The Sustainability Impact of the EU Emissions Trading System on the European Industry (Eng) / El...

8/2/2019 The Sustainability Impact of the EU Emissions Trading System on the European Industry (Eng) / El impacto sobre la

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Jrumks Kuripk`h Kaihiega îcgay Jrgklghms

bttp6//www.aickurip.jk/kai/pujcga`tgihs.bte

_bk Qust`gh`jgcgty Gepàt il tbk K[ Kegssgihs

_ròghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk`h Ghoustry*

Z`geuho Jckgsabwgtz`, D`trgh Lubre`hh

j

& Kcg`s Buabckra

JKK^ jrgklghm h 0=

Qkptkejkr :>>=

* ]k wgsb ti tb`hd Z`cl Qabck, ]iclm`hm Qtkrd, Jkttgh` ]gtthkjkh `ho Fàquks ^kcde`hs lir usklucaieekhts. @h k`rcgkr or`lt il tbk JKK^ wgcc jk pujcgsbko gh ` lirtbaieghm jiid ih ;> yk`rs il K[

kaihiega oyhègas6 Ghtkmr`tgih, Lgh`hag`c E`rdkts `ho Ghhiv`tgihs, kogtko jy Zgab`ro _gccy, ^ùc F.F.]kclkhs, ho Egab`kc Bkgsk (Qprghmkr ujcgsbkr Jkrcgh :>>=).

` \gsgtghm rilkssir t tbk Aicckmk il Kuripk, Jrumks4 Ai-Ogrkatir, Zksk`rab Mriup "E`tkrg`c Lciws ho

Zksiurak E`h`mkekht", ]uppkrt`c Ghstgtutk lir Acge`tk, Khvgrihekht ho Khkrmy.j

Khkrmy @h cyst, Lirtgs J`hd, Jrusskcs4 lirekr rksk`rab ssgst`ht `t tbk Aicckmk il Kuripk, Jrumks.

a Ghtkrhsbgp t tbk Kuripk`h J`hd lir Zkaihstruatgih ho Okvkcipekht (KJZO)4 lirekr stuokht il tbk

kaihiegas okp`rtekht `t tbk Aicckmk il Kuripk, Jrumks
http://www.coleurop.be/template.asp?pagename=ecopublichttp://www.coleurop.be/template.asp?pagename=ecopublichttp://www.coleurop.be/template.asp?pagename=ecopublic


2/33

@jstràt

_bgs JKK^ kxpc`ghs tbk ekab`hgse il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _ròghm Qystke (K_Q) lir tbk

mrkkhbiusk m`s a`rjih ogixgok `ho kxpcirk ghti gts cgdkcy sust`gh`jgcgty gepàt ih

Kuripk`h ghoustry. Gh oighm si, gt liausks ih khkrmy-ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks cgdk akekht,

stkkc `ho `cueghgue priouatgih `s wkcc `s ih tbk kekrmghm byorimkh kaihiey. _bk

JKK^ aihacuoks tb`t `t tbk eiekht gt gs stgcc vkry ghaihsgstkhtcy gepckekhtko `ho b`s `

l`grcy h`rriw saipk rkm`roghm mrkkhbiusk m`sks `ho ghvicvko skatirs. Gt e`y `csi mgvk

`h ghakhtgvk ti rkcia`tk lir khkrmy-ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks. Gh gts aurrkht lire`t, tbk K[

K_Q oiks hit ykt pripkrcy làgcgt`tk cihm tkre ghhiv`tgih oyhègas suab `s tbk

tr`hsgtgih ti ` byorimkh kaihiey. Hkvkrtbkckss, tbk K[ K_Q gs lirkeist ` wirdghm

systke tb`t wgtb siek geprivkekhts b`s tbk pitkhtg`c ti jkaiek ` pgcc`r lir

kllkatgvk `ho kllgagkht acge`tk ab`hmk picgay tb`t `csi mgvks ghakhtgvks lir ghvkstekht

ghti acge`tk lrgkhocy picgagks.

Dkywiros6 kegssgihs tròghm, acge`tk picgay, gepàt `sskssekht.

FKC aioks6 D1:, C ;0, P?2, P;2.


3/33

_bk Qust`gh`jgcgty Gepàt il tbk

K[ Kegssgihs _ròghm Qystke ih

tbk Kuripk`h Ghoustry

Z`geuho Jckgsabwgtz, D`trgh Lubre`hh

& Kcg`s Buabckr

JKK^ jrgklghm h 0=

0. Ghtriouatgih

Gh tbgs JKK^ wk kxpc`gh tbk ekab`hgse il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _ròghm Qystke (K_Q)

lir tbk mrkkhbiusk m`s a`rjih ogixgok `ho kxpcirk ghti gts cgdkcy sust`gh`jgcgty gepàt

ih Kuripk`h ghoustry. Gh oighm si, wk liaus ih khkrmy-ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks cgdk

akekht, stkkc `ho `cueghgue priouatgih `s wkcc `s ih tbk kekrmghm byorimkh

kaihiey. Iur bypitbksgs gs tb`t wbgck tbk gepàt il tbk K[ K_Q ih khkrmy-ghtkhsgvk

ghoustrgks gs vgsgjck `ho cgdkcy ti jk hkm`tgvk, tbk gepàts ih tbk kekrmghm byorimkhkaihiey `rk `ceist hkmcgmgjck. Gl tb`t privks ti jk airrkat, tbk K_Q wiuco b`vk ` jg`s

tiw`ros aist-ghark`sks lir ghoustry wgtbiut luccy kxpcigtghm tbk pitkhtg`c ti stgeuc`tk

ròga`c ghhiv`tgih. Iur ghtkrkst tbus gs `h `h`cysgs il kxpkatko struatur`c ab`hmks gh

tbk Kuripk`h kaihiey `s ` wbick, wbkrk ghoustrgks `rk sarutghgzko ti ò`pt ti acge`tk

picgay wbgck dkkpghm airk aiepktkhaks il khkrmy ghtkhsgvk priouatgih `cihm v`cuk

ab`ghs, `ho itbkrs `rk ab`cckhmko ti ròga`ccy ghhiv`tk `ho ti ghvkht ` hkw khkrmy

a`rrgkr suab `s byorimkh wgtbgh kxgstghm khkrmy e`rdkts.

Iur `rtgack gs struaturko `s licciws6 tbk licciwghm skatgih : jrgklcy kxpc`ghs tbk

ekab`hgse `ho tbk picgtga`c jàdmriuho il tbk K[ K_Q. Qkatgih 1 ciids ghti rk`c

okvkcipekhts sghak tbk systke st`rtko gh k`rcy :>>;. Qkatgih ? `h`cysks tbk gepàts

ih K[ khkrmy-ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks. Qkatgih ; `sskssks gh ` prkcgegh`ry w`y tbk

gepàts ih ròga`c ghhiv`tgih tiw`ros tbk byorimkh kaihiey skkh `s `

tkabhicimga`c prixy lir ` eirk sust`gh`jck khkrmy systke. Qkatgih < or`ws

aihacusgihs.


4/33

_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry :

:. _bk K[ K_Q6 Kaihiegas, Ekab`hgse `ho îcgtgas

@aairoghm ti kaihiega tbkiry, `h Kegssgihs _ròghm Qabkek gs `h kaihiega

ghstruekht tb`t kh`jcks tbk ekktghm il kegssgihs t`rmkts gh ` aist kllkatgvk e`hhkr

(J@[EIC/I@_KQ, 0772). Gt rkouaks tbk aist il rkàbghm ` spkaglga t`rmkt jy t`dghmòv`ht`mk il tbk ogllkrkht e`rmgh`c `j`tkekht aists il p`rtgagp`tghm àtirs wgtb

ogllkrkht kegssgih siuraks. Aist s`vghms `rk p`rtgauc`rcy jgm gl egtgm`tgih aists ogllkr

sgmhglga`htcy jktwkkh siuraks aivkrko jy ` sabkek. _bgs aist ogllkrkhtg`c ark`tks `h

kaihiega ghakhtgvk ti tròk. _bk t`sd tbkrklirk gs ti jugco up ` sabkek tb`t ghacuoks

`s e`hy kegssgih siuraks `s pissgjck `ho, gl hkakss`ry, ti cghd ogllkrkht oiekstga

tròghm sabkeks. _bk kaihiega tbkiry il aiep`r`tgvk òv`ht`mks okeihstr`tks tb`t

aiuhtrgks jkhklgt `ho prispkr kaihiega`ccy lrie tròk, rkc`tgvk ti hi tròk. _bgs a`h`csi jk `ppcgko ti tbk tròghm il kegssgihs uhgts. @m`ghst tbgs tbkiry gt wgcc jk

ghtkrkstghm ti tkst biw tbk K[ K_Q rk`cgzks tbk pitkhtg`c aist s`vghms, wbktbkr tbk

aiepcg`hak aists rksuctghm lrie òogtgih`c jurkùarày iutwkgmbs tbk jkhklgts `ho

wbktbkr tbkrk egmbt jk uhoksgrko sgok kllkats.

]gtb tbk Dyiti pritiaic sgmhko gh 077= tbk Kuripk`h [hgih aieegttko gtskcl ti

rkouak gts MBMs jy 2% gh :>0: aiep`rko ti tbk ckvkc il 077>. Biwkvkr, gh tbk c`tk

077>s tbk K[ gepckekht`tgih il acge`tk picgay ghstruekhts b`s jkkh r`tbkr càdcustkr`ho ghtkrh`tgih`c arkogjgcgty sullkrko. _i òorkss tbk rkouatgih ab`cckhmk aist-

kllkatgvkcy, tbk K[ kst`jcgsbko tbk Kuripk`h Acge`tk îcgay ^rimrè (KAA^) gh :>>>

gh irokr ti lgho tbk eist priegsghm acge`tk picgay ek`surks. _bk rksucts il tbk KAA^

wkrk ti suppirt tbk Kuripk`h Aieegssgih gh okvkcipghm `h ivkr`cc K[ acge`tk

str`tkmy (KAA^ :>>0). Wkt, tbk ivkr`cc primrkss il tbgs str`tkmy gs up tgcc hiw cgegtko,

kxakpt lir tbk okvkcipekht il `h Kegssgihs _ròghm Qabkek. @t tbk tgek, tbgs b`s

jkkh r`tbkr surprgsghm, sghak lir ` cihm tgek tbk K[ bò jkkh argtga`c il e`rdktekab`hgses0 `ho prklkrrko rkmuc`tiry ek`surks. HMIs wkrk gh mkhkr`c argtga`c, sghak

hi rkaimhgz`jck mrkkh àtgih w`s iaaurrghm, `s gh itbkr ek`surks suab `s prieitghm

rkhkw`jck khkrmgks. Ghoustry `ho tbkgr cijjygsts rklusk a`ps `ho prklkr vicuht`ry

`ppriàbks.

