Quesada, Vicente - Historia colonial argentina

8/3/2019 Quesada, Vicente - Historia colonial argentina

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nxgkme ~h fg }hpjlkgme hc }pg`goe+" Hc ahkhpgc

Xpwxlzg ngj`lþ mh }eke# | wxl~e wxh }eme~ ce~ hj*

rchgme~ ~h wxhmg~hk g nejhp hk ~x jh~g+ Hc ahkhpgc

ke h~}g`g hk}eknh~ ng~gme# ~h ~hk}g`g g xkg mh cg~

ng`hnhpg~ mh cg jh~g# | mle hc rpljhp g~lhk}e g ~x

mhphnfg gc men}ep Wxh~gmg# g wxlhk flze ~hpylp ylke#

wxh ìc ke }ejg`g+ Ch ixì rphaxk}gme rep ngmg xke

mh ce~ hjrchgme~ wxh enxrgpek hc e}pe hv}phje mg

cg jh~g# nek ce~ hmhngkh~ jlcl}gph~ mh ~hpylnle# |

nxgkmech mle hc kej`ph mh xke mh gwxhcce~# hk}ph*

pplgke# hc ahkhpgc Xpwxlzg# }hj`cçkmech mh lpg ce~

cg`le~# mloe? "§Igjlclg mh g~h~lke~' ” ^h÷ep# ph*

rx~e gcaxlhk# h~ xk hjrchgme nepphn}e hk hc nxj*rcljlhk}e mh ~x~ mh`hph~+" Rxh~ `lhk# h~}gkme Wxh*

~gmg hk Nepplhk}h~# h~h hjrchgme nejh}lþ xk g~h~l*

kg}e# ixì oxzagme# ~hk}hknlgme | hohnx}gme+" &7,

Phnl`lþ~hgc

oeyhk Wxh~gmg hkNepplhk}h~# nek

cg~ g}hknlekh~ wxh jhphnêg+ Ixì gceogme hk cg ng~l

hk wxh ylyêg hc ae`hpkgmep# nek ~x nx÷gme ncek Pg*

ighc Agc!lke+ "Hc ae`hpkgmep wxl}e kej`pê+pch jl*

kl~}pe4 rhpe hc men}ep Wxh~gmg ch e`~hpyþ wxh# ke

~lhkme nekenlme hk c!g rpeylknlg# ~k re~lnlþk hk }gc

&7, "L`lm+"# rçalkg 7 | 0+



LK]PEMXNNLÞK 78

rxh~}e ch ~hpêg rhclape~g# | wxh rep hcce rphihpêg

ke hohpnhp eilnlgcjhk}h hc rxh~}e# rhpe wxh ce mh~hj*rh÷gpêg ~lk ngpçn}hp eilnlgc+ Ixì hkngpagme mh cg

phmgnnlþk mhc mlgple Hc Nejhpnle# mekmh nejhkzþ

g rx`clngp h~}xmle~ mh ~x ylgoh rep cg~ rpeylknlg~

hk 7680 | g cg yhz mh ne~}xj`ph~ nepphk}lkg~+ Iph*

nxhk}þ cg ~enlhmgm | jhphnlþ cg jç~ hvwxl~l}g mh*

ihphknlg mhc ae`hpkgmep+ Hc ahkhpgc Nçnhph~ lkygmlþ

cg rpeylknlg nek cg jlpg mh mhppengp gc men}ep Rx*oec# | hk}eknh~ hc men}ep Wxh~gmg ch eiphnlþ gnej*

rg÷gpch neje ~hnph}gple# rphnl~gjhk}h rgpg je~}pgp

g ce~ nepphk}lkh~ wxh ~hpyêg hk cg rgz | hk cg axhppg+

Hc ae`hpkgmep ch e`~hpyþ wxh# ke fg`cgkme axgpgkê#

kl h~}gkme gne~}xj`pgme g ng`gcagp# ~x re~lnlþk

~h fgnêg rhclape~g `goe }eme~ g~rhn}e~4 rhpe fepg~

mh~rxì~ ch h~lnpl`lþ wxh fg`êg ph~xhc}e cchygpch hk~x nenfh# | g~ê remêg lp neje ~x ~hnph}gple+ Ce~

lkyg~eph~ ixhpek yhknlme~# | ce~ rpljhpe~ rpl~lekh*

pe~ wxh }pgohpek# ch~ ixhpek rph~hk}gme~ gc ae`hp*

kgmep# wxlhk ch~ rlmlþ ch mlh~hk rgcg`pg mh fekep

mh ke }ejgp jç~ rgp}lnlrgnlþk hk cg phyecxnlþk

rgpg rekhpce~ hk cl`hp}gm4 gn}e wl[h ~eprphkmlþ gc

men}ep Wxh~gmg rep cg jgakgkljlmgm mhc ae`hpkg*mep# g wxlhk g~ê ce e`~hpyþ# ph~rekmlìkmech ì~}h wxh

jç~ ~h agkg`g nek h~g~ gnnlekh~ wxh nek hc plaep mh

xk oxlnle jlcl}gp+" &7,

Xk oeyhk mh cg nxc}xpg | kg}xpgc ml~}lknlþk mh

Wxh~gmg# mliênlcjhk}h remêg fgccgp~h g ax~}e }hk

gwxhc jhmle hk}eknh~ ~hjl`çp`gpe+ ^lk mxmg mh`lþ

fgnhpgccê nxple~g~

hlk~}pxn}lyg~ e`~hpygnlekh~+

Nek ceg`ch h~ixhpze | hk}hphzg g~l~}lþ g }emg cg

ngjrg÷g# |# xkg yhz }hpjlkgmg# rlmlþ clnhknlg gc

ae`hpkgmep rgpg lp g @xhke~ Glph~# nek hc e`oh}e mh

yl~l}gp g ~x igjlclg+

Mh phaph~e hk hc feagp rg}hpke# gnek~hoçpekch ce~

~x|e~ wxh }hpjlkg~h ~x ngpphpg mh g`eagme+ Mhc jl~*

lc, "L`lm+"# rçalkg 7+



79 LK]PEMXNNLÞK

je mln}gjhk hpgk ce~ men}eph~ Oe~ì @hkogjêk Ae*

pe~}lgag | Oe~ì Pewxh Rìphz+ G}hkmlhkme }gk hvnh*

chk}h~ nek~hoe~# hc oeyhk Wxh~gmg ph~ecylþ wxhmgp~h

hk @xhke~ Glph~+ Jgklih~}þ~hce g~ê# rep ngp}g# gc

men}ep Rxoec# | ì~}h# wxh fg`êg ne`pgme apgk h~}ljg

g ~x gk}laxe ~hnph}gple# ke rxme jhke~ mh grcgxmlp

~x mhnl~lþk+ Cg ngp}g mhc ae`hpkgmep mh Nepplhk}h~

nek}hkêg lk}hph~gk}h~ grphnlgnlekh~ recê}lng~+ Hc

men}ep Rxoec rphaxk}g`g gc oeyhk Wxh~gmg ~l cg

rpeylknlg mh @xhke~ Glph~ h~}g`g mhnlmlmg g nek~*

}l}xlp xk h~}gme lkmhrhkmlhk}h+ Hk ng~e mh wxh g~ê

ixh~h# cg~ rpeylknlg~ phnxpplpêgk g cg ixhpzg gk}h~

mh ph~lakgp~h g h~g mecepe~g mh~jhj`pgnlþk+

Hc 76 mh ~hr}lhj`ph mh 7688 plkmlþ Wxh~gmg#

gk}h cg Nçjgpg mh Ox~}lnlg# ~x hvgjhk ÷kg, Hc rh

plþmlne Hc Oxmlnlgcrx`clnþ

xkhceale mhc kxhye g`e*

agme+ L`g g h~}phkgp~h hk hc iepe nek xk `gagoh mh

h~}xmle~ }hþplne~ | mh nekenljlhk}e~ rpçn}lne~# wxh

ke rempêgk jhkn~ mh rperepnlekgpch apgkmh~ ìvl}e~+

Nek~lmhpç`g~h!+h# nek ixkmgjhk}e# xkg mh cg~ apgk*

mh~ h~rhpgkzg~ mh ~x ahkhpgnlþk+

LY

Hk 7688 ixì hchalme mlrx}gme gc Nekaph~e Kgnle*

kgc rep cg rpeylknlg mh Nepplhk}h~+ ^x gn}xgnlþk

rgpcgjhk}gplg hk hc g÷e mh 7689 jhphnhpêg xk h~}x*

mle grgp}h | mh}hklme+ Hc men}ep Wxh~gmg hpg xkepgmep içnlc# ~haxpe mh ~ê jl~je# mh hvrph~lþk ncgpg

| ylaepe~g+ Enxrþ~h hk cg~ }ph~ nxh~}lekh~ ixkmg*jhk}gch~ wxh hk}eknh~ ~h ml~nx}lhpek? cg ch| ~e`ph

mhphnfe~ mlihphknlgch~4 hc }pg}gme mh gjl~}gm# ne*

jhpnle | kgyhagnlþk# nhch`pgme hk 1 mh jg|e mh

h~h g÷e nek hc @pg~lc4 | cg gx}eplzgnlþk rgpg rpe*

}h~}gp nek}pg hc ae`lhpke mh @xhke~ Glph~# rep }eme

gn}e wxh hohpnlhpg mh ~e`hpgkêg hv}hplep | hkgoh*

kgnlþk mh }lhppg~ rÿ`clng~+



LK]PEMXNNLÞK 71

Hk gwxhccg~ ~h~lekh~ jhjepg`ch~ mhc Nekaph~e mh

7689# mhje~}pþ hc men}ep Wxh~gmg xx ylaepe~e ~hk*}ljlhk}e wxh gfepg mlpêgje~ kgnlekgcl~}g+ Rpekxknlþ

xk ke}g`lcê~lje ml~nxp~e mh ere~lnlþk# ~e~}hklhkme

cg nek~hpygnlþk mh cg lk}haplmgm kgnlekgc# gxkwxh

ixhph khnh~gplg cg axhppg+ ]eme ce rphihpêg g cg

mh~jhj`pgnlþk mhc }hppl}eple mh ~x rg}plg+ ^x gn}l*

}xm ixì jx| ngcxpe~gjhk}h hcealgmg hk @xhke~

Glph~+ Cg ]pl`xkg rx`clnþ ~x ml~nxp~e# grcgxmlhkmehk}x~lg~}gjhk}h cg }h~l~ wxh ~e~}hkêg+ Fej`ph~ mh

