Salinización de los suelos agrícolas en los oasis mendocinos

5/10/2018 Salinizaci n de los suelos agr colas en los oasis mendocinos - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/salinizacion-de-los-suelos-agricolas-en-los-oasis-mend

Åkcibn

I+ Iksqgc~bbiòk 1

Sne` 1 Àqn` cn Nrs~cig 1

E`t` K¶ 0 2

E`t` K¶ 1 3

B`q`bsnqiv`biòk cnl àqn` cn nrs~cig >

L` tqgalneàsib` cn l` r`likic`c :

II+ Ikxnks`qig y Nx`l~`biòk 04

E`snqi`lnr y eésgcgr 04 X`qi`alnr n ikcib`cgqnr t`q` l` nx`l~`biòk iksnjq`c` 00

III+ Tqgt~nrs`r 03

Ciqnbsqibnr 03

Tl`k cn E`knfg 0>

Aialigjq`hå` 0:

0



I+ Iksqgc~bbiòk

Sne`6 R`likiv`biòk cn lgr r~nlgr `jqåbgl`r nk lgr g`rir enkcgbikgr+

Lgr r~nlgr r`likgr bgkrsis~ynk ~k tqgalne` cn ikbicnkbi` knj`six` `lsènksn rijkihib`six` t`q`

nl cnr`qqgllg `jqåbgl`, y` p~n r~ n}irsnkbi` qnrsqikjn, y nk `lj~kgr b`rgr, `k~l` sgs`lenksn nl

bqnbieinksg cn lgr xnjns`lnr g r~ qnkcieinksg nbgkòeibg, cireik~ynkcg cn nrs` hgqe` l`

tgriailic`c cn tqgc~bbiòk cn `lienksgr y gsqgr ainknr cn bgkr~eg t`q` l` m~e`kic`c n

ieticinkcg l` tqgrtnqic`c cn l`r bge~kic`cnr, lg b~`l nr cn jq`k ietgqs`kbi` nk ~k e~kcg

b~y` tgal`biòk y cne`kc` `lienksibi` bqnbn bgkrs`ksnenksn+

Nk l` Qntöalib` @qjnksik`, l` r`likic`c rn tqnrnks` tqikbit`lenksn nk l` vgk` àqic` n iqqij`c`

cnl Gnrsn, gancnbinkcg r~ bgkbnksq`biòk ` h`bsgqnr blieàsibgr, sgtgjqàhibgr n micqgjnglòjibgr?`rgbi`cgr bgk l` `jqib~ls~q` cn qnj`cåg tnqg cnaicg tqikbit`lenksn ` ~k iknhibinksn e`knfg cnl

`j~` y cnl r~nlg+ Lgr r~nlgr r`likgr y ròcibgr nk nl t`år rn e`kihinrs`k bgk e`ygq iksnkric`c

nk l`r tqgxikbi`r cn Enkcgv`, R`k F~`k, L` Qigf`, B`sè`qb` y nk l`r b~nkb`r b~lsix`c`r cn

lgr qågr Knjqg, Bglgq`cg y Bm~a~s+

Nk b~`ksg ` l` tqgxikbi` cn Enkcgv`, ri aink rn sq`s` cn ~k` bgkcibiòk ncàhib` n}snkcic`

tqàbsibènksn nk sgcg nl snqqisgqig, t~ncnk rnð`l`qrn `lj~k`r àqn`r bgk e`ygq `hnbs`biòk bgeg

rgk6 l`r vgk`r iqqij`c`r tgq nl Qåg Enkcgv`, rgaqn sgcg, L`x`lln, J~`ye`llék y Eìtö? l`r

sinqq`r iqqij`c`r cnl @lsg y A`fg S~k~yàk? y cn lgr qågr @s~nl y Ciè`ksn+

Àqn` cn Nrs~cig

T`q` nl tqnrnksn sqà`fg rn cnlieisò ~k àqn` cn nrs~cig bgqqnrtgkcinksn ` l` vgk` iqqij`c` cn l`

B~nkb` cnl Qåg Enkcgv`, l` b~`l ikbl~yn ` lgr cnt`qsènksgr cn L~fàk, Eìtö, Jgcgy Bq~v,

J~`ye`llék, B`tis`l, L`r Mnq`r, L`x`lln y t`qsn cn R`k E`qsåk+ T`q` m`bnq cibm` cnlieis`biòk,

rn sge`qgk nk b~nks` lgr qnlnxèinksgr n}irsnksnr tgq t`qsn cnl Cnt`qsènksg Jnknq`l cn

Iqqij`biòk, b~ygr e`t`r rn `cf~ks`k ` bgksik~`biòk+

1



E`t` K´06

2



E`t` K´ 16

3



Nk nl E`t` K´ 0, rn garnqx`k bl`qènksn l`r b~nkb`r cn lgr tqikbit`lnr qågr cn l` tqgxikbi` y

l`r àqn`r iqqij`c`r tgq r~r `j~`r+ Érsn bgkrsis~yn nl tqienq t`rg nk l` cnlieis`biòk cnl àqn` cn

nrs~cig, tnqeisinkcg garnqx`q l`r vgk`r nk l`r b~`lnr rn iqqij` bgk l`r `j~`r cnl Qåg Enkcgv`+

Nk nl E`t` K´ 1, rn il~rsq` nrtnbi`lenksn l` vgk` cn ~siliv`biòk cn l`r `j~`r cnl Qåg Enkcgv` y~k` cirbqieik`biòk bgk bglgqnr cn `b~nqcg `l sitg cn ~rg nk l`r cirsiks`r t`qbnl`r+

Cn nrs` e`knq`, ` t`qsiq cn lgr e`t`r tqnrnks`cgr, rn t~ncn nhnbs~`q ~k` cnlieis`biòk tqnbir`

cn l`r vgk`r iqqij`c`r bgk l`r `j~`r cnl qåg enkbigk`cg+

B`q`bsnqiv`biòk cnl àqn` cn nrs~cig

L` b~nkb` cnl Qåg Enkcgv` rn nkb~nksq` ~aib`c` `l Kgqgnrsn cn l` tqgxikbi`+ Nl qåg Enkcgv`

tqgtiènksn cibmg, sinkn r~ gqijnk f~rsènksn ` lgr 89´38’ cn lgkjis~c Gnrsn y 21´>0’ cn l`sis~c

R~q, nk l` lgb`lic`c cn T~ks` cn X`b`r, ` t`qsiq cn l` bgkhl~nkbi` cn lgr qågr S~t~kj`sg, p~nxinkn cnl R~q, B~nx`r, p~n cnrbinkcn cnl Gnrsn, y X`b`r, p~n bgkb~qqn cnl Kgqsn+ Érsgr rgk lgr

tqikbit`lnr sqia~s`qigr cn b`~c`l, ` tnr`q cn lgr tnp~nðgr `qqgygr y qågr p~n sèaiék qnbian nk

r~ b~qrg -Bglgq`cg, Tibmn~s`, ^rt`ll`s`, @l~eaqn, Tglx`qnc`r, nksqn gsqgr), c`kcg l~j`q ` ~k`

r~tnqhibin sgs`l cn l` b~nkb` cn 09+>>2 Oe1+

@ t`qsiq cn l` lgb`lic`c cn T~ks` cn X`b`r, nl qåg Enkcgv` cnrbqian r~ b~qrg m`bi` nl Nrsn, bgk

lnxn ikblik`biòk `l Kgqsn, m`rs` c`q bgk nl bnqqg Sàlgkjg, p~n ln m`bn cnrbqiaiq ~k` ètli`

b~qx` `l R~qnrsn, m`rs` p~n llnj` ` l` Nrs`biòk ^rt`ll`s`, bgkrnqx`kcg nr` ciqnbbiòk m`rs`

t`r`q B`bmn~s`, cgkcn ` tgbg cn `kc`q à`kcgk` lgr bnqqgr, rij~inkcg `l Nrsn tgq r~ bgkg cncnynbbiòk, nk nl p~n m` n}b`x`cg ~k tqgh~kcg y `kbmg b`~bn tgq nl p~n cirb~qqnk r~r `j~`r+