0

Hiw tbk Kuripk`h Aieegssgih b`s jkaiek euab lir pisgtgvk `jiut e`rdkt-j`sko gh-struekhts4skk tbk rkakht Mrkkh ^`pkr ih e`rdkt j`sko ghstruekhts lir khvgrihekht `ho khkrmy rkc`tkopicgay purpisks lrie E`rab :>>= (AIE(:>>=) 0?> lgh`c).


5/33

_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry 1

Ihk rk`sih lir tbk qugad st`rt il kegssgihs tròghm gh tbk K[ w`s tbk `ttkept il siek

pgihkkrghm ekejkr st`tks ti ghtriouak h`tgih`c kegssgihs tròghm sabkeks. _bk [D

`ho Okhe`rd st`rtko ihk `ho itbkrs suab `s tbk Hktbkrc`hos `ho Mkre`hy bò

kst`jcgsbko wirdghm mriups ok`cghm wgtb suab `h gok`. _bk Aieegssgih tbus lk`rko `

p`tabwird il systkes, sghak tbk `crkòy kst`jcgsbko ihks `ho tbk ihks kxgstghm ih

p`pkr wkrk hit t `cc aiep`tgjck wgtb kàb itbkr.

Gh E`rab :>>> tbk Mrkkh ^`pkr ih Mrkkhbiusk M`s Kegssgihs _ròghm gh tbk K[

w`s pujcgsbko. Kegssgihs tròghm w`s skkh `s tbk jkst ghstruekht ti okcgvkr tbk

pripisko t`rmkt gh tgek akrt`ghcy `h òv`ht`mk ivkr Kai-t`xks `ho `t ciwkst

pissgjck aists sghak c`rmk kegttkrs aiuco jk gokhtglgko k`sgcy. @ltkr ghtkhsk

aihsuct`tgih wgtb tbk Kuripk`h ^`rcgèkht, tbk Aiuhagc `ho skvkr`c cijjyghm mriups,skvkr`c ipghgih p`pkrs `ho or`lt ogrkatgvks, ` aiepriegsk ih kegssgihs tròghm, lir

AI: ihcy, aèk iut ih Iatijkr 01, :>>1 (KA, :>>1). _bk K[ w`s skt ti jkaiek tbk

wircos c`rmkst e`rdkt lir aiep`hy-ckvkc kegssgihs tròghm (GK@ :>>1).

Gl tbk K[ kegssgihs tròghm sabkek (K[-K_Q) privks suaakssluc, tbkrk e`y jk

jgc`tkr`c ghtkrkst gh cghdghm gt ti tbk oiekstga sabkeks il itbkr hih-K[ aiuhtrgks.

Qkvkr`c hih-K[ aiuhtrgks b`vk pc`hs ti ghtriouak oiekstga kegssgihs tròghm

sabkeks, `ho àairoghm ti kaihiegas, tbkrk `rk jkhklgts ti ark`tghm ` c`rmkr e`rdkt jy

cghdghm suab sabkeks. _bk jriòkr tbk aivkr`mk il `h kegssgihs tròghm sabkek, tbk

mrk`tkr tbk pitkhtg`c lir kaihiega kllgagkhay m`ghs il tbk sabkek gh tkres il ciwkrghm

ivkr`cc aiepcg`hak aists. Biwkvkr, tbk kxtkht ti wbgab tbksk jkhklgts `rk rk`cgzko wgcc

okpkho ih tbk okt`gcs il tbkgr oksgmh `ho tbk sgegc`rgtgks il tbk sabkeks (QAB[KCK kt

`c., :>>>>1/2=/KA wbgab kst`jcgsbks tbk

sabkek w`s gssuko gh Qkptkejkr :>>1, wgtb ` st`rt o`tk skt lir tbk 0st F`hu`ry :>>;.

_bk sabkek ghgtg`ccy spkaglgks twi pkrgios, tbk lgrst lrie :>>;-:>>=, tbk skaiho lrie

:>>2-:>0: (airrkspihoghm ti tbk lgrst aieegtekht pkrgio il tbk Dyiti ^ritiaic).

: @rt. 1 il ogrkatgvk6 @h ghst`cc tgih gs st`tgih`ry tkabhga`c uhgt wbkrk ihk ir eirk àtgvgtgks cgstkogh @hhkx G `rk a`rrgko iut.


6/33

_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry ?

Aiepcg`hak gs rkqugrko ih `h `hhu`c j`sgs wgtbgh tbksk pkrgios, jut tbk `ccia`tgih il

`cciw`haks wgcc jk okagoko skp`r`tkcy lir tbk twi pkrgios. _bk Ogrkatgvk skts iut siek

il tbk dky oksgmh lk`turks il tbk kegssgihs tròghm sabkek. Ihk il tbk dky kckekhts

oklghko jy tbk Ogrkatgvk gs tbk uhgt il tròk.

_bk K[-K_Q a`p - `ho - tròk systke aèk ghti lirak gh F`hu`ry :>>; `ho `csi

`ppcgks ti tbk àakssgih aiuhtrgks. Kàb p`rtgagp`tghm ghst`cc`tgih hkkos ` mkhkr`c

pkregt ti kegt AI: `ho mkts `h `ccia`tgih il `cciw`haks rkprkskhtghm gts ghgtg`c

`jsicutk kegssgihs juomkt lir ` yk`r ir aiepcg`hak pkrgio. ]bkrk kegssgihs kxakko

`cciw`haks, ipkr`tirs wgcc hkko ti kgtbkr ghvkst gh `j`tkekht ir juy eirk `cciw`haks

ih tbk e`rdkt. Gt b`s ` e`ho`tiry tbrkk yk`r st`rt-up pb`sk lrie :>>;-:>>= `ho ` lgvk

yk`r e`ho`tiry Dyiti ^b`sk lrie :>>2 -:>0:. _bk licciwghm t`jck mgvks `h ivkrvgkwil tbk j`sga ab`ràtkrgstgas il tbk sgzk il tbk kegssgihs tròghm e`rdkt gh tbk lgrst

pb`sk lrie :>>;-:>>=. _bk K[ K_Q gs j`sko ih sgx j`sga prghagpcks (KK@ :>>;)6

0. A`p `ho tròk systke

:. Ghgtg`c liaus gs ih AI: kegssgihs

1. Gepckekht`tgih wgcc t`dk pcàk gh pb`sks wgtb rkvgkws `ho pissgjgcgtgks lir

kxp`hsgih il òogtgih`c skatirs `ho m`sks

?. @ccia`tgih pc`hs lir kegssgih `cciw`haks `rk okagoko pkrgioga`ccy

;. Aiepcg`hak lrèkwird


7/33

_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry ;

Lgmurk 06 _ròghm ^krgio :>>;-:>>= ghoga`tgvk o`t` lrie tbk Aieegssgihj`sko ih H tgih`c @c cia`tgih ^c`hs (KA :>>;`)

K[ Ekejkr Qt`tk @ccia`tko AI:

`cciw`haks(egccgih tihhks)

Qb`rk gh K[

`cciw`haks(%)

Ghst`cc`tgihs

aivkrko

(0)

Dyiti t`rmkt

(%)

Jkcmgue 022,2 :,7 1>,; 0,; 1=2 :0 (:)

Mkre`hy 0?7=,> ::,2 02?7 :0 (:)

Kstihg` ;,7 ?1 2

Mrkkak ::1,: 1,? 0?0 + :;

Qp`gh ;:1,1 2,> 207 + 0;

Lr`hak ? (:)

Grkc`ho 0,> 0?1 + 01 (:)

Gt`cy ,< 0:?> ,: 7; 2

Cgtbu`hg` 1,< 71 2

Cuxkejiurm 0>,>= >,: 07 :2 (:)

Buhm`ry 71,2 0,? :,0 :

Hktbkrc`hos :2;,7 ?,1 111 < (:)

@ustrg` 77,> 0,; :>; 01 (:)

îc`ho =0=,1 0>,7 007 2

Lghc`ho 01 (:)

Qwkokh =2 0:,; (:)

_it`c >,> 00?:2

Hitks6

(0) ^ck`sk hitk tb`t tbk lgmurks oi hit t`dk àaiuht il `hy ipt-ghs `ho ipt-iuts il ghst`cc`tgihs ghàairo`hak wgtb @rtgacks :? `ho := il tbk kegssgihs tròghm ogrkatgvk.

(:) [hokr tbk Dyiti ^ritiaic, tbk K[-0; (uhtgc 1> @prgc :>>? tbk K[ bò 0; Ekejkr Qt`tks) b`sti rkouak gts mrkkhbiusk m`s kegssgihs jy 2 % jkciw 077> ckvkcs ourghm :>>20:. _bgs t`rmkt gssb`rko èihm tbk 0; Ekejkr Qt`tks, e`rdko wgtb (:), uhokr ` ckm`ccy jghoghm jurokh-sb`rghm`mrkkekht (Aiuhagc Okagsgih :>>:/1;2/KA il :; @prgc :>>:). _bk 0> Ekejkr Qt`tks tb`t fighkotbk K[ ih 0 E`y :>>? b`vk ghogvgou`c t`rmkts uhokr tbk Dyiti ^ritiaic wgtb tbk kxakptgih ilAyprus `ho E`ct`, wbgab b`vk hi t`rmkts.


8/33

_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry >1)6

Aiejustgih ghst`cc`tgihs wgtb ` r`tko tbkre`c ghput 8:>E]

Eghkr`c Igc rklghkrgks

Aidk ivkhs

Grih `ho stkkc priouatgih 8:.; t pkr biur

Akekht 8 ;>> t pkr o`y `ho cgek 8;> t pkr o`y priouatgih

Mc`ss priouatgih 8 => t pkr o`y

Akrègas 8=; t pkr o`y ûcp `ho p`pkr 8:> t pkr o`y.