cg rphrgpgnlþk | }hjrch mhc men}ep Wxh~gmg l`gk

g ~hpylp mh yêknxce# jç~ }gpmh e jç~ }hjrpgke#

rgpg cg phnek~}pxnnlþk mh cg xklmgm kgnlekgc+

Mh~rxì~ mh }hpjlkgmg~ cg~ ~h~lekh~ mhc Nekaph~e

mh 7689# lhc men}ep Wxh~gmg ~h ylke g @xhke~ Glph~#

rep nep}e }lhjre+ Hk hc ygrep Xpxaxg| rgp}lþ mh

kxhye rgpg Nepplhk}h~# mekmh ~h ch flze xk hk}x*

~lg~}g phnl`ljlhk}e rep ~x `plccgk}h gn}xgnlþk rgp*

cgjhk}gplg+ Mh gccê phaph~þ e}pg yhz g @xhke~ Glph~+

^eclnl}þ clnhknlg rgpg ke neknxpplp g cg~ ~h~lekh~

mh 7681# | hk h~}g ÿc}ljg nlxmgm rx`clnþ hc cl`pe Cgrpeylknlg mh Nepplhk}h~+

Apgkmh ìvl}e e`}xye h~}g rx`clngnlþk+ Cg e`pg

ixì jx| hcealgmg rep ce~ mlgple~ mh @xhke~ Glph~

Hc Epmhk | Ce~ Mh`g}h~+ Hc ahkhpgc Jl}ph# wxh

phmgn}g`g h~}h ÿc}lje rhplþmlne# mloe hk h~}g erep*

}xklmgm# nejrhkmle~gjhk}h ? "Cg lk}hclahknlg h~}ç

mh~}lkgmg g phgkxmgp hc yêknxce kgnlekgc+" Laxgc*

jhk}h hcealgpek hc cl`pe Cg Phyl~}g mhc Kxhye Jxk*me# Cg Rphk~g | Hc Kgnlekgc# wxh gk}h~ fg`êg

rx`clngme xkg~ Ljrph~lekh~ mhc ylgoh mhc men}ep

Wxh~gmg rep hc lk}hplep+ ]gj`lìk hk cg~ rpeylknlg~#

Cg Erlklþk# mh Nepplhk}h~# Hc Xpxaxg|# mh Nek*

nhrnlþk mhc Xpxaxg|# Cg Nekihmhpgnlþk# mhc He~g*



76 LK]PEMXNNLÞK

ple# oxzagpek jx| igyepg`chjhk}h h~g e`pg# wxh#

hk ~xjg# e`}xye cg jhoep gnealmg hk }emg cg Ph*rÿ`clng+

"Hc men}ep Wxh~gmg neknxpplþ g cg~ ~h~lekh~ ch*

al~cg}lyg~ mh 7686# hk cg~ nxgch~ ~h rpemxoe }hc nek*

cêln}e nek @xhke~ Glph~# wxh }hpjlkþ rep cg axhppg+

Cg `g}gccg mh Nhrhmg mle cg yln}eplg g cg Nekihmh*

pgnlþk# |# neje ph~xc}gme# xk gnxhpme# rep hc nxgc

hc ae`lhpke mh @xhke~ Glph~ nekylke hk rpenhmhprep xkg nekyhknlþk gc hvgjhk mh cg Nek~}l}xnlþk

kgnlekgc+ ]xye cxagp# | ixì gnhr}gmg nek phiepjg~#

| ì~}g~# g ~x yhz# rep hc ae`lhpke kgnlekgc+ Hchn}e hc

men}ep Mhpwxl rph~lmhk}h mh cg Nekihmhpgnlþk# wxh

gmer}þ hc kej`ph mh Phrÿ`clng Gpahk}lkg# hc ae*

`hpkgmep Jl}ph# mh @xhke~ Glph~# lkyl}þ g lp g

@xhke~ Glph~ gc rph~lmhk}h | gc ahkhpgc Xpwxlzg#ae`hpkgmep hchn}e hk Hk}ph Pêe~+ Yecylhpek g pej*

rhp~h cg~ phcgnlekh~ hk}ph cg gk}laxg rpeylknlg |hc ae`lhpke mhc Rgpgkç4 kxhyg axhppg wxh }hpjlkþ

'g `g}gccg mh Rgyþk | cg ngêmg mhc ae`lhpke

kgnlekgc# g~lcçkme~h h!c rph~lmhk}h Mhpwxl hk xk`xwxh mh axhppg lkacì~# | mh~rxì~ hc ae`lhpke mh

Hk}ph Pêe~ phg~xjlþ cg ~e`hpgkêg | mhppenþ gc ae*`lhpke ihmhpgc+ Hc men}ep Wxh~gmg fg`êg ixkmgmeCg Phyl~}g mh Rgpgkç# wxh ce~ ~xnh~e~ recê}lne~ |cg ngêmg mhc ae`lhpke flnlhpek ~x~rhkmhp4 yecylþ

hk}eknh~ g @xhke~ Glph~# | ylylþ ~hrgpgme mh cg

recê}lng+ Ixkmþ mh~rxì~# nek hc men}ep Jlaxhc Kg*ygppe Ylecg# Cg Phyl~}g mh @xhke~ Glph~# nechn*

nlþk m'h 0*7

}eje~# &7, | xk }eje ÿklne `goe hc}ê}xce @l`cle}hng mh cg Phyl~}g mh @xhke~ Glph~+

Ixì necg`epgmep mh Hc lkyçclme gpahk}lke# rhplþmlne

ixkmgme rep hc men}ep Oe~ì Rgz+ mxpgk}h cg axhppg

&7, Rpxh`g cg ljrep}gknlg mh "Cg Phyl~}g mh @xhke~Glph~" hc fhnfe mh wxh fg jhphnlme# ÿc}ljgjhk}h# ce~fekeph~ mh cg phhmlnlþk+ Nejhkzgmg ì~}g hk 7<77# hk@xhke~ Glph~# cchyg

fg~}g gfepg rx`clngme~ng}epnh yecÿ*

jhkh~+



LK]PEMXNNLÞK 7<

nek hc Rgpgaxg|+ Ixì kej`pgme oxhz4rhpe ke gnhr*

}þ+ Iepjþ rgp}h mh cg Gngmhjlg mh Oxpl~rpxmhknlg+Hk 769< ~h ch rperx~e hc oxzagme mh ~hnnlþk hk cg

rpeylknlg# wxh ke gnhr}þ+ ]ejþ kxhygjhk}h rgp}h

hk ce~ rgp}lme~ recê}lne~4 |# hc g÷e gk}h~# 7696#

iepjþ rgp}h hk ce~ nhp}çjhkh~ cl}hpgple~# kej`pgmejlhj`pe rgpg phxklp e`pg~ jgkx~npl}g~ ~e`ph fl~*

}eplg | cl}hpg}xpg hk 7610# nek e}pe~ ~h÷eph~+ Ixì

rph~lmhk}h mh cg nejl~lþk mhc Nechale jemhce mhNg}hmpgc gc kep}h# hk 7610# | mlrx}gme g cg Nekyhk*nlþk rpeylknlgc &7, "+ ]gj`lìk ixì nepph~rek~gc mhc

Nepphe mh Xc}pgjgp+

Jxhp}e hk 7617 hc mlphn}ep mh cg @l`cle}hng rÿ*`clng mh @xhke~ Glph~# mek Oe~ì Jçpjec# hc ae`hp*

kgmep mek Hjlcle Ng~}pe | ~x jlkl~}pe# hc men}ep

Jgcgyhp# kej`pgpek# hk ~x phhjrcgze# gc men}epYlnhk}h A+ Wxh~gmg+ Ke remêg ~hp jç~ gnhp}gmg

cg mh~lakgnlþk# }pg}çkme~h mh h~rêpl}x }gk nxc}lygme

| gjgk}h mh cg cl}hpg}xpg+ Jlhk}pg~ mh~hjrh÷þ hc

ngpae# hc men}ep Wxh~gmg rx`clnþ cg~ Jhjeplg~ mh

cg @l`cle}hng+

Hk h~}g ìreng mh ~x ylmg khnh~l}g`g hc men}ep

Wxh~gmg nejrch}gp ~x yg~}g nxc}xpg nek xk ylgohg Hxperg+ Hc ae`lhpke ch neknhmlþ clnhknlg gc hihn}e#

"kej`pçkmech nejl~lekgme h~rhnlgc rgpg h~}xmlgp

cg epagklzgnlþk mh cg~ rplknlrgch~ `l`cle}hng~ hxpe*

rhg~ | rgpg cg gmwxl~lnlþk hk H~rg÷g mh nerlg~ mh

jgkx~npl}e~ wxh }xylh~hk phihphknlg g cg fl~}eplg

neceklgc+ Rgpg mgpch lk~}pxnnlþk rgpg h~}g nejl~lþk#

ixhpekkej`pgme~

ce~~h÷eph~ ahkhpgc @gp}ecejìJl}ph# mek Ylnhk}h Ilmhc Cþrhz | mek Gkmpì~ Cg*

jg~+ H~h ylgoh }xye cxagp hk 761> | 761= 4 ~þce ~h ch

~h÷gcþ mxpgk}h ~hl~ jh~h~ xkg g~lakgnlþk jhk~xgc#

cg wxh phnl`lþ h~}gkme |g hk Hxperg+ Rx`clnþ hkCg Phyl~}g mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g xk h~}xmle ~e`ph cg

&7, "Ke}g~ `leapçilng~ mhc men}ep Ylnhk}h A+ Wxh~gm}? galkg 6+



02 LK]@EMÓNNLÞLÊ

Mlphnnlþk mh Flmpeapgiêg# e}pe ~e`ph Cg @l`cle}hng

kgnlekgc mh Jgmplm | e}pe Hc Gpnflye mh Lkmlg~

hk ^hylccg4 }pgoe nerlg~ mh kxjhpe~e~ jgkx~npl}e~#

|# hk 09 mh oxkle mh 7618# hc ae`hpkgmep Ng~gph~

| ~x jlkl~}pe G+ mhc Ygcch mln}gpek xk mhnph}e

grpe`gkme nek hceale hc rpenhmhp mhc nejl~lekgme+

| gx}eplzçkmech rgpg ljrpljlp ~x cl`pe# | nejeÿklng nejrhk~gnlþk ch mlhpek >22 hohjrcgph~+ H~h

cl`pe ~h }l}xcg? Cg~ `l`cle}hng~ hxperhg~ | gcaxkg~

mh cg Gjìplng cg}lkg# nek xk grìkmlnh ~e`ph hc Gp*nflye mh Lkmlg~ hk ^hylccg# cg Mlphnnlþk mh flmpe*

apgiêg | cg @l`cle}hng mh cg Phgc Gngmhjlg# mhmlngme

gc hvnhchk}ê~lje ae`lhpke mh cg rpeylknlg+ Hc men}ep

Wxh~gmg hpg mlphn}ep mh cg @l`cle}hng mh @xhke~Glph~# jlhj`pe mh cg ^enlhmgm mh aheapgiêg mh Rgpê~#

mh cg ^enlhmgm gjhplngkg mh Ipgknlg# | mhchagme gc

Nekaph~e mh Gjhplngkl~}g~+ &7,"]pg`goþ hc men}ep Wxh~gmg g~lmxg | hilngzjhk}h

hk cg iepjgnlþk mh cg @l`cle}hng rÿ`clng mh @xhke~Glph~+ Nek ke}g`ch }h~þk ~xre gxjhk}gp cg nechn*

nlþk mh cl`pe~# rgpg rekhp hc h~}g`chnljlhk}e gc jç~gol}e klyhc re~l`ch+ ^xre mgpch hvnhchk}h epagklzg*

nlþk | ignlcl}gp ~x gnnh~e g ce~ h~}xmle~e~# nek jh*

mlmg~ erep}xkg~ | gmhnxgmg~+Hk 7618 rx`clnþ xkg e`pg mh gclhk}e# Cg Rg}gae*

klg | cg~ ]lhppg~ gx~}pgch~ mhc Nek}lkhk}h gjhpl*

ngke &0,+ Mhmlnþ ~x }pg`goe gc ae`lhpke mh cg

rpeylknlg# wxh# ~lk g~lakgpch nejrhk~gnlþk rhnx*

klgplg# ce jgkmþ rx`clngp+ H~}ÿmlgk~h hk h~}h cl`pe

ce~ rpe`chjg~ ixkmgjhk}gch~ mh cg fl~}eplg# mhc

jhoep grpeyhnfgjlhk}e | mhc repyhklp mh h~g yg~}gphalþk jhplmlekgc mh cg Phrÿ`clng+ Rxhmh mhnlp~h

wxh h~ mh ce jç~ nejrch}e wxh hvl~}h ~e`ph cg jg}h*

plg+ Hc ae`lhpke gpahk}lke fg x}lclzgme gjrclgjhk}hcg~ lmhg~ gccê hvrxh~}g~ rep hc men}ep Wxh~gmg+

