b prcjudgr brduacs lo

mbjlrb pbrb lstl pþfagdc lspldídc,buoqul oc lmpalb sustbodgbs tôxgdbsba dglo pcr dglotc, sí bpagdb abdbs dbtb-

agzbjbs pcrqul oc bjvglrtlo lo su uscuo prcfalmb jl sbaufrgjbj, lo rlbag-

jbj sôac mgjlo la lildtc jl abs sus-

tbodgbs lo su prcjuddgôo dubojc go-

tlotbo dcoqugstbr mlrdbjc lxtlrocsy çstcs sl als dglrrbo, pcr slkurgjbj.

‑Ab gojustrgb acdba lmpalbo otls ypgoturbs dbtbagzbjbs qul, buoqul lodcodlotrbdgcols muy fbnbs, hbdlo

plagkrcsc la dufc jl mbjlrb mâs pl-

qulòc y jl pbsc, hbdlo govgbfal tbm-

fgço dubaquglr lxpcrtbdgôo b mlrdb-

jcs tbo lxgklotls dcmc la ocrtlbml-

rgdboc c lurcplc”, brmb Pbmpacob.

Pbrb Labjgc Pçrlz, y tba dcmc sl bjl-

abotb lo Jgjâddcs Pgocdhc, ac gjlbals lmpalbr lo ab ibfrgdbdgôo jl mul-

fals goiboals y nukultls, abdbs c pgo-

turbs bducsbs (oc ogtrc dlauaôsgdbs),

prlpbrbr jgrldtbmlotl acs dcacrls b

pbrr jl pgkmlotcs dcobfals y usbrlo acs prcdlscs, dcmpulstcs químgdcs

agfrls jl thgoolr puls, bjlmâs jl slrtôxgdcs pbrb acs ogòcs, ac sco tbmfgço

pbrb acs cplrbrgcs qul acs bpagdbo lopabotb. Jl gkuba mbolrb bjvglrtl quljl lmpalbrsl, oldlsbrgbmlotl, sus-

tbodgbs dco krbjcs míogmcs jl tcxg-

dgjbj lo uo nukultl, pcr lnlmpac, jl-

flo bpagdbrsl lo pbrtls dco abs dubals

la mlocr oc nulkul jgrldtbmlotl.

Bsí, pbrbalac b ackrbr gjlojbj lo ab

prcjuddgôo, ba mbolnc jl dcacrls,

icrmbs y ba prcpôsgtc aþjgdc qul lo-

dglrrbo acs nukultls c acs mulfals

mgsmcs, jgspulstcs lo la lspbdgcgoiboa, ls jlflr jl abs lmprlsbs

qul acs prcjudlo, dcocdlr y bpagdbr

ocrmbs jl slkurgjbj pbrb ab prcjud-

dgôo, mbtlrgbs prgmbs y acs bdbfbjcs,

puls jl laabs jlplojl la fglolstbr

jl uob pcfabdgôo scfrl ab duba hby

lspldgba btlodgôo.

Nulkcs Plagkrcscs

Plrc prlcdupbotlmlotl, acs plagkrcs

b acs qul sl lxpcolo acs ogòcs dubo-jc lolo dcotbdtc dco tbfalrcs, bj-

hlsgvcs, otls y pgoturbs tôxgdbs, hbo

sbatbjc yb jl ab duob ba pbrqul jl

jgvlrsgcols> b acs nulkcs lo mbjlrb

jgspulstcs lo mudhbs jl abs zcobs

vlrjls, qul bfuojbo y qul kczbo jl

krbo prlilrlodgb lotrl acs mlocrls y

pbjrls jl ibmgagb.

Bsí, sl hb jltlrmgobjc qul lo fulob

pbrtl jl ab mbjlrb gomuogzbjb, lm-

palbjb lo ab dcostruddgôo jl pbrquls

goiboals ls trbtbjb, pcr pbrtl jl abslmprlsbs ibfrgdbotls, dco DDB (Dc-

frl + Brsçogdc + Drcmâdc), uo pls-

dgjb qul al jb uo tcoc vlrjcsc, db-

rbdtlrísdc, ba mbtlrgba y qul sg fglo,

lvgtb ab putrlibddgôo jl ab mbjlrb y

prlvglol la btbqul jl gosldtcs, ls ba-

tbmlotl tôxgdb.

Pcr lstb dbusb, la DDB iul prchgfgjc

pcr ab IJB, lo jgdglmfrl jl 6004,

ba dcmprcfbrsl qul la brsçogdc prl-

slotl lo ab dcmpcsgdgôo jla plsdg-

jb puljl sbagr jl ab mbjlrb trbtbjby jlnbr rlsgjucs jla químgdc lo ab

suplrdgl —l godausc lo ab lrrb qul

rcjlb la pbrqul—, ac qul hbdl golvg-

tbfal ab dcotbmgobdgôo jgrldtb jl acs

ogòcs dco la prcjudtc, b trbvçs jl ab

pgla, c su goklsôo sg aulkc jla nulkc

oc hby uo abvbjc dcrrldtc jl mbocs

pbrb tcmbr flfgjbs c bagmlotcs. Ictc> Vlerlc.



Ygsítlocs lo> www.rlvgstb-mm.dcm

ICVLTZBA

Bdtubamlotl, lo Lstbjc \ogjcs, lstâ prchgfgjc la usc jl

DDB pbrb mbjlrbs usbjbs lo nulkcs goiboals, lo nbrjg-

ols, mlsbs jl pgdogd, dlrdbs rlsgjlodgbals, pbsbrlabs y

pgscs, buoqul pbrb lvgtbr ab dcotbmgobdgôo druzbjb dco

mbjlrb trbtbjb dco DDB, botls jl ab ildhb jl prchgfgdgôojl lstb sustbodgb, sl rldcmlojô slaabr ab mbjlrb dco rl-

dufrgmglotcs bducscs y ba scavlotl y bsí lvgtbr ab lmbob-

dgôo jla brsçogdc.

Ctrcs sco acs rldufrgmglotcs bdríagdcs tgpc Absur (prc-

tldtcrls jldcrbtgvcs) qul sl bpagdbo lo dbpbs muy jla-

kbjbs (mgdrcpcrcsbs) y qul cirldlo dcmc vlotbnb uob

batb rlsgstlodgb b acs rbycs \Y, b alvbotbrsl y qulfrbr-

sl jbjc qul ploltrb prciuojbmlotl lo pcrc bfglrtc y

cirldlo ab pcsgfgagjbj jl slr rlpgotbjcs, sgo ab oldlsgjbj

jl rlbagzbr agnbjcs dcmpaltcs scfrl tcjb ab suplrigdgl, lo

uo prcdlsc qul prcjudl dcotbmgobdgôo, prldgsbmlotl,

dco pcavc jl brsçogdc.

Irlotl b tcjc ac dgtbjc, lo Dcacmfgb, jlsbicrtuobjb-

mlotl oc lxgstl pbrb pbrquls, gkuba qul scfrl mulfals c

nukultls, uob alkgsabdgôo slvlrb qul dcotrcal la gmpbdtc

qul abs sustbodgbs tôxgdbs lo prcjudtcs jl mbjlrb lolo

lo acs mlocrls5 mgjbmlotl sl hbo louodgbjc abs rlku-

abdgcols qul sl bpagdbo gotlrobdgcobamlotl buoqul dco

uob vgkgabodgb lo su dumpagmglotc, dbsg ouab.

I c t c s > P a b y K r c u o j .

Bakuobs sustbodgbs lmpalbjbs

lo la trbtbmglotc jl ab mbjlrb

usbjb lo pbrquls goiboals,

sl hbo gjlodbjc dcmcbatbmlotl plagkrcsbs pbrb ab

sbauj humbob, irlotl b lstc,

acs lxplrtcs sukglrlo usbr

prcjudtcs dcmc acs absurls.



7: Ygsítlocs lo> www.rlvgstb-mm.dcm

GOT\MCT

FGCJGTpCOGFGAGJBJ mÂXGmB

Acs nukultls jlflo slr jgslòbjcs y ibfrgdbjcs jl icrmb qul su goklsôo, gohbabdgôo, dcotbdtc dcoab pgla, abs mudcsbs c acs cncs oc prlslotlo rglskcs pbrb ab sbauj. Acs nukultls jlflo dumpagr abs al-

kgsabdgcols plrolotls rlabvbs b jltlrmgobjbs dbtlkcríbs jl prcjudtcs c qul lstbfalzdbo ab prc-

hgfgdgôo, ab agmgtbdgôo jla usc c la lqultbjc jl jltlrmgobjbs sustbodgbs y prlpbrbjcs plagkrcscs

Lo pbrduabr, pbrb prctlklr ab sbauj jl acs ogòcs, ab fgcjgspcogfgagjbj jgbrgb rlsuatbotl jl dcotbdtcdco nukultls y c mulfals lo mbjlrb, oc jlfl lxdljlr acs sgkuglotls aímgtls>

• 0,6 uk jl bomcogc

• 0,2 uk jl brsçogdc

• 6<,0 uk jl fbrgc

• 0,9 uk jl dbjmgc

• 0,4 uk jl drcmc

• 0,; uk jl pacmc

• 0,< uk jl mlrdurgc

• <,0 uk jl slalogc

Jl hldhc, lo bakuocs pbísls, abs ml-

jgjbs rlabdgcobjbs dco la tlmb jl ab

prcjuddgôo jl nukultls y mulfals

goiboals, hbo godaugjc tbmfgço ab

lsdcklodgb dugjbjcsb jl ab mbjlrb,scfrl ac duba, abs bklodgbs bmfglo-

tbals lurcplbs rldcmglojbo, pcr

lnlmpac, labfcrbr duobs c dbmbs

pbrb flfç, b pbrr jl mbjlrb sôagjb

lxdausgvbmlotl.

Pcr trbtbrsl jl uo prcfalmb jl sbauj

pþfagdb, qul bmlobzb dbaabjbmlotl

ab sbauj y la fglolstbr jl acs usubrgcs

jl prcjudtcs lo mbjlrb y la jl acs

ogòcs, lo pbrduabr, y pcrqul b jgil-

rlodgb jl ctrcs pbísls qul hbo bj-

vlrjc lo çstl, uo rglskc jl urklotldcotrca, sl bjvglrtl ab oldlsgjbj jl

gmpuasbr uob rlkuabdgôo lo ab duba

sl gojgqul, pcr pbrtl jla ibfrgdbotl

jl mulfals, qul pc jl pgoturbs y

pgkmlotcs usb, pbrb qul la daglotl

lsdcnb, b dcodglodgb, la qul mâs al

dcovglol b su ibmgagb.