Bgk nrn q~eag llnj` m`rs` T`leiq`, cgkcn cgal` `l Kgqsn m`rs` iq ` tnqcnqrn nk l`r L`j~k`r cn

M~`k`b`bmn, qnbgqqinkcg nk sgs`l ~kgr 1:2 oilòensqgr+

Nl Qåg Enkcgv` tgrnn ~k b`~c`l encig `k~`l cn >4e2'rnj+ @tqg}ie`cènksn nl :4 . cn l`r

`j~`r cnl qåg Enkcgv` nk B`bmn~s` tqgxinknk cn lgr `hl~nksnr cn l` `ls` bgqcillnq`, encicgr nk

T~ks` cn X`b`r, einksq`r p~n ròlg ~k 34 . cn l` r~tnqhibin cn l` b~nkb` rn nkb~nksq` `j~`r

`qqia` cn nrs lgb`lic`c+ @ök b~`kcg lgr jl`bi qnr kg bgksqia~ynk bgk jq`kcnr b`~c`lnr,

nfnqbnk ~k bgksqgl bgkricnqàln+ C~q`ksn l` e`ygq t`qsn cnl `ðg lgr jl`bi`qnr c~nqenk b~ainqsgr

cn kinxn qnbiék b`åc`, tnqg gaq`k bgeg cntòrisgr cn kinxn y bgksqgl`k l` xnlgbic`c cnl

cnqqnsieinksg cn l` kinxn+

Nl qåg Enkcgv` b`ts` l`r `j~`r cn ~k` b~nkb` cn 9+434 oe1, cn lgr b~`lnr :18 oe1 nrsàk

b~ainqsgr bgk kinxnr tnqnkknr, ikbl~yékcgrn ~kgr 0>2 oe1 cn jl`bi`qnr+ Sgcgr lgr qågr p~n

bgkc~bnk b`~c`lnr kg iksnqeisnksnr k`bnk nk l` `ls` bgqcillnq`, cn mnbmg, nl tgqbnks`fn cnl àqn`

>



b~ainqs` bgk kinxnr tnqtns~`r nk l`r cixnqr`r t`qsnr cn l` b~nkb` cnl qåg Enkcgv` bgkb~nqc`

e~y nrsqnbmènksn bgk nl cnqqèn tqgtgqbigk`l cn lgr `hl~nksnr p~n cqnk`k l`r qnrtnbsix`r

àqn`r+

Nksqn l`r lgb`lic`cnr cn Tgsqnqillgr y B`bmn~s` rn nkb~nksq` nl Nea`lrn Tgsqnqillgr, p~n bgk ~k`b`t`bic`c cn 3>4me2 nr nl qnj~l`cgq cn lgr b`~c`lnr cnl qåg+

@lj~kgr oilòensqgr `ksnr cn llnj`q ` l` bi~c`c cn L~fàk cn B~yg, nl qåg rn nkb~nksq` bgk nl

cip~n Bget~nqs`r y nl cip~n Bitgllnssi, p~n cnqix`k nl `j~` cnl qåg t`q` lgr cirsiksgr ~rgr+ @

t`qsiq cn nrsn ölsieg, nl qåg bgksikö` r~ b~qrg llnx`kcg `j~` gb`rigk`lenksn nk étgb`r cn

bqnbic`r g cn s`qn`r cn lietinv` y cnr`qnkg p~n rn m`bnk nk l`r gaq`r cn b`ts`biòk cn nrn

cip~n+

Nk b~`ksg `l blie` nk l` B~nkb` cnl Qåg Enkcgv`, l` snetnq`s~q` enci` `k~`l x`qå` bgk l`

`lsis~c -l` b~`l x` cnrcn lgr 844e rgaqn nl kixnl cnl e`q nk nl Nrsn m`rs` `ls~q`r r~tnqigqnr ` lgr8444 ensqgr nk r~ gqijnk)+ L` enci` eàr nlnx`c` rn qnjirsq` nk l` Nrs`biòk cnl @nqgt~nqsg cn

Enkcgv`, rinkcg érs` cn 0:´B+

L` ètlis~c séqeib` garnqx`c` nksqn l`r snetnq`s~q`r enci`r eà}ie`r y eåkie`r enkr~`lnr

x`qå` cn 08,>´B nk l` Nrs`biòk @nqgt~nqsg ` 00,>´B nk l` Nrs`biòk Bqirsg Qncnksgq+

L` ietgknksn a`qqnq` gqgjqàhib` cn l` Bgqcillnq` cn Lgr @kcnr ieticn nl t`rg cn lgr xinksgr

möencgr cnrcn Gbé`kg T`båhibg, lgr b~`lnr tqnbitis`k bgeg ll~xi` nk r~ tincnegksn gbbicnks`l

g bgeg kinxn nk l` vgk` bgqcillnq`k`+ Nrs`r tqnbitis`bigknr cireik~ynk kgsàlnenksn m`bi` nl

nrsn, p~nc`kcg t`qsn cn l` Tqnbgqcillnq` @qjnksik` y l`r ll`k~q`r p~n l` rij~nk nk ~k` qnjiòk cnblie` rnbg ` cnréqsibg+

Nk l` bgqcillnq` l`r tqnbitis`bigknr grbil`k nksqn 844 ` =44 ee tgq `ðg, qnjirsqàkcgrn

tqikbit`lenksn c~q`ksn nl ikxinqkg nk hgqe` cn knx`c`r+ Tgq r~ t`qsn, l` tqnbitis`biòk enci`

`k~`l nk l` vgk` n}sq``kcik` x`qå` nksqn 144 ` 244 ee+ L` bi~c`c cn Enkcgv` nk t`qsib~l`q,

nrsà lgb`liv`c` nk ~k` vgk` àqic` ` rneiàqic`, bgk tqnbitis`bigknr enci`r `k~`lnr p~n kg

r~tnq`k lgr 12> ee, l`r b~`lnr rn tqgc~bnk nk lgr enrnr cn tqie`xnq` y xnq`kg, rinkcg

tqàbsibènksn k~l`r nl qnrsg cnl `ðg+ Rn sq`s` rinetqn cn ll~xi`r e~y iksnkr`r, cn b`qàbsnq

sgqqnkbi`l, iksnqeisnksnr, l`r p~n c~q`k ~k`r tgb`r mgq`r, tnqg p~n rik nea`qjg c`k l~j`q `

bqnbinksnr tnqiòcib`r cn qnlnx`ksn e`jkis~c+

Bgk qnrtnbsg ` l` tgal`biòk, rn nrsie` p~n xixnk nk l` b~nkb` `tqg}ie`cènksn 0+444+444 cn

màis`ksnr+

Nl 9> . cn l` tgal`biòk cnl @jlgenq`cg Enkcgv` rn à`rsnbn cnl qnb~qrg r~tnqhibi`l p~n

tqgxnnk lgr qågr Enkcgv` y Al`kbg+ L`r b`k`liv`bigknr tgq encig cn l`r b~`lnr rn b`ts` nl