&7, "L`lm+"# rçalkg >+

&0, ] ]k yecxjhk hk =!! jg|ep# mh 161 rçalkg~+ @xhke~Glph~# 761^+



LD]@EM]]2NL9V êc

YL

Ke e`~}gk}h ~x ngpçn}hp rene mgme g cg~ içnlch~

hvrgk~lekh~ mh cg mhjenpgnlg# hc men}ep Wxh~gmg

hpg |g xk fej`ph rerxcgp+ ^h ch nek~lmhpg`g | ph~*

rh}g`g+ Aezg`g hk}ph ~x~ neknlxmgmgke~ mhc rph~*

}lale jhphnlme rep ~x g~lmxlmgm hk hc }pg`goe |rep ~x~ `hccg~ lklnlg}lyg~+

Hk 7611# rphyle gnxhpme mhc ^hkgme# hc ae`hpkg*mep mh cg rpeylknlg mh @xhke~ Glph~# mek Ngpce~

Ng~gph~# ch kej`pþ jlkl~}pe ~hnph}gple mh H~}gme

hk hc mhrgp}gjhk}e mh ae`lhpke+ Cg mh~lakgnlþk

ixì xkliepjhjhk}h grcgxmlmg rep cg rphk~g+

+ Fgccç`gk~h g cg ~gzþk# hk cg rpeylknlg mh @xhke~

Glph~# fgp}e hknekgmg~ cg~ rg~lekh~ recê}lng~+ Hc

gk}gaekl~je hk}ph ce~ rgp}lmgple~ mhc ahkhpgc @gp*}ecejì Jl}ph | ce~ mhc men}ep Gmecie Gc~lkg fgnêg

re~l`ch xkg kxhyg axhppg nlylc+ Hpg rphnl~e hyl*

}gpcg+ Mh~mh ~x jlkl~}hple# hc men}ep Wxh~gmg g|xmþ

hilngzjhk}h rgpg rpemxnlp xkg neknlclgnlþk mhne*

pe~g rgpg gj`e~ rgp}lme~+ Rpenhmlþ nek }eme }lke |rpxmhknlg# g ilk mh gillgkzgp cg rgz lk}hpkg# }gk

khnh~gplg g cg rpeylknlg+ Mhje~}pþ hk h~g erep}x*klmgm ke}g`ch~ nxgclmgmh~ mh fej`ph mh nek~hoe

| H~}gme+

Rene mh~rxì~# fg`lhkme ~lme rpencgjgme ngkml*

mg}e g mlrx}gme gc Nekaph~e kgnlekgc# phkxknlþ g ~x

jlkl~}hple+ Nek hc mhnlmlme gre|e mh cg erlklþk

rÿ`clng ixì hchn}e# | ~h lkneprepþ g cg Nçjgpg+ ^x

gn}xgnlþk ixì `plccgk}h# neje gk}h~ fg`êg ~lme hkhc

Nekaph~e mhc Rgpgkç# Hc men}ep Wxh~gmg lk}hpylke

hk ygple~ mh`g}h~ jhjepg`ch~# mhje~}pgkme ~lhjrph

~x ~þclmg lkiepjgnlþk | rpxmhk}h npl}hple+

Hk hc nekicln}e enxpplme hk}ph hc ae`hpkgmep

men}ep Ngpce~ ]hohmep | hc rph~lmhk}h men}ep Kl*

necç~ Gyhccgkhmg# hk 7662# g rperþ~l}e mh cg ihmhpg*

clzgnlþk mh @xhke~Glph~# hc

men}ep Ylnhk}h A+



00 LK]PEMXNNLÞK

Wxh~gmg+ ~h mhncgpþ nek}pgple gc rpe|hn}e+ Fg`lìk*

me~h }pg~cgmgme hc rph~lmhk}h rpeyl~eplgjhk}h g

@hcapgke# ~h khaþ g neknxpplp gccê+ Rep h~}e ixìmh~}l}xlme# nek e}pe~ mlrx}gme~ wxh g~xjlhpek cg

jl~jg gn}l}xm+ Rene mh~rxì~ ~h mln}þ cg ch| wxh

mhncgpþ ngrl}gc ihmhpgc mh cg Phrÿ`clng g cg nlxmgm

mh @xhke~ Glph~+

G rh~gp mh ~x gn}lyg gn}xgnlþk recê}lng# hc men}ep

Wxh~gmg ke g`gkmekþ xk jejhk}e ~x~ }pg`goe~

cl}hpgple~ | oxpêmlne~+ Hk en}x`ph mh 7612# ~lhkmerph~lmhk}h mh cg Phrÿ`clng hc ahkhpgc MejlkaeIgx~}lke ^gpjlhk}e | jlkl~}pe mh ox~}lnlg hc men}ep

Klnecç~ Gyhccgkhmg# kej`pþ~hch nekoxk}gjhk}h nek

hc men}ep ^lv}e Ylcchag~# rgpg wxh flnlhpgk xk h~}x*

mle mhc Nþmlae mh Nejhpnle | rperx~lhpgk cg~ ph*

iepjg~ khnh~gplg~+ Rep mlyhp~g~ nlpnxk~}gknlg~# ke

cchaþ g grpe`gp~h hc rpe|hn}e wxh rph~hk}gpek gcNekaph~e kgnlekgc# ke e`~}gk}h fg`hp jhphnlme yg*

ple~ oxlnle~ jx| igyepg`ch~+

Hk 7667# hc men}ep Ylnhk}h A+ Wxh~gmg# g~enlgme

g ~x floe hc men}ep Hpkh~}e Wxh~gmg# }gj`lìk ml~*

}lkaxlmê~lje oxpl~}g | h~npl}ep mh ke}g`ch }gchk}e#

ixkmþ xkg }hpnhpg phyl~}g# }l}xcgmg Cg Kxhyg Ph*

yl~}g mh @xhke~ Glph~# mh cg nxgc ~h rx`clngpek}phnh }eje~# kx}plme~ mh ygcle~e jg}hplgc+ Mh~mh hc

}eje LLL# ixì mlphn}ep ÿklne mh cg rx`clngnlþk hc

men}ep Hpkh~}e Wxh~gmg# mlake nek}lkxgmep mh ce~

}pg`goe~ mh ~x rgmph | jgh~}pe+

^hrgpgme mh cg recê}lng hc men}ep Wxh~gmg# rpe*

~laxlþ ~x~ lkyh~}lagnlekh~ fl~}þplng~+ Hk 7667# `goe

cg rph~lmhknlg mhc ahkhpgc Oxcle G+ Peng# rx`clnþxkg jhpl}ê~ljg e`pg }l}xcgmg Hc ylpphlkg}e mhc Pêe

mh cg Rcg}g# 7119*7672+”Grxk}gjlhk}e~ fl~}þplne*

npê}lne~ rgpg ~hpylp mh mg~h g cg nxh~}lþk mh cêjl}h~

hk}ph cg Phrÿ`clng Gpahk}lkg | Nflch &7,+ Rxhmh

&7, Xk yecxjhk hk = e jg|ep# mh 98= rçalkg~+ @xhke~Glph~# 7667+



LK]PEMXNNLÞK 0>

mhnlp~h wxh gccê ~h fgk ~hk}gme cg~ `g~h~ ixkmg*

jhk}gch~ wxh jç~ }gpmh ixhpek gmxnlmg~ rep cg

Phrÿ`clng Gpahk}lkg rgpg ph~ecyhp rgnêilngjhk}hh~g mliênlc nxh~}lþk+

"Gmhjç~ mh h~}g e`pg# h~npl`lþ# neje nejrch*

jhk}e mh ~x~ lkyh~}lagnlekh~ fl~}þplng~ | neje rpl*

jhpg rgp}h mh xk yg~}e rcgk# e}pg# }l}xcgmg Ngrl}x*

cgnlekh~ rgpg hc mh~nx`pljlhk}e | nekwxl~}g mhc

Ple mh cg Rcg}g | Nflch”Nxh~}lþk mh x`lngnlþk mh

cg~ ae`hpkgnlekh~”Grxk}gjlh k}e~ npê}lne*fl~}þplne~rgpg ~hpylp hk cg nxh~}lþk mh cljl}h~ hk}ph cg @h*rÿ`clng Gpahk}lkg | Nflch+ Iepjg xk yecxjhk mh

>22 rçalkg~+ Cg ~haxkmg rgp}h }lhkh h~}h }ê}xce

Gk}laxe~ cêjl}h~ mh cg Rpeylknlg mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g+

Apgk rgp}h mh h~}e~ §h~}xmle~ fg`êgk ~lme rx`clngme~

hk Cg Kxhyg Phyl~}g mh @xhke~ Glph~# | ke ce

ixhpek ~xnh~lygjhk}h }eme~#repwxh

¬7 hvnh~emhh~}h }pg`goe ch rpemxoe xk ~hple g}gwxh mh khxpg~*

}hklg# wxh e`claþ gc gx}ep g hj`gpngp~h | rekhp~h

`goe hc }pg}gjlhk}e mhc nìch`ph Nfgphe}# hk Rgpê~#

mekmh rhpjgkhnlþ jh~h~ fg~}g phnxrhpgp cg ~gcxm#

wxhmgkme hjrhpe ljre~l`lcl}gme mhc g~lmxe }pg`goe

lk}hchn}xgc+ ^lk hj`gpae# rx`clnþ xkg ~hplh mh h~*

}xmle~ mh mhphnfe lk}hpkgnlekgc"+&7,

YLL

Fgnlg cg jl}gm mh ~x ylmg lklnlþ hc men}ep Yl*

nhk}h A+ Wxh~gmg ~x `plccgk}h ngpphpg mlrcejç}lng+

Fgnlhkme ox~}lnlg g ~x rphrgpgnlþk hvnhrnlekgc# hc

rph~lmhk}h ahkhpgc Peng# mh gnxhpme nek ~x jlkl~}pemh Phcgnlekh~ hv}hpleph~ hc men}ep Yln}eplke mh cg