D

Lo Lurcpb, jcojl bpagdbo abs jl ab Bklodgb2)

Bmfglotba Lurcplb, LLB (Lurcplbo Lovgrc-

mlot Bklody).

Tbturogsmc c paumfcsgs> loilrmljbj dbu- 6)

sbjb pcr gotcxgdbdgôo dco sbals jl Pacmc

qul prcjudl, lo quglo ab pbjldl, baudgob-

dgcols, dôagdcs, dcmpcrtbmglotcs bkrlsgvcs,

bjlmâs jl bolmgb, jlfgjc b qul la Pacmc

facqulb ab síotlsgs jl hlmckacfgob y batlrb

la trbospcrtl jl cxíkloc b ab sbokrl y hbdgb

acs jlmâs ôrkbocs jla dulrpc. Tl drll qul

lstbs rlbddgcols sco prcvcdbjbs trbs ab sus-

tudgôo jl mltbals dcmc D badgc, Hglrrc y

^ god pcr Pacmc jlotrc jl abs lozgmbs qul,

ba oc slr jl gkuba químgdb, prcvcdb ab ibaab lo

abs iuodgcols lozgmâdbs. Ls tbmfgço dbusb,

buoqul mlocs irldulotl, jl hgplrtlosgôo

brtlrgba slduojbrgb.

Iu

Nbgml Bjcaic pgoljb• . Gokloglrc químgdc.

Jgrldtcr Aíolb Mbjlrbs Bmtlx T.B. nb@

bmtlx.dcm.dc

Ybolssb Kômlz Tbotbdcacmb• . Gokloglrb

Bmfglotba. Nlil Klsôo Gotlkrba . Bmtlx T.B.

[email protected]

I c t c > V l e r l c .

Pbrldl quljbr lotcodls lo mbocs

jl acs ibfrgdbotls jl mulfals, nu-

kultls y prcjudtcs lo mbjlrb pbrb

ogòcs y acs jlmbojbotls mgsmcs jl

bqulaacs> la mlrdbjc bjuatc y rls-

pcosbfal— rlkuabr la prcfalmb lo

mlodgôo, lrrbjgdbojc pcr pbrtl jl

acs prgmlrcs y lo ac pcsgfal, ab bpag-

dbdgôo jl sustbodgbs ocdgvbs lo sus

prcjudtcs obals5 y lxgkglojc, acs

slkuojcs, ab suprlsgôo jl pbrtls y

pglzbs tôxgdbs, dco ab rlvgsgôo dugjb-

jcsb jl abs lqultbs prcpgbs jl acs

prcjudtcs, y ab prlilrlodgb scfrl acs

bmgkbfals dco la mljgc bmfglotl

pbrb prlsgcobr tbmfgço ab bpagdbdgôo

jl prâddbs gojustrgbals mâs sbobs y

slkurbs.

I c t c > D r l b d g c o l s y

s l r v g d g c s



70

VLT\MLO Gotrcjuddgôo> ab slkurgjbj cirldgjb pcr acs mbtlrgbals usbjcs pbrb ab ibfrgdbdgôo jlbakuobs hlrrbmglotbs jlstgobjbs b bdtgvgjbjls aþjgdbs y/c bsgstlodgb ljudbtgvb, puljlqul oc sl dcotrcalo bjldubjbmlotl. Bakuobs jl abs sustbodgbs mâs irldulotlmlotlgmpagdbjbs sco acs mltbals plsbjcs dcmc la pacmc y la dbjmgc, prlslotls lo acs

nukultls b trbvçs jla pcagdacrurc jl vgogac (PYD) tbmfgço jlocmgobjc vgogac.Cfnltgvc> rlbagzbr rlvgsgôo tlmâtgdb scfrl ab tcxgdgjbj pctlodgba qul puljlo klolrbr

nukultls y mbtlrgbals ljudbtgvcs, l godlotgvbr ab kçolsgs jl uob dcodglodgb lotrl acsprcilsgcobals jl ab sbauj, pbrb icmlotbr ab scspldhb daíogdb jl pbtcackíbs slduojbrgbsb gotcxgdbdgôo pcr la usc jl nukultls y þtgals lsdcabrls.Mltcjcackíb> sl lxbmgobrco brtíduacs jl rlvgsgcols jl tlmbs, dbscs daíogdcs yrlsuatbjcs jl dcosloscs, qul dcotlmpabrco pbdglotls pljgâtrgdcs jl bmfcs slxcs, loacs dubals sl lstujgô ab rlabdgôo lotrl sustbodgbs prlslotls lo nukultls y mbtlrgbalsljudbtgvcs, dco prcdlscs pbtcaôkgdcs jl tgpc tôxgdc. Tl rlbagzô fþsquljb laldtrôogdblo abs fbsls jl jbtcs VGMB, MLJAGOL, P\F-MLJ y MLTDBPL jla bòc 6004 ba 6007.Zbmfgço sl rlbagzô fþsquljb lo ab rlj vgrtuba pbrb tcmbr lalmlotcs prlslotls lopufagdbdgcols lo prlosb crjgobrgb.Vlsuatbjcs>sl lodcotrbrco ;8 pufagdbdgcols, godaugjbs pâkgobs wlf jl prlosb crjgobrgb.42 dumpaglrco dco acs drgtlrgcs jl godausgôo y tcjbs iulrco tcmbjbs lo dcosgjlrbdgôo.Abs sustbodgbs mâs irldulotlmlotl gmpagdbjbs sco> la pacmc, la dbjmgc, acs itbabtcsy la frcodl, acs dubals sl hbo rlabdgcobjc dco mbogilstbdgcols sutgals c dco pbtcackíbs

dco pctlodgba rglskc jl alsgcols y batlrbdgcols slvlrbs. Lxgstl babrmb lo ab dcmuogjbjklolrba pcr ab icrmb dcmc sl ibfrgdbo y lxplojlo prcjudtcs aþjgdcs pbrb ogòcs.Dcodausgcols> lxgstlo lalmlotcs tôxgdcs lo acs mbtlrgbals aþjgdcs y ljudbtgvcsutgagzbjcs lo ab goibodgb. Jlfl rlbagzbrsl bjldubjc dcotrca jl dbagjbj. La plrscobajl sbauj lodbrkbjc jl ab btlodgôo jl acs goibotls, jlfl prcmcvlr lo ab dcmuogjbj

lo klolrba ab kçolsgs jl uob dcodglodgb, pbrb prlvlogr acs pctlodgbals rglskcs. Vlv.dglod.fgcmlj. 602654(2)>70-78

ZCXGDGJBJ JL LALMLOZCT AÞJGDCT W

MBZLVGBALT LJ\DBZGYCT. \OB GOYGZBDGÔO B ABDCODGLODGBDGÔO

B[BVLOLTT CI ZCXGD DHLMGDBAT GO LOZLVZBGOMLOZ BOJ

LJ\DBZGCOBA MBZLVGBAT

Icotbavc-Vgvlrb Jgagb2

Dbjlob -Dbjlob Ybolssb6

Ngmçolz-Aabmbs Vcslgmb6

Vcmlrc-Fulavbs Agagbob6

Tbabs-Hloríqulz Kgslaal6

Ylrb-Kômlz Nubo6

Ygaabmgzbr-Pçrlz Tusbob6

Dcrrlspcojlodgb> [email protected]

Vldgfgjc pbrb lvbaubdgôo> slplmfrl — 2< — 6022. Bdlptbjc pbrb pufagdbdgôo> mbrzc — 6 — 6026

2 Mçjgdc. Pljgbtrb. Jcdlotl \ogvlrsgjbj jla Tgoþ Tlddgcoba Dbrtbklob. Dcacmfgb.6 Lstujgbotls Lsdulab jl Mljgdgob. \ogvlrsgjbj jla Tgoþ Tlddgcoba Dbrtbklob. Dcacmfgb.

V L Y G T Z B D G L O D G B T F G C M Ç J G D B T

BVZÍD\ACT JL VLYGTGÔO



72

GTTO> 662<-;8:0, 4(2), nuogc 6026, Icotbavc-Vgvlrb Jgagb, Dbjlob -Dbjlob Ybolssb, Ngmçolz-Aabmbs Vcslgmb, Vcmlrc-Fulavbs Agagbob,Tbabs-Hloríqulz Kgslaal, Ylrb-Kômlz Nubo, Ygaabmgzbr-Pçrlz Tusbob

GOZVCJ\DDGÔO

Acs nukultls icrmbo pbrtl gmpcrtbotljla jlsbrrcaac jl acs ogòcs. La dcotbdtcdco nukultls dcmglozb pcdc jlspuçs jla

obdgmglotc y dcotgoþb jurbotl tcjb ab ogòlz.La bdlrdbmglotc b acs nukultls y ab icrmbjl usbracs vbrgbrâ dco ab ljbj, ab ibsl jlajlsbrrcaac, la gotlaldtc y ab hbfgagjbj iísgdb.Acs nukultls jlflo slr slkurcs, fglojgslòbjcs, dcrrlspcojlr b ab ljbj jl acsusubrgcs, slr jurbjlrcs y oc tôxgdcs (2).

Ab Dcmgsgôo scfrl Tlkurgjbj jl Prcjudtcspbrb la Dcosumc jl acs Lstbjcs \ogjcs(http>//www.dpsd.kcv/ ) cfslrvô qul lo labòc 6006, jl 2::6:0 alsgcols bscdgbjbsb nukultls qul sl btlojglrco lo sbabs jl

lmlrklodgb jl hcspgtbals, la 76.<% tuvccrgklo mldâogdc, 2% químgdc, mlocs jla2% laçdtrgdcs c rlabdgcobjcs dco iulkc y9.:% oc tloíbo dbusb lspldídb. La :9%jl acs dbscs sudljgô lo ogòcs mlocrls jldgodc bòcs, la 66% lo goibotls dco ljbjlsdcmprlojgjbs lotrl dgodc y oulvl bòcs, la8% lo la rbokc jl jglz b dbtcrdl bòcs y la 6:% lo ogòcs jl qugodl c mâs bòcs.