8



`j~` r~tnqhibi`l h~nqgk cirnð`c`r tqikbit`lenksn t`q` r`sirh`bnq l`r knbnric`cnr cn qinjg, tnqg

bgk nl t`rg cnl sinetg h~nqgk sgqkàkcgrn bglnbsgq`r cn nhl~nksnr cgeérsibgr n ikc~rsqi`lnr rik

sq`sèinksg tqnxig ` lgr p~n cirtnqr`k tgq sgc` l` r~tnqhibin qnj`c`+

Nl qnb~qrg, nksgkbnr, rn cirsqia~yn t`q` lgr cixnqrgr ~rgr cn l` rij~inksn e`knq`6 ^rg @jqåbgl`602:+:=2 M`r+? ^rg @a`rsnbieinksg Tgal`biòk6 8+431 M`r+? ^rg Ikc~rsqi`l6 0>+=3> M`r+? ^rg

Töalibg6 2+:91 M`r+? ^rg Qnbqn`sixg6 04+021 M`r+? Qnh~nqvg cn Xnq`kg6 00+92> M`r+-Aglnsåk

Ghibi`l cn l` Tqgxikbi` cn Enkcgv`, 099=)+

Bgeg rn t~ncn garnqx`q, nl ~rg tqikbit`l cn l`r `j~`r cn l` vgk` nr nl `jqåbgl`+ L` nbgkgeå`

rn a`r` nk ~k` `jqib~ls~q` cn g`rir y nr `llå cgkcn q`cib` l` ietgqs`kbi` cn tqnrnqx`q sgcgr

`p~nllgr nlnenksgr p~n tnqeisnk nl cnr`qqgllg cn nr` `bsixic`c+ L` cnrnqsihib`biòk, xgl`c~q` cn

r~nlgr, ietnqenàiliv`biòk, bgksèik`biòk cn lgr b~qrgr cn `j~`, nksqn gsqgr, rgk `lj~kgr cn

lgr tqgalne`r èainks`lnr p~n ènk`v`k nl cnr`qqgllg, y nr tgq nllg p~n nk nrsn sqà`fg rna~rb` sq`s`q bgk ~kg cn nllgr+

L` tqgalneàsib` cn l` r`likic`c

^k r~nlg r`likg rn cnhikn bgeg `p~nl p~n tqnrnks` ~k` nlnx`c` bgkbnksq`biòk cn r`lnr

rgl~alnr, r~tnqigq `l låeisn bget`sialn bgk nl cnr`qqgllg xnjns`l+

L` r`likic`c iksnqhinqn nk l` `lienks`biòk måcqib` cn l` tl`ks`, nr cnbiq, nk l` b`t`bic`c cn l`

eire` t`q` sge`q nl `j~` cnl r~nlg? nrs` `bbiòk ikciqnbs` rn cnan h~kcènks`lenksn ` ~k`

nlnx`biòk cn l` r~bbiòk greòsib` cn l` rgl~biòk ncàhib`+@l `~enks`q l` bgkbnksq`biòk r`lik` cnl r~nlg, rn cnr`qqgll` ~k` e`ygq r~bbiòk greòsib` nk l`

rgl~biòk cnl eireg? bgkrnb~nksnenksn cireik~yn l` nknqjå` liaqn cnl `j~`+ ^k` cireik~biòk cn

l` nknqjå` liaqn rijkihib` enkgq tgsnkbi`l måcqibg sgs`l, p~n rijkihib` ~k `~enksg cn l` h~nqv` bgk

p~n nl `j~` nrsà qnsnkic` tgq nl r~nlg+

Nk sgcgr lgr b`rgr, nl `j~` rn egxiliv` cnrcn l`r vgk`r cn e`ygq ` l`r cn enkgq nknqjå` liaqn,

g rn`, qnrtnbsg ` r`likic`c, cnrcn lgr t~ksgr cn enkgq ` e`ygq snkgq r`likg+ Nrsn bgkbntsg

tnqeisn n}tlib`q nl enb`kireg åksieg cn l` àrgqbiòk cn `j~` tgq t`qsn cn l` tl`ks`, p~n nk

qn`lic`c gancnbn ` ~k` cihnqnkbi` cn r~bbigknr greòsib`r+

Lgr f~jgr bnl~l`qnr xnjns`lnr kgqe`lenksn sinknk e`ygq bgkbnksq`biòk r`lik` p~n nl `j~` nk nl

r~nlg y tgq lg s`ksg rn bgetgqs`k bgeg ~k` rgl~biòk mitnqsòkib`, bgk cnr`qqgllg cn e`ygq

r~bbiòk greòsib` y enkgq nknqjå` liaqn, bgk qnrtnbsg ` l` rgl~biòk ncàhib` n}snqk`+

Nrs` nr l` ris~`biòk kgqe`l, nk ~k r~nlg kg r`likg, y tgq lg s`ksg, l` tl`ks` t~ncn r~rsq`nq nl

`j~` cnl eireg, y` p~n érs`, b~etlinkcg nl tqikbitig `ksnr nk~kbi`cg, rn ciqijn cnrcn l` vgk`

:



cn e`ygq -r~nlg) ` l` cn enkgq -tl`ks`) nknqjå` liaqn, t`r`kcg ` sq`xér cn l` t`qnc bnl~l`q, p~n

rn bgetgqs` bgeg ~k` eneaq k` rneiietnqenàln -tnqeisn nl t`rg cnl `j~` tnqg kg cn l`r

r`lnr nk nll` cir~nls`r)+

B~`kcg nl r~nlg nr r`likg, nl bgksnkicg cn r`lnr cn l` rgl~biòk ncàhib`, lòjibènksn, `~enks`,rn `bnqb` y m`rs` t~ncn r~tnq`q l` bgkbnksq`biòk r`lik` iksnqk` cn l` tl`ks`+ Rn nlnx` l`

r~bbiòk y cireik~yn l` nknqjå` liaqn cnl `j~` p~n hgqe` l` rgl~biòk n}snqk`+

Bgk l` r`likic`c cireik~yn nl tgsnkbi`l greòsibg, y nrg bgksqia~yn ` p~n nk ~k r~nlg r`likg, l`

tl`ks` kg t~nc` àrgqanq nl `j~` g snkj` jq`kcnr cihib~ls`cnr nk m`bnqlg, t~cinkcg llnj`q `l

n}sqneg cn p~n nk l~j`q cn nksq`q ` l` tl`ks`, r`lj` cn l` eire`, tgqp~n rinetqn rn ciqijn ` l`

vgk` cn enkgq nknqjå` liaqn+ Bgeinkv` nksgkbnr ` e`kihnrs`qrn ~k tqgbnrg cn e`qbmisnv+ Nrsn

e`qbmisèinksg nr jq`c~`l, y` p~n l` tl`ks` nk binqs` hgqe` rn `bgrs~eaq` y kg tqnrnks`

råksge`r e~y xirialnr, tnqg nl qnkcieinksg nxicnksnenksn cireik~yn+Cn nrs` e`knq , l`r tl ks`r p~n bqnbnk nk r~nlgr r likgr rn b q`bsnqiv`k tgq ~k