Rcgzg# ch kej`pþ hk 766> hkylgme hv}pgepmlkgple

| jlkl~}pe rchklre}hknlgple hk hc Ljrhple mh7

@pg~lc+

Ngr}þ~h hk Pêe mh Ogkhlpe hc kxhye jlkl~}pe gp*

&7, "Ke}g~ `leapçilng~ mhc men}ep Ylnhk}h A+ Wxh~gmg"#rçalkg >+



0= LK]PEMXNNLÞK

ahk}lke# mh~mh hc rpljhp jejhk}e# cg nek~lmhpgnlþk

mh cg nep}h | cg rgp}lnxcgp gjl~}gm wxh ch mhje~}pþ

~lhjrph hc hjrhpgmep+ Hpg xk phrph~hk}gk}h wxh#

rep ~x nxc}xpg | ml~}lknlþk# fgnêg fekep g ~x rg}plg+

Hc men}ep Wxh~gmg fg mhogme h~npl}e~ ~x~ ph*

nxhpme~ mh gwxhccg ìreng mh ~x ylmg# hk xkg e`pg

mh me~ hv}hk~e~ yecÿjhkh~ rx`clngme~ hk 7<26 |}l}xcgmg Jl~ jhjeplg~ mlrcejç}lng~ &Jl~lþk gk}h

hc ae`lhpke mhc @pg~lc, &7,+ Ngjrhg hk h~}h }pg*

`goe xk h~}lce hchagk}h | ncgpe# wxh ch fgnh mh chn}xpg

}gk gjhkg neje rpeyhnfe~g+ ]lhkh gmhjç~ lkml~*

nx}l`ch ygcep menxjhk}gc# rxh~ hc gx}ep }pgzg xknxgmpe nejrch}e mhc h~}gme mhc Ljrhple | mh ~x

recê}lng hk ^xm Gjìplng+

Nxjrclme~ grhkg~ me~ g÷e~ mh~mh ~x kej`pg*jlhk}e# hc men}ep Wxh~gmg ixì }pg~cgmgme g ce~!

H~}gme~ Xklme~ mh Kep}h Gjìplng# hc 7668+ Nxgkmerph~hk}þ ~x ngp}g mh ph}lpe# hc hjrhpgmep ch hkylþ

cg apgk npxz mh cg Pe~g+

Gnejrg÷þ gc jlkl~}pe men}ep Ylnhk}h A*+ Wxh~gmg

~x floe hc men}ep Hpkh~}e Wxh~gmg# hk ngclmgm mh

+~hnph}gple mh cg chagnlþk+ Hk "Qg~flka}ek# nejegk}h~ hk Pêe mh Ogkhlpe# hc jlkl~}pe gpahk}lke

~xre g}pghp~h cg~ ~ljrg}êg~ | hc grphnle mh cg gc}g

~enlhmgm+ ^x }pg}e hpg gjg`ch# | ~x~ nejlmg~ |phnhrnlekh~# ~xk}xe~g~ | ~hchn}g~+ Re~hêg hc ~gyelp

iglph# }gk khnh~gple hk cg ylmg mlrcejç}lng+

"Hknek}pì içnlc cg ylmg ~enlgc# h~npl`êg hc men}ep

Wxh~gmg# fe~rl}gcgplg~ cg~ ahk}h~# nep}h~h~ h lk~*

}pxlmg~ cg~ mgjg~ hk ahkhpgc# | jx| clkmg~# jx|~ljrç}lng~ cg~ ~h÷epl}g~# rgpg cg~ wxh hc iclp} h~

xk hk}ph}hkljlhk}e# repwxh mlnhk wxh iclp}g}lek

l~ g}}hk}lek lyl}fex} lk}hk}lek+ Nek~hpye apg}ê~lje

phnxhpme mh ~x }pg}e# mh cg jgkhpg ipgkng nek wxh~g`hk ~e~}hkhp cg nekyhp~gnlþk# rhp~xgmlìkmejh wxh

&7, Me~ yecÿjhkh~ hk = e# hc 7² mh ><> rçalkg~ | hc

0´ mh =6>+ @xhke~ Glph~# 7<26+



LK]PEMXNNLÞK 08

ce~ ng`gcchpe~ ~ek h~}ljgme~ rep ~x lk}hclahknlg |ke rep ~x oxyhk}xm oxaxh}ekg+ Ogjç~ nekenê rgê~

mekmh ~h }xylh~h jç~ ahkhpgc ph~rh}e rep hc `hcce

~hve+ Ke mlae wxh gccê ~hgk cg~ jxohph~ jç~ ylp}xe~g~

wxh hk e}pg~ rgp}h~# ~lke wxh cg~ ne~}xj`ph~# cg

ch| | cg rperlg neknlhknlg wxh hccg~ }lhkhk mh ~x~

ixhpe~# cg~ necengk hk ~l}xgnlþk mh ljrekhp ph~rh}e#

~lk igc~e~ ilkaljlhk}e~ kl flrþnpl}g~ ngx}hcg~+" &7,+

]gj`lìk ke~ fg mhogme hc men}ep Wxh~gmg xk

cgpae | gmjlpg`ch nxgmpe mh cg ylmg ~enlgc | recê}lng

mh ce~ H~}gme~ Xklme~ mh Kep}h Gjìplng# hk cg

ìreng wxh phrph~hk}þ gccê g cg Phrÿ`clng Gpahk}lkg+

Hk 7<2= rx`clnþ# hk me~ yecÿjhkh~# ~x~ Phnxhpme~

mh jl ylmg mlrcejç}lng”Jl~lþk hk ce~ H~}gme~ Xkl*

me~ &7668*76<0, &0,+ ]pg}g h~rhnlgcjhk}h mh cg

~enlhmgm | mh cg nxh~}lþk mh cg~ l~cg~ Jgcylkg~+

H~}g ÿc}ljg h~}ç h~}xmlgmg nek apgk gnerle mh mg}e~| mh hchjhk}e~ }hkmlhk}h~ g ~x jhoep ~ecxnlþk+

Grgp}h mh h~}g e`pg ~hplg | ilpjgmg# rx`clnþ# hk

76<># nek hc r~hxmþklje mh Mejlkae mh Rgk}eog#

xk h~}xmle jç~ ipgkne# }l}xcgme Ce~ H~}gme~ Xklme~

| cg Gjìplng mhc ^xp”Ce~ |gkdhh~ rlk}gme~ rep ~ê

jl~je~ &>,+ H~ ke}g`ch h~}h }pg`goe rep hc phclhyh

fg~}g cg ngx~}lnlmgm mhc h~}lce# | rep cg hvgn}g e`*~hpygnlþk mh ce~ fej`ph~ | cg~ ne~g~+ Cl`ph mh ce~

phg}e~ mh ~x gc}g re~lnlþk eilnlgc# hc men}ep Wxh~gmgfgnh agcg mh phgcl~je | mh lkahkle+

"Cg Gjìplng rgpg ce~ gjhplngke~# h~npl`h hc

men}ep Wxh~gmg# wxlhph mhnlp hk pejgknh?” cg

Gjìplng rgpg ce~ |gkdhh~# wxh ~xrekhk ~hp mh~}l*

kgme~ jgklilh~}gjhk}h g mejlkgp }eme hc nek}lkhk*}h fg~}g Jgagccgkh~# rxh~}e wxh ^ex}f Gjhplng#

&7, Y+ A+ Wxh~gmg# "Phnxhpme~ mh jl ylmg mlrcejç*}lng"# jl~lþk hk ce~ H~}gme~ Xklme~# rçalkg 77+

&0, Xk yecxjhk hk = e# mh 0<0 rçalkg~+ @xhke~ Glph~#

7<2=+

&>, Xk yecxjhk hk 6 e# mh >1= rçalkg~+ @xhke~ Glph~#7^<>+



09 LK]PEMXNNLÞK

rgpg hcce~# h~ gcae ~hjl~gcygoh# rxh`cgmg~ wxh h~}çk

h~rhpgkme mh pemlccg~ g wxh ~h phÿkg hc Nekaph~e

me mhchagme~ Gjhplngke~ hk Qg~flka}ek# rgpg fg*nhp~h }pl`x}gplg~ mh ce~ rpemxn}e~ |gkdhh~# wxh kg*

nlhpek | ylyhk gc gjrgpe mh }gplig~ me gmxgkgg`pxjgmepg~ rgpg ke ~hp mejlkgme~# hk `gpg}xpg

| ngclmgm# rep ce~ gp}ênxce~ ~ljlcgph~ hxperhe~+ \neje }gk jhkaxgme~ nek~lmhpgk g ce~ mh ^ex}f

Gjhplng# cg ke`ch ahkhpe~lmgm kep}hgjhplngkg ch~

fg lk~rlpgme cg nphhknlg mh wxh hk hc }gc Nekaph~efg|g mlhz jgh~}pe~ |gkdhh~ rgpg mgp chnnlekh~ g

ce~ wxh }hkagk cg ljrphyl~lþk mh neknxpplp ~lk ph*

~hpyg~+" &7,

Yì~h içnlcjhk}h hk cg e`pg wxh h~npl`lþ hc jlkl~}pe

gpahk}lke# axgpmgkme plaxpe~e lknþakl}e# ce~ ~xipl*

jlhk}e~ mh ~x gjep rg}ple gk}h hc rene grphnle hk

wxh }hkêgk g cg~ phrÿ`clng~ fl~rgke* gjhplngkg~ ce~

|gkwxl~ mh gwxhc }lhjre+ Hc cl`pe mh Rgk}eog lj*

rclng cg jç~ hkìpalng rpe}h~}g+ @xpcg `xpcgkme#

nek~lakg yhpmgmh~ npxhch~# gxkwxh ke rperlgjhk}h

eihk~lyg~+

YLLL

Hk 76<2# hc rph~lmhk}h men}ep Ngpce~ Rhcchaplkl#

rep je}lye~ mh hnekejêg# hk pgzþk mh cg npl~l~ rep

wxh hk}eknh~ g}pgyh~g`g cg Phrÿ`clng Gpahk}lkg#

~xrpljlþ cg jl~lþk rhpjgkhk}h mh Jìvlne+ Nekilþ~h#

hk 76<7# cg phrph~hk}gnlþk gpahk}lkg hk h~}g phrÿ*

`clng gcmen}ep Wxh~gmg# jlkl~}pe hk}eknh~ hkQg~flka}ek+ Hc men}ep Wxh~gmg ~h }pg~xmþ lkjh*