Ls gmpcrtbotl lxbmgobr la dcotlxtc jl acslvlotubals rglskcs químgdcs jl acs nukultlsy acs mbtlrgbals jl bpcyc ljudbtgvc (6,4). Ablxpcsgdgôo b sustbodgbs químgdbs prlslotlslo lscs lalmlotcs y acs lildtcs pctlodgbals

qul laacs klolrlo scfrl ab sbauj goibotga,jlflo slr bjldubjbmlotl gotlrrckbjcs yvbacrbjcs lo ab btlodgôo daíogdb (:).

CFNLZGYC

Vlbagzbr rlvgsgôo tlmâtgdb scfrl la rglskc jltcxgdgjbj jl acs lalmlotcs prlslotls lo acs nukultls y lo acs mbtlrgbals ljudbtgvcs jlusc irldulotl lo ogòcs.

MLZCJCACKÍB

Zgpc jl lstujgc> sl godauylrco rlvgsgcols jltlmbs, rlpcrtl jl dbscs daíogdcs, rlpcrtls jldcmgtçs tçdogdcs y rluogcols jl dcosloscsgotlrobdgcobals y tbmfgço pufagdbdgcols loprlosb crjgobrgb.

Zgpc jl pbrtgdgpbotls> brtíduacs pufagdbjcslo pbdglotls pljgâtrgdcs jl bmfcs slxcslo acs qul lstç lstujgbjb ab rlabdgôo lotrl

PBABFVBT DABYLTZcxgdgjbj5 Gotcxgdbdgôo5 Nukultls5 Mbtlrgbals jgjâdtgdcs5 Ogòcs.

T\MMBVW

Gotrcjudtgco> sldurgty ciilrlj fy thl mbtlrgbas uslj tc mbouibdturl scml tccas icrrldrlbtgcoba bdtgvgtgls boj/cr ljudbtgcoba bssgstbodl mby oct hbvl fllo bjlqubtlaydcotrcaalj. Tcml ci thl sufstbodls mcst irlqulotay govcavlj brl hlbvy mltbas agel albjboj dbjmgum go tcys mbjl cut ci pcayvgoya dhacrgjl (PYD) basc eocwo bs vgoya.Cfnldtgvl> tc plricrm b rlvglw ci pctlotgba tcxgdgty klolrbtlj fy tcys boj ljudbtgcobambtlrgbas, boj rbgsl bwbrlolss bmcok hlbath prcilssgcobas go crjlr tc prcmctl dagogdbasuspgdgco ci gotcxgdbtgco jul tc usl ci tcys boj sdhcca suppagls.Mlthcjcacky> rlvglw brtgdals, dbsl rlpcrts boj dcoslosus bfcut thl rlabtgcoshgpfltwllo dhlmgdbas go tcys boj ljudbtgcoba mbtlrgbas wgth tcxgd pbthcackgls, govcavgok

pljgbtrgd pbtglots ci fcth slxls, wlrl lvbaubtlj. Laldtrcogd slbrdh wbs dcojudtlj goVGMB jbtbfbsl, MLJAGOL, PufMlj boj MLTDBPL ircm 6004 tc 6007. B olwspbplrslbrdh basc wbs mbjl.Vlsuats> wl icuoj ;8 pufagdbtgcos, godaujgok rlkuabr olws wlfsgtls. Zhgrty col mlt thlgodausgco drgtlrgb boj baa wlrl tbelo gotc dcosgjlrbtgco. Zhl sufstbodls mcst irlqulotaygovcavlj wgth tcxgdgty wlrl albj, dbjmgum, phthbabtls boj frcozl, whgdh hbvl fllobsscdgbtlj wgth suftal mbogilstbtgcos cr pctlotgbaay slvlrl jgscrjlrs. Zhlrl gs bdcmmuogty babrm bfcut thl wby prcjudts icr dhgajrlo brl mbouibdturlj boj jgsploslj.Dcodausgcos> thlrl brl tcxgd lalmlots go rldrlbtgcoba boj ljudbtgcoba mbtlrgbas

icr dhgajrlo5 thlrlicrl bjlqubtl qubagty dcotrca gs oldlssbry. Dhgajrloºs hlbath dbrl prckrbms shcuaj prcmctl bwbrlolss bmcok dcmmuogty tc prlvlot pctlotgba rgses.

Vlv.dglod.fgcmlj. 602654(2)>70-78

ELW[CVJZcxgdgty5 Gotcxgdbtgco5 Zcys5 Ljudbtgcoba mbtlrgbas5 Dhgajrlo.



76

Zcxgdgjbj jl lalmlotcs aþjgdcs y mbtlrgbals ljudbtgvcs. \ob govgtbdgôo b ab dcodglodgbdgôo

sustbodgbs prlslotls lo nukultls y mbtlrgbalsljudbtgvcs, dco prcdlscs pbtcaôkgdcs jl tgpctôxgdc. Pâkgobs jl prlosb jgspcogfal lo abrlj vgrtuba.

Lstrbtlkgb jl fþsquljb> sl rlbagzô fþs-quljb laldtrôogdb lo ab fbsl jl jbtcs VGMB,MLJAGOL, P\F-MLJ y MLTDBPL, jla bòc6004 ba 6007. Zbmfgço lo Dcdhrbol DlotrbaVlkgstlr ci Dcotrcaalj Zrgbas (DLOZVBA). Lo acsfusdbjcrls klolrbals pbrb bddljlr b ab prlosbcrjgobrgb. Abs fþsquljbs sl rlbagzbrco lo acsgjgcmbs lspbòca l gokaçs.

Zçrmgocs lo ab fþsquljb> abs pbabfrbsdabvls utgagzbjbs pbrb ab fþsquljb y suklrgjbspcr la Mlsh iulrco> tcxgdgty, pljgbtrgds,ljudbtgcoba mbtlrgbas, tcys y pcgsco.

Mçtcjcs jl rlvgsgôo> acs lstujgcs qulbrrcnbrco acs fusdbjcrls iulrco slalddgcobjcsfbnc drgtlrgcs jl godausgôo. Tl dcotlmpabrcobqulaacs qul bpcrtbrbo jgstgotcs krbjcs jllvgjlodgbs jl ab rlabdgôo lotrl pbtcackíbs yab lxpcsgdgôo b bklotls tôxgdcs qul sl lodco-trbrbo icrmbojc pbrtl jl ab dcmpcsgdgôo jlcfnltcs aþjgdcs c mbtlrgbals lsdcabrls. Jlab prlosb klolrba sl tcmbrco lalmlotcs ydcodlptcs lxprlsbjcs.

Vldcpgabdgôo y boâagsgs jl jbtcs> sllvbaubrco acs lstujgcs jl icrmb gojlplojglotl.

VLT\AZBJCT

Tl lodcotrbrco ;8 pufagdbdgcols, godaugjcsbrtíduacs dglotídcs y pâkgobs wlf jl prlosbcrjgobrgb. Oc sl lodcotrô ogokþo lstujgc cdbsc daíogdc lo ab agtlrbturb dcacmfgbob. 42pufagdbdgcols dumpaglrco dco acs drgtlrgcs jlgodausgôo y tcjcs iulrco dcosgjlrbjcs.

T\TZBODGBT PCZLODGBAMLOZL

ZÔXGDBT

Jgilrlotls prcjudtcs químgdcs qul lstâoprlslotls lo acs mbtlrgbals aþjgdcs y þtgalslsdcabrls, puljlo tlolr lildtcs ocdgvcs pbrbab sbauj. Bsí ls dabrbmlotl prlslotbjc lo abprlosb klolrba y lxgstl lstbjc jl babrmbscfrl acs rglskcs pctlodgbals. Lotrl acsprcjudtcs mâs lstujgbjcs y scfrl acs qullxgstl bmpagb prlcdupbdgôo sco>

PACMC> sl lodulotrb lo mudhcs nukultls,vgtrbals, ncybs (fgsutlríb goibotga), fbrogzbjcjl dlrâmgdbs, kurbs jl pacmc lo mgogbturb,pgoturbs (tçmplrbs), dcsmçtgdcs goibotgals y looumlrcscs bddlscrgcs jl brtl qul sl scagdgtbob acs ogòcs jlotrc jl acs þtgals lsdcabrls (2-20). Zbmfgço lo tuflríb, krgics y fbabs. Lapacmc puljl agflrbrsl jlsjl lscs lalmlotcsl gokrlsbr pcr víbs rlspgrbtcrgbs, jgklstgvbc pgla. Acs ogòcs puljlo bfscrflr hbstb la<0% jla pacmc goklrgjc. Abs mbogilstbdgcolsdaíogdbs jl tcxgdgjbj paþmfgdb jlplojlojl ab víb jl lotrbjb (gohbabdgôo, dcotbdtc cgoklstb), ab dbotgjbj goklrgjb, la tglmpc jllxpcsgdgôo y la ogvla outrgdgcoba jla ogòc. Lapacmc rllmpabzb la dbadgc y sl dcmpcrtbdcmc uo slkuojc mlosbnlrc gotrbdlauabr,batlrbojc ab jgstrgfudgôo jla dbadgc lo acsdcmpbrtgmglotcs jlotrc jl ab dçauab. Bjlmâs

sl uol b ab dbamcjuagob mâs âvgjbmlotlqul la dbadgc, batlrbojc ab rlkuabdgôo jl çstllalmlotc l gohgfl ab fcmfb jl Ob-E-BZPbsb,ac qul bumlotb la dbadgc gotrbdlauabr. Botlfbncs ogvlals jl dbadgc lo la ogòc, sl bumlotbla mltbfcagsmc paþmfgdc (22).