Kvkh wgtb tbgs cgegtko saipk, `jiut 0:>>> ghst`cc`tgihs `rk t`dghm p`rt. _bgs àaiuhts

lir ?;% il K[s AI: kegssgihs. Khkrmy-ghtkhsgvk skatirs b`vk hit jkkh ghacuoko gh

mkhkr`c jkaùsk tbky `rk khkrmy uskrs r`tbkr tb`h priouakrs, k.m. tbk abkega`c skatir,

w`stk ghaghkr`tgih, `cueghgue `ho itbkr ekt`c ghoustrgks `rk hit ghacuoko. _bk

abkega`c skatirs ogrkat kegssgihs il a`rjih ogixgok `rk hit vkry sgmhglga`ht (ckss tb`h

0% il K[s tit`c A`rjih Ogixgok kegssgihs). @oogtgih`ccy tbk huejkr il abkega`c

ghst`cc`tgihs (a`. 1?.>>>) wiuco ghark`sk tbk òeghgstr`tgvk aiepckxgty sgmhglga`htcy

(KK@ :>>;). _bk gssuk il aiepktgtgvkhkss `csi a`h jk r`gsko.

Ciidghm `t tbk saipk lrie ` piccutkr-p`ys vgkwpight, ihk b`s ti dkkp gh egho tb`t gh

K[ picgay tbk hih-aivkrko skatirs `ho/ir khtgtgks sbiuco jk sujfkat ti itbkr,

kqugv`ckht picgay ghstruekhts ti `vigo ghkqugt`jck trk`tekht. Lir tbk skaiho H`tgih`c

@ccia`tgih ^c`hs tbk Kuripk`h Aieegssgih trgks ti jk kspkag`ccy strgat ih tbgs pight

(KA :>>;j). Gh oighm si biwkvkr, ihk hkkos ti jk a`rkluc wgtb tbk ghst`cc`tgihs

aivkrko, gh si l`r `s tbky egmbt làk ` oiujck jurokh wgtb itbkr h`tgih`c acge`tk

picgagks suab s khkrmy t`xks wbgab wiuco ckò ti rgsghm `j`tkekht aists.

:.0.:. @ccia`tgih

_bk Kegssgihs _ròghm Ogrkatgvk oktkreghko tb`t tbk Ekejkr Qt`tks `ccia`tk `t ck`st

7;% il `cciw`haks lrkk il ab`rmk. Lir tbk skaiho pkrgio st`rtghm gh F`hu`ry :>>2 tbk

èiuht gs rkouako ti 7>% lrkk `cciw`haks. Quab mr`hol`tbkrghm b`s jkkh argtgagzko


9/33

_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry =

jy e`hy kaihiegsts lir jkghm hit gh àairo`hak wgtb tbk piccutkr p`ys prghagpck

(EGAB@KCI]@/J[_VKHMKGMKZ, :>>>? tbk Aiuhagc il Eghgstkrs `ho tbk Kuripk`h ^`rcgèkht `mrkko ih ` tkxt lir tbk

cghdghm ogrkatgvk (KA :>>? / C@HMZIAD `ho Q_KZD, :>>?). Gts airk gs tbk

rkaimhgtgih il arkogts ijt`ghko wgtb Fight Gepckekht`tgih `ho tbk Ack`h Okvkcipekht

Ekab`hgse. AOE arkogts wkrk kcgmgjck lrie :>>; ihw`ros, wbkrk`s Fight

Gepckekht`tgih arkogts e`y ihcy jk usko lrie :>>2 ihw`ros. _bgs ek`hs tbk systkehit ihcy privgoks ` aist-kllkatgvk ek`hs lir K[-j`sko ghoustrgks ti aut tbkgr

kegssgihs jut `csi ark`tks òogtgih`c ghakhtgvks lir jusghkssks ti ghvkst gh kegssgih-

rkouatgih prifkats kcskwbkrk, lir kxèpck gh Zussg` (FG) `ho okvkcipghm aiuhtrgks

(AOE). 1 Gh turh tbgs spurs tbk tr`hslkr il òv`hako, khvgrihekht`ccy siuho

1

Fight Gepckekht`tgih prifkats a h jk pursuko gh aiuhtrgks tb`t tbkeskcvks b`vk ` Dyiti rkouatgiht`rmkt, wbkrk`s Ack`h Okvkcipekht Ekab`hgse prifkats a`h jk irm`hgzko gh okvkcipghm aiuhtrgkswgtbiut rkouatgih t`rmkts uhokr tbk Dyiti ^ritiaic, suab `s Abgh`, Jr`zgc `ho Ghog`.


10/33


tkabhicimgks ti itbkr ghoustrg`cgzko aiuhtrgks `ho okvkcipghm h`tgihs, mgvghm t`hmgjck

suppirt ti tbkgr kllirts ti àbgkvk sust`gh`jck okvkcipekht (KA :>>;`).

_bk rkc`tgihsbgp jktwkkh tbk K[ K_Q `ho itbkr picgagks `ho ek`surks tb`t pursuk tbk

sèk ijfkatgvk gs eist ijvgius gh tbk a`sk il t`xks ckvgko ih khkrmy priouats `ho

kckatrgagty, wbgab `rk b`reihgsko jy Aiuhagc Ogrkatgvk :>>1/70: tbk Ogrkatgvk rkqugrks eist `cciw`haks ti jk `ccia`tko lrkk il ab`rmk.

Gh cghk wgtb gts aieegtekhts, tbk Aieegssgih wgcc aihsgokr lurtbkr tbk ghtkrpc`y il

tbk K[ K_Q wgtb itbkr ek`surks pursughm tbk sèk ijfkatgvks, `ho gh p`rtgauc`r wgtb

khkrmy t`x`tgih. Hiw wgtb tbk ogsaussgihs ih tbk rkvgkw il tbk Kegssgihs _ròghm

Ogrkatgvk `ho ih tbk Mrkkh ^`pkr ih tbk usk il e`rdkt j`sko ghstruekhts lir

khvgrihekht `ho khkrmy rkc`tko picgay purpisks tbgs gs ` miio iaa`sgih ti ciid `t

tbksk ghtkrpc`ys.

1. K[ K_Q6 _bk Okvkcipekht

Qghak tbk illgag`c st`rt il tbk Kuripk`h Kegssgihs _ròghm sabkek `ho kvkh jklirk

ihk aiuco hitgak ` oyhèga ghstgtutgih`cgs`tgih `riuho tbk gok` il kegssgihs tròghm,

tròghm pc`tlires, suab `s Hiiropiic, KKR, KAR ir KR@@ b`vk jkkh ark`tko `ho

jridkrs `ho j`hds b`vk st`rtko ti mkt ghvicvko gh tbk sujfkat. Qghak tbk K[ K_Q

ghtriouatgih tbkrk b`s jkkh ` hkko lir hkw ghstgtutgihs `ho hkw òeghgstr`tgihs `csi `t

tbk Ekejkr Qt`tk Ckvkc. Qiek Ekejkr Qt`tks b`vk kst`jcgsbko spkag`cgsko `mkhagks

spkag`cgsko gh tbk gepckekht`tgih il tbk K[ K_Q `ho ti e`h`mk tbk h`tgihs kegssgih

rkmgstry. _bk khsughm òeghgstr`tgvk aists `rk hit hkmcgmgjck `ho sbiuco jk t`dkh ghti

àaiuht `ltkr tbk st`rt up pb`sk wbkh kx pist kv`cu`tgih wgcc jk oihk. Quab kepb`sgs


11/33


ih tr`hsàtgih aists gs gh cghk wgtb hkw ghstgtutgih`c kaihiegas (k.m. VKZJK, :>>0),

jut hit iltkh rklckatko gh tkxtjiids ih trò`jck pkregts.

Jklirk tbk illgag`c st`rt il tbk Qabkek kxpkrts wkrk uhsurk `jiut tbk prgak

okvkcipekhts il tbk hkwcy okvkcipghm a`rjih e`rdkt. Qiek ijskrvkrs kxpkatko tb`t

prgaks wiuco hit jk vkry bgmb ouk ti ivkr `ccia`tgih, kspkag`ccy gh tbk hkw Ekejkr

Qt`tks, jut `csi siek ico Ekejkr Qt`tks. Biwkvkr, tbk prgaks st`rtko ti acgej

geekog`tkcy `ltkr tbk ghtriouatgih il tbk K[ K_Q gh F`hu`ry :>>; up ti ` ckvkc il

`jivk :> pkr tihhk il AI: kegssgihs gh Fuhk :>>;. Quab ` prgak w`s `jivk `cc

kxpkat`tgihs `ho gs hit k`sgcy kxpc`gh`jck. _bk e`gh rk`sihs `rk6

_bk gee`turk e`rdktgs ihk làtir tb`t aèk ghti ogsaussgih, `s ihcy ciw vicueks

`ho ` lkw pc`ykrs wkrk àtgvk gh tbk e`rdkt. Kvkh gl cgqugogty w`s ghark`sghm

sciwcy gt w`s lir ` cihm tgek hit sullgagkht `s kspkag`ccy c`rmk pc`ykrs (e`hy

`cciw`haks) wkrk b`ro ti gokhtgly.

@hitbkr rk`sih aiuco jk uhakrt`ghty `jiut tbk rucks il tbk systke gh tbk luturk.

Cgqugogty gh tbgs e`rdkt gs c`rmkcy orgvkh jy kegssgih rkouatgih kllirts tb`t wiuco

lrkk up `cciw`haks ti tbkh jk tròko ih tbk e`rdkt. Qiek aiep`hgks lk`r tb`t

kegssgih rkouatgih kllirts aiuco jk s`hatgihko (jy pissgjck ab`hmks) gh tbk hkxt`ccia`tgih pc`h, si tbky rklr`gh lrie rkouaghm kegssgihs gh tbk aurrkht pkrgio. _bgs

gepàts cgqugogty gh tbk AI: e`rdkt hkm`tgvkcy (EADGHQKW/ KAILWQ, :>>;).

_bk e`rdkt p`rtgagp`hts wkrk sciwcy mkttghm eirk kxpkrgkhak. Gh tbk jkmghhghm,

khkrmy aiep`hgks tb`t `rk usko ti tròghm gh tbk khkrmy e`rdkt `ho `csi ckòghm gh

làtirghm aists, wkrk àtgvk gh tbk e`rdkt. @aairoghmcy, ` cit il aiep`hgks,

kspkag`ccy se`cckr pc`ykrs, ogo hit b`vk ` tbiriumb uhokrst`hoghm il tbk e`rdkt

`ho `cciw`haks wkrk r`tbkr pkrakgvko `s cgakhsks ti priouak `ho hit `s `hkaihiega `sskt wgtb ippirtuhgty aists.

