Tema 1 Ciencia de Materiales

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Cincia dels Materials


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Blocs Temtics:

Tema 1. Materials denginyeria

Tema 2. Enlla QumicTema 3. Estructura Cristallina perfectaTema 4. Estructura Cristallina imperfecta. DefectesTema 5. Diagrames de fases. Equilibri microestructural.

Diagrames importants en materials denginyeria

Tema 6. Equilibri i Cintica. Tractament Trmic.Diagrames TTT

Tema 7. Metalls. Alliatges ferris i no ferris. Propietatsmecniques.

Tema 8. Cermics i vidres.

Tema 9. Polmers i compositesTema 10. Degradaci i falla dels materials.


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Tema 1. Materials denginyeria


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Materiales ms de 162.000.000 dentrades a Google en

2011, i ms de 203.000.000 en 2012

Materials ms de 1000.000.000 dentrades en Google(2011), ms de 1250.000.000 en 2012.


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Evoluci histrica de la tecnologia de materials


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Eines i armes del neoltic

17.000 anys aC


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Art al neoltic (Bisonte enAltamira; 13.000 a.C.

xids de ferro i carb


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Obtenci dels metalls: Edat delbronze (Cu/Sn) 3.000-800 anys a.C.

xids de ferro i carb


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Materials cermics i vidres: Desdelantiguitat fins a la modernitat


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Materials cermics i vidres: Des delantiguitat fins a la modernitat

1.- Fibra ptica2.- Recubriment ajustat3.- Refor daramida4.- Coberta


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Nous materials


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Fibra de carboni


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ZYLON


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Projecte ITER


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NanotecnologiaDon Eigler (1989)


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Nanotecnologia:Piles de combustible


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Nous materials: Biomaterials


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Classification of Materials

!Metals and Alloys! Ceramics, Glasses, and Glass-ceramics

!

Polymers (plastics)! Semiconductors! Composite Materials


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Table 1.1 Representative examples,applications, and properties for each category

of materials

Example of Applications Properties

Metals and Alloys

Gray cast iron Automobile engine blocks Castable, machinable,vibration dampingCeramics andGlassesSiO2-Na2O-CaO Window glass Optically transparent,

thermally insulatingPolymersPolyethylene Food packaging Easily formed into thin,

flexible, airtight film


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Example of Applications Properties

SemiconductorsSilicon Transistors and integrated Unique electrical

circuits behavior

Composites Carbide cutting tools for High hardness, yetTungsten carbide machining good shock resistance-cobalt (WC-Co)

Table 1.1 Continued


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Section 1.3Functional Classification of Materials

!Aerospace! Biomedical!

Electronic Materials! Energy Technology and Environmental Technology! Magnetic Materials! Photonic or Optical Materials! Smart Materials!

Structural Materials


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2003Brooks/ColePub

lishing/ThomsonLearning

Functional

classification of

materials.Notice that

metals, plastics,

and ceramics

occur in

differentcategories. A

limited number

of examples in

each category is

provided


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Section 1.4Classification of Materials-Based on Structure

! Crystallinematerialis a material comprised of one ormany crystals. In each crystal, atoms or ions show a long-range periodic arrangement.

!

Single crystalis a crystalline material that is made ofonly one crystal (there are no grain boundaries).! Grainsare the crystals in a polycrystalline material.! Polycrystallinematerialis a material comprised ofmany crystals (as opposed to a single-crystal material that

has only one crystal).! Grain boundaries are regions between grains of apolycrystalline material.


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Section 1.5Environmental and Other Effects

Effects of following factors must be accounted for indesign to ensure that components do not failunexpectedly:

! Temperature! Corrosion! Fatigue! Strain Rate


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Section 1.6Materials Design and Selection

!Densityis mass per unit volume of a material,usually expressed in units of g/cm3or lb/in.3

!

Strength-to-weight ratio is the strength of amaterial divided by its density; materials with ahigh strength-to-weight ratio are strong butlightweight.


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2003Brooks/ColePublishing/

ThomsonLearning

Representative strengths of various categories of materials


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Metalls


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Common objects that are made of ceramic materials: scissors, achina teacup, a building brick, a floor tile, and a glass vase.


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Cermics i vidres


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Polmers


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Polmers

Several common objects that are made of polymeric materials: plastictableware (spoon, fork, and knife), billiard balls, a bicycle helmet, twodice, a lawn mower wheel (plastic hub and rubber tire), and a plastic

milk carton.


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Polmers


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Materials compostos


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Semiconductors


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Mi i i


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Microestructura i propietats


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Selecci dun material segons la seva aplicaci


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Tema 1 Ciencia de Materiales

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