Ab gotcxgdbdgôo dco pacmc puljl slr bkujbc drôogdb. Lo ab prgmlrb abs mbogilstbdgcolspuljlo slr> batlrbdgcols jgklstgvbs (jcacrbfjcmgoba, vômgtcs, hlmcrrbkgb jl víbs jgkls-tgvbs, lstrlògmglotc), hlmbtcaôkgdbs (bolmgbhlmcaítgdb), rlobals (gosudglodgb rloba bku-

jb) y olurcaôkgdbs (dcovuasgcols, dcmb). Abgotcxgdbdgôo drôogdb sl mboglstb tbmfgçodco trbstcrocs jgklstgvcs (jcacr bfjcmgobagotloscs y jgiusc, vômgtcs, dcostgpbdgôol godausc hlpbtgtgs tôxgdb), hlmbtcaôkgdcs(hlmcagsgs y bolmgb pcr ab batlrbdgôo jl absíotlsgs jl ab hlmckacfgob, slduojbrgb b abgohgfgdgôo jl abs lozgmbs jlatb-bmgocalvuaíogdcjlhgjrbsb y ilrrcqulabtbsb), olurcaôkgdcs (dl-ibalbs, goscmogc, jçdgt lo ab btlodgôo y abmlmcrgb, dco jgsmgoudgôo lo la rlojgmglotclsdcabr, batlrbdgcols lo la dcmpcrtbmglotcy pcagolurcpbtíb), rlobals (tufuacpbtíb pcr

jlstruddgôo jl abs dçauabs tufuabrls dcopcstlrgcr frcsgs) y kcobjbals (lo vbrcols>gmpctlodgb, hgpcsplrmgb, tlrbtcsplrmgb ybstlocsplrmgb, lo munlrls> mbycr godgjlodgbjl lstlrgagjbj y bfcrtcs lspcotâolcs (22). Abcrkbogzbdgôo Krlloplbdl (26) hb mbogilstbjcsu prlcdupbdgôo pcr ab slkurgjbj qul puljlocirldlr acs jgilrlotls bjgtgvcs químgdcs qullstâo prlslotls lo jgilrlotls dabsls jl



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prcjudtcs jl dcosumc pbrb ogòcs y pcfabdgôoklolrba.

IZBABZCT> sl hbo utgagzbjc pbrb jbr lildtcjl lxgfgagjbj b prcjudtcs hldhcs dcombtlrgbals paâstgdcs (24). Jgstgotcs çstlrlsjl itbabtcs lstâo lo oumlrcscs nukultlspaâstgdcs jl tcjb íojcal. Lstâo mbsgvbmlotllo acs prcjudtcs jl dcosumc jgbrgc y loacs jl vlotb agfrl lo suplrmlrdbjcs. Tllodulotrbo lo prcjudtcs dcsmçtgdcs y jladugjbjc plrscoba, dcmc dlpgaacs jl jglotls,lsmbatl pbrb uòbs, plriumls, abdbs pbrbla dbflaac, jlscjcrbotls y lalmlotcs jlbslc pbrb la hckbr. Zbmfgço lo mcdhgabs,lstudhls jl aâpgdls y fcrrbjcrls. Mudhcs jllstcs lalmlotcs jl usc dctgjgboc, qul tglolovlrsgcols b lsdbab pbrb slr usbjcs pcr ogòcsy ogòbs dcmc lalmlotcs jl nulkc.

Tl hb dubotgdbjc batbs dcodlotrbdgcols jlitbabtcs lo nukultls mcjlabjcs lo brdgaab(2,9). Hbo sgjc gjlotgdbjcs nukultls paâs-tgdcs dcotloglojc itbabtcs hbstb lo 20 y:0% jl su dcmpcsgdgôo, dgirbs qul scotctbamlotl gobdlptbfals. Jgdhcs nukultlsdcotloíbo prgodgpbamlotl Futgaflodgaitbabtc(FFP) y Jg-gscocagaitbabtc (JGOP) b 46.400mk/ek y 28.<00 mk/ek jla plsc jla mbtlrgbapabstgdbjc, rlspldtgvbmlotl. Zbmfgço slhb slòbabjc ab prlslodgb jl jg-6-ltgahlxgaitbabtc (JLHP), jg-futgaitbabtc (JFP) y Jg-

cdtgaitbabtc (JCP) lo dcodlotrbdgcols jlhbstb :.000 mk/ek jla plsc jla mbtlrgba. Acmâs slrgc ls qul lstbs sustbodgbs sulalo oclstbr pcagmlrgzbjbs jlotrc jl ab mbtrgz jlapaâstgdc, pcr ac tbotc sl puljlo agflrbr dcorlabtgvb ibdgagjbj y lnlrdlr lildtcs jbògocspbrb ab sbauj. Nukultls jl mbab dbagjbjtçdogdb, rlbagzbjcs sgo acs lstâojbrls jlambolnc jl lstcs mbtlrgbals sgotçtgdcs sldcovglrtlo lo uob bmlobzb pbrb ab gotlkrgjbjjla mlocr. Acs itbabtcs sl vbo jlsprlojglojcpbuabtgobmlotl jla lalmlotc aþjgdc dco lapbsc jla tglmpc y la usc, lalvbojc y hbdglojc

drôogdb ab lxpcsgdgôo. Acs itbabtcs prlslotlslo prcjudtcs fabojcs qul sco dcmlrdgbagzbjcspbrb slr dhupbjcs c mcrjgjcs, puljlo slr uorglskc pbrb abdtbotls (24-29).

Ab pctlodgbagjbj tôxgdb jl acs itbabtcs pbrbacs humbocs iul dcosgjlrbjb dcmc fbnb,hbstb qul sl rlpcrtô ab dbrdgocklogdgjbj lorcljcrls (20, 2;,28). Oc tcjcs acs itbabtcs

tglolo gkuba pctlodgbagjbj b gojudgr bdtgvgjbjdbodlríklob, la JLHP ls la qul tglol mlocrbdtgvgjbj. Bjlmâs sl hbo rlabdgcobjc b acsitbabtcs y b sus mltbfôagdcs dco jgsrupdgôoslxuba mbsduagob, yb qul sl dcmpcrtbo dcmcsustbodgbs botgbojrckçogdbs. Twbo (27)lo uo lstujgc rlbagzbjc lo la bòc 600< lovbrcols lotrl jcs y trlgotb y slgs mlsls jlljbj, lodcotrô rlabdgôo lotrl ab lxpcsgdgôogo þtlrc b acs itbabtcs y bdcrtbmglotc jl abjgstbodgb bocklogtba.

Acs ibfrgdbotls tglolo ab mâs gmpcrtbotlrlspcosbfgagjbj ba rlspldtc y jlflo slalddgcobracs mbtlrgbals pcr su slkurgjbj tôxgdb botlsqul pcr ctrcs gotlrlsls prlslotls lo ab dbjlobjl prcjuddgôo. Acs lotls jl dcotrca y vgkgabodgbbsí dcmc abs bklodgbs jl dcotrca bmfglotba yjl sbogjbj, jlflo jgspcolr jl acs abfcrbtcrgcs

y jl abs tldocackíbs sudglotls pbrb rlbagzbrabs mâs lstrgdtbs mljgdgcols tbotc b ab mbtl-rgb prgmb dcmc b acs prcjudtcs lo ibsl jllabfcrbdgôo y acs obagzbjcs. Vlvgsgcols jldcotrca jl dbagjbj rlbagzbjb pcr prcilsgcobalsjgagklotls, jlflo rlbagzbrsl botls qul acsprcjudtcs slbo lxplojgjcs ba pþfagdc (4, :,2:,2<, 60).

BAR\GAILOCALT W BAR\GAILOCALT LZC-XGABJCT> sco botgcxgjbotls qul puljlolstbr prlslotls lo mbtlrgbals rlbagzbjcs dcoPYD. Lstâo godaugjcs lo nukultls, pgnbmbs

y prcjudtcs pbrb ab agmpglzb jla hckbr.Tco dcosgjlrbjcs jgsruptcrls lojcdrgocs,ls jldgr sustbodgbs químgdbs qul puljlobatlrbr ab síotlsgs, iuodgôo y jlkrbjbdgôo jlabs hcrmcobs y sus rldlptcrls dlauabrls.Lo vbrcols puljlo prcjudgr drgptcrqugjgb,batlrbdgcols lo ab dbotgjbj y dbagjbj jlaslmlo, lspldgbamlotl lalvbdgôo lo la rl-dulotc jl lsplrmbtczcgjls bocrmbals. Tlhbo rlabdgcobjc dco hgpckcobjgsmc. Lomunlrls sl hb cfslrvbjc puflrtbj prldcz,cvbrgc pcagquístgdc y lojcmltrgcsgs (<, 2;,28).

FGTILOCA> utgagzbjc lo ab prcjuddgôo jlrlsgobs dcmc la pcagdbrfcobtc paâstgdc, mbtl-rgb prgmb pbrb ab ibfrgdbdgôo jl bakuocs tgpcsjl fgflrcols, usubamlotl acs jl fbnb dbagjbjc fbnc dcstc. Lotrl acs lildtcs tôxgdcs slhbo slòbabjc hgplrbdtgvgjbj, jçdgt jl abbtlodgôo y ab mlmcrgb, bkrlsgvgjbj, bumlotclo ab rlsgstlodgb b ab gosuagob, puflrtbj prl-



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dcz, jgsmgoudgôo lo ab lsplrmbtckçolsgs yjltlrgcrc jl ab iuodgôo gomuol (<,2;).

DBJMGC> prlslotl lo acs nukultls ibfrgdbjcsdco dacrurc jl pcagvgoga (PYD). Hbdl pbrtl jlabs pgoturbs frgaabotls y aabmbtgvbs qul jbobtrbdtgvc bdbfbjc b acs nukultls mltâagdcsy paâstgdcs (6, :, 8-22). Dufrl oumlrcscsmbtlrgbals jâojcals bpbrglodgb mltbagzbjb.Puljl pbsbr jlsjl la rldgpglotl paâstgdc b acsaíqugjcs. La dbjmgc ls agflrbjc dcmc pbrtíduabsobs bçrlbs qul rlbddgcobo dco la cxgklocbmfglotba icrmbojc la ôxgjc jl dbjmgc, qulls gohbabfal y puljl rlsuatbr dbrdgockçogdcb ogvla rlspgrbtcrgc pbrb acs humbocs (8-22,60). Ls tôxgdc tbotc pcr gohbabdgôo dcmc pcrdcotbdtc. Ls lagmgobjc pcr víb rloba. Dubojcacs ogvlals sçrgdcs suplrbo ab dbpbdgjbj jlatrbdgôo rloba, dbusb batlrbdgcols lo acs

tþfuacs jl ab olircob, prljgspcoglojc bgosudglodgb rloba.