Itbkr khkrmy e`rdkts6 Ourghm tbk pkrgio il bgmb khkrmy prgaks tbk ai`c m`s prgak

sprkò b`s jkkh eivghm ti tbk òv`ht`mk il ai`c `s ihk a`h okpgat lrie tbk

licciwghm lgmurk. _bk ghark`sghm oke`ho lir ai`c tbus b`s trgmmkrko tbk rgsghm il

tbk prgak il `cciw`haks.


12/33

_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry 0>

Lgmurk :6

Lgmurk :6 Ai`c ti M`s Qprkò.Ai`c - ti -M`s Qprkò

>.>>

0>.>>

:>.>>

1>.>>

?>.>>

;>.>>

.>>

=>.>>

2>.>>

7>.>>

>1-Oka->?

:=-Oka->?

0?-F`h->;

>?-Lkj->;

:;-Lkj->;

02-E`r->;

>2-@pr->;

:7-@pr->;

:>-E`y->;

0>-Fuh->;

>0-Fuc->;

::-Fuc->;

0:-@um->;

>:-Qkp->;

:1-Qkp->;

0?-Iat->;

>?-Hiv->;

_gek ^krgio

Ai`c^rgak($/Et)

>.>>

0>.>>

:>.>>

1>.>>

?>.>>

;>.>>

.>>

=>.>>

M`s^rgak

khak/tbkre

Ai `c rgak

M`s rgak

Qiurak6 AIH\KZW (:>>>< jklirk tbk Kuripk`h Aieegssgihs okòcghk. _bk aihtkht il tbisk

`hhiuhakekhts wkrk tb`t ` cit il aiuhtrgks bò eirk `cciw`haks tb`h tbk ghoustry

hkkoko, ek`hghm ` surpcus il kegssgihs. ]bkh tbgs jkaèk ijvgius, tbk rksuct w`s `h

geekog`tk orip gh AI: prgaks lrie 11 ti ihcy 0> pkr tihhk il AI: kegssgihs

(ÎGH_ A@ZJIH/KKR :>>


13/33


tiw`ros ek`hghmcksshkss. Qghak Qprghm :>>=, prgaks b`vk jkkh wkcc jkciw ; / t (skk

lir pkre`hkht upo`tks k.m.6 bttp6//www.pighta`rjih.aie). _bus gt skkes tb`t, lgrstcy,

tbk e`rdkt lir a`rjih privks ti jk lckxgjck `ho rkspihsgvk `ho, skaihocy, ghlire`tgih

`ho kspkag`ccy kxpkat`tgihs `rk e`gh kxpc`h`tiry làtirs lir prgak okvkcipekhts.

Lgmurk 16 AI: prgaks gh tbk yk`rs :>>; `ho :>>>;, jklirk Qkpt :>>; lirw ros ih K[@ :>>;** KKR luturks

Qiurak6 IGH_A@ZJIH, KKR,skk lir pkre`hkht upo`tks k.m. 6 bttp6//www.pighta`rjih.aie

@ cit il ghoustry rkprkskht`tgvks eòk tbk AI: prgaks rkspihsgjck lir ghark`sghm

piwkr prgaks. Luturk aihtràts lir piwkr prgaks oi ghokko sbiw ` bgmb okmrkk il

airrkc`tgih wgtb lirw`ro `cciw`hak prgaks. Biwkvkr, airrkc`tgih oiks hit hkakss`rgcy

gepcy `hy geekog`tk aùs`tgih. Igc prgaks b`vk `ceist oiujcko ourghm tbk tgek il

bgmb AI: prgaks `ho tbkrklirk piwkr prgaks b`vk hit ihcy ghark`sko gh Kuripk

(AIH\KZW :>>;). Kegssgihs _ròghm gs akrt`ghcy jut ihk làtir wbkh ciidghm `t

khkrmy prgaks. Gh làt ihk hkkos ti t`dk ghti àaiuht tb`t ab`hmghm rkc`tgvk prgaks gh

l`viur il ckss mrkkhbiusk m`s kegttghm tkabhicimgks gs akhtr`c ti `hy skrgius acge`tk


14/33

_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry 0:

ab`hmk picgay. Kegssgihs tròghm, jkaùsk gt gs ` aist-kllkatgvk w`y il rkouaghm

kegssgihs, wgcc ek`h eist prij`jcy ciwkr prgak ab`hmks tb`h `hy `ctkrh`tgvk jut

bgmbkr prgaks lir AI:-ghtkhsgvk àtgvgtgks aiep`rko wgtb jusghkss `s usu`c. Ihk

sbiuco `csi hit lirmkt tbk làt tb`t itbkr picgagks b`vk gepàts upih prgaks gh tbk

kckatrgagty skatir tii. Kegssgihs tròghm, ir eirk àaur`tkcy, t`dghm àtgih ti tàdck

acge`tk ab`hmk, gs fust ihk il e`hy làtirs pitkhtg`ccy ghlcukhaghm tbk piwkr e`rdkts.

^rgaghm gh `cciw`haks `s ippirtuhgty aists gh tbk aist a`cauc`tgih licciwghm tbk lrkk

`ccia`tgih il AI: `cciw`haks w`s `h kxpkatko sakh`rgi. Aiuhtghm tbk `cciw`haks `s

`sskts gh tbk aiep`hy rkpirts ek`hs tb`t tbky `rk pcàko ih tbk `sskt sgok il tbk

aiep`hy j`c`hak sbkkts wgtb tbkgr e`rdkt v`cuk. Qghak tbky `rk b`hoko iut lrkk il

ab`rmk, tbgs gh ksskhak rkprkskhts ` wghol`cc prilgt lir tbk p`rtgagp`tghm aiep`hgks!_bk ghaiepcktk cgjkr`cgs`tgih il tbk Kuripk`h Khkrmy E`rdkt biwkvkr, `cciws piwkr

aiep`hgks ti p`ss ih ` bgmb pripirtgih il tbisk ippirtuhgty aists qugtk rkckv`ht lir

khkrmy ghtkhsgvk ghoustrg`c uskrs. _bk p`ss-tbriumb-r`tk okpkhos ih v`rgius làtirs

suab `s e`rdkt piwkr (g.k. icgmipicgstga struaturk), oke`ho kc`stgagty, eiok il

`ccia`tgih, khkrmy struaturk (k.m. ai`c-lgrko pc`hts àtghm `s e`rmgh`c tkabhicimy gh

Mkre`hy) ir rkmuc`tiry ghtkrvkhtgihs (GK@ :>>=). _kht`tgvk kx pist kstge`tks ih

p`ss-tbriumb-r`tks aiek ti tbk aihacusgih tb`t pk`dciò pkrgios illkr ippirtuhgtgks tip`ss tbriumb aists gh tbk irokr il ?0 % `ho 00= % (QGFE kt `c. :>>;, :>>>=). Gt gs tbus gepirt`ht ti `h`cysk e`rdkt struaturks `ho ti dkkp `h kyk

ih ` pissgjck egsusk il e`rdkt piwkr. Lrie tio`ys pkrspkatgvk tbiumb, ogsaussgih

rkm`roghm bgmb piwkr prgaks ouk ti Kegssgih _ròghm sbiuco hit jk ih tbk tip il tbk

`mkho` `s `cciw`hak prgaks `rk ih ` ciw ckvkc (skk `jivk).

_bk systke gs wirdghm, kvkh gl tbkrk gs `h ivkr `ccia`tgih `t tbk eiekht. ^rgaks oi

rkàt ti e`rdkt okvkcipekhts `ho ghlire`tgih mgvkh iut ti tbk pujcga. Biwkvkr, tbkrk

`rk stgcc ` cit il gssuks tb`t a`h jk dkpt gh egho lir `h geprivko systke6

@ccia`tgih6Mr`hol`tbkrghm a`hhit jk tbk luturk il tbk sabkek `s gt jrghms `cihm

òvkrsk ghakhtgvks wbkh tbk j`sk yk`r hkkos ti jk ab`hmko. @uatgihghm `ho `csi

lrkk `ccia`tgih ih tbk j`sgs il siek jkhabe`rdghm (j`sko ih skatir ir lukc

jkhabe`rds) sbiuco jk t`dkh ghti àaiuht wbkh ciidghm `t tbk pkrgio lrie :>01

ihw`ros (EGAB@KCI]@/ J[_VKHMKGMKZ, :>>;).


15/33


Aiepckxgty `ho tr`hsàtgih aists`rk r`tbkr bgmb. \`rgius ghtkrksts b`vk ogllkrkht

ijfkatgvks `ho `s tbk rkmuc`tir gs tryghm ti ekkt `cc oke`hos tbk systke tkhos ti

jkaiek eirk aiepckx, ckss kllgagkht `ho gt ciisks e`rdkt kllkatgvkhkss (KK@,

:>>;). _r`hsàtgih aists sbiuco jk dkpt oiwh k.m. vg` kst`jcgsbghm `h K[ wgok

hkw khtr`hts rkskrvk ir `h K[ wgok rkmgstry `ho, c`tkr ih, ` Kuripk`h `mkhay. Il

aiursk, ghlire`tgih sbiuco jk lrkkcy `v`gc`jck lir `cc e`rdkt àtirs gh tbk sèk

e`hhkr `ho `t tbk sèk tgek.

_bk tròghm pkrgios `rk rkm`roko ti jk tii sbirt lir `hy skrgius ghvkstekht

okagsgih. @sskt cglktgeks gh a`pgt`c ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks `rk riumbcy jktwkkh :> ti

yk`rs wgtb skvkr`c yk`rs il aihstruatgih tgek. Eist aiep`hgks `rk tbkrklirk

pckòghm lir ` tròghm pkrgio il `t ck`st 0> yk`rs `ho gl hkakss`ry wgtb òfustekhts(EADGHQKW, :>>;), wbgab gs `h`cytga`ccy gh cghk wgtb tbk aihakpt il `sskt

spkaglgagty (]GCCG@EQ, 072;).

Gh mkhkr`c ` bgmbkr okmrkk il b`reihgs`tgihgh `cc `rabgtkatur`c `spkats b`s jkkh

`sdko lir jy `cc àtirs ghvicvko gh irokr ti kxacuok ghkqu`cgty jktwkkh tbk sèk

skatirs àriss Kuripk (EADGHQKW, :>>;).

