Rodríguez Adrados, Francisco - La Democracia Ateniense
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Francisco Rodríguez Adrados - La democracia atenienseEl hilo conductor de esta obra —refundición de «Ilustración y política en la Grecia clásica» (Ediciones de la Revísta de Occidente, 1966)— es el nacimiento y desarrollo de las ideas políticas que anunciaron, defendieron o atacaron a las instituciones de LA DEMOCRACIA ATENIENSE. Como señala FRANCISCO RODRIGUEZ ADRADOS (catedrático de la Universidad Complutense y prestigioso helenista) la necesidad metodológica que aconseja en un primer momento aislar determinados aspectos del desarrollo histórico para su mejor análisis no significa renunciar al examen de sus conexiones con el resto de la cultura y con la práctica política. De un lado, las ideologías políticas —cuyas fronteras con las reflexiones morales son difíciles de establecer en el mundo griego— remiten a una determinada concepción de la divinidad, la naturaleza y el hombre; de otro, la evolución de los hechos y el desarrollo de los sistemas de pensamiento se entrecruzan y condicionan mutuamente sin que resulte siempre posible determinar a quién corresponde la primacía causal. La investigación comienza con el estudio de los ideales aristocráticos de la edad arcaica; a través de la negación —iniciada ya con Hesíodo— de existencia de valores eternos fijados por los dioses se abrirán paso los primeros gérmenes del pensamiento democrático. El período central de la Ilustración ateniense presencia el nacimiento de un nuevo modelo de sociedad, formada por ciudadanos libres, orientada hacia la igualdad y basada en la razón; para la búsqueda de las ideas centrales del sistema de pensamiento paralelo a ese desarrollo institucional —que esboza buena parte de las alternativas con las que Europa se viene enfrentando desde el siglo XVIII— no basta con examinar los textos de los filósofos y los sofistas sino que hay que contar también con el legado de los historiadores, los poetas y los trágicos. Finalmente, la época de luchas civiles y de guerras exteriores dará lugar a la reacción platónica, a la quiebra de la experiencia democrática y a la restauración de las antiguas normas y jerarquías.INDICEPrólogo Primera parteLa Edad Arcaica y sus sistemas de pensamiento Capítulo 1. El hombre aristocrático 1. Características de nuestras fuentes de la Edad Arcaica 2. El hombre aristocrático. Moral agonal: gloria y «euphrosyne» 3. La «naturaleza» del noble y la aristocracia como clase 4. Las restricciones sociales de la moral agonal 5. Justicia y aristocracia 6. El tema del «ciclo» y la idea de la medida y la compasión7. «Sophrosyne» 8. Caracterización general de la «areté» aristocrática 9. Política aristocrática Capítulo 2. Las corrientes innovadoras 1. La idea de la justicia en Hesíodo, Arquílogo, Solón y Focílides 2. Justicia como razón: nueva concepción de Dios y del hombre 3. La liberación del individuo 4. Historia y política racionales 5. Balance de la época arcaica Segunda parteLa lucha de la Idea Democrática Capítulo 1. Los ideales humanos y políticos de la Atenas de Esquilo 1. Las Guerras Médicas en la conciencia de Atenas 2. Principios básicos de la política ateniense 3. El ideal humano: Temístocles, Aristides, Cimón Capítulo 2. Esquilo y la ruptura del dilema trágico: teoría religiosa de la democracia 1. La tragedia y el Estado democrático 2. Primer nivel de la enseñanza de Esquilo: el dilema trágico 3. Valores morales y valores premorales en Esquilo 4. La idea esquílea de la Justicia que actúa en el acontecer trágico 5. Segundo nivel de la enseñanza de Esquilo: el nuevo orden de la Justicia o la ruptura del dilema trágico Capítulo 3. Teorías políticas de la Ilustración en su primera fase 1. Fuentes y métodos de exposición 2. Los exponentes del nuevo pensamiento y la Atenas de su tiempo3. La naturaleza humana 4. Teoría del castigo 5. Igualdad, concordia y autoridad 6. La virtud 7. La guía de la razón 8. Los fundamentos
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