Ab goklstb jl flfgjbs qul dcotglolodcodlotrbdgcols suplrgcrls b 2< mk jldbjmgc/agtrc, prcjudlo sgotcmbtcackíb sgmgabrb uob gotcxgdbdgôo bagmlotbrgb. Ab lxpcsgdgôodrôogdb prcjudl> bolmgb hgpcdrômgdb pcrhlmôagsgs y jçdgt jl hglrrc, tgotl bmbrgaac lola lsmbatl jlotbrgc, bocsmgb y olumcogtgsquímgdb. La dbjmgc sl bdumuab lo ab dcrtlzbrloba, sl hb slòbabjc qul hbaabzkcs mbycrlsb 600 uk jl dbjmgc/krbmc plsc jl tlngjc

lo irlsdc, prcjudl jgsiuodgôo tufuabr rlobadco pçrjgjb jl bmgocâdgjcs, kaudcsb ymgolrbals, dcmc la dbadgc, pujglojc gojudgragtgbsgs rloba (60).

FVCODL> ls uob balbdgôo jl dcfrl y lstbòc.Lstâ godaugjc lo prcjudtcs jl ibfrgdbdgôobrtlsboba dcmc la ‑pcavc jl crc”, mbtlrgbafrgaabotl qul sl bpagdb lo jgvlrscs lalmlotcsqul sl lotrlkbo dcmc rldcrjbtcrgcs jl lstbsgoibotgals. Lstb balbdgôo jl icrmb sôagjb ypuavlrgzbjb ls utgagzbjb gojgsdrgmgobjbmlotl ylstâ prlslotl lo drlmbs dcsmçtgdbs qul usbo

bjcalsdlotls, pgoturb pbrb uòbs, tbtubnls,mâsdbrbs y pgoturbs ibdgbals. Tl bkrlkb dc-mc jldcrbdgôo lo jgsirbdls y vlstgmlotbs.Zbmfgço lstâ prlslotl lo icrmb kbslcsb dcmchumcs y vbpcrls. Puljl cdbsgcobr gobmbdgôojl ab mudcsb jla trbdtc rlspgrbtcrgc suplrgcr,dbusbojc cjgocibkgb y tcs. Zbmfgço puljldbusbr dconuotgvgtgs y sgousgtgs. Lstâo jlsdrgtcstrbstcrocs kbstrcgotlstgobals dcmc oâuslbs,

vômgtcs y jcacr bfjcmgoba. Tl hb jlsdrgtcla dcmprcmgsc jla trbdtc rlspgrbtcrgc goilrgcrba dbusbr olumcogtgs químgdb. Tu lxpcsgdgôodrôogdb pcr víb gohbabtcrgb puljl aalvbr b ablotgjbj jlocmgobjb ‑lfrl pcr la mltba”(mltba iuml ilvlr ) dco frcsgs puamcobr ydâodlr jl puamôo (2;, 62).

BVTLOGBZC DVCMBJC JL DCFVL> lm-palbjc pbrb prcacokbr ab vgjb þtga jl abmbjlrb lo lxtlrgcrls. La brsçogdc (Bs), ls uodbrdgoôkloc humboc qul sl atrb iulrb jlab mbjlrb trbtbjb dco brslogbtc drcmbjc jldcfrl (BDD) y bpbrldl lo ab suplrdgl c ploltrbba sulac pcr lildtc jla dagmb. Lo ab RugotbVluogôo jla Icrc Gotlrkuflrobmlotba scfrlTlkurgjbj Ruímgdb, rlbagzbjb lo Fujbplst loslptglmfrl jla 6009 (:), sl slòbaô qul hbyprlslodgb jl ogvlals mâs lalvbjcs jl brsçogdc

lo acs ogòcs qul nulkbo lo lstrudturbs jlmbjlrb trbtbjbs dco BDD irlotl b ogòcs quloc ac hbdlo. Abs mbogilstbdgcols jl tcxgdgjbjjla brsçogdc, jlplojlo jl ab jcsgs y jurbdgôojl ab lxpcsgdgôo. Jcsgs jl 6 mks jl Bs/ekjl plsc dcrpcrba jla gojgvgjuc hbo dbusbjcmulrtl lo slrls humbocs. Jcsgs dcotgoubspcr slmbobs c mlsls jl 0.0< mks jl Bs/ekjl plsc dcrpcrba, hbo dbusbjc batlrbdgcolskbstrcgotlstgobals (jcacr bfjcmgoba rldurrlotly jgbrrlbs), hlmbtcaôkgdbs (bolmgb y aludc-plogb), jçrmgdbs (hgplrpgkmlotbdgôo, hgplr-qulrbtcsgs pbamc-pabotbr y aíolbs fabodbs

trbosvlrsbals lo abs uòbs dcocdgjbs dcmcaíolbs jl Mlls) (2, :, 7).

IGFVBT JL BMGBOZC> la bmgbotc cbsflstc ls uo mbtlrgba dcmpulstc jlfrbs mgolrbals obturbals y ls uo dcocdgjcdbrdgockçogdc, govcaudrbjc lo la mlsctlagcmby lo olcpabsgbs puamcobrls. Lstâ prlslotllo la tbadc qul hbdl pbrtl jl bakuobs mbrdbsjl drlycols, qul acs ogòcs jl pcdb ljbjpuljlo mbstgdbr y jlkautgr. Zbmfgço lstâoprlslotls lo jgstgotcs tgpcs jl tlab dco absqul sl dcoilddgcobo jlabotbals, prlojbs

dcotrbgodlojgcs y kubotls. Tco godaugjcs loab ibfrgdbdgôo jla dbrtôo, pbpla, dlmlotc ydbudhc (2;).

JGLZGALO KAGDCA> tglol alvl sbfcr juadly lstâ godaugjc lo bakuobs drlmbs jlotbals.Tl utgagzb dcmc jgscavlotl lo ab gojustrgb jlab pgoturb y la paâstgdc. Puljl lstbr prlslotllo lstudhls, fcascs, nukultls, fcaíkrbics, abpg-



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dlrcs, fcrrbjcrls y ctrcs þtgals qul tglolo cacriulrtl y sbfcr juadl (2;), ac duba puljl slrbtrbdtgvc pbrb ogòcs, scfrl tcjc acs jl mlocrljbj. Lo la bòc 600; la Jgltgalo kagdca sl slòbaôdcmc rlspcosbfal jl acs lpgscjgcs dcovuasgvcsqul prlslotbrco plrscobs qul utgagzbrco uobdrlmb jlotba ibfrgdbjb lo Dhgob (66). Abgoklstb lo krbojls dbotgjbjls puljl klolrbrbatlrbdgcols olurcaôkgdbs (jlscrglotbdgôol godausc dcovuasgcols), oldrcsgs tufuabrbkujb y bdgjcsgs mltbfôagdb. Ab jcsgs altbapbrb humbocs sl lstgmb lotrl 0.02: b 0.2;0mks/Ek jl plsc jla gojgvgjuc. Ogvlals sçrgdcssuplrgcrls b <0 mk/jA sco usubamlotlbscdgbjcs b gotcxgdbdgôo slrgb (60).

CFNLZCT AÞJGDCT ZÔXGDCT

\oc jl acs cfnltcs batbmlotl tôxgdc y

prlslotl lo dbjb vlz mâs nukultls goibotgalssco abs fbtlríbs c pgabs sldbs. Tco lalmlotcsiuojbmlotbals y oldlsbrgcs lo ab nukultlríbtldogdbjb qul ls ab qul jcmgob la mlrdbjcjl hcy. Oc cfstbotl, abs fbtlríbs badbagobsc oc badbagobs y abs fbtlríbs jl rlacn,puljlo slr pctlodgbamlotl tôxgdbs (64,6:).Dcotglolo mlrdurgc, dgod, ôxgjc jl pabtb,agtgc, hgjrôxgjc sôjgdc c pctâsgdc. Jl slrgoklrgjbs puljlo agflrbr mbtlrgba dcrrcsgvc,dbusbojc gotcxgdbdgôo dâustgdb dco alsgôo jlab mudcsb kbstrcgotlstgoba. Tl hbo jlsdrgtcdbscs jl plricrbdgôo kâstrgdb y lsciâkgdb.

Pcr ab jgvlrsgjbj jl dcmpcolotls prlslotls loabs fbtlríbs c pgabs sldbs sl puljlo prlslotbruob mgsdlaâolb jl mbogilstbdgcols daíogdbs.La mlrdurgc puljl dbusbr alsgcols dlrlfrbalsqul sl lxprlsbo dco rltbrjc lo la jlsbrrcaacpsgdcmctcr, trbstcrocs jla alokubnl y mbrdhb,dlkulrb y dcovuasgcols. Zbmfgço abs fbtlríbssco olirctôxgdbs, puljlo dbusbr jlprlsgôo jlab bdtgvgjbj dcotrâdtga jla mgcdbrjgc y aalvbr bljlmb puamcobr.

Abs fbtlríbs jl agtgc sco olurctôxgdbs, olirc-tôxgdbs y tbmfgço dbusbo jlprlsgôo jl abdcotrbddgôo jla mgcdbrjgc y sufsgkuglotlljlmb puamcobr. Abs jl dbjmgc klolrboolumcogtgs y oldrcsgs tufuabr rloba. Absfbtlríbs ogqulabjbs prcjudlo jlrmbtgtgs. Abgohbabdgôo c goklstb dbusb frcoqugtgs drôogdb,alsgôo jl slocs pbrbobsbals l godausc sl alhb btrgfugjc lildtc dbodlríkloc lo puamôo(64,6:).

Mudhcs nukultls y mbtlrgbals ljudbtgvcsbmlrgtbo uob pctlotl y/c jurbjlrb iulotljl lolrkíb, pbrb su dcrrldtc iuodgcobmglotc,l godausc la btrbdtgvc lstâ jbjc pcr abjgoâmgdb klolrbjb pcr ab lolrkíb. Tgolmfbrkc mudhcs nukultls oc hbo sgjcdugjbjcsbmlotl jgslòbjcs pbrb klolrbrab oldlsbrgb slkurgjbj, laac jlflo tlolracprlslotl acs pbjrls ba bjqugrgracs. Puljlodbrldlr jl dcmpbrtgmglotcs bjldubjcsqul bacnlo lstcs lalmlotcs dco bfscautbslkurgjbj, pbrb lvgtbr ab mbogpuabdgôo y abgoklstb bddgjlotba.

Nukultls prlslotls lo la dcmlrdgc puljlodcotlolr mbtlrgba qul cirlzdb rglskcs pbrb absbauj y ab gotlkrgjbj jla ogòc. Ls gmpcrtbotlla lalmlotc químgdc, dcmc su dcodlotrbdgôoy ab pctlodgbagjbj jl agflrbdgôo (6<-6;).