@csi, `hghacusgih il lurtbkr mrkkhbiusk m`sks `ho skatirs`s siih `s tbk K[ K_Qb`s st`jck rucks b`s òv`ht`mks. Kspkag`ccy `s itbkr skatirs, suab `s tr`hspirt`tgih

`rk rkspihsgjck lir ` bgmb pripirtgih il tit`c mrkkhbiusk m`sks `ho b`vk gh

p`rtgauc`r mriwh gh tbk c`st yk`rs `s a`h jk skkh gh tbk licciwghm mr`pbga. @vg`tgih

wgcc eist prij`jcy figh tbk systke gh siek yk`rs.

_i tàdck p`rt il tbk tr`hspirt kegssgihs, gh Okakejkr :>>00 ihw`ros (KA, :>>), `s `gr tr`vkc b`s jkkh jkaieghm rkc`tgvkcy abk`pkr

aiep`rko ti itbkr tr`vkc pissgjgcgtgks. @gr tr`vkc gs hit ykt rkmuc`tko jy itbkr p`rts il

K[ acge`tk picgay. Lir kxèpck, siekihk lcyghm lrie Cihoih ti Hkw Wird `ho jàd

mkhkr`tks riumbcy tbk sèk ckvkc il kegssgihs `s tbk `vkr`mk pkrsih gh tbk K[ oiks

jy bk`tghm tbkgr biek lir ` wbick yk`r (KA, :>>


16/33

_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry 0?

Lgmurk ?6 Ab`hmk gh K[-0; (cklt) `ho K[-0> (rgmbt) kegssgihs il mrkkhbiusk

m`sks jy skatir `ho m`s 077>-:>>1

(KK@ wkjp`mk bttp6//o`t`skrvgak.kk`.kurip`.ku/`tc`s/`v`gc`jck:.`sp9typk5lghotbkek&tbkek5acge`tk).

Qiek gssuks gh tbk okj`tk ih ghacuoghm `vg`tgih gh tbk K[-K_Q `rk6

]bktbkr ir hit ti ghacuok ghtkrh`tgih`c lcgmbts lrie :>0: ihw`ros gh tbk sabkek.

_bk [Q kspkag`ccy b`s eòk ack`r tb`t suab `h àtgih aiuco rksuct gh tròk

s`hatgihs `s ` aihskqukhak. _bk Aieegssgih pc`h e`ght`ghs tbk gok` il ghacuoghm

ghtkrh`tgih`c lcgmbts gh tbk sabkek, jut pripisks kxkeptghm tbke uhtgc :>0:, wbgck

ghtr`-K[ lcgmbts wgcc b`vk ti aiek uhokr tbk sabkek gh :>00.

Biw ti t`dk itbkr mrkkhbiusk m`sks ghti àaiuht, ghacuoghm Hgtrimkh ixgoks

(HIx) `ho tbk w`tkr v`piur gh `grar`lts' aihokhs`tgih tr`gcs wbgab `csi aihtrgjutks

ti mcij`c w`reghm. _bk Ghtkrmivkrhekht`c ^`hkc ih Acge`tk Ab`hmk (GÂA) b`s

kstge`tko tb`t tbk tit`c gepàt il `vg`tgih ih acge`tk ab`hmk gs aurrkhtcy `jiut :

ti ? tgeks bgmbkr tb`h wb`t stkes lrie AI: kegssgihs `cihk. HIx bò jkkh gh

tbk ghgtg`c pripis`c jy tbk Kuripk`h Aieegssgih, jut lir picgtga`c rk`sihs gt w`s

t`dkh iut.


17/33

_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry 0;

?. Gepàts ih Khkrmy-Ghtkhsgvk Ghoustrgks

_bk a`sk il tbk khkrmy ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks gs gepirt`ht lir skvkr`c rk`sihs6 lgrstcy,

aiepktgtgih ghtkhsgty gh mkhkr`c gs bgmbkr tb`h gh khkrmy priouatgih wgtb gts ghbkrkht

h`tur`c eihipicy (tbk mrgo). Qkaihocy, khkrmy ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks `rk `h ksskhtg`csuppcgkr ti e`hy itbkr ghoustrgks oiwhstrkè `ho, tbus, lire ` vgt`c p`rt il tbk

Kuripk`h kaihiey. _bgrocy, gl khkrmy ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks wiuco rkcia`tk, hit ihcy

tbk khvgrihekht`c rkcgkl wiuco jk qukstgih`jck (`ssueghm tb`t itbkr aiuhtrgks wiuco

hit b`vk strgatkr khvgrihekht`c picgagks), jut `csi sust`gh`jck v`cuk ab`gh

e`h`mkekht wiuco jkaiek eirk ogllgauct. @sskssghm tbk gepàts il tbk K_Q ih tbksk

ghoustrgks tbkrklirk gs il bgmb gepirt`hak.?

Ihk gepàt gs qugtk ack`r6 tbk abigak il `cciw`hak `ccia`tgih oiks `llkat tbk

ghtkrh`tgih`c làtir eijgcgty `s wkcc `s tbk cia`tgih il hkw aiep`hgks. _b`t gs

kspkag`ccy truk lir skatirs tb`t `rk aiepktghm gh ` wirco wgok e`rdkt. _bgs aiuco kvkh

jk truk wgtbgh tbk Kuripk`h [hgih, `s aiep`hgks sgtu`tko gh rkc`tgvkcy wkcc khoiwko

àakssgih aiuhtrgks, suab `s îc`ho, egmbt b`vk `h òv`ht`mk ivkr aiep`hgks tb`t `rk

sgtu`tko gh aiuhtrgks suab `s Qp`gh ir îrtum`c wbgab b`vk cgegtko surpcus `cciw`haks

(DCK^^KZ/^K_KZQIH, :>>1).

Khkrmy ghtkhsgvk ghoustry, aivkrko jy tbk K[ K_Q ir hit, gs `llkatko ogrkatcy jy tbk

a`p tb`t gs skt ih tbkgr AI: kegssgihs ir ghogrkatcy jy ghark`sghm kckatrgagty prgaks. Gh

mkhkr`c ihk a`h s`y tb`t tbrkk làtirs oktkreghk tbk gepàt il Kegssgihs _ròghm ih

tbk ghoustry skatir (A@ZJIH _Z[Q_, :>>?)6

0. Khkrmy ghtkhsgty,

:. @jgcgty ti p`ss ih aists ti tbk austiekr,

1. @j`tkekht pissgjgcgtgks.

_bk `jgcgty ti p`ss ih aists okpkhos `m`gh ih tbrkk làtirs `ho ogllkrs sujst`htg`ccy

àriss skatirs. Lgrstcy tbk prgak kc`stgagty il austiekrs gh tbk skatir gs ksskhtg`c wbkh

oktkreghghm tbk okmrkk il p`ss tbriumb `jgcgty il aists. _bk h`turk il aiepktgtgih gs

gepirt`ht `s wkcc. @ skatir wgtb lgkrak aiepktgtgih b`s ckss ippirtuhgty ti p`ss ih

? _bkrk b`vk jkkh ogllkrkht h`cysks ih tbk gepàt ih ghoustry ouk ti tbk ghtriouatgih il tbk K[K_Q. Ihk gs lir kxèpck ` stuoy aihouatko jy DCK^^KZ/^K_KZQIH gh :>>1. A`rjih _rust

kxèghko ogllkrkht skatirs gh :>>? `ho ` eirk rkakht ihk gs oihk jy EaDghsky & Aiep`hy `hoKaily gh :>>;/:>>< aieegssgihko jy tbk Kuripk`h Aieegssgih/OM Khvgrihekht. Qkk `csiQV@JI kt `c. :>>


18/33

_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry 0>?).

Bgmb ^`ss-tbriumb

m`ghs9Kckatrgagty*

@t rgsd9

Lkrrius ekt`cs*Akekht*

Igc rklghghm

Mc`ss @cueuhgue*

Abkega`cs

Ciw

[h`llkatko E`rmgh`c gepàt

^`pkr (hkwsprght)*

^b`reàkutga`cs

Liio & orghdZkt`gc

_r`hspirt

K[ K_Qskatirs

Hih K[K_Q skatirs

* Qkatirs`h`cysko

Bgmb Ciw

\`cuk `t st`dk `s

` pripirtgih il

skatir prilgt

\`cuk `t st`dkj`sko ih pitkhtg`cghark`sk gh khkrmyaists

@jgcgty ti p`ss ih aists ti austiekrs

Aist p`ss-tbriumb `ho gepàt ihaihsuekr oke`ho cghdko ti cia`tgih,huejkr `ho jkb`vgiur il aiepktgtirs.


19/33

_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry 0=

Gh mkhkr`c, `h kaihiega `h`cysgs a`h s`y wgtb aihlgokhak tb`t kckatrgagty mkhkr`tirs

(g.k. utgcgtgks) `rk m`ghghm ir `t ck`st `rk hit ciisghm lrie tbk ghtriouatgih il tbk

Kuripk`h Kegssgihs _ròghm systke, kspkag`ccy huack`r piwkr pc`hts. Lissgc lukc

piwkr pc`hts wgcc ghaur ` bumk ghark`sk gh ogrkat aists, jut `rk stgcc `jck ti p`ss

tbriumb aists. _bgs gs p`rtg`ccy ouk ti tbk làt tb`t tbk cgjkr`cgs`tgih il tbk Kuripk`h

Khkrmy e`rdkt gs hit ykt lgh`cgsko `ho eirkivkr ` cit il ghauejkhts stgcc b`vk strihm

e`rdkt piwkr gh tbkgr rkspkatgvk e`rdkt. Lir kxèpck, KOL a`h stgcc jk aihsgokrko `

qu`sg eihipicgst gh Lr`hak `ho Mkre`hy gs ab`ràtkrgsko jy `h icgmipicy wgtb ihcy

liur e`gh pc`ykrs oiegh`tghm tbk e`rdkt. _bgs p`pkr wgcc hiw ciid ghti tbk

ab`ràtkrgstgas il skckatko khkrmy ghtkhsgvk skatirs.