`bm`t qqèinksg x`qiàln, cnr`qqgllg lieis`cg y nrb`rg+ R~ hgll`fn rn tqnrnks` bgk ~k`

b`q`bsnqårsib` sgk`lic`c xnqcn `v~l`cg cnaicg ` l` `b~e~l`biòk cn bnq` nk r~tnqhibin y ` ~k`

bgkbnksq`biòk cn blgqghil + @cneàr, l` r`likic`c cnl r~nlg rn n}tgkn6 tgq e`kbmgknr g

tnl`c`lnr -rnbsgqnr rik xnjns`biòk) nk nl snqqnkg, p~n ` xnbnr t~ncnk n}miaiq b`q`bsnqårsib`r

bgrsq`r al`kb`r r~tnqhibi`lnr cn r`lnr? g aink tgq l` tqnrnkbi` cn xnjns`biòk m`lòhis` aink

cnhikic`+

Nk b~`ksg ` l` tqnrnkbi` cn r~nlgr r`likgr, t~ncnk enkbigk`qrn, ` kixnl jnknq`l, b~`sqg b`~r`rtqikbit`lnr6 blieàsib`r, sgtgjqàhib`r, micqgjnglòjib`r y `ksqgtgjékib`r+

Lgr r~nlgr r`likgr rgk tqgtigr cn blie`r àqicgr, cgkcn tqncgeik` l` nx`tgq`biòk tgq rgaqn l`

tqnbitis`biòk+ Nxicnksnenksn, nk nrsn b`rg, kg m`y r~hibinksn b`ksic`c cn `j~` cn ll~xi` bgeg

t`q` l`x`q l`r r`lnr y érs`r tnqe`knbnk `b~e~l`c`r, ikbqnenksàkcgrn r~ tqgtgqbiòk, nk

`lj~kgr b`rgr, tgq lgr bgksik~gr `tgqsnr cn `j~`r r`lik`r p~n llnj`k cn gsqgr l~j`qnr+

Nk b~`ksg ` l`r b`~r`r sgtgjqàhib`r, l` n}irsnkbi` cn ~k qnlinxn cntqieicg, bòkb`xg g bgk e~y

nrb`r` tnkcinksn jnknq` p~n nl `j~` nrb~qq` e~y céailenksn nk r~tnqhibin g p~n p~ncn

`le`bnk`c` rik tgcnq cnr`lgf`q l`r r`lnr+

Sèaiék t~ncn cnanqrn ` l`r bgkcibigknr micqgjnglòjib`r+ Nk nrsn b`rg, l` tqnrnkbi` ` nrb`r`

tqgh~kcic`c nk nl r~nlg cn b`t`r ietnqenàlnr ieticn nl t`r`fn cnl `j~`, `rbnkcinkcg l`

eire` tgq b`til`qic`c, llnj`kcg ` l` r~tnqhibin y nx`tgqàkcgrn cnf`kcg l`r r`lnr ietqnjk`kcg

nl tnqhil+

=



Tgq ölsieg, rn nkb~nksq`k l`r b`~r`r `ksqgtgjékib`r, p~n rn sq`s`k aàribènksn cnl e`l

e`knfg cnl r~nlg y cnl `j~` cnl qinjg, bgksqia~ynkcg ` l` r`likiv`biòk cn l` sinqq` p~n n}tlgs`,

tgq nfnetlg, `l ~siliv`q `j~` n}bnrixènksn r`lik` g `l qnj`q c~q`ksn e~bmgr `ðgr rik nl cqnk`fn

`cnb~`cg, nksqn gsqgr+

Nk l` tqgxikbi` cn Enkcgv`, l`r vgk`r r`likiv`c`r rn lgb`liv`k nk qnlinxnr tl`kg%bòkb`xgr nk

jnknq l, e~bm`r xnbnr `hnbs`c`r tgq hqnàsib` r~tnqhibi l+ Nrsn tqgbnrg `hnbs`

h~kcènks`lenksn lgr rnbsgqnr cirs`lnr cn lgr bgkgr eàr qnbinksnr6 Eìtö y T`leiq`, l`r tl`y`r

cnl tincnegksn cn Tqnbgqcillnq` y l` tl`kibin l`b~rsqn cn J~`k`b`bmn -Qnjìq`v, Bnbili` 1440)+

Nk nrs`r àqn`r, l` hgqe`biòk cn r~nlgr r`likgr nrsà c`c` tgq l` jngegqhglgjå` -nrtnbi`lenksn

nl qnlinxn), l`r jq`k~lgensqå`r hik`r -r~nlgr hq`kbgr, hq`kbg%`qbillgrgr y `qbillgrgr) y nl blie`

-`qicnv)+L` r`likiv`biòk gb~qqn, tgq gsqg l`cg, tqikbit`lenksn tgq l`r hqnàsib`r r~tnqhibi`lnr, g, nk `lj~kgr

b`rgr, “h`lr`r hqnàsib`r― jnknq`c`r tgq nl n}bnrg cn qinjg nk r~nlgr bgk mgqivgksnr

ietnqenàlnr g e`qb`c`r cirbgksik~ic`cnr jq`k~lgeésqib`r xnqsib`lnr+ Rik nea`qjg, sèaiék

m`y gsqgr h`bsgqnr bgeg l` `bsixic`c råreib` y nl hnkòenkg cnl kiðg p~n t`qnbnk snknq `lj~k`

ikhl~nkbi`+

Nk k~nrsq` vgk`, l` r`likiv`biòk jnknq` lgr rij~inksnr tqgalne`r6

% Bgqqgriòk6 Nksnkcinkcg tgq r~nlgr bgqqgrixgr ` `p~nllgr p~n rgk r`likgr bgkf~ksènksn

bgk lgr micqgeòqhibgr y p~n jnknq`k àbicg r~lhöqibg+% A`f b`t bic`c cn b qj`

% C`ðgr nk b~lsixgr6 qnc~bbiòk cn qnkcieinksgr, `t`qibiòk cn råksge`r cn sg}ibic`c y'g

e~nqsn cn tl`ks`r

% C`ðgr nk bgkrsq~bbigknr y téqcic`r cn qinjg6 nqgriòk h`xgqnbic` tgq l` cirgl~biòk cn

r`lnr+

% @~enksg cn c`ðgr tgq riregr y r~rbntsiailic`c ` l` lib~nh bbiòk cn r~nlgr6 nrsg rglg

gb~qqn nk lgr r~nlgr bgk qnxnkibiòk, p~n e~bm`r xnbnr rgk ikc~bicgr tgq nl n}bnrg cn

qinjg nk lgr g`rir+Y` bgksnetl`c`r l`r b`~r`r y l`r tqgalneàsib`r p~n rn cnrtqnkcnk cn l` r`likiv`biòk cn lgr

r~nlgr, nr nxicnksn l` q`vòk tgq l` b~`l nr ietgqs`ksn bgkgbnq nrsn hnkòenkg, nrs~ci`qlg y

ci`jkgrsib`qlg t`q` tgcnq enfgq`q l`r bgkcibigknr ncàhib`r cn l` vgk`+

9



II+ Ikxnks`qig y Nx`l~`biòk

E`snqi`lnr y eésgcgr

T`q` qn`liv`q ~k` nx`l~`biòk iksnjq`c` cn lgr r~nlgr y cn r~ r`likic`c nk l` b~nkb` cnl QågEnkcgv`, rnqà knbnr`qig bgks`q bgk c`sgr p~n cnsnqeiknk l`r b`q`bsnqårsib`r cnl r~nlg nk

b~`ksg ` cixnqrgr `rtnbsgr, c`sgr cn b`lic`c y tqgh~kcic`c cnl `j~` r~asnqqàkn`, c`sgr cn lgr

~rgr cn l` sinqq` y c`sgr cn l`r bgkcibigknr blieàsib`r cn l` vgk`+

T`q` gasnknq lgr eiregr, rn ~siliv`qàk l`r rij~inksnr mnqqèinks`r6

E`t`r cnl Cnt`qsènksg Jnknq`l cn Iqqij`biòk t`q` bgkgbnq l`r vgk`r p~n b~nks`k bgk

tnqeirgr t`q` qnj`q bgk l`r `j~`r cnl qåg Enkcgv`, ikhgqe`biòk rgaqn b`k`lnr y b`~bnr