mlg}gjhk}h g cg ngrl}gc jhvlngkg# mhogkme cg chag*

nlþk mh Qg~flka}ek g ngpae mhc ~hnph}gple ~h÷ep

Ng~gc Ngppgkzg+ Hc mh~hjrh÷e mh h~}g jl~lþk fg

&7, M+ mh Rgk}eog+ "Ce~ H~}gme~ Xklme~ | cg Gjìplngmhc ^xp"# rçalkg~ >*=+



LK]@EMXNNLÞV 01

~lme nek~lakgme rep !hc men}ep Wxh~gmg hk lj lk}h*

ph~gk}h yecxjhk# }l}xcgme Phnxhpme~ mh jl ylmg ml*

rcejç}lng”Jl~lþk hk Jìvlne# 76<7 &7,+

Hk }h~}ljekle mh cg gc}g nek~lmhpgnlþk g wxh ~h

fg`êg fhnfe gnphhmep# ce~ ae`lhpke~ mh ce~ H~}gme~

Xklme~ | mh Jìvlne kej`pgpek gc men}ep Wxh~gmg#

76<1# gp`l}pe ÿklne rgpg wxh ph~ecylhpg cg "phncg*

jgnlþk E`hpcgkmhp"+ Mh~rxì~ mh rhmlp rhpjl~e gc

ae`lhpke gpahk}lke# gnhr}þ hc men}ep Wxh~gmg hc

ngpae+ ^x igcce gp`l}pgc h~ xkg ke}g`ch rlhzg oxpê*

mlng# wxh fekpg kxh~}pg nxc}xpg+ Nxgkme ce~ ae*

`lhpke~ kep}hgjhplngke | jhvlngke wxl~lhpek rgagp

~x~ fekepgple~# hc gp`l}pe ce~ phkxknlþ ahkhpe~g*

jhk}h+ Rphilplþ wxh ch eiphnlhpgk gcaÿk phnxhpme

wxh nek~}l}x|h~h xk fekep+

Nek hc e`oh}e mh wxh phrph~hk}g~h g cg Phrÿ`clng

Gpahk}lkg hk cg~ ilh~}g~ mhc nxgp}e nhk}hkgple mhc

mh~nx`pljlhk}e mh Gjìplng# ixì }pg~cgmgme g Jg*mplm# hk 7<20+ Hkngpaþ~hch }gj`lìk# nek ~xjg xp*

ahknlg# rgpg wxh mh~hjrh÷g~h xkg jl~lþk nekilmhk*

nlgc gk}h cg ^gk}g ^hmh# gk}h~ mh rph~hk}gp~h gc ae*

`lhpke h~rg÷ec+ ^e`ph h~}g ÿc}ljg ah~}lþk rx`clnþ hc

men}ep Wxh~gmg# hk 76<1# hc cl`pe }l}xcgme Phnxhpme~

mh jl ylmg mlrcejç}lng”Jl~lþk gk}h cg ^gk}g ^hmh

&7<27,+ &0,

Hk Jgmplm# hc' men}ep Wxh~gmg ixì kej`pgmejlhj`pe nepph~rekmlhk}h mh cg~ Phgch~ Gngmhjlg~mh cg Chkaxg | mh cg Fl~}eplg+ Cg chagnlþk gpahk}lkg

cchaþ g ~hp xk nhk}pe mh phxkl!þk mh cg~ mgjg~ jç~

`hccg~ | ml~}lkaxlmg~ | mh ce~ fej`ph~ jç~ hjlkhk*}h~ mh cg nep}h+ Gÿk ~h nek~hpyg gccê hc phnxhpme mh

ce~ jgakêilne~ ~gpge~ wxh mg`g hc jlkl~}pe gpahk}lke

gc "apgk jxkme" eilnlgc h lk}hchn}xgc+

&7, @xhke~ Glph~# 7<2=+

&0, Xk yecxjhk hk = e# mh 72= rçalkg~+ @xhke~ Glph~#7<27#



06 LK]PEMXNNLÞK

Mh cg chagnlþk mh Jgmplm ixì }pg~cgmgme hc men*

}ep Wxh~gmg+ rep ÿc}lje# g cg mh @hpcêk# mekmh mh~*

hjrh÷þ ~x jl~lþk ygple~ g÷e~+ ^lhkme |g mh hmgmgygkzgmg# | mh~rxì~ mh fg`hp rph~}gme }gk}e~ | }gk

ljrep}gk}h~ ~hpylnle~ gc rgê~# ixì ox`lcgme# hk 7<2=+

Yecylþ~h hk}eknh~ g @xhke~ Glph~# rgpg rg~gp ~x~

ÿc}lje~ g÷e~ oxk}e g ~x floe ÿklne# hc men}ep Hpkh~*

}e Wxh~gmg+ Cg gjl~}gm wxh xklþ g h~}e~ me~ rph*

ncgpe~ nlxmgmgke~ nek~}l}x|h xk fhpje~e hohjrce+

Rgmph h floe ~xrlhpek ~lhjrph g~enlgp ~x~ }pg`goe~

| g~rlpgnlekh~ hk xk lmhgc nejÿk mh nxc}xpg+

Jx| mlakg mh ke}gp~h h~ cg iepjg hk wxh hc men*

}ep Ylnhk}h A+ Wxh~gmg lk~}gcþ ~x ng~g hk @xhke~

Glph~# iphk}h g cg rcgzg mh cg Cl`hp}gm+ Fg`lhkme}pgême mh H~rg÷g xkg gmjlpg`ch | ygcle~ê~ljg ne*

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ml~rxh~}e nek gp}h | `xhk ax~}e+ Gccê ~ecêg nek*

aphagp~h xk apxre mh ph~rh}g`ch~ fej`pg~ mh h~}gme

| mh h~}xmle+

Mh~rxì~ mh fg`hp mh~hjrh÷gme cg rph~lmhknlg

mh cg Gngmhjlg mh ilce~eiêg | ch}pg~ mh cg Xklyhp*

~lmgm mh @xhke~ Glph~# hc men}ep Ylnhk}h A+ Wxh*~gmg jxplþ# hk 7<7># pemhgme mhc ph~rh}e rÿ`clne+

Rempêg }pl`x}çp~hch hc hceale iÿkh`ph wxh Rclkle hc

oeyhk h~npl`lþ mh Ylpalkle Pxie? "Laxgcjhk}h ml~*

}lkaxlme rep hc jìpl}e | rep cg iep}xkg# mle g ce~

pejgke~ xk `hcce h~rhn}çnxce? ylylþ enfhk}g | }ph~

g÷e~# cchaþ g cg~ jç~ gc}g~ mlaklmgmh~# ixì nek ox~*

}lnlg gmjlpgme# | yle wxh ~e`phylylpêg g ~xjxhp}h+ !

LV

Gmhjç~ mh cg~ jxnfg~ e`pg~ jhknlekgmg~ hk hc

nxp~e mh h~}h h~}xmle# hc men}ep Ylnhk}h A+ Wxh~gmg



LK]@EMXNNLÞK 0<

rx`clnþ e}pg~ ygplg~ mh ljrep}gknlg? Phnxhpme~ mh

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Ce~ lkmle~ hk

cg~ rpeylknlg~ mhc Hêe mh cg Rcg}g &>,# Jhjeplg~ mh

xk ylhoe &H~nhkg~ mh ne~}xj`ph~ mh cg Phrÿ`clng

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fl~rgkegjhplngkg `goe cg mejlkgnlþk h~rg÷ecgZ

&8,# Phnxhpme~ mh jl ylmg mlrcejç}lng &Nekaph~e

mh eplhk}gcl~}g~, &9,# Cg ylmg lk}hchn}xgc mh cg

Gjìplng h~rg÷ecg &~lace~ vyl# vyk# vyj,&1,# |Mhphnfe rÿ`clne hnch~lç~}lne &Mhphnfe mh rg}pekg*

}e”Lkicxhknlg ~enlgc | recê}lng mh cg Lach~lg ng}þclng

hk Gjìplng, &6,+

Gxkwxh }emg~ h~g~ rx`clngnlekh~ mhc men}ep

Wxh~gmg }lhkhk ~x lk}hpì~# jhphnhk ~h÷gcgp~h h~rh*

nlgcjhk}h cg~ Jhjeplg~ mh xk ylhoe | cg~ Npþklng~

re}e~lkg~+ Cg~ Jhjeplg~ mh xk ylhoe }pghk xkg gkl*

jgmg | jx| yhpêmlng mh~nplrnlþk mh cg ylmg gpahk*

}lkg `goe clg }lpgkêg mh Pezg~+ Rph~hk}gk xk nxgmpe

nejrch}e mh ne~}xj`ph~# | nek}lhkhk rçalkg~ gm*

jlpg`ch~ rep ~x neceplme | phclhyh+

Cg~ Npþklng~ re}e~lkg~ nek~}l}x|hk# g jl oxlnle#

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~gmg+ Nejrþkhkcg ygplg~ ch|hkmg~|

kgppgnlekh~

fl~}þplnekeyhch~ng~# wxh ~h rxhmhk nek~lmhpgp xkmhnfgme hk ~x aìkhpe+ Fxgccrg# Jhk~gohpe ig}êmlne

| Ox~}lnlg mh Mle~# rep hohjrce# ~ek' yhpmgmhpg~

&7, Yecxjhk hk = e jhkep# mh 701 rçalkg~# @xhke~Glph~+

&0, Me~ yecÿjhkh~ hk = e jhkep# hc rpljhpe mh 876

rçalkg~ | hc ~haxkme mh =<2+ Rgpê~# 76<2+ Hmlnlþk pgpê*~ljg+

&>, Yecxjhk hk =e jhkep# mh 72= rçalkg~+ @xhke~ Gl*ph~# 7<2>+

&=, Nxgp}g hmlnlþk# @xhke~ Glph~# 76^<+

&8, @xhke~ Glph~# 76<>+

&9, Pejg# 766<+

&1, @xhke~ Glph~# 7<72+

&6, Rx`clngme rep cg Gngmhjlg mh Ilce~eiêg | Ch}pg~#

@xhke~ Glph~# 7<72+



>2 LK]PEMXNNLÞK

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nekenlmg~ neje mh`lhpgk ~hple+ Hk iepjg agcgkg

| nek xk !h~}lce cchke mh ng~}lnlmgm | hchagknlg# hc

men}ep Wxh~gmg fgnh phylylp hrl~emle~ mh cg ylmg

hk cg~ neceklg~ h~rg÷e!g~+ ^g`h ml~h÷gp hk `phyh~

pg~ae~ cg~ ~lcxh}g~ mh ~x~ rhp~ekgoh~# ~x~ rphenxrg*

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fl~}þplng+ Cg igk}g~êg mhc gx}ep# choe~ mh mh~ilax*pgpcg# cg fgnh ph~gc}gp hk iepjg kê}lmg | nekncx*

|hk}h+

^hpêg jx| mliênlc fgnhp xk oxlnle ~lk}ì}lne mh cg

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| nejrchog+ Lkml~nx}l`ch h~ wxh }lhkh xk me`ch yg*

cep? menxjhk}gc | cl}hpgple+ ^lk mxmg gcaxkg# nek*

yhkmpêg# mgme wxh cg jg|ep rgp}h mh h~e~ cl`pe~h~}çk gae}gme~# rx`clngp cg~ e`pg~ nejrch}g~# mh