?.0. _bk Akekht Ghoustry

_bk Akekht Ghoustry, ghacuoko gh tbk K[ K_Q, gs tbk j`sgs lir kvkry aihstruatgih

prifkat `ho gs tbkrklirk gepirt`ht lir kvkry kaihiey. Eirk tb`h ;>% il Kuripk`h

akekht priouatgih gs àaiuhtko lir jy lgvk e`fir pc`ykrs, wbgck tbk tip 0> pc`ykrs

bico `jiut ` =% (EADGHQKW `ho

KAILWQ, :>>> /tih AI: kegssgihs. Eist il tbgs aist ghark`sk gs ouk ti ogrkat kegssgihs,

ghogrkat gepàt lrie bgmbkr kckatrgagty prgaks e`dk up ihcy ` se`cc sb`rk il ivkr`cc

aist ghark`sk. _bus, okpkhoghm ih tbk `jgcgty ti p`ss ih aists ti austiekrs, tbk

Kuripk`h akekht ghoustry ih `vkr`mk wgcc làk ` aist ghark`sk eiokr`tk ir hkutr`c gl

tbk aists a`h jk p`ssko tbriumb. îtkhtg`c aist ghark`sks wgcc prij`jcy jk skkh acisk ti

sk`pirts ir K[ jirokrs (Mrkkak, Qp`gh, siutbkrh Lr`hak, Gt`cy) wbkrk tbk pissgjgcgty


20/33


il gepirtghm akekht gs tbk bgmbkst (EADGHQKW/KAILWQ, :>>>>? `ho :>>>>% il kegssgihs gh tbk K@L priakss `rk

ghogrkat kegssgihs wbkrk`s ihcy 0>% `rk ghogrkat gh tbk JIL priakss. Aihskqukhtcy,

tbk kegssgihs gh JIL `rk e`ghcy ogrkatcy priakss-rkc`tko, wbkrk`s tbk K@L riutk

prghagp`ccy kegts AI: ghogrkatcy tbriumb tbk usk il kckatrgagty. ^riouats priouako jy

tbk K@L priakss aiepktk eistcy gh rkmgih`c e`rdkts `ho `rk tbkrklirk `jck ti p`sstbriumb eirk aists tb`h priouats (aico riccko lc`t stkkc) lrie tbk JIL priakss, wbgab

`rk aiepktghm ih tbk mcij`c e`rdkt (A@Z-JIH _Z[Q_, :>>?).

[hokr tbk `ssueptgih il eirk `uatgihghm lir `cciw`haks `ho hi p`ss-tbriumb il

a`rjih aists, lc`t priouats (JIL) aiuco kxpkrgkhak ` aist ghark`sk il 0 /t (B[ABCKZ :>>=6 ::). Mgvkh tbk `oogtgih`c aists ih e`rmgh`c priouatgih il


21/33


JIL priouats tbkrk aiuco jk ` pissgjck ghakhtgvk ti stip priouaghm gh Kuripk `ho ti

sbglt priouatgih ti aiuhtrgks wgtbiut a`rjih aists.

Gl, ih tbk itbkr b`ho, ihk `ssueks lrkk `cciw`haks il 7; % `ho `csi p`ss-tbriumb

r`tks il òogtgih`c aists ti tbk stkkc uskrs, tbk aist gepàts ih tbk stkkc ghoustry wgcc

jk vkry eiokr`tk `ho b`rocy kxakko 0 %.

Abgh` gs `h ghtkrkstghm pc`ykr ih stkkc e`rdkts. Aurrkhtcy, Abgh` aùsks ` sa`ragty il

sar`p stkkc wbgab ckòs ti bgmb ghput prgaks lir K@L priakssks. _bgs gs cgdkcy ti

aihtghuk lir tbk hkxt yk`rs (EADGHQKW `ho KAILWQ, :>>


22/33

_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry :>

Ouk ti ghtkhsk aiepktgtgih jitb ghsgok `ho iutsgok il Kuripk (bgmb ghtkrh`tgih`c

tròk) hihk il tbk aist ghark`sks a`h jk p`ssko ih ti austiekrs. @cc stuogks kxpkat tbk

sbut oiwh il prge`ry sekctghm gh Kuripk gh tbk hkxt :> yk`rs. Biwkvkr, tbk sabkek

gs ihcy ihk eirk rk`sih ti liaus ghvkstekht iutsgok il Kuripk. Eist prij`jcy tbgs

okvkcipekht wiuco b`ppkh grrkspkatgvk il tbk K[ K_Q ouk ti tbk mkhkr`c

okvkcipekht il tbk khkrmy e`rdkts `ho tbk làt tb`t `cueghgue sekctkrs `crkòy

ipkr`tk `t tbk bgmb aist kho. Qkaiho`ry `cueghgue sekctkrs wgcc prij`jcy hit jk

`llkatko jy bgmbkr kckatrgagty prgaks.

?.?. Aihacusgihs

_i aihacuok, iur jrgkl `h`cysgs rkvk`cs tb`t tbk K[ K_Q e`y b`vk hkm`tgvk kaihiegakllkats ih tbk khkrmy ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks. [hokr tbk `ssueptgih tb`t a`rjih prgaks `rk

cgdkcy ti ghark`sk `m`gh, tbisk ghoustrgks b`vk `t ck`st gh p`rts `h ghakhtgvk ti

rkcia`tk tbkgr priouatgih iutsgok tbk K[. Kvkh tbk akekht ghoustry wbkrk

tr`hspirt`tgih aists `rk sgmhglga`ht, e`y okagok ti usk e`rghk tr`hspirt`tgih lrie

iutsgok tbk K[. @ssueghm tb`t tbisk itbkr aiuhtrgks oi hi ekkt tbk bgmb

khvgrihekht`c st`ho`ros skt jy Kuripk, tbgs sbiuco jkaiek ` sust`gh`jgcgty gssuk.

;. Gepàts _iw`ros Qust`gh`jck Khkrmy Quppcy Qystkes

Gl ihk t`dks tbk acge`tk gssuk skrgiuscy (Q_KZH, :>> % jy :>:> `ho jy ;> 2> %

gh tbk cihm ruh, tbkrk b`s ti jk ` e`ssgvk rkstruaturghm il tbk khkrmy suppcy systke.

Okspgtk tbksk rkqugrkekhts biwkvkr, jitb khkrmy `ho kckatrgagty priouatgih gs cgdkcyti ghark`sk lrie :,7>>;).

_bk Kuripk`h Aieegssgih cùhabko gts khkrmy pàd`mk gh F`hu`ry :>>=. _bk e`gh

`spkat il tbk pripis`cs gs ` jghoghm t`rmkt ti sc`sb tbk K['s mrkkhbiusk m`s kegssgihs

jy :>% gh :>:> aiep`rko wgtb 077> ckvkcs (KA, :>>=`). @m`ghst tbgs jàdmriuho,


23/33

_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry :0

kaihiega `h`cysgs `sskssks tbk aihsgstkhay `ho tbk gep`ats il aurrkht ghakhtgvks. _i

wb`t okmrkk oiks, lir ghst`hak, tbk K[ K_Q spur ghvkstekhts tiw`ros eirk

sust`gh`jck khkrmy suppcy systkes9

[p ti hiw tbk ghtkrh`tgih`c `mrkkekhts suab `s tbk Dyiti ^ritiaic oi hit mgvk ` ack`r

cihm tkre pkrspkatgvk. Ihk aiuco il aiursk `ssuek tb`t tbk khkrmy wirco wgcc hkko ti

jkaiek ckss `ho ckss a`rjih ghtkhsgvk, jut tbgs gs ` hire`tgvk `ssueptgih `ho tbkrk

b`vk jkkh hi ghtkrekog`tk `ho cihm tkre mi`cs skt. @ priegsghm khkrmy a`rrgkr suab `s

byorimkh, wbgab gs `t tbk st`mk il okeihstr`tgih prifkats jut wkcc jkciw `hy

okpciyekht, hkkos cihm tkre lirw`ro ciidghm picgtgas wgtb ` systke il ack`r tgek

pkrspkatgvks (A@ZZ@ZI/KMKHBILKZ, :>>14 JCKGQAB]G_V/L[BZE@HH,

:>>


24/33

_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry ::

ghvkstghm ghti eijgcgty `ltkr tbk igc `mk, `rk hit aivkrko jy tbk K[ K_Q. Qurriuhoko

jy e`hy aihstr`ghts, tbk K[ K_Q a`h ihcy privgok h`rriw ghakhtgvks ti ogsaivkr hkw

tkabhga`c sicutgihs. @aairoghm ti KHOZKQ/IBC (:>>;6 :7) tbk K_Q wgcc ogspc`y tbk

pusb mkhkr`ccy kxpkatko lrie e`rdkt liraks ihcy ti ` cgegtko kxtkht. _bk Kuripk`h

Kegssgihs _ròghm Qabkek gh gtskcl tbus oiks hit mgvk tbk ghakhtgvk ti ghvkst gh suab

ogsruptgvk tkabhicimgks `ho gt gs `csi hit gts `ge ti st`rt wgtb. @s ` aihskqukhak, sbirt-

ruh `ho lckxgjck `j`tkekht pissgjgcgtgks skke ti jk eirk `ppk`cghm ti lgres.

@ oyhèga pusb tiw`ros sust`gh`jck khkrmy systkes wiuco rkqugrk jitb `h geprivko

K_Q systke `ho kspkag`ccy eirk t`rmktko primrès lir jusghkss okvkcipekht `ho

e`rdkt khtry il hkw khkrmy siuraks `ho a`rrgkrs. Ihk aiuco, lir kxèpck, ge`mghk

tb`t aiep`hgks ghvkst gh kegssgih rkouaghm prifkats wgtbgh tbk K[ `ho mkt arkogts lirgt, aiep`r`jck ti FG ir AOE prifkats. _biumb, tbk Kuripk`h Aieegssgih oiks hit

l`viur tbgs iptgih `s gt ekrkcy sbglts rkouatgih kllirts lrie ihk skatir ti tbk itbkr.

Qiek tkabhicimgks a`h `crkòy jk skkh `s dky tkabhicimgks lir egtgm`tghm mcij`c

w`reghm `ho ti khsurk ` ckss okpkhokht khkrmy suppcy gh tbk Kuripk`h [hgih. Qiek

`rk `crkòy jkghm àtgvkcy khaiur`mko jy K[ picgagks (k.m. rkhkw`jcks) wbgck itbkrs

`rk stgcc sujfkat ti lurtbkr rksk`rab (k.m. byorimkh, AI: skqukstr`tgih). @ lkw iptgihs

ih biw `h geprivko K_Q egmbt jk p`rt il ` c`rmkr picgay pàd`mk `geko `t cihm-tkre

ghhiv`tgih sbiuco jk ekhtgihko bkrk6

0. Eirk str`tkmga picgay aiirogh`tgih jktwkkh ogllkrkht p`rts il tbk Kuripk`h

Aieegssgih, suab `s OM Khvgrihekht, OM Zksk`rab `ho OM _r`hspirt `ho

Khkrmy gs `t st`dk. Pugtk iltkh, stkps `rk uhokrt`dkh wgtbiut sullgagkhtcy t`dghm

ghti àaiuht itbkr picgay `rk`s. _bk rkmuc`tiry gepàt `sskssekht egmbt jk `

tiic lir jkttkr ghogvgou`c rkmuc`tgih, jut aieeuhga`tgih `ho str`tkmga picgagks

sbiuco `csi jk geprivko.

:. Eirk liausko àtgih6 tbk Byorimkh `ho Lukc Akcc ^c`tlire (BL^) `ho tbk

upaieghm Fight _kabhicimy Ghgtg`tgvk (F_G) `ge ti làgcgt`tk `ho àakckr`tk tbk

okvkcipekht `ho okpciyekht il Kuripk`h byorimkh `ho lukc akcc j`sko khkrmy

systkes `ho aiepihkht tkabhicimgks lir `ppcga`tgihs gh tr`hspirt, st`tgih`ry `ho

pirt`jck piwkr. E`fir ab`cckhmks a`h jk skkh gh `) ogsskegh`tghm tbk dhiwckomk

`ho j) ti spkko up tbk okpciyekht str`tkmy. Aurrkhtcy hit ihcy tbk bksgt`tgih iltbk lgh`hag`c e`rdkts ti suppirt cihm tkre ghvkstekhts gh hkw ghlr`struaturks ir


25/33


pujcga àakpt`hak, jut `csi tbk càd il aiirogh`tgih jktwkkh tbk K[

primrèeks tbkeskcvks `ho jktwkkh K[ `ho h`tgih`c primrèeks `rk ` skrgius

j`rrgkr ti okpciyekht. @ liausko àtgih aiuco ghacuok c`rmk sa`ck BLA

okeihstr`tgih prifkats `ho ` lkw lgrst pgpkcghk ogstrgjutgih systkes gh `rk`s wgtb

stkè ektb`hk rklireghm a`pàgtgks `ho bgmb khkrmy aihsueptgih, òoko jy `

acustkr picgay lir ghhiv`tgvk QEKs wbgab jrghm hkw `ppcga`tgih priouats wgtb

BLAs gh hgabk e`rdkts.

1. Qkatir`c àtgih pc`hs wgtb khkrmy-ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks `ho gts austiekrs oiwh-

strkè wbkrk cihm tkre pkrspkatgvks `rk lireuc`tko `ho siek sbirt tkre

kxkeptgihs lrie acge`tk picgay `rk aiejghko wgtb jghoghm riòe`ps ih

sust`gh`jgcgty ghhiv`tgih `ho e`rdkt okvkcipekht gh tbisk skatirs. K.m.kxkeptgihs lrie khkrmy t`x`tgih `ho lkko-gh c`ws lir rkhkw`jck khkrmgks `rk

kaihiega`ccy fustglgko ihcy gl tbisk khkrmy ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks òipt arkogjck

str`tkmgks lir sust`gh`jck khkrmy usk. _bgs `csi lgts ti tbk _bke`tga Qtr`tkmy ih

tbk Qust`gh`jck [sk il H`tur`c Zksiuraks (AIE(:>>;) lgh`c).

?. E`dk usk il jrk`d kvkh pights6 tkht`tgvk a`cauc`tgihs (Buabckr :>>=) rkvk`c tb`t

`jivk ` prgak il :1.? /t AI: gt jkaieks prilgt`jck ti sbut oiwh kxgstghm ai`c

pc`hts `ho ti rkpcàk tbke jy hkw aiejghko ayack m`s turjghks. _bisk jrk`d

kvkh pights `rk rkckv`ht lir e`hy hkw tkabhicimgks. @ sust`gh`jck ghoustrg`c

picgay tbkrklirk wiuco ghark`sk `ho st`jgcgzk a`rjih prgaks jkyiho suab jrk`d

kvkh pights.

;. Lgh`haghm ghhiv`tgih6 Gl picgay e`dkrs wiuco òipt ùatgihghm `s tbk prklkrrko

`ccia`tgih ektbio ihk aiuco usk p`rt il tbk mkhkr`tko rkvkhuks ti put ghti `

luho tb`t gs ghvkstghm gh rksk`rab, okeihstr`tgih `ho gepckekht`tgih prifkats

suab `s byorimkh tkabhicimy. @h ùatgihghm sabkek wiuco `csi ark`tk `

uhglire `ho tr`hsp`rkht prgak sgmh`c lir tbk aists il a`rjih, wbkrk`s `ccia`tgih

j`sko ih mr`hol`tbkrghm ark`tks e`hglico ogstirtgihs `ho ghaihsgstkhagks. @s tbk

tr`hspirt skatir gs hit ykt ghacuoko gh tbk K[ K_Q, rksk`rab aiuco okvkcip

sakh`rgis ti ghogrkatcy okark`sk kegssgihs lrie tb`t skatir gh tbk cihm tkre wgtb

a`rjih lrkk priouako byorimkh/lukc akcc vkbgacks. Gh irokr hit ti ark`tk

òogtgih`c jurkùarày, tbisk rkvkhuks aiuco suppirt KGJ primrèeks ir tbk

K[ rkmgih`c luhos t`rmktko ti ai-lgh`hak byorimkh aieeuhgtgks.


26/33

_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry :?

_bgs skatgih b`s hit jkkh wrgttkh oiwh ti luccy oksargjk ghakhtgvk sabkeks tiw`ros `

sust`gh`jck khkrmy suppcy gh tbk K[. E`hy kaihiega `ho ckm`c `spkats hkko ti jk

`sskssko tbiriumbcy gh tbk luturk.

/t) tbisk ghoustrgks wiuco jk `t `

ogsòv`ht`mk aiep rko ti tbkgr aiepktgtirs lrie iutsgok tbk K[.

@s il tio`y, tbk K[ K_Q oiks hit ykt pripkrcy làgcgt`tk cihm tkre ghhiv`tgih

oyhègas suab `s tbk tr`hsgtgih ti ` byorimkh kaihiey. _bgs e`y hit aiek `s `

surprgsk, jkaùsk tbk K[ K_Q b`s hit jkkh skt up ti oi tb`t gh tbk lgrst pcàk. Gt


27/33

_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry :;

khaiur`mks ciw aist kegssgihs rkouatgih ek`surks jut oiks hit ykt pripkrcy privgok

tbk ghakhtgvks hkkoko ti jrghm `jiut struatur`c ab`hmk.

Qummkstgihs lir geprivkekhts `cihm tbksk cghks ghacuok (skk `jivk)6

Eirk str`tkmga picgay aiirogh`tgih jktwkkh ogllkrkht p`rts il tbk Kuripk`h

Aieegssgih4

Eirk liausko àtgih ih okpciyekht il dky sust`gh`jck tkabhicimgks4

Qkatir`c àtgih pc`hs wgtb khkrmy-ghtkhsgvk ghoustrgks `ho gts austiekrs

oiwhstrkè4

E`dk usk il jrk`d kvkh pights suab `s swgtabghm lrie ai`c ti m`s4

Lgh`haghm ghhiv`tgih.


28/33

_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry :>0:Zkouatgih _`rmkts, FK_-QK_ ^rifkat Zkpirt. (`v`gc`jck `t6

bttp6//www.wuppkrghst.irm/ok/ghli/okt`gcskgtkYegtYo`tue/ghokx.btec9&jkgtr`mYgo51&prifkdtYgo57=&jgo5?), _bk Kuripk`h Kegssgihs _ròghm Qabkek Gepcga`tgihslir Ghoustrg`c aiepktgtgvkhkss, A`rjih _rust, Cihoih.

A@ZJIH _Z[Q_ (:>>>1), Lgres, Mivkrhekhts `ho Acge`tkîcgay. Ghakhtgvk-J`sko îcgagks lir Cihm-tkre Acge`tk Ab`hmk, Kow`ro Kcm`r.

AKEJ[ZK@[ (:>>>;, Jrusskcs.

AIH\KZW, L. (:>>1), Gssuks gh kegssgihs tròghm- `h ghtriouatgih, îcgay Jrgkl, 0,Khvgrihekht`c Ghstgtutk, [hgvkrsgty Aicckmk Oujcgh.

AIH\KZW, L. (:>>;), Kuripk`h Kegssgihs _ròghm- @ lgrst `sskssekht `ho tbk w`y`bkò, Aieekht`ry jy Lr`hd Aihvkry, ^rkskhtko `t6 Luturk Kuripk`h Ab`cckhmksaihlkrkhak, irm`hgsko jy tbk _iyit` Ab`gr il tbk Aicckmk il Kuripk, Jrumks `ho tbkKuripk`h îcgay Akhtrk, 0:tb F`hu`ry, :>>;, Ariwh ^c`z` Bitkc, Jrusskcs.

KAILWQ (:>>>;), Dyiti, Kuripk9 @h kaihiega kv`cu`tgih il tbk

Kuripk`h Kegssgih tròghm ogrkatgvk, gh6 Kuripk`h Fiurh`c il C`w `ho Kaihiegas, 07,pp. 0= 17.

K[ZI^K@H AIEEGQQGIH/KA (:>>;`), K[ àtgih `m`ghst acge`tk ab`hmk- K[kegssgihs tròghm sabkek, `h ipkh sabkek prieitghm mcij`c ghhiv`tgih, Jrusskcs.

K[ZI^K@H AIEEGQQGIH/KA (:>>;j), AIEE[HGA@_GIH LZIE _BKAIEEGQQGIH Lurtbkr mugo`hak ih `ccia`tgih pc`hs lir tbk :>>2 ti :>0: tròghm

pkrgio il tbk K[ Kegssgih _ròghm Qabkek, AIE (:>>;) =>1 lgh`c, Jrusskcs.

K[ZI^K@H AIEEGQQGIH/KA (:>>


29/33

_bk Qust gh jgcgty Gep at il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _r oghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk h Ghoustry :=

`ho tbk Aieegttkk il tbk Zkmgihs-Jugcoghm ` mcij`c a`rjih e`rdkt Zkpirt pursu`htti @rtgack 1> il Ogrkatgvk :>>1/2=/KA, AIE(:>>=`), Aieegssgih pripisks `h ghtkmr`tkokhkrmy `ho acge`tk ab`hmk pàd`mk ti aut kegssgihs lir tbk :0st Akhtury, ^rkssZkck`sk, G^/>=/:7, Jrusskcs.