~siliv`cgr+ Nrsg kgr x` ` tnqeisiq bgkgbnq nl cns`lln cn k~nrsq` àqn` cn nrs~cig, cn e`knq`

s`l p~n tgcègr rànq lgr låeisnr cn l` eire`+ L` ietgqs`kbi` cn l` h~nksn cn lgr e`t`r nrp~n, `l rnq nl CJI nl nksn qnj~l`cgq cn érs`r `j~`r, rn bgkricnq` p~n l` ikhgqe`biòk rnqà

bnqsnq` y bgkhiàln y eàr bnqb`k` ` l` qn`lic`c p~n l` p~n rn t~cinq` gasnknq tgq

qnlnxèinksg cn bètg g bgk l` ~siliv`biòk cn ieàjnknr r`snlis`lnr+ Nl CJI b~nks` bgk

qnjirsqgr y e`t`r rnjök lgr ~rgr cnl qnb~qrg, bgk lg b~`l tgcnegr cihnqnkbi`q cn l`r vgk`r

nk l`r p~n nl `j~` rn ~siliv` t`q` ~rg cgeérsibg, ikc~rsqi l g qnbqn`sixg cn `p~nll`r cgkcn

rn ~r` t`q` qinjg, p~n rgk l`r cn iksnqér nk nrsn sqà`fg+

Nrsgr e`t`r cnl CJI rn bgetlnenks qàk bgk ieàjnknr r`snlis lnr t`q` tgcnq garnqx`q

`cneàr l` jngegqhglgjå` nk l` b~`l rn ~aib` l` vgk` iqqij`c`+ R`lic`r ` bètg, nk l`r b~`lnr rn cnr`qqgll`qà6

‡ Qnlnxèinksg cnl sitg cn b~lsixg y sitg cn qinjg ~siliv`cg6 kg sgcgr lgr b~lsixgr rgk

ij~`lenksn sglnq`ksnr ` l` r`likic`c cnl r~nlg y l` tgriailic`c cn b~lsix`q ~k` ~ gsq`

nrtnbin x` ` nrs`q lieis`c` tgq l` bgkbnksq`biòk r`lik` cnl eireg+ Tgq r~ t`qsn, nl sitg cn

qinjg t~ncn h`xgqnbnq g lieis`q l` r`likiv`biòk+ Tgq nfnetlg6 nl qinjg tgq ik~kc`biòk, ri nl

cqnk`fn nr `cnb~`cg, lgjq` ~k enfgq bgksqgl cn l` r`likic`c, y` p~n nl `j~` b~aqn ~k`

e`ygq r~tnqhibin cn sinqq`, nr eàr ~kihgqen l` `tlib`biòk y tqncgeik` r~ egxieinksg

cnrbnkcnksn+ Nk bèaig, nl qinjg tgq r~qbgr jnknq` bgkbnksq`bigknr r`lik`r nk l`bqnrs` g t`qsnr `ls`r cn lgr agqcnr cgkcn kg rn egf` tnqg rå `rbinkcnk r lnr

`qq`rsq`c`r tgq nl `j~` nk r~ `rbnkrg b`til`q+ @ r~ xnv, nl qinjg tgq jgsng, jnknq` ~k`

`b~e~l`biòk cn r`lnr `lqncncgq cnl a~lag cgkcn egf` bgkrs`ksnenksn, nr cnbiq, nk l`

t`qsn rnb` p~n lg qgcn`+

04



‡ E~nrsq`r cn r~nlg, p~n cnanqàk sge`qrn nk cirsiksgr t~ksgr y ` cirsiks` tqgh~kcic`c

t`q` bgkgbnq nl bgksnkicg r`likg cn lgr eiregr, cn `j~` y cn e`snqi` gqjàkib`+ T`q`

nrsg, l`r e~nrsq`r rnqàk llnx`c`r ` làgq`sgqig cgkcn rn tqnt`q`k n}sq`bsgr bgk `j~`

cnrsil`c`, ` t`qsiq cn lgr b~`lnr rn eicn l` bgkc~bsixic`c nlébsqib` bgk ~k bgkc~bsåensqgy l~njg, rn qn`liv` ~k` e`qbm` b`siòkib` ` sq`xér cnl `jqnj`cg cn tqnt`q`cgr y rn

gasinkn b~àlnr rgk l`r r`lnr p~n lg bgetgknk y nk p~é b`ksic`cnr+ Cn nrs` e`knq`,

tgcqnegr bgkgbnq l` r likic`c cnl r~nlg nk b`c` t~ksg+ @cneàr, nl bgkgbnq nl

bgksnkicg cn e`snqi` gqjàkib` kgr x` ` c`q ~k` icn` cn l` hnqsilic`c cn nrn r~nlg+ Tgq

gsqg l`cg, l` ikhgqe`biòk rgaqn nl bgksnkicg cn `j~` nk l` vgk` kg r`s~q`c` tnqeisiqà

garnqx`q ri m`y `rbnkrg b`til`q, e~nrsqn`kcg ` cirsiks`r tqgh~kcic`cnr t`q` bget`q`q

l` m~enc`c bgksnkic` ` cirsiks`r `ls~q`r+ Nr ietgqs`ksn qnbgqc`q p~n l` r`likiv`biòk

t~ncn gb~qqiq cnrcn l` r~tnqhibin -Nf6 Qinjg tgq jgsng) g cnrcn à`fg -`rbnkrg cn l`b`t` hqnàsib`)+ @ l` mgq` cn rnlnbbigk`q lgr t~ksgr, lg icn`l rnqå` sge`q e~nrsq`r s`ksg

nk l` vgk` cnl tincnegksn bgeg nk l` b~nkb` enci` n ikhnqigq cnl qåg, sge`kcg t~ksgr

`ln`sgqigr nk cirsiks`r hikb`r y bgk cirsiksgr sitgr cn b~lsixgr y qinjg t`q` tgcnq

nrsàlnbnq bget`q`bigknr, y bgkricnq`kcg rinetqn l`r eire`r tqgh~kcic`cnr nk lgr

cirsiksgr t~ksgr, tnqeisinkcg `rå l` bget q`biòk nksqn lgr eiregr+ Nrsgr t~ksgr,

`cneàr, nrs`qàk jngqqnhnqnkbi`cgr ` t`qsiq cn ~k rirsne` cn JTR, gasnkinkcg `rå l`r

bggqcnk`c`r n}`bs`r cn lgr eiregr+

‡ E~nrsqng cn `j~` r~asnqqàkn`6 Tgq ~k l`cg, rn enciqà l` tqgh~kcic`c cnl kixnl hqnàsibg,bget q`kcg bgk c`sgr `ksnqigqnr t`q` `k`liv`q ri m`y ~k `rbnkrg g kg cn l` k`t`+ Tgq

gsqg l`cg, rnqà ietgqs`ksn bgkgbnq nl bgksnkicg r`likg cn l` eire` nk lgr cirsiksgr

t~ksgr cn l` b~nkb` t`q` tgcnq `k`liv`q ri bgksqia~yn bgk r~ `rbnkrg ` ~k `~enksg cn

l` r`likic`c bgksnkic` nk nl r~nlg y `cneàr, ri l` li}ixi`biòk cn lgr r~nlgr tgq e`l`r

tqàbsib`r `jqåbgl`r `~enks` l` r`likic`c cnl `b~åhnqg+

X`qiàlnr n ikcib`cgqnr knbnr`qigr t`q` l` nx`l~`biòk iksnjq`c`

`) Hnqsilic`c y tqgc~bsixic`c cnl r~nlg+Nr ~k` cn l`r x`qiàlnr tqikbit`lnr t`q` cnsnqeik`q bòeg lgr tqgbnrgr cn r`likiv`biòk `hnbs`k `

l` sgs`lic`c y ` l` tgriailic`c cn `tqgxnbmèinksg cnl r~nlg, tnqg sge`kcg nk b~nks` sèaiék

p~n kg nr nl ökibg h`bsgq p~n kgr x` ` egcihib`q g bgkcibigk`q l` `tsis~c cn ~k r~nlg, rikg p~n

sèaiék rn bgksnetl`k gsqgr ikcib`cgqnr cn l` tqgc~bsixic`c cnl r~nlg, cn e`knq` s`l p~n, l`