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rempêgk igc}gp hk klkaxkg `xhkg `l`cle}hng gp*

ahk}lkg+ ^hpêg lkml~rhk~g`ch ixhk}h mh nek~xc}g rg*

pg cg fl~}eplg mh kxh~}pg mlrcejgnlg# |# gmhjç~#

chn}xpg mh rpeyhnfe~e hk}ph}hkljlhk}e+ Hk}ph ke~*

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}hv}e ~e~e# hc ae`lhpke kgnlekgc mh`hpêg epmhkgp |ne~}hgp cg rx`clngnlþk mh }eme~ ce~ h~npl}e~ mhc men}ep

Ylnhk}h A+ Wxh~gmg &7,+ Rph~}gpêg~h lkgrphnlg`ch

~hpylnle g cg nxc}xpg kgnlekgc+

N+ E+ @xkah+l

@xhke~ Glph~# 78 mh g`plc mh 7<7=+

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LK]PEMXNNLÞK >7

GRÌKMLNH

HC ]H^]GJHK]E MHC MEN]EP YLNHK]H A+ WXH^GMG

H~}h h~ jl }h~}gjhk}e ecþapgie+ Hk cg nlxmgm mh @xh*ke~ Glph~# hk cg ng~g mh jl rperlhmgm ~l}xgmg hk cg

ngcch Cl`hp}gm kÿjhpe~ keyhnlhk}e~ nxgphk}g | ~hl~ |keyhnlhk}e~ nxgphk}g | enfe# hk nlkne mh ih`phpe mhc

g÷e jlc keyhnlhk}e~ menh# igc}çkmejh me~ jh~h~ rgpgnxjrclp enfhk}g | me~ g÷e~ | hknek}pçkmejh hk `xhkg~gcxm | hk rhpihn}e aenh mh jl~ ignxc}gmh~ lk}hchn}xgch~#

wxlhpe hvrph~gp jl ÿc}ljg yecxk}gm# nx|e nxjrcljlhk}ehknejlhkme g jl floe hc men}ep Hpkh~}e Wxh~gmg# jlÿklne | xklyhp~gc fhphmhpe# gc`gnhg | hohnx}ep }h~}g*

jhk}gple+ + +

Ph~rhn}e mh jl~ jxh`ch~ | nel}Cnlxvl}e g*px!ellng~# phx*

klmg~ mxpgk}h ce~ yhlk}h g÷e~ mh jl ylmg mlrcejç}lng#jl mh~he h~ wxh jl floe Hpkh~}e ~eclnl}h mhc ae`lhpkegpahk}lke cg gmwxl~lnlþk mh h~g~ nechnnlekh~# rgpg wxh~hgk nek~hpygmg~ hk nxgcwxlhpg mh ce~ jx~he~ kgnlekg*

ch~# hk xkg e ygplg~ ~gcg~# ~lk mh~jhj`pgp kl+ mlylmlp hc

}eme# | `goe cg hvrph~g nekmlnlþk mh wxh cchyh hc }ê}xce

"Nechnnlþk Ylnhk}h A+ Wxh~gmg"+ Mlnfg~ nechnnlekh~ ~h

nejrekhk? Rpljhpe? mh jl jx~he mh }gccg~+ ^haxkme?mh cg ~hplh mh }grlnh~+ ]hpnhpe? mh ce~ jxh`ch~ gp}ê~}lne~+

Hc jx~he h~ iepjgme nek eòh}e~ mh gp}h# ljçahkh~eplalkgch~ gk}lwxê~ljg~ | jemhpkg~# ncg~lilngmg~ rep~lace~ rep jl gjlae hc nìch`ph rlk}ep Jephke Ngpèkhpe#hk Jgmplm4 cg~ }gccg~ ~ek# hk ~x jg|epêg# h~rg÷ecg~#rhpe cg~ fg| l}gclgkg~# | kxjhpe~g~ | ygplgmg~ ipgknh*

~g~4 gmhjç~ mh cg~ ljçahkh~# fg| kxjhpe~e~ eòh}e~}gccgme~ hk jgmhpg# }eme~ gk}laxe~# necxjkg~# jh~g~#~lccg~ | jxh`ch~# jxnfe~ mh ce~ nxgch~ fgk rhp}hkhnlme

g rhp~ekgoh~ nìch`ph~# neje gmwxl~lnlekh~ fhnfg~ hkcg~ yhk}g~ mh ce~ rgcgnle~ mh Jhmlkg Nhcl# mh E~xjg| e}pe~# hk Jgmplm4 xkg kxjhpe~g nechnnlþk mh h~rhoe~

| nepkxnerlg~# gcaxke~ }gCCgmem gc npl~}gc | nek jgpne~mh jgmhpg }gccgmg+ Hk nxgk}e g ce~ }grlnh~# cg ~hplh mhfhpje~e~ }grlnh~ icgjhkne~ ixì gmwxlplmg rep jê mhc

gahk}h hkngpagme# rhp}hkhnlhk}h~ g cg ng}hmpgc mhc @ep*ae mh E~jg# g cg nxgc fg`êgk ~lme mekgme~ g rplknlrle~mhc ~lace mlhz | ~hl~ rep hc hjrhpgmep Ngpce~ Y4 mh

jeme wxh ~e| |e hc }hpnhp rperlh}gple mh gwxìcce~# nx|g



>0 LK]PEMXNNLÞK

nejrpg hihn}xì rep lkmlngnlþk mhc kxknle gre~}þclne

hk Jgmplm# jek~h÷ep Ml Rlh}pe4 ce~ e}pe~ }grlnh~ ~ek

ae`hclke~ gk}laxe~ | rene~ jemhpke~4 ì~}e~ | ce~ icg*

jhkne~ iepjgk xk }e}gc mh }phnh# nx|e ygcep h~ fe| jx|~x`lme | ~ek jx| `x~ngme~ hk Hxperg+ ^l kxh~}pe ae*

`lhpke ke wxlhph gmwxlplpce~ }eme~ ce~ e`oh}e~ mh gp}h#

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}hng rgpg xkg igjlclg# repwxh hvlah xkg ng~g hk}hpg |nek}lkxe~ nxlmgme~4 gk}h~ mh phrgp}lpce~ hk}ph

jl~klh*

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mh nekoxk}e# h~ rphihpl`ch ~h hkgohkhk hk hc hv}pgkohpe#

~l hk hc rgê~ ke ixhph hcce fgnhmhpe+Mhoe laxgcjhk}h g jl floe Hpkh~}e }eme~ jl~ rgrhch~

| cl`pe~ lkìml}e~# rgpg wxh ce~ rx`clwxh erep}xkgjhk}h#

hk }eme e hk rgp}h# ~haÿk ~x `xhk npl}hple ~h ce lkmlwxh?

h~}g h~ xkg ngpag wxh ch ljrekae# ~lk rcgze# | ~l ~x~phnxp~e~ | ~x }lhjre ~h ce rhpjl}hk4 }gj`lìk ch rlme

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lkìml}g~ wxh mhoe+ Rhpe# neje h~g rx`clngnlþk# mgmg cg

igc}g mh jhpngme wxh rgpg }gch~ cl`pe~ hvl~}h hk kxh~}pergê~# ~þce rempêg fgnhp~h nek cg g|xmg mhc }h~epe rÿ*

`clne# ce gx}eplze | gxk ch ljrekae# repwxh ~ì wxh hkh~}e ylechk}e ~x~ lknclkgnlekh~# wxh ~eclnl}h# hk phnxhpmemh jl jhjeplg# mhc fekepg`ch Nekaph~e mh cg Kgnlþk# ce~

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Nekaph~e gne~}xj`pg gnepmgp cl`hpgcjhk}h phnxp~e~rgpg ne~}hgp kxjhpe~g~ rx`clngnlekh~# | wxh g cg~ yhnh~#

neje hk hc ng~e mhc men}ep mek Ylnhk}h Ilmhc Cþrhz# fgye}gme ch|h~ h~rhnlgch~ gnepmgkme ixhp}h~ ~xjg~ rgpg

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wxh ~hpêg rh~gme phnepmgp+ ^l h~}e ~xnhmlhpg hk jl ng~e#neje xk gn}e mh ox~}lnlg | mh hwxlmgm# pxhae g jl floe

~h rx`clwxhk jl~ cl`ph~ lkìml}e~ hk h~}g iepjg? Rpljhpe?Jl~ jhjeplg~ mlrcejç}lng~+ ^haxkme? Jl~ jhjeplg~recê}lng~+ ]hpnhpe? Jl~ e`pg~ mh fl~}eplg neceklgc+ Nejejl~ jgkx~npl}e~ phwxlhphk lk}hclahk}h | rgnlhk}h phyl*

~lþk# pxhae | rlme g jl floe ~h enxrh mh hcce nek hc

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`clngnlþk mxpgpç ygple~ g÷e~+ ]eme~ ce~ mhjç~ menx*



LK]PEMXNNLÞK >>

jhk}e~ | rgrhch~ wxh ke rxhmgk x}lclzgp~h# ce~ lknepre*

pgpç g ~x rperlg `l`cle}hng# g cg nxgc |g fh hk}phagme

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>= LK]PEMXNNLÞK

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Ylnhk}h A+ Wxh~gmg+



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mhc

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gmer}gp++++ Cg nxh~}lþk mh cêjl}h~ nek Nflch fg`êg }ejgme

rperepnlekh~ wxh cg nejrclng`gk# jç~ rep cg~ lk*

nlmhknlg~ mh }gk cgpae | pxlme~e mh`g}h# wxh rephc h~}xmle chgc mh cg yhpmgmhpg jg}hplg nek}peyhp*

}lmg+ Rgpg ~hpylp g ~x ~ecxnlþk }pgkwxlcg# rx`clwxì

hk 7618# xk cl`pe &7, hk hc wxh }pg}ì mh phxklp ce~

hchjhk}e~ mhc mh`g}h fl~}þplne oxpêmlne# ~h÷gcgkmece~ menxjhk}e~ eilnlgch~ wxh oxzag`g jç~ ljrep*

}gk}h~# | wxh fg~}g hk}eknh~ fg`êgk cchagme g jlnekenljlhk}e+ H~h cl`pe hpg lknejrch}e# rxh~ ke

&7, "Cg Rg}gaeklg | cg~ }lhppg~ gx~}pgch~ mhc nek}l*khk}h gjhplngke"# rep Ylnhk}h A+ Wxh~gmg”7 yec+ hk ^ejg|ep mh 1^1 rça+”@xhke~ Glph~# 7618+