K[ZI^K@H AIEEGQQGIH/KA (:>>=j), Mrkkh ^`pkr ih e`rdkt j`sko ghstruekhtslir khvgrihekht `ho khkrmy rkc`tko picgay purpisks AIE(:>>=) 0?> Lgh`c, Jrusskcs.

K[ZI^K@H KH\GZIHEKH_ @MKHAW/KK@ (:>>;), E`rdkt J`sko Ghstruekhtslir Khvgrihekht`c îcgay gh Kuripk, KK@ _kabhga`c Zkpirt Hi 2/:>>; GQJH6 7:-

70>>>=), _bk jusghkss gepàt il tbk K[ kegssgihs tròghm sabkek6 _bka`sk il tbk piwkr mkhkr`tghm ghoustry `ho tbk stkkc ghoustry, E`stkr _bksgs `t tbkAicckmk il Kuripk, Jrumks.

GK@/IKAO (:>>?), Cghdghm Hih-K[ Oiekstga Kegssgihs _ròghm Qabkeks wgtb tbkK[ Kegssgihs _ròghm Qabkek, GK@/IKAO ^`pkr, ^`rgs.

GK@ (:>>;), ]irco Khkrmy Iutciid, GK@, ^`rgs.

GK@ (:>>=), AI: @cciw`haks & Kckatrgagty ^rgak Ghtkràtgih - Gepàt ih ghoustryskckatrgagty purab`sghm str`tkmgks gh Kuripk. GK@ Ghlire`tgih ^`pkr, IKAO/Ghtkrh`tgih`c Khkrmy @mkhay, `rgs.

DCK^^KZ, M.4 ^K_KZQIH, Q. (:>>1), Ghtkrh`tgih`c _ròk `ho Aiepktgtgvk Kllkats,îcgay Jrgkl, >?), Cghdghm AOE & FG wgtb K[ kegssgih`cciw`hak tròghm, ]uppkrt`c Ghstgtutk lir Acge`tk, Khvgrihekht `ho Khkrmy,]uppkrt`c.

CK\KZK, F. (:>>1), Cghdghm kegssgihs tròghm `ho prifkat j`sko ekab`hgses, îcgayJrgkl, ;, Khvgrihekht`c Ghstgtutk, [hgvkrsgty Aicckmk Oujcgh.

EADGHQKW `ho KAILWQ (:>>;), Zkvgkw il K[ Kegssgihs _ròghm Qabkek -Qurvky Bgmbcgmbts, Jrusskcs.

EADGHQKW `ho KAILWQ (:>>


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EGAB@KCI]@, @.4 J[_VKHMKGMKZ, Q. (:>>;), K[ kegssgihs tròghm6h`vgm`tghm jktwkkh Qaycc` `ho Ab`ryjogs, Acge`tk îcgay, ;, p.0-7.

^@ICKCC@, E.4 _@QABGHG, C. (:>>>;)6 AI: prgak oyhègas6 _bk gepcga`tgihs il K[ kegssgihstròghm lir tbk prgak il kckatrgagty. Khkrmy Zksk`rab Akhtrk il tbk Hktbkrc`hos, ^kttkh

QGFE, F.^.E. kt `c. (:>>>>;), Mgvghm wghms ti kegssgih tròghm - Ghacusgih il `vg`tgih uhokr tbk Kuripk`hKegssgih _ròghm Qystke (K_Q)6 Oksgmh `ho gepàts, AK, Okclt.

VKZJK, Z. I. (:>>0), Kaihiega Kllgagkhay gh C`w `ho Kaihiegas, Abkctkhbè6Kow`ro Kcm`r.


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Cgst il Jrumks Kuripk`h Kaihiega îcgay jrgklghms (JKK^)

JKK^ jrgklghm h 0= (Qkptkejkr :>>=)

_bk Qust`gh`jgcgty Gepàt il tbk K[ Kegssgihs _ròghm Qystke ih tbk Kuripk`h Ghoustry, jy

Z`geuho Jckgsabwgtz, D`trgh Lubre`hh `ho Kcg`s Buabckr.

JKK^ jrgklghm h 0< (E`rab :>>=)

Qkrvgaks gh Kuripk`h îcgagks, jy Cugs Zuj`ca`j`.

JKK^ jrgklghm h 0; (Fucy :>>>>>;)

C` mkstgih ok c` tr`hsgtgih vkrs c` eihh`gk uhgquk kt ct`jcgsskekht ok c` arogjgcgt ok ckuri,

jy Fk`h-Acùok _rgabkt.

JKK^ jrgklghm h 00 (Qkptkejkr :>>;)

Oiks tbk Kuripk`h [hgih ark`tk tbk liuho`tgihs il `h ghlire`tgih siagkty lir `cc9,jy

Mioklriy O`hm Hmuykh & E`rgk Ficcs.

JKK^ jrgklghm h 0> (F`hu`ry :>>;)

@ _rgpck-G Qtr`tkmy lir tbk Luturk il Kuripk, jy Z`geuho Jckgsabwgtz.

JKK^ jrgklghm h 7 (Okakejkr :>>?)

_bk _urdgsb J`hdghm Qkatir, Ab`cckhmks `ho Iutciid gh _r`hsgtgih ti K[ Ekejkrsbgp, jy

@clrko Qtkghbkrr, @cg _udkc & Eur`t [akr.

JKK^ jrgklghm h 2 (Iatijkr :>>?)

_bk Kaihiegas il K[ Z`gcw`y Zklire, jy Fàquks ^kcde`hs & Cirgs og ^gktr`htihgi.

JKK^ jrgklghm h = (Fuhk :>>?)

Qust`gh`jck Okvkcipekht `ho Aicckatgvk Ck`rhghm6 _bkiry `ho ` Kuripk`h A`sk Qtuoy, jy

Z`geuho Jckgsabwgtz, Egab`kc C`tsab & Drgstg`h Qhirrk @hokrskh

JKK^ jrgklghm h < (F`hu`ry :>>?)

A`h Kuripk Okcgvkr Mriwtb9 _bk Q`pgr Zkpirt @ho Jkyiho, jy Fàquks ^kcde`hs & Fk`h-

^gkrrk A`sky.

JKK^ jrgklghm h ; (@prgc :>>1)

Kllgagkht _`x`tgih il Euctg-H`tgih`c Khtkrprgsks gh tbk Kuripk`h [hgih, jy Qtkl`hi Egaissg,

^ìc` ^`r`sa`hoic` & J`rj`r` _rgjkrtg.
http://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP17.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP16.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP15.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP14.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP13.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP12.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP11.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP10.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP9.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP8.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP7.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP6.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP5.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP5.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP6.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP7.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP8.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP9.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP10.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP11.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP12.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP13.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP14.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP15.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP16.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP17.pdf


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./..

Cgst il Jrumks Kuripk`h Kaihiega îcgay jrgklghms (JKK^)./..

JKK^ jrgklghm h ? (@prgc :>>1)

K[ Khc`rmkekht6 Kxtkrh`c Kaihiega Gepcga`tgihs, jy Fàquks ^kcde`hs & Fk`h-^gkrrkA`sky.

JKK^ jrgklghm h 1 (E`rab :>>1)

Eutu`c Zkaimhgtgih, [hkepciyekht `ho _bk ]kcl`rk Qt`tk, jy Lgirkcc` Distirgs ^òi`

Qabgipp`.

JKK^ jrgklghm h : (Okakejkr :>>:)

Eutu`c Zkaimhgtgih gh Miios `ho Qkrvgaks6 `h Kaihiega ^krspkatgvk, jy Fàquks ^kcde`hs.

JKK^ jrgklghm h 0 (Iatijkr :>>:)Kaihiega Gepcga`tgihs il Khc`rmkekht, jy Fàquks ^kcde`hs.
http://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP4.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP3.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP2.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP1.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP1.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP2.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP3.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEEPs/BEEP4.pdf


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Cgst il Jrumks Kuripk`h Kaihiega Zksk`rab ^`pkrs (JKKZ)

JKKZ p`pkr h 00 (Fuhk :>>=)

Zkmgih`c Jusghkss Ayack Qyhabrihgz`tgih gh Kuripk9, jy Ciuroks @akoi Eihtiy` `ho F`dij

ok B``h

JKKZ p`pkr h 0> (E`rab :>>=)

Lègcy _ypks `ho tbk ^krsgstkhak il Zkmgih`c Ogsp`rgtgks gh Kuripk, jy Mgccks Our`htih,@hors Ziormukz-îsk `ho Zgab`ro Q`ho`cc.

JKKZ p`pkr h 7 (Lkjru`ry :>>=)

@h`cysghm tbk Aihtrgjutgih il Jusghkss Qkrvgaks ti Kuripk`h Kaihiega Mriwtb, jy Bkhd

Dix `ho Cugs Zuj`ca`j`.

JKKZ p`pkr h 2 (Hivkejkr :>>>>>; Zklire il tbk Qt`jgcgty `ho Mriwtb ^àt6 _ii Cgttck, _ii C`tk9, jy Lgirkcc`

Distirgs ^òi` Qabgipp`.

JKKZ p`pkr h ; (Iatijkr :>>>>;)

Zkmgih`c ]`mk @ho Kepciyekht Zkspihsks _i E`rdkt îtkhtg`c Gh _bk K[, jy Dkgtb Bkò

& _bgkrry E`ykr.

JKKZ p`pkr h : (E`y :>>;)

_kabhicimy ogllusgih, skrvgaks `ho khoimkhius mriwtb gh Kuripk. Gs tbk Cgsjih Qtr`tkmy stgcc`cgvk9, jy ^ìci Mukrrgkrg , Jkrh`roi E`mmg , \`ckhtgh` Ekcgag`hg & ^gkr A`rci ^òi`h.

JKKZ p`pkr h 0 (Hivkejkr :>>?)

Koua`tgih, Egmr`tgih, @ho Fij Q`tgslàtgih6 _bk Zkmgih`c Zkturhs Il Bue`h A`pgt`c Gh _bk

K[, jy @hors Ziormukz-îsk & Eihtskrr`t \gc`ct`-Jul.
http://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER11.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER10.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER9.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER8.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER8.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER7.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER7.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER6.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER5B.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER4.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER4.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER3.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER2.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER2.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER1.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER1.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER1.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER1.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER2.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER2.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER3.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER4.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER4.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER5B.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER6.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER7.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER7.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER8.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER8.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER9.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER10.pdfhttp://www.coleurop.be/content/studyprogrammes/eco/publications/BEER/BEER11.pdf

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