00



iksnqtqns`biòk cn lgr c`sgr tqgtgqbigk`cgr tgq lgr cixnqrgr ikcib`cgqnr kgr tnqeisiqà nrsàlnbnq

qnl`bigknr y bgkcibigknr cn `tsis~c nk b`c` t~ksg+

Lgr ikcib`cgqnr ` ~siliv`q rnqàk lgr rij~inksnr, b~y`r ietgqs`kbi`r, nk `lj~kgr b`rgr, y` m`k

ricg qnr`ls`c`r ` lg l`qjg cn nrsn sqà`fg6% Sn}s~q`6 Encic` nk . cn `qnk`r, liegr y `qbill`r+ Nr ietgqs`ksn t`q` enciq l`

hnqsilic`c g l` tgriailic`c p~n sinkn nrn r~nlg t`q` rgrsnknq xnjns`biòk y` p~n ri rn sq`s`

cn r~nlgr `qnkgrgr, l`r tl`ks`r tgcqàk cnr`qqgll`q q`åbnr bgk e`ygq h`bilic`c+ Nk bèaig,

nk r~nlgr `qbillgrgr qnp~inqnk cn ~k` jq`k b`t`bic`c greòsib` t`q` tgcnq àrgqanq nl

`j~`, y` p~n l`r `qbill`r qnsinknk nl `j~` bgk e`ygq iksnkric`c+ Rik nea`qjg, l` tqnrnkbi`

cn l`r eire`r rnqà ietgqs`ksn nk nl r~nlg tgq r~ b`t`bic`c cn iksnqbèaig b`siòkibg, p~n

tnqeisn ` l` tl`ks` gasnknq lgr e`snqi`lnr p~n knbnris` -B`, O)+

% E`snqi` gqjàkib`+% Bgkc~bsixic`c nlébsqib`+ Encic` nk ¾R'be+

% Tqgh~kcic`c

% tM

% Bgkc~bsixic`c micqà~lib 6 nr knbnr`qig bgkgbnq l` xnlgbic`c bgk l` b~ l nl r~nlg

tnqeisn p~n nl `j~` ikhilsqn y` p~n nrg kgr tnqeisiqà rànq t`qàensqgr h~kcènks`lnr t`q`

`tlib`q l`x`cg cn r~nlgr g t`q` bgkgbnq l` `cnb~`biòk cn lgr rirsne`r cn qinjg `l risig

t`qsib~l`q+

Nr ietgqs`ksn bgkgbnq sgcgr lgr h`bsgqnr p~n t~ncnk cireik~iq l` hnqsilic`c cnl r~nlg tgqp~n, riaink rn a~rb` bgkgbnq nl nhnbsg cn l` r`likic`c, cnank cirbqieik`qrn sgcgr `p~nllgr gsqgr

`rtnbsgr p~n t~ncnk nrs`q ikhl~ynkcg y xnq cn p~é e`knq` lg m`bnk nk hgqe` iksnjq`c`+

a) Ikhl~nkbi cnl `j~` r~asnqqàkn`6

Bgeg y` rn n}tlibò `ksnqigqenksn, l` r likic`c t~ncn rnq cnrbnkcnksn g `rbnkcnksn

-qnxnkibiòk), tgq nllg, nr ietgqs`ksn bgkgbnq l` bgetgribiòk y ~aib`biòk cn l` k`t` hqnàsib`, lg

p~n kgr tnqeisiqà rànq ri m`y tgriailic`cnr cn p~n m`y` qnxnkibiòk y, nk s`l b`rg, cn p~n

e`knq` x` ` `hnbs`q `l r~nlg y ` lgr b~lsixgr+Lgr ikcib`cgqnr bgkricnq`cgr rgk6

% Tqgh~kcic`c cn l` b`t` hqnàsib`

% Bgkc~bsixic`c nlébsqib`

% Xnlgbic`c cn hl~fg6 Nr ietgqs`ksn bgkgbnql y` p~n kg rn tqgc~biqà nl eireg

nhnbsg ri nl `j~` hl~yn qàticènksn, llnxàkcgrn l`r r`lnr nk cibm` ciqnbbiòk, p~n ri rn

01



p~nc` nrs`kb`c` c~q`ksn ètligr tnqågcgr cn sinetg+ L` ~kic`c cn encic` x`qi`qà cn

`b~nqcg ` ri l` xnlgbic`c nr `ls` g kg, sge`kcg bgeg t~ksg cn t`qsic` nl e'cå`+

Nr e~y ietgqs`ksn tgcnq qnl`bigk`q l` ikhgqe`biòk gasnkic` nksqn èa`r x`qiàlnr, t`q` tgcnq

nrsàlnbnq t`qàensqgr g qnl`bigknr nksqn l`r b~`lic`cnr garnqx`c`r cn `j~` y r~nlg nk ~kt~ksg+

b) ^rgr jqåbgl`r6

Nrs` x`qiàln nr h~kcènks`l t`q` qnl`bigk`ql` bgk l`r `ksnqigqnr, y` p~n iksqgc~bn nl h`bsgq

`ksqòtibg `l `kàlirir+

Lgr `rtnbsgr p~n rn `k`liv`k ` sq`xér cn lgr ikcib`cgqnr rgk6

% Tgqbnks`fn cn ~rg cn lgr cirsiksgr rirsne`r cn qinjg+ Nrsg kgr x` ` tnqeisiq

bgkgbnq p~é ris~`bigknr rn tqnrnks`k cn `b~nqcg ` l` ~siliv`biòk cn b`c` rirsne` y rinll`r bgikbicnk bgk l`r tqneir`r p~n rn nrsàlnbnk cn `b~nqcg ` b`c` eésgcg nk b~`ksg

` l` `hnbs`biòk cn r`lnr `l r~nlg+

% Nrtnbinr b~lsix`c`r+ Kg sgc`r l`r nrtnbinr sinknk l` eire` b`t`bic`c t`q`

sglnq`q l` r`l, lg b~`l tnqeisn garnqx`q ri ` ~k` tl`ks` l` nrs` `hnbs`kcg g kg l` r`likic`c

n}irsnksn, y `cneàr, tqgynbs q m`bi` nl h~s~qg l` knbnric`c g kg cn qn`liv`q tqàbsib`r cn

enfgqèinksg cnl r~nlg t`q` tgcnq bgksik~`q bgk nl b~lsixg+

c) Blie`6Nr ~k` x`qiàln cn jq`k ietgqs`kbi` y` p~n `hnbs` l` bgkbnksq`biòk r`lik` nk nl r~nlg+