Oc tcjcs acs nukultls sco bjldubjcspbrb tcjbs abs ljbjls y oc scabmlotlla tbmbòc c la dcmpcolotl baçrkgdc,jlfglslo slr dcosgjlrbjcs. Tlrâ gmpcrtbotltcmbr prldbudgcols lo acs abdtbotls qulocrmbamlotl sl aalvbo acs cfnltcs b ab fcdb.Pbrb klolrbr dcodglodgb jl ab dbotgjbj jlmbtlrgbals jgspcogfals qul puljlo tlolrdcmpcolotls qul bildtlo ab sbauj jla ogòcy acs nôvlols, sl prlslotb uo agstbjc lo abtbfab O¾ 2. Ls iuojbmlotba botls jl cirldlruo nukultl c uo mbtlrgba jgjâdtgdc b uoogòc, sl tlokb ab slkurgjbj jl su dbagjbj,

lmprlsb c gojustrgb qul ac hb ibfrgdbjc y lapbís qul jlfl hbflr rlkuabjc y suplrvgsbjcsu ibfrgdbdgôo.

Acs ogòcs pcr ab gombjurlz puljlo slrmâs susdlptgfals b ab tcxgdgjbj jl bakuobssustbodgbs. Tl jlfl loslòbr la bjldubjcusc jl nukultls y þtgals lsdcabrls pbrbrljudgr acs rglskcs, lvgtbr acs bddgjlotls yab lxpcsgdgôo b acs dcmpcolotls químgdcs.Jlfl loslòbrsl b acs ogòcs b lvgtbr dhupbrc jlkautgr prcjudtcs qul oc jlflo lstbrlo dcotbdtc la trbdtc jgklstgvc, oc qulmbr

acs qul puljlo agflrbr sustbodgbs vcaâtgalstôxgdbs y tlolr prlslotl acs dubjrcs jçr-mgdcs qul sl prlslotlo b dcosldulodgbs jladcotbdtc c mbogpuabdgôo jl acs nukultls.

Acs kcfglrocs jlflo alkgsabr y prcmcvlrbddgcols jl vgkgabodgb y dcotrca scfrl ab dbagjbj,ab purlzb y ab slkurgjbj jl ab mbtlrgb prgmbdco ab duba sl ibfrgdbo acs nukultls, scfrl acs



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jgstgotcs dcmpcolotls, sus dcodlotrbdgcolsy rglskcs jlmcstrbjcs. Acs ibfrgdbotls jl-flo cirldlr prcjudtcs qul slbo tctbamlotlslkurcs y dco fbncs rglskc jl gotcxgdbdgôoc jbòc b ab sbauj jl acs goibotls, dco bjl-dubjc dcotrca jl dbagjbj lo la prcdlsc jlibfrgdbdgôo, ac duba govcaudrb uo dcmprcmgscçtgdc. Tgo lmfbrkc, lo cdbsgcols lstcs jcsdrgtlrgcs oc sl dumpalo dco la rgkcr lsplrbjc.Ls iuojbmlotba rlvgsbr ab mbouibdturb jla nukultl c mbtlrgba ljudbtgvc. Ab scagjlz jlsus dcmpcolotls, acs jltbaals lo dubotc bab ibfrgdbdgôo, abs mljgjbs tcmbjbs pbrbcduatbr lalmlotcs plqulòcs c prcpgbmlotljl rgls-kcs dcmc pgabs, dbfals, mbtlrgbalspuozbotls, plqulòcs lalmlotcs, aíqugjcs,pcavcs, ltd. Gjlotgdbr la ibfrgdbotl, la pbís

jl ibfrgdbdgôo y su pctlodgba dcmprcmgscdco ab slkurgjbj lo klolrba, bmfglotba ydco ab prlvlodgôo jl ab gotcxgdbdgôo. Pbjrls,jcdlotls y bjuatcs lo klolrba, jlflo lotrlkbrb uo ogòc uo nukultl qul slb bjldubjc b suljbj y jlsbrrcaac psgdcmctrgz, dcosgjlrbojctbmbòc, dcmpcolotls, bdbfbjcs, ltd. Jlfllvgtbrsl nukultls jl críklols oc dabrbmlotllstbfaldgjcs, jl ibfrgdbotls jlsdcocdgjcs yoc fglo dcotrbmbrdbjcs.

MLJGJBT ALKBALT LO DCACMFGB

Lo Dcacmfgb hbo sgjc lxpljgjbs, ab rlscaudgôo42<8 jla 600; pcr pbrtl jla Mgogstlrgc jl abPrctlddgôo Tcdgba> (http>//www.badbajgbfckctb.kcv.dc/sgsnur/ocrmbs/Ocrmb2.nsp3g=40;<:) y

ab dgrduabr lxtlrob 70:7 qul lmgtl ab rlscaudgôo4997 jla 600;>(https>//www.mgodcmlrdgc.kcv.dc/jlsdbrkbr.php3gjIgal=678), abs dubalslstbfaldlo dcojgdgcols lo dubotc b slkurgjbjpbrb nukultls y mbtlrgbals ljudbtgvcs, qulpuljlo sgotltgzbrsl jl ab sgkuglotl mbolrb>

B) Acs nukultls y sus pbrtls, bsí dcmcsus uogcols, pbrb la dbsc jl nukultlsjlsmcotbfals, jlflrâo tlolr ab rlsgstlodgbmldâogdb y ab lstbfgagjbj sudglotl pbrbscpcrtbr abs tlosgcols jlfgjbs ba usc,sgo rcturbs c jlicrmbdgcols qul puljbo

dbusbr hlrgjbs.

F) Acs fcrjls bddlsgfals, sbaglotls, dulrjbs,dbfals y nbdgcols jl acs nukultls jlflojgslòbrsl y dcostrugrsl jl mbolrb qul ladcotbdtc dco laacs oc prlslotl rglskcs jlalsgcols dcrpcrbals.

D) Acs nukultls jlflrâo dcodlfgrsl y ibfrg-dbrsl jl icrmb qul sl rljuzdbo ba míogmcacs rglskcs jl hlrgjbs qul puljbo slrprcvcdbjcs pcr la mcvgmglotc jl suspbrtls.

J) Acs nukultls, sus dcmpcolotls y suspbrtls rlmcvgfals, jlstgobjcs b ogòcsjl ljbj goilrgcr b trlgotb y slgs mlsls,jlflrâo slr jl jgmlosgcols sudglotlspbrb qul oc puljbo slr trbkbjcs y/cgohbabjcs.

L) Acs nukultls, sus pbrtls y acs lmfbabnlslo qul sl prlslotlo pbrb su vlotb ba pcrmlocr, oc jlflrâo prlslotbr rglskc jllstrbokuabmglotc c bsxgb.

I) Acs nukultls pbrb usc lo la bkub cpbrb aalvbr uo ogòc b trbvçs jla bkub,jlflrâo dcodlfgrsl y ibfrgdbrsl jl icrmbqul sl rljuzdb ba míogmc, la rglskc jlhuojgmglotc jla nukultl y ab pçrjgjb jlbpcyc pbrb la ogòc.

K) Acs nukultls lo ac qul sl puljb lotrbr yqul dcostgtuybo pcr ac tbotc uo lspbdgc

Zbfab O¾ 2Nukultls qul puljlo cirldlr

lvlotubals rglskcs

• Nukultls pbrb mcrjlr (bpbdgkubjcrls y pbrbbagvgbr abs mbogilstbdgcols jla frctl jl abjlotgdgôo)

• Dcsmçtgdcs y ncybs jl ibotbsíb

• Mbtlrgbals jgjâdtgdcs pbrb brtls y mboubag-jbjls

• Drlycols, aâpgdls, fcaíkrbics, mbrdbjcrls,pgoturbs, frgaacs

• Brdgaabs y mbtlrgbals pbrb mcajlbr, pabstgagob,ylsc

• Nulkcs jl abfcrbtcrgcs jl químgdb• Brmbs jl nukultl• Nukultls dco fbtlríbs• Nukultls qul dcotlokbo aíqugjcs• Nukultls qul tlokbo slddgcols jl paâstgdc• Nukultls ibfrgdbjcs dco tlxtgals (plaudhls)• Nukultls jl jujcsb prcdljlodgb y sgo ltg-

qultbs.

• Nukultls jl acs qul iâdgamlotl sl agflrlo susdcmpcolotls> pgoturbs, lsdbrdhbs, fctcols,vgrutbs, tbadc, brlob

• Dbodhbs jl nulkc (puljlo tlolr pacmcdcmc rlvlstgmglotc)

• Nukultls jl mbjlrb u ctrbs suplrdgls (rl-vgsbr ab dbagjbj jl ab pgoturb y la rlvlstg-mglotc)



7;


dlrrbjc, jlflrâo dcotbr dco uo sgstlmbjl sbagjb iâdga jl bfrgr jlsjl la gotlrgcr.

H) Acs nukultls qul dcolrbo mcvgagjbj bsus usubrgcs jlflrâo lo ab mljgjb jl acpcsgfal, aalvbr godcrpcrbjc uo sgstlmb jlirloc bjbptbjc ba tgpc jl nukultl y qullstç lo rlabdgôo dco ab lolrkíb dgoçtgdbjlsbrrcaabjb pcr la mgsmc. Jgdhc sgstlmbjlflrâ slr jl iâdga utgagzbdgôo pcr sususubrgcs, sgo plagkrc jl prcylddgôo c jlhlrgjbs pbrb acs mgsmcs c pbrb tlrdlrcs.

G) Acs nukultls jlflrâo slr jgslòbjcs yibfrgdbjcs jl icrmb qul su goklstgôogohbabdgôo, dcotbdtc dco ab pgla, absmudcsbs c acs cncs, oc prlslotlo rglskcpbrb ab sbauj c plagkrcs jl hlrgjbs, lodbsc jl su utgagzbdgôo.

N) Ab fgcjgspcogfgagjbj jgbrgb rlsuatbotl jlausc jl acs nukultls oc jlflrâ lxdljlr jl>0.6 α k jl botgmcogc,0.2α k jl brsçogdc,6<α k jl fbrgc,0.9 α k jl dbjmgc,0.4 α kjl drcmc,0.; α k jl pacmc,0.< α k jlmlrdurgc,<.0α k jl slalogc.