>6 YLNHK]H A+ WXH^GMG

fg`êg mgme hc mh~hkyecyljlhk}e khnh~gple | jhml}gme

wxh hvlaêg xkg nxh~}lþk }gk nejrchog# rep igc}g

jg}hplgc mh }lhjre | hkhc mh~he mh g`plp kxhye~

pxj`e~ gc mh`g}h+

Cchkg`g hk rgp}h jl e`oh}e# rxh~}e wxh hk yhz mh

xk lkiepjh ~e`ph xkg nejl~lþk rxpgjhk}h rpeylk*

nlgc# rph~hk}ì hc ipx}e mh lkmgagnlekh~ fhnfg~ nek

apgk rphjxpg# rhpe nek mhnlmlmg `xhkg yecxk}gm

hk `lhk mh ce~ lk}hph~h~ kgnlekgch~ | mh cg ox~}lnlg

mhce~

mhphnfe~ mh jlrgê~+ ^þce rph}hkmêg eiphnhp

nhjhk}e~ mh h~}xmle~+

Ph~l~}ê mh~rxì~ g wxh ~h flnlhpg xkg ~haxkmg

hmlnlþk# wxh jh ixì ~eclnl}gmg# repwxh jh fg`êg

rhp~xgmlme mh cg khnh~lmgm mh jç~ gjrcle~ mh~gppe*

cce~ | mh nepphalp hppeph~ wxh# hk cg pgrlmhz nek

wxh ixì phmgn}gme h~h cl`pe# rxmlhpgk fg`hp~h mh~*

clzgme+Hk}ph}gk}e# h~}g }gphg hpg nejrch}gjhk}h lj*

rpemxn}lyg rgpg jê4 }hkêg wxh nek~gapgpch jl~

enle~ | nek iphnxhknlg jl~ yhcgmg~+ Ke flnh cg~

nepphnnlekh~# | ke ~h phljrpljlþ Cg Rg}gaeklg |cg~ ]lhppg~ Gx~}pgch~+

Rpenhmêg~h mh mlihphk}h jgkhpg xc}pg nepmlcchpg+

Gccê ke~h

rhk~g`g wxh~h fx`lhpg mlnfe cg ÿc}ljg

rgcg`pg ~e`ph cg nxh~}lþk mh cêjl}h~ | rep ph~ecxnlþk

mhc Ae`lhpke mh Nflch mh 72 mh jgpze mh 761># ~h

fg`êg hknejhkmgme gc ~h÷ep M+ Jlaxhc Cxl~ Gjx*kç}haxl xkg kxhyg hmlnlþk mh ~x~ cl`pe~ rx`clngme~

hk 768> | 7688# hk nek}h~}gnlþk mh ce~ h~npl}eph~

gpahk}lke~ Gkah l~ | Yìchz ^çp~ilhcm# jgkmgkme

wxh# "hk nxgk}eixh~h re~l`ch"# gmlnlekg~h ~x~

h~npl}e~ nek ce~ h~}xmle~ wxh re~}hplepjhk}h fx`lh~h

fhnfe | "nek ce~ mg}e~ | menxjhk}e~ wxh hc Jl*

kl~}hple mh Phcgnlekh~ Hv}hpleph~ rekmpêg g ~x ml~*

re~lnlþk"+ Hylmhk}h h~ wxh h~}h hkngpae phrph~hk}g

nekihplpch xkg nejl~lþk phk}gmg# wxh ch rhpjl}h

hjrchgp ~x }lhjre hk `hkhilnle rÿ`clne | ~lk ~gnpl*

ilnle rhp~ekgc+



FL^]EPLG NECEKLGC GPAHK]LKG ><

Hc ^p+ Gjxkç}haxl mle nejlhkze g ~x }gphg# g}g*

ngkme g }eme~ nxgk}e~ h~npl}eph~ gpahk}lke~ ke~ fg*

`êgje~ enxrgme mh cg nxh~}lþk 4 jl cl`pe# ng|þ `goe

~x npê}lng# ixì mh~rhmgzgme rep xk gkçcl~l~ gaph~lye

| }gk lkjhk~e nÿjxce mh rgrhch~ hvfl`lþ hk ~x

rpljhp }eje# rx`clngme hk 761<# wxh `lhk rpek}e

rhpmê mh yl~}g gc ^p+ Gjxkç}haxl hk}ph gwxhc lkne*

fhphk}h içppgae mh rgrhch~# menljhk}e~# npþklng~#

lkiepjh~# wxh ~lk `xhk npl}hple fl~}þplne# kl Mlkax*

kg ilce~eiêg# | ~lk ~xilnlhk}h h~}xmle# hkace`þ hk cg~

rçalkg~ mh ~x rpljhp }eje+ Jh yl ng~l rhpmlme hk

h~h cg`hplk}e ~lk ~gclmg | ~l ke fx`lhpg ~lme rep mh*

ihphknlg rhp~ekgc g }gk ml~}lkaxlme h~npl}ep# fx`lh*

pg g`gkmekgme h~g chn}xpg# wxh h~ xke mh ce~ apgk*

mh~ ng~}lae~ jepgch~ wxh fgk }pg~}epkgme jl h~rêpl*

}x mh~mh wxh }hkae jhjeplg | neknlhknlg mh jl~

gn}e~+§Wxì rh~gmhz '

§Wxì nekix~lþk ' § Nxçk}g~ ml*

aph~lekh~' Nxgk gmjlpg`ch hc meajg}l~je rhmgaþ*

alne mh ~x~ gilpjgnlekh~'

Hk ilk# chê hc rpljhp yecxjhk &7,+

Oxzaxì wxh mh`êg cljl}gpjh g fgnhp xk oxlnle ~lk*

}ì}lne mh h~}h h~npl}e | h~}xmlgp cg~ nekncx~lekh~

wxh rxmlhpgk ph~xc}gp mh xk yecxjhk mh =99 rçal*

kg~+ ]gc hpg hc rpenhmljlhk}e wxh cg `xhkg npê}lng

gnek~hog# rhpe jh ~hpêg hk}eknh~ ljre~l`ch mhje~*

}pgp cg lkox~}lnlg mh ~x~ g}gwxh~ rhp~ekgch~# | mhce~ hppeph~ wxh ~xrekêg nek~}l}xêgk cg `g~h mh jlcl`pe+ Hk yhz mh xkg ~êk}h~l~# er}ì rep hc gkçcl~l~?

hk yhz mh xk cl`pe nx|g chn}xpg ke ixh~h ~eiengk}h#

jh fh hkjgpg÷gme }pg~ jl axêg hk ce~ alpe~ lkil*

kl}e~ mh ~x~ lkmgagnlekh~ hv}pgylgmg~# ~lk wxh ìc

fg|g hknek}pgme ce~ feplzek}h~ wxh phyhchk hc rgê~

chagc# wxh mh`êg fg`hp h~}xmlgme mh~mh e}pg~ gc}x*

pg~ wxh cg~ mhc rgnlhk}h nechnnlekl~}g# wxh pgpê~ljg

&7, "Cg nxh~}lþk mh cêjl}h~ hk}ph Nflch | cg Phrÿ`clngGpahk}lkg"# rep Jlaxhc Cxl~ Gjxkç}haxl”}eje 7” &^gk*}lgae mh Nflch# 761<”7 y+ mh =20 rça+,



=2 YLNHK]H A+ WCC^GMG

yhz gcngkzg g cg~ gc}xpg~ mhc h~npl}ep# mhc ilcþ~eie |mhc oxpl~nek~xc}e+

+Jgc flnh wxlzç hk ~haxlp }gkhwxlyengme

rpe*

nhmhp# rhpe g~ê ce flnh# | jh fh jh}lme g hvgjlkgpce~ hppeph~ wxh g~hyhpg# | g mhihkmhpjh mh ~x~ g}g*

wxh~+

H~}h gkçcl~l~ g`pgzg grhkg~ xk rhpêeme nep}e |phje}ê~lje# wxh ke rxhmh ~hpylp ~lke mh xk gk}hnh*

mhk}h fl~}þplne hk hc rph~hk}h mh`g}h ~e`ph mhjgp*ngnlþk }hppl}eplgc nek Nflch+

Rgphnêgjh hk}eknh~ wxh rpenhmlhkme g~ê rhpmêg

jl }lhjre# | ch wxl}g`g jl yhk}gog g ce~ gn}eph~# |rgpg ljrhmlpce# hk nxgk}e mh jl `xhkg yecxk}gm mh*

rhkmlh~h# jh rperx~h g`pgzgp hc h~}xmle ahkhpgc mh

cg nxh~}lþk# `goe ce~ jÿc}lrch~ g~rhn}e~ wxh rph*

~hk}g# g cg cxz mhc mhphnfe fl~}þplne | aheapçilne+

Mh jemewxh# mh~rxì~

mhh~}xmlgp ce~

rpljhpe~nek}pg}e~ e ngrl}xcgnlekh~ rgpg hc mh~nx`pljlhk}e

| nekwxl~}g# mh`ê hk}pgp g lkmgagp cg~ mhjgpngnle*

kh~ re~}hpleph~# cg~ jemlilngnlekh~ hk h~e~ jl~je~mh~clkmh~# g jhmlmg wxh cg }lhppg lake}g hk cg rpl*

jhpg ìreng# hpg hvrcepgmg | ~ejh}lmg gc mejlklemhc nekwxl~}gmep+ H~}h ixì hk}eknh~ hc e`oh}e mh jl~haxkme h~}xmle ~e`ph ce~

gk}laxe~ cljl}h~ mh cgRpeylknlg mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g &7,+ \ rgpg mgp il*

kh~ rpçn}lne~ g }gch~ lkmgagnlekh~# jh rperx~h gyh*

plaxgp nxçch~ ixhpek ce~ }ìpjlke~ }hppl}eplgch~ mhcg nlxmgm | Ng`lcme mh @xhke~ Glph~# oxpl~mlnnlþk

}hppl}eplgc wxh nek~}l}xêg rgp}h mh cg hv}hk~g rpe*

ylknlg mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g+

Reph~}h

jhmlehc

h~}xmle mh cg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~~h clag`g# neje xk gk}hnhmhk}h# gc mh ce~ gk}laxe~cêjl}h~ mh cg rpeylknlg mh @xhke~ Glph~4 gxkwxhixh~hk lkmhrhkmlhk}h~ | ~hrgpgme~# iepjg`gk cþ*

alngjhk}h rgp}h~ lk}hapgk}h~ | gpjþklng~ mh xk

&7, Yìg~h "Kxhyg Phyl~}g" }+ LY r+ ==0 ç =9>4 }+ LLLr+ 90= g 9>74 }+ YLL r+ 701 g 7=84 }+ YLLL r+ =<1 g 80>+