Ikcib`cgqnr6

% Nx`tgsq`krtiq`biòk tgsnkbi`l

% Tqnbitis`biòk

L` iksnq`bbiòk nksqn èagr ikcib`cgqnr kgr x` ` c`q ~k` icn` cnl nrsqér måcqibg cnl t~ksg nk

b~nrsiòk g cnl àqn` cn nrs~cig nk jnknq`l+ Ri l` tqnbitis`biòk nr nrb`r` y l` nx`tgsq`krtiq`biòk

`ls`, nl `j~` rn nx`tgq` qàticènksn y l`r r`lnr p~nc`k nk nl r~nlg, bgksqia~ynkcg `rå ` ~k

`~enksg cn l` r`likic`c+

02



III+ Tqgt~nrs`r

CiqnbsqibnrT`q` enfgq`q l` b`lic`c cn lgr r~nlgr y cireik~iq l` r`likic`c cn lgr eiregr, rn t~ncnk llnx`q `

bàg x`qigr enb`kiregr, bgeg rgk6

L`x`cg cn r~nlgr

Nr ~k tqgbnrg cn cirgl~biòk y sq`krtgqsn cn r`lnr rgl~alnr tgq nl `j~` nk egxieinksg ` sq`xér

cnl r~nlg+ Bgkrirsn nk r`b`q, n}tgqs`q l`r r`lnr h~nq` cnl r~nlg+

Nl l`x`cg cn r~nlgr tnqeisn enfgq`q g qnb~tnq`q lgr r~nlgr r`likiv`cgr enci`ksn l` li}ixi`biòk cn

lgr eiregr+ Rn sq`s` cn ~k iksnkrg l`x`fn nk tqgh~kcic`c cnl r~nlg, t`q` lg b~`l cnan ik~kc`qrntqàbsibènksn nl snqqnkg enci`ksn l` `tlib`biòk cn ~k` làeik` cn `j~` rgaqn r~ r~tnqhibin+

Nk låkn`r jnknq`lnr, rn sq`s` cn bgkrsq~iq “agqcgr― p~n riqxnk cn a`qqnq` t`q` l` biqb~l`biòk cnl

`j~` y p~n cixicnk nl snqqnkg nk rnbsgqnr cnkgeik`cgr enlj`r g a`sn`r cgkcn rn iksqgc~bn nl

`j~`+ T`q` `tlib q nrsn eésgcg, rik nea`qjg, nr knbnr qig bgksnetl q ~k `rtnbsg e~y

ietgqs`ksn6 nl cqnk`fn+

^k` cn l`r tqikbit`lnr b`~r`r cn l` r`likiv`biòk nr nl `rbnkrg cn l` r~tnqhibin hqnàsib`, nksgkbnr

kg tgcnegr tnqeisiq p~n nl `j~` ikhilsqn liaqnenksn, r`lxg p~n lgr qnr~ls`cgr cnl sqà`fg `qqgfnk

~k` `ls` xnlgbic`c cn hl~fg cnl `j~` cnl `b~åhnqg, `r~einkcg `rå p~n l`r r`lnr li}ixi`c`r rn`lnf`k ` jq`k xnlgbic`c+

Cnaicg `l qinrjg cn qnxnkibiòk, nr ietgqs`ksn ikbl~iq `l rirsne` ~k bgetlnenksg cn cqnk`fn

r~tnqhibi`l -r`kjqå`), p~n bgkc~vb` nl `j~` cn l`x`cg m`bi` ~k bglnbsgq g cnr`jün+

03



^siliv`biòk cn n}sq`r cn qinjg

Bgkrirsn nk `tlib`qln ` lgr r~nlgr qnj`cgr b`ksic`cnr e`ygqnr cn `j~` cn l`r p~n l` tl`ks`

knbnris`, p~n bgksqia~y`k ` cireik~iq l` bgkbnksq`biòk r`lik`+ @l ~siliv`q ~k` e`ygq b`ksic`c cn

`j~` p~n l` p~n l` tl`ks` qnp~inqn, rn jnknq` ~k n}bncnksn p~n bgksqia~yn ` cirit`q l`r`likic`c+

Nrsg t~ncn rnq ~siliv`cg s`ksg nk lgr rirsne`r cn qinjg tgq jgsng bgeg nk nl cn r~qbgr g

ik~kc`biòk, tnqg nr ietgqs`ksn snknq nk b~nks` l` nrb`rnv cnl qnb~qrg måcqibg y l` ietgqs`kbi`

cn kg cnrtnqcibi`qlg, tgq lg b~`l kg cnan à~r`qrn cn nrsn rirsne`+

B~lsixg cn nrtnbinr sglnq`ksnr ` l` r`likic`c

Nk r~nlgr cgkcn m`y ~k snkgq r`likg tnqg kg cne`ri`cg `lsg, nk e~bmgr b`rgr, t~ncnk

rneaq qrn tl`ks`r bgk `ls sglnq`kbi ` l` r`likic`c, bgeg6 `bnlj , nrtik`b`, qnegl`bm ,nrtàqq`jg? p~n l~njg, `l rnq bgrnbm`c`r, `qq`rsq`k bgkrijg ~k` a~nk` t`qsn cn l`r r`lnr p~n

rn nkbgksqà`k bgk `ksnqigqic`c nk nl r~nlg+

Nrsg t~ncn rnq ~siliv`cg nk hgqe` bgetlnenks`qi` g b~`kcg l` tqnrnkbi` cn r`lnr kg nr e~y

`ls`, tnqg kg nr qnbgenkcàln bgeg eésgcg t`q` nlieik`q l` r`likic`c cnl r~nlg+

Tl`k cn E`knfg

L` tqgt~nrs` cn e`knfg tl`ksn`c` bgkrirsn nk nl l`x`cg cn lgr r~nlgr `lsènksn r`likiv`cgr,

b~yg bgksnkicg r`likg nlnx`cg iksnqhinqn nk l` hnqsilic`c cn lgr eiregr y nk r~ b`t`bic`c t`q`rgrsnknq b~lsixgr+

T`q` l` t~nrs` nk tqàbsib`, rn sge`qà ~k àqn` cn jnrsiòk p~n rnqà rnlnbbigk`c` ` t`qsiq cn lgr

qnr~ls cgr gasnkicgr cn l` nx`l~`biòk iksnjq`c`, nrbgjinkcg `rå ~k àqn` cn enkgq cienkriòk

p~n l` bgkricnq`c` t`q` nl nrs~cig y p~n rn` ~k` cn l`r eàr qntqnrnks`six`r g `hnbs`c`r nk nl

sne` cn l` r`likiv`biòk+ Nr cnbiq, p~n nl tl`k cn e`knfg rn `tlib`qà nk `p~nll` vgk` p~n qnr~lsn

rnq l` p~n tqnrnks` ~k` cnjq`c`biòk cn r~r r~nlgr e`ygq tgq b`~r` cn l` iksnqhnqnkbi` cn r`lnr

nk nl eireg+

Nl tl`k cn jnrsiòk bgkrirsiqà nk ~k l`x`cg cn lgr r~nlgr tgq nl eésgcg nk~kbi`cg cn ik~kc`biòk,

snkinkcg nk b~nks` sgc`r l`r bgkricnq`bigknr sébkib`r knbnr`qi`r nk b~`ksg ` l` tnqenàilic`c

cnl r~nlg y ` l` bgkrsq~bbiòk cn r`kjqå`r p~n nx`bönk nl `j~` h~nq` cn l` vgk` cn `jqnj`cg cnl

`j~`+

Tgrsnqigqenksn `l l`x`cg cn r~nlgr, nk l~j`q cn tqgbncnq `l b~lsixg cn iksnqér g tqnn}irsnksn

-rn` nrsn cn xic g cn gsqgr hq~s`lnr ~ mgqs`liv`r) rn qn`liv`qà ~k` tl`ks`biòk cn nrtnbinr

0>



sglnq`ksnr ` l` r`likic`c, y` p~n nr tqgaàln p~n tnqe`knvb` ~k qne`knksn ietgqs`ksn cn

r`lnr nk nl r~nlg p~n t~ncn rnq qnegxicg bgk l` bgrnbm` cn nrs`r nrtnbinr+

Cn nrs` e`knq`, rn p~is`qà nl n}bnrg cn r`lnr cnl r~nlg y érsn p~nc`qà `tsg t`q` nl cnr`qqgllg

`tsg cn lgr b~lsixgr hq~såbgl`r ~ mgqsåbgl`r+T`q` ietlnenks`q nrsn tl`k, rnqà knbnr`qi` cn l` `bs~`biòk cnl Nrs`cg y cn lgr tqgc~bsgqnr

tqix`cgr+

Nl Nrs`cg, cnanqà bgksqia~iq r~arici`kcg lgr bgrsgr n}sq`r nk lgr p~n cnanqàk ikb~qqiq lgr

tqgc~bsgqnr t`q` tgcnq tgknq nk tqàbsib` nl tl`k+ Cn nrs` hgqe`, lgr tqgc~bsgqnr tgcqàk

cnr`qqgll`q nrsn tqgynbsg y, bgetqga`kcg r~ nhibinkbi` `l enfgq`q nl qnkcieinksg cn r~r b~lsixgr

tgrsnqigqenksn ` l` qnt`q`biòk cnl r~nlg, tgcqàk xglxnq ` `tlib qlg eàr `cnl`ksn rik l`

iksnqxnkbiòk cnl Nrs`cg ki cn l` bge~kic`c binksåhib` p~n lnr ikcip~n cn p~é e`knq` qn`liv`qlg,

y` p~n màqàk `cp~iqicg bgkgbieinksg cn l` n}irsnkbi` y ~silic`c cnl eésgcg+ Nr tgq nllg p~n,t`q` bgenkv`q bgk l` t~nrs` nk tqàbsib` cnl rirsne`, nl Nrs`cg cnanqå` bgksqia~iq t`q` iet~lr`q

r~ ~siliv`biòk, l` b~`l, nk lgr `ðgr tgrsnqigqnr p~nc`qà nk e`kgr cn lgr tqix`cgr+

Tgq r~ t`qsn, lgr tqix`cgr cnanqàk bglàgq`q bgk nl tqgynbsg nk b~`ksg ` r~ xgl~ks`c cn

iksnqxnkbiòk, sq s`kcg cn lgjq`q l` `tlib`biòk `cnb~`c` y tqgtgqbigk`kcg y bge~kib`kcg

tgrsnqigqenksn r~r qnr~ls cgr t`q` bgksqia~iq `l nkqip~nbieinksg cn l` ikhgqe`biòk y ` l`

bgetqga`biòk cn l` mitgsésib` nhibinkbi` cnl eésgcg p~n `p~å rn tqnrnks`+

Nr `rå p~n, iksnq`bs~`kcg nl Nrs`cg y lgr tqgc~bsgqnr nk l` qn`liv`biòk cn nrs` tq~na` nk ~k

àqn` tnp~nð` tgcqå`k cnegrsq`q `l qnrsg cn l` bge~kic`c ~k` k~nx` gtbiòk t`q` enfgq`q nlqnkcieinksg cn lgr b~lsixgr y ` r~ xnv, cn l` b`lic`c cnl r~nlg bgeg qnb~qrg k`s~q`l+

08



% Aialigjq`hå`6

‡ Cnt`qsènksg Jnknq`l cn Iqqij`biòk+ msst6''zzz+iqqij`bigk+jgx+`q

‡ Aglnsåk Ghibi`l cn l` Tqgxikbi` cn Enkcgv`, `ðg 099=+ C`sgr nrs`cårsibgr+ Gasnkicg nkmsst6''zzz+jganqk`b+enkcgv`+jgx+`q'aglnsik'tch'099=0013%1>:==%kgqe`r+tch +

‡ Rnbqns`qå` cn Eiknqå cn l` K`biòk+ Tqgxikbi cn Enkcgv`6 Qnb~qrgr Måcqibgr+

msst6''zzz+eiknqi`+jgx+`q'èainksn'nrs~cigr'iqk'enkcg'm%30+`rt

‡ Hgksnl` B+, F+ Egqàaisg, F+ E`hhni, R+ R`l`sikg, B+ Eiqàailn y L+ E`rsq`ksgkig+ Cnrnetnðg

cnl qinjg tgq jgsng nk Enkcgv`+ @kàlirir cn lgr bgnhibinksnr cn ~kihgqeic`c y cn l`

r`likic`c cnl r~nlg+ Ikrsis~sg K`bigk`l cnl @j~` ‒ Bnksqg Qnjigk`l @kcikg+ ^kixnqric`c

K`bigk`l cn B~yg ‒ H`b~ls`c cn Binkbi`r @jq`qi`r+

Nk6 msst6''zzz+iks`+jgx+`q'Enkcgv` 'Fgqk`c`r'Sqà`fgrtqnrnks`cgr'Hgksnl`+tch

‡ Qnjìq`v, E`qå` Bnbili` y Jgkvàlnv, E`qå` @lnf`kcq`+ Vgkihib`biòk cn àqn`r `hnbs`c`r

tgq r`likiv`biòk t`q` nl nrs~cig cn l` tnlijqgric`c jnglòjib` nk l` mgf` Enkcgv`+

Qnxirs` cn Jnglgjå` @tlib`c` ` l` Ikjnkinqå` y `l @eainksn+ K´08+ T`j 013%022+ A~nkgr

@iqnr+ 1440+

‡ Bmèag~lnyqòk, F+? Qn`qsn, N+? R lbncg, B+? Gqsiv E lcgk`cg, J+? R l`sikg, R?

Oga`y`rmi, J+? J`qbå`, E+ Egcnlg t`q` l` cnsnqeik`biòk cn l` nxgl~biòk cn l` r`likic`c

nk xic qnj`c` tgq jgsng+ ^kixnqric`c K`bigk`l cn B~yg+ H`b~ls`c cn Binkbi`r @jq`qi`r+

Enkcgv`+ 1443+

Nk6 msst6'' liakns+~krn+nc~+`q'>Bgk'Qmic'S'42408+TCH

‡

T`bmnbg, E`qig M~jg+ R~nlgr R`likgr y Ròcibgr6 Bgkricnq`bigknr Sébkib`r+ Ciqnbbiòk@jqgtnb~`qi`, R~arnbqns`qå` cn @jqib~ls~q` y J`k`cnqå` cn l` Tqgxikbi` cn Enkcgv`+

0:

http://www.irrigacion.gov.ar/

http://www.gobernac.mendoza.gov.ar/boletin/pdf/19981124-25788-normas.pdf

http://www.mineria.gov.ar/ambiente/estudios/irn/mendo/h-41.asp

http://www.inta.gov.ar/Mendoza/Jornadas/Trabajospresentados/Fontela.pdf




http://www.irrigacion.gov.ar/

http://www.gobernac.mendoza.gov.ar/boletin/pdf/19981124-25788-normas.pdf

http://www.mineria.gov.ar/ambiente/estudios/irn/mendo/h-41.asp


Salinización de los suelos agrícolas en los oasis mendocinos

Documents

Transcript of Salinización de los suelos agrícolas en los oasis mendocinos