E) Acs nukultls oc jlflrâo slr lxpacsgvcsc dcotlolr lalmlotcs c sustbodgbs qulpuljbo lxpactbr.

A) Acs nukultls qul pcr rbzôo jl su usc, b

qul sl jlstgolo, dcotlokbo sustbodgbs cprlpbrbjcs plagkrcscs (mcjlabjc paâstgdcc dlrâmgdc, lsmbatbjc, ictckrbiíb u ctrbsbdtgvgjbjls sgmgabrls), oc jlflo dcotlolrsustbodgbs c prlpbrbjcs qul puljbo aalkbrb slr gobmbfals dcmc dcosldulodgb jlab pçrjgjb jl dcmpcolotls vcaâtgals ocgobmbfals.

M) Acs nukultls qul dcotlokbo lalmlotcs qulprcjuzdbo dbacr jlflrâo dcostrugrsl jl tbaicrmb qul ab tlmplrbturb mâxgmb qulbadbodl dubaquglr suplrdgl jl dcotbdtc,

oc puljb prcvcdbr qulmbjurb ba tcdbrabs.

O) Acs nukultls qul dcotlokbo itbabtcs,jlstgobjcs b slr gotrcjudgjcs lo ab fcdbpcr ogòcs mlocrls jl trls bòcs, ocpcjrâo slr ibfrgdbjcs, gmpcrtbjcs ogdcmlrdgbagzbjcs lo la tlrrgtcrgc obdgcoba.

Plsl b lstbs jgspcsgdgcols ls irldulotlcfslrvbr nukultls qul oc dumpalo abslxgklodgbs iísgdbs c jl lmfbabnl prlslotlslo ab ocrmbtgvgjbj. Prcjudtcs trbíjcs jldcotrbfbojc, oc scmltgjcs b dcotrca jldbagjbj c sgo slr lstujgbjcs jlsjl la puotcjl vgstb iísgdc-químgdc puljlo slr uo brmbaltba (bkujb c drôogdb) y oc uo nukultl pbrbogòcs. Ab flaalzb jla nukultl sulal lstbr jbjbpcr su jgslòc y ab mbkogtuj jl prlslodgbjl sus dcmpcolotls. Zlolr prlslotl quluo prcjudtc químgdc puljl slr tôxgdc jlbdulrjc b ab vuaolrbfgagjbj jl abs plrscobs,ba tglmpc jl lxpcsgdgôo y b ab dcodlotrbdgôojla prcjudtc (2;).

DCODA\TGCOLT

Lo ab ibfrgdbdgôo jl acs nukultls y acs

mbtlrgbals ljudbtgvcs pbrb usc dcmc þtgalslsdcabrls, sl sulalo utgagzbr mbtlrgbalsquímgdcs qul pctlodgbamlotl puljlo slrtôxgdcs c dbusbr prcfalmbs jl sbauj. Tl jlflklolrbagzbr dcodglodgb jl jgdhb sgtubdgôodcmc uob rlbagjbj bdtuba. Ab ibfrgdbdgôo jl nukultls y mbtlrgbals ljudbtgvcs jlfl aalvbrgmpaídgtc uo bjldubjc dcmpcrtbmglotc çtgdcjl acs ibfrgdbotls. Acs lotls kuflrobmlotbalsjlflo vgkgabr ab ibfrgdbdgôo, gokrlsc jlsjlctrcs pbísls y ab dcmlrdgbagzbdgôo jl prcjudtcsaþjgdcs y ljudbtgvcs. Acs prcilsgcobals jl absbauj qul btglojlo goibotls jlflo rlbagzbr

uo dcrrldtc bjcdtrgobmglotc b acs pbjrlsy lo ab hgstcrgb daíogdb rlbagzbr prlkuotbsrlilrlotls b acs lalmlotcs jl jgstrbddgôo yicrmbdgôo. Ls gmpcrtbotl slr bdudgcscs lo abfþsquljb jl abs mbogilstbdgcols daíogdbs qulsl prlslotbo lo abs gotcxgdbdgcols bkujbs ydrôogdbs. Acs bjuatcs jlflo slr rlspcosbfalsba bjqugrgr acs prcjudtcs qul al vbo b lotrlkbrb acs ogòcs dcmc nukultls. Abs gostgtudgcolsjl ljudbdgôo jlflo slr lstrgdtcs lo acsþtgals lsdcabrls scagdgtbjcs y b trbvçs jl acsjcdlotls, vgkgabr la dcrrldtc usc jla mbtlrgbapbrb lvgtbr lxpcsgdgcols rglskcsbs.

DCOIAGDZCT JL GOZLVÇT> ogokuoc quljldabrbr.

IGOBODGBDGÔO> rldurscs prcpgcs jl acsbutcrls.



78


FGFAGCKVBIÍB

2. Hbaalr D. Mbjl go Dhgob. N ci Mljgdba Zcxgdcacky. 60085:(6)>2:2-2:6.6. Eumbr B, Pbstcrl P. Albj boj dbjmgum go scit pabstgd tcys. Durrlot Tdglodl. 600;574(9)>828-66.4. Fustbmbotl-Mcotls P. Oldlsgjbjls rlkuabtcrgbs scfrl acs lildtcs jl acs pabstgdbotls lo ab

pcfabdgôo goibotga. Tbauj Pþfagdb jl Mçxgdc. 600;5 :7>;6-;<.:. Crkbogzbdgôo Muojgba jl ab Tbauj. Icrc Gotlrkuflrobmlotba scfrl Tlkurgjbj Ruímgdb (GIDT).

Rugotb Vluogôo. Fujbplst, Huokríb. 6009 Ubddlsc 20 jl mbrzc jl 6022]. Jgspcogfal lo>www.

whc.got/lotgty/gids/jcdumlots/icrums/.../lxldSsumSsp.pji .<. Krlloplbdl Vlslbrdh Abfcrbtcrgls, \ogvlrsgty ci Lxltlr, \E. 6002. Ubddlsc 20 bfrga jl 6022].

Jl> Ttrgoklr V, Nchosco P, Lrry F. Zcxgd dhlmgdbas go b dhgaj‗s wcraj> bo govlstgkbtgco ci gotc PYDpabstgds prcjudts. Jgspcogfal lo> http>//www.krlloplbdl.tc/pufagdbtgcos/pvddhgajswcraj.pji.

9. Dlotlrs icr Jgslbsl Dcotrca boj Prlvlotgco (DJD). Lstbjcs \ogjcs jl Bmçrgdb. 2779. Ubddlsc mbrzc6 jl 6022]. Jl> Dcosumlr Prcjudt Tbilty Dcmmgsgco (DPTD).Zcy-Vlabtlj Gonurgls Bmcok Dhgajrloboj Zllobklrs. Jgspcogfals lo> http>//www.djd.kcv/mmwr/prlvglw/mmwrhtma/000<0:;4.htm.

;. Elaaly M, [btsco P, Zhcrtco J, Hbapgo Z. Albj gotcxgdbtgco bsscdgbtlj wgth dhlwgok pabstgd wgrldcbtgok. Mcrfgjgty Mcrtbagty [eay Vlp. 27745:6> :9<-:9;.

8. Hcrtco Hgkh Tdhcca. Krlloplbdl, \TB. 2778 Ubddlsc bfrga 4 jl 6022]. Jl> Ncslph, Jg Kbokg, Albjboj dbjmgum go dhgajrlo‗s vgoya prcjudts. Jgspcogfal lo>http>//www.hcrtco.ljolt.os.db/stbii/ wlff/sdglodl20/Dhlmgstry/tcys%60boj%60tcxgos.pji.

7. Fldelr M. Zcxgd Dhlmgdbas go Zcys boj Dhgajrlo‗s Prcjudts> Agmgtbtgcos ci Durrlot Vlspcoslsboj Vldcmmlojbtgcos icr Kcvlromlot boj Gojustry. Lovgrcomlotba Tdglodl & Zldhocacky.60075:4(22)>:600—:609.

20. Dcosumlr Prcjudt Tbilty Dcmmgssgco.\TB. 6020. Ubddlsc bfrga 6 jl 6022]. Jl> Zlolofbum, G.Kugjl icr Pbrlots> thl Jboklrs ci Hlbvy Mltbas go Dhgajrlo‗s Nlwlary. Jgspcogfal lo> http>//www.dpsd.kcv/cosbilty/6020/02/kugjl-icr-pbrlots-thl-jboklrs-ci-hlbvy-mltbas-go-dhgajrlosnlwlary/

22. Bsdgcol G. Gotcxgdbdgôo pcr pacmc lo pljgbtríb. Brdh Pljgbtr \ruk. 60025 ;6(6)>244-248.26. Olthlrabojs Crkbogzbtgco icr Bppaglj Tdglotgd Vlslbrdh. Vcmb, Gtbagb. 600< Ubddlsc lo ilfrlrc

6 jl 6022]. Jl> Pltlrs VNF. Dhlmgdba Bjjgtgvls go Dcosumlr Prcjudts. ZOC-rlpcrt V&G=B V600</099. Jgspcogfal lo> http>//www.krlloplbdl.crk/gotlrobtgcoba/Kacfba/gotlrobtgcoba/pabolt-6/ rlpcrt/600</:/dhlmgdba-bjjgtgvls-go-dcosumlr.pji.

24. Ttrgoklr V, Abfuoseb G, Tbotgaac J, Nchosco P, Tgjjcro N, Ttlphloslo B. Dcodlotrbtgco ci phthbabtllstlrs boj gjlotgdbtgco ci thlsl bjjgtgvls go PYD dhgajrlo‗s tcys. Lovgrcomlotba Tdg Pcaautgco Vls.6000>;(2)56;-49.

2:. Gostgtutc Obdgcoba jl Tbauj Pþfagdb y Mljgc Bmfglotl, Mgogstlrgc jl Tbauj, Fglolstbr Tcdgba yJlpcrtls Hcabojçs. Hcabojb.2778. (bddlsc ilfrlrc 4 jl 6022). Jl> Krupc jl Dcoslosc Hcabojçs.Agflrbdgôo jl itbabtcs jlsjl nukultls jl PYD fabojc pbrb flfçs. Jgspcogfal lo> www.pabstgvgjb.dcm.br/pji/26.pji .

2<. Dlotrc jl Goicrmbdgôo Zçdogdb. Brklotgob. 2778 Ubddlsc lo bfrga 4 jl 6022] Jl> Krupc jl trbfbncjl Dcmgtç Zçdogdc. Nukultls jl PYD Lstbjc jl sgtubdgôo. Fcaltío Zçdogdc Goicrmbtgvc O¾ 26.Jgspcogfal lo www.pabstgvgjb.dcm.br

29. Elh-Dhuh Zgok , Mcjbo K, Kbrfgo C. KD/MT Tdrllogok Mlthcj icr Phthbabtl Lstlrs go Dhgajrlo‗sZcys. Ncuroba ci BCBD Gotlrobtgcoba. 6007576(4)>7<2-7<8.

2;. \.T. Dcosumlr Prcjudt Tbilty Dcmmgssgco. Lstbjcs \ogjcs jl Bmçrgdb. 6020 Ubddlsc la : jlbfrga jl 6022]. IBI God. rldbaas dhgajrlo‗s oldeabdls scaj lxdausgvlay bt [bambrt Ttcrls jul tchgkh alvlas ci dbjmgum. Vlalbsl #20-26. Jgspcogfal lo>http>//www.dpsd.kcv/dpsdpuf/prlrla/

prhtma20/2026;.htma 28. [cmlo go Lurcpl icr b Dcmmco Iuturl> [LDI. Krbo Frltlòb. 6008 Ubddlsc la 4 jl bfrga jl 6022].

Lurcplbo Zcy Tbilty Jgrldtgvls [gaa Dhgajrlo Vlbaay Fl Tbil ircm Hbzbrjcus Dhlmgdbas go Zcys3Jgspcogfal lo> http>//www.wldi.lu/lokagsh/pufagdbtgcos/6008/tcy-pcsgtgcopbplr.php.

27. Twbo T, Aug I, Hgols M, Erusl V, [bok, D, Vljmco F, [lgss F. Prlobtba phthbabtl lxpcsurl bojrljudlj mbsduagol paby go fcys. Got. N. Bojrca. 6020544(6)>6<7-697.

60. Kuoobr O. Mltbals> Prcpgljbjls químgdbs y tcxgdgjbj. Lo> Tbauj goibotga y mljgc bmfglotl loBmçrgdb jla Ocrtl> uo prgmlr goicrml scfrl gojgdbjcrls y mljgdgcols jgspcogfals. 6009. p 94.

62. Pbsdbal B, Flaac C , Ilroâojlz T , LaaºBdqub D .Lxpcsgdgôo bddgjlotba ba pcavc jl crc. Brdh. Pljgbtr.\ruk. 60045;:(6)>227-266.

66. Vlutlrs. \TB. 600; Ubddlsc la 4 jl bfrga jl 6022]. \.T. slgzls tbgotlj tccthpbstl mbjl go Dhgob.Jgspcogfal lo>http>//www.rlutlrs.dcm/brtgdal/tcpOlws/gj\T[BZ00;9::600;09023illjZypl=VTT.

64. Fbolrnll V, Vbc K, Trgrbm P, Pbvbo E, Vljjy J. Futtco fbttlry goklstgco. Gojgbo N Pljgbtr.600<5;6(6)>2;4-2;:.

6:. Zbmbyc A, Zbpgb V, Wbogqulz V. Alsgcols dâustgdbs pcr goklstb jl pgabs badbagobs> rlpcrtl jl jcsdbscs. Dubjlrocs Hcspgtba jl Daíogdbs. 60085 <4(2)>64-68.

6<. Crtmboo A, Nblklr M, Nbmls A, Tdhlxobyjlr T. Dcmb go b 60-mcoth-caj dhgaj ircm bo goklstgcoci b tcy dcotbgogok 2,:-futboljgca, b prldurscr cii-hyjrcxyfutyrbtl. Pljgbtrgd Lmlrklody Dbrl.600756<(22)>;<8-;90.

69. Hlrrboz M, Dalrgkuç O. Gotcxgdbdgôo lo ogòcs> mltbhlmckacfgolmgb. Bobals. 6004569(2)>607-66:.6;. Dhbvls E. Gotcxgdbdgôo pcr boís jl lstrlaab. Bdtb Pljgâtrgdb Dcstbrrgdlosl. 6007562(2)>90-92.



Ab pgoturb y la frgdcabnl

Lildtcs tôxgdcs jl abs pgoturbsAbs pgoturbs qul hbfgtubamlotlutgagzbmcs pcsllo bklotlsdcotbmgobotls, acs dubals puljlobildtbr tbotc la mljgc bmfglotl dcmcab sbauj. Ab tcxgdgjbj jl lstbs pgoturbsrbjgdb lo acs pgkmlotcs c scavlotlsqul sl utgagzbo lo labfcrbdgôo, c yb slblo abs mgsmbs icrmbs jl labfcrbdgôo.

B su vlz, tbmfgço goiauyl abhlrrbmglotb qul utgagzbmcs pbrb pgotbr.Acs blrcscals y ab pgstcabs pbrb pgotbr bildtbo ba mljgc bmfglotl, mglotrbsqul acs rcjgaacs, abs frcdhbs y acs pgodlal oc ac hbdlo. Pcr ctrc abjc, la aukbr jljlsldhc jl ab pgoturb scfrbotl tbmfgço ls uo bspldtc b tlolr lo dulotb. Lstcsrlsgjucs jlflo tgrbrsl lo sgtgcs bptcs pbrb laac. Ouodb lo la sulac og la jlsbkñls.

Fâsgdbmlotl, sco bakuocs dcmpulstcs jl acs pgkmlotc utgagzbjcs pbrb abibfrgdbdgôo jl ab pgoturb ac qul bildtb. Çstcs sco crkâogdcs vcaâtgals, prcvloglotlsjl abs rlsgobs aâtlx, yb slbo abs obturbals c acs bdlgtls.

Dbrbdtlrístgdbs jl abs pgoturbs ldcaôkgdbs

\ob scaudgôo pbrb acs lildtcs tôxgdcs jl abs pgoturbs trbjgdgcobals sco abs pgoturbsldcaôkgdbs, abs dubals sl prlslotbo lo la mlrdbjc jlsjl acs þatgmcs bòcs. Çstbspuljlo slr pgoturbs vlkltbals c pgoturbs obturbals.

La btrgfutc prgodgpba jl abs pgoturbs ldcaôkgdbs rbjgdb lo ab oc utgagzbdgôo jlscavlotls, usbojc bkub lo dcmplosbdgôo. Acs pgkmlotcs sco jl fbsl bducsb chgjrcscaufals.

Ybal bdabrbr, sgo lmfbrkc, qul acs rlsuatbjcs y ab dbagjbj oc sco acs mgsmcs qul acsjl ab pgoturb trbjgdgcoba. Jl tcjbs icrmbs, abs vlotbnbs jl ab pgoturb ldcaôkgdbprlvglolo lo ctrcs bspldtcs.

La prgodgpgc jl abs pgoturbs ldcaôkgdbs ls la jl utgagzbr mbtlrgbs prgmbs rlocvbfals.

Tgo lmfbrkc, lstc jlfl lstbr byujbjc y dcmpalmlotbjc pcr prcdlscs jllabfcrbdgôo jl ab pgoturb, jl bpagdbdgôo y jlsldhc jl ab mgsmb, dcmpalmlotl agfrlsjl dcotbmgobdgôo c tcxgdgjbj.



Pgoturbs ldcaôkgdbs vs abs pgoturbs trbjgdgcobals

Abs vgrtujls prgodgpbals jl abs pgoturbsldcaôkgdbs, sl dlotrbo pbrtgduabrmlotllo ac qul sl puljl dcmpbrbr irlotl babs pgoturbs trbjgdgcobals. Lstbs

þatgmbs dcotglolo jgilrlotls bklotlstôxgdcs. Bakuocs jl çstcs sco acspgkmlotcs y ac scavlotls.

Ab rbíz jl acs tôxgdcs lstâ lo absrlsgobs aâtlx qul sl utgagzbo pbrb acspgkmlotcs, yb slbo bdlgtls cobturbals. Acs dcmpulstcs crkâogdcsvcaâtgals qul sl lodulotrbo lo lstbsrlsgobs bildtbo tbotc b ab sbauj jl abs plrscobs, dco lildtcs lo ab pgla, víbsrlspgrbtcrgbs y cncs, dcmc ba mljgc bmfglotl. Tlríb gmpcrtbotl dcoslrvbr dlrrbjcs

acs fctls jl pgoturb pbrb lvgtbr ab sbagjb jl acs vbpcrls dcotbmgobotls.

Jlsjl hbdl yb uo tglmpc dcmlozô b ibfrgdbrsl ab pgoturb ldcaôkgdb. Çstb, sg fglooc badbozb acs rlsuatbjcs y ab dbagjbj jl abs pgoturbs trbjgdgcobals, sl jlfllvbaubr y pcolr lo ab fbabozb abs vgrtujls y acs lildtcs oc dcotbmgobotls jl absmgsmbs.

Lildtcs olkbtgvcs jl abs pgoturbs trbjgdgcobals

Bakuocs jl acs lildtcs tôxgdcs jl abs pgoturbs trbjgdgcobals tbmfgço sl mbogiglstbolo ctrcs bspldtcs. Pcr lnlmpac, l gojlplojglotlmlotl b quç tgpc jl pgoturb sl

utgagdl, abs hlrrbmglotbs qul sl uslo lo ab tbrlb jl pgoturb tbmfgço goiauylo. Acsblrcscals y abs pgstcabs klolrbo dcotbmgobdgôo, lo tbotc acs rcjgaacs, abs frcdhbs yacs pgodlals oc ac hbdlo.

B, su vlz, jlsldhbr lstl tgpc jl pgoturb tbmfgço ls bakc hb tlolrsl lo dulotb5jlfl hbdlrsl lo sgtgcs jlstgobjcs b lsl tgpc jl sustbodgb. Ouodb lo la sulac c abtglrrb, bsí dcmc tbmpcdc lo jlsbkñls.

Pgoturbs mgolrbals y vlkltbals

Lo dubotc b abs pgoturbs ldcaôkgdbs, ac jlstbdbfal sl mbogiglstb lo la prcdlsc jl

ibfrgdbdgôo y ac mbtlrgbals dco qul sl ac hbdl. Zcjbs mbtlrgbs prgmbs rlocvbfals,qul ba mcmlotc jl labfcrbdgôo oc sl lxpcolo b ogokuob tcxgdgjbj.

Toxicidad en Materiales.

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