FL^]E@LG NECEKLGC GPAHK]LKG =7

}eme# ~l ~h fg`êg mh gppl`gp g nekncx~lekh~ mhilkl}l*

yg~ | chagch~+

Jh hknek}pì g~ê hk rph~hknlg mhcg~

mxmg~ wxhrxhmh eiphnhp cg Phgc Nìmgcg wxh nphþ hc ylpphlkg*

}e mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g# rgpg nekenhp nek nhp}hzg ox*

pêmlng nxgc ixì hc cêjl}h aheapçilne wxh g ~x ml~*

}pl}e ~h÷gcgpg hc ph|+ \ fì}hjh gwxê# jh}lme hk

kxhyg~ | jç~ nejrchog~ lkmgagnlekh~# ~l `lhk h~

nlhp}e jç~ lk}hph~gk}h~# repwxh h~}çk jç~ rpþvl*

jg~ g kxh~}pg fl~}eplg mh fe|+ H~}xmlì cg jg}hplg

g cg cxz mh keyê~ljg~ ixhk}h~# | jh fgcgag cg lmhg

mh fg`hp gppl`gme g mhje~}pgnlekh~ cþalng~ | nek*

ncx|hk}h~+ &7,

Cg nek}peyhp~lg mh cêjl}h~ nek Nflch fg`êg phnl*

`lme rep h~}e~ }ph~ h~}xmle~# hchjhk}e~ wxh ch mg*

`gk kxhyg cxz# rep cg keyhmgm mh menxjhk}e~ eil*

nlgch~ ke nekenlme~+

Rhk~ì }hpjlkgp gwxê jl }gphg+ Rhpe ch igc}g`g

hylmhk}hjhk}h hc }pg`goe mh cg grclngnlþk mhc mh*

phnfe fl~}þplne | aheapçilne gc x}l re~~lmh}l~ mhc

g÷e mlhz# wxh nek~}l}x|h rep xk }pg}gme hk}ph cg~

me~ kgnlekh~# !g pha!g oxpêmlng# wxh mhnlmh cg ml~rx*

}g+ G h~}g jlpg ph~rekmh jl ÿc}lje }pg`goe# wxh

h~ ixkmgjhk}gc# repwxh g`gkmekgkme hc }hpphke

rh~gme mh cg lkmgagnlþk fl~}þplng# rxhmh necengp~h

hk cg phalþk ~hphkg mhc mhphnfe lk}hpkgnlekgc# | g

cg cxz mhc mhphnfe nekyhknlekgc | nek~xh}xmlkgple#

}ejgkme hk nxhk}g cg~ ml~nx~lekh~ mlrcejç}lng~#

ch~ gnxhpme~ mh ce~ nekaph~e~ mh rchklre}hknlgple~ |ce~ rplknlrle~ wxh hk h~}g jg}hplg ~laxh hc jxkmehxperhe | gjhplngke# fh }pg}gme mh grclngp cg

`xhkg men}plkg g cg yhz wxh fgnêg cg fl~}eplg mhc

mh`g}h mlrcejç}lne hk cg jg}hplg | mh ce~ }pg}gme~

nhch`pgme~ | phnfgzgme~ rel ce~ nekaph~e~+ &0,

&7, Yìg~h jl cl`pe? "Ylpphlkg}e mhc Ple mh cg Rcg}g"#7111*7672+ &@xhke~ Glph~ 7611# 7 yec+ hk 6 e mh 98= r+,

&0, Yìgk~h ce~ mlyhp~e~ h~}xmle~ wxh `goe hc }ê}xce

ahkìplne mh "Mhphnfe lk}hpkgnlekgc cg}lke*gjhplngke" fhrx`clngme hk ce~ }eje~ gk}hpleph~ mh cg "Kxhyg Phyl~}g"+



l0 YLNHK]H A+ WNH^GMG

Jxc}l}xm mh nxh~}lekh~ mh mhphnfe lk}hpkgnlekgc

~h hkcgzgk hk ~x ygplgmg mlyhp~lmgm hk h~}h h~}x*

mle# rhpe hc lk}hpì~ | cg ljrep}gknlg mh cg~ men}pl*

kg~ jl~jg~ lk}hph~gk gc h~npl}ep# | h~ mh h~rhpgp

wxh mh~rlhp}hk cg nxple~lmgm hk cg ahkhpgclmgm# |hk ce~ fej`ph~ mh nlhknlg# wxlzç cg nek}peyhp~lg hk

hc }hpphke men}plkgple4rhpe cg nek}peyhp~lg hchyg*

mg rep cg jl~jg }pg~nhkmhknlg mh cg~ men}plkg~ mh

mhphnfe lk}hpkgnlekgc wxh ~laxh cg jg}hplg+

Fgae h~}g gmyhp}hknlg rgpg wxh ~h nejrphkmg#

wxh cg rx`clngnlþk gl~cgmg mh cg~ mlyhp~g~ rgp}h~#

cg lkyhp~lþk hk hc epmhk hk wxh ~h mhk g cxz# keph~rekmhk ~lke g xkg khnh~lmgm jg}hplgc+ \g wxhke jh mhnlme# rep ce~ ag~}e~# g rx`clngpcg~ hk iep*

jg mh cl`pe~# mh`e ~ejh}hpjh g cg~ hvlahknlg~ mh

cg Kxhyg Phyl~}g+

^lk hj`gpae# g rh~gp mh wxh rep hc }pg}gme mh

7^11 grgphk}hjhk}h h~}ç nekncxlmg kxh~}pg |g ig*

je~g nek}peyhp~lg nek Nflch# neje h~}e~ h~}xmle~

fgk }hklme xk mh~hkyecyljlhk}e gohke |g g cg nxh~*

}lþk# ~h nekylhp}hk hk ipgajhk}e~ mh cg fl~}eplg ne*

ceklgc gpahk}lkg# nphe nekyhklhk}h mgpce~ g neke*nhp# gxk nek~hpyçkmech~ ~x rpljl}lyg iepjg# rep*

wxh h~ cg rpljhpg yhz# rxhmh mhnlp~h# wxh ~h h~}x*

mlg kxh~}pg fl~}eplg necnklgc g cg cxz mh ce~ menx*

jhk}e~ lkìml}e~ mh ce~ gpnflye~ h~rg÷ech~+ Jh rpe*

rekae jç~ }gpmh phfgnhp ce~ }pg`goe~ wxh ~e`ph cg

ìreng neceklgc fh rx`clngme# gaphaçkmech~ jxc}l}xm

mh menxjhk}e~ wxh re~}hplepjhk}h fgk yhklme gjl~ jgke~# g ilk mh mgp g cxz cg e`pg }l}xcgmg Fl~*

}eplg neceklgc gpahk}lkg# wxh }hkae hk rphrgpgnlþk+



HC YHPMGMHPE ]HV]E MH CG^ NGRL]XCGNLEKH^

Cg rphk~g nflchkg”Gnhr}gnlþk mh cg ml~nx~lþk”Jl rpe*

rþ~l}e”Nerlg chagclzgmg mh cg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~ nhch*

`pgmg~ nek mek Rhmpe mh Jhkmezg”Cg npê}lng mhc

~h÷ep Gjxkç}haxl”Hppeph~ }lreapçilne~”Ep}eapgiêg

h~rg÷ecg mh ce~ ~lace~ VYL | VYLL”Nerlg mh cg~

ngrl}xcgnlekh~ nek~hpygmg hk cg nechnnlþk mh jg*

kx~npl}e~ mh cg @l`cle}hng mh @xhke~ Glph~”Nerlg~~ljrch~ mh h~}e~ menxjhk}e~ rx`clngme~ hk cg "Ne*

chnnlþk mh menxjhk}e~ lkìml}e~ mh Lkmlg~"”Hvgjhknejrgpg}lye mh cg nerlg mh wxh jh ~hpyê | mh cg

rx`clngmg rep hc ^p+ Gjxkç}haxl”Rph~nplrnlekh~ mhcg~ Epmhkgkzg~ rgpg hc Gpnflye Ahkhpgc mh Lkmlg~#

mln}gmg~ rep Ngpce~ LLL# hk 71<2 ” Phwxl~l}e~ rgpg

e`}hkhp nerlg~ mhc Gpnflye mh Lkmlg~”Gx}eplzgnlþkeilnlgc neknhmlmg gc gx}ep”Hvgjhk gkgcê}lne mhc

oxlnle hjl}lme ~e`ph h~}h rxk}e rep hc h~npl}ep nfl*chke”]hppl}eple~ nejrphkmlme~ hk h~}g ngrl}xcgnlþk+

"^l ~h mh~nekenhk cg~ ph~ecxnlekh~ phgch~ wxhmh~clkmgk h~g~ ae`hpkgnlekh~# ~l ke ~h wxlhph}ejgp neje rxk}e mh rgp}lmg cg nphgnlþk mhc

Ylpphlkg}e | cg hphnnlþk mh cg gxmlhknlg rph*}eplgc mh @xhke~ Glph~# jgkmg}e~ phgch~ wxhml~jlkx|hpek hc }hppl}eple mh cg ae`hpkgnlþkmh Nflch | cg oxpl~mlnnlþk oxmlnlgc mh ~x Gx*mlhknlg”µNxçch~ ~hpêgk hk}eknh~ ce~ jhmle~mh gppl`gp g cg yhpmgm5

^xrþkag~h rep xk jejhk}e# flrþ}h~l~ wxhke neknhme# wxh ~h }ejg~h rep ixkmgjhk}e L2>

}ê}xce~ eplalkgple~4 wxh ~h rph}hkmlhpg wxh



77 YLNHK]G A+ WXH^GMG

h~e~ }ê}xce~ ixh~hk lpphyeng`ch~# | wxh h~ nekgpphace g hcce~ wxh mh`h mhnlmlp~h hc gp`l}pgoh+

”^h yhkmpêg g h~}h ph~xc}gme? nejrgpgp ce~

}ê}xce~ rpljl}lye~ mh cg~ neknh~lekh~ rgpg cgnekwxl~}g mh gj`e~ rgê~h~+ Hk h~}h }hpphke#

~h }hkmpêg wxh# cg Phrÿ`clng Gpahk}lkg h~}g*

pêg hk ~x rhpihn}e mhphnfe rgpg phncgjgp cg~

me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ mh ne~}g ~e`ph hc jgp Rgnê*

ilne neknhmlmg~ g M+ Rhmpe mh Jhkmezg | hkcg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~ re~}hpleph~# fg~}g cg~ mhEp}lz mh _gpg}h# nxjrclmg~ rep ìc | ~x ~xnh~epM+ Gcek~e ]epph~ mh Yhpg | Gpgaþk+++"

"^l g h~e~ }ê}xce~ mh`lhpg phihplp~h hc gp*

`l}pgoh# wxhmgpêg mh ign}e gkxcgmg cg h~}lrx*

cgnlþk mhc gp}ênxce >< mhc }pg}gme mh 7689+++"

&"Wxh~gmg"”"Cg Rg}gaeklg | cg~ ]lhppg~Gx~}pgch~"”rçalkg~ =7># =7= | =79+,

"Nekiepjh g cg~ men}plkg~ mh mhphnfe rÿ*

`clne fl~rgke*gjhplngke# cg~ phrÿ`clng~ mh h~}h

nek}lkhk}h }lhkhk hk ahkhpgc# rep }hppl}eple~#

ke ce~ wxh rep apgnlg~ lkmlylmxgch~ ~h mg`gkg }gc e nxgc rhp~ekg# | g xke e me~ mh ~x~fhphmhpe~ ~xnh~lye~4 ~lke ce~ wxh nepph~rek*

mêgk h~hknlgcjhk}h g ce~ phlke~ e rpeylknlg~

neceklgch~ mh wxh hccg~ ~h fgk iepjgme+"&"Cg nxh~}lþk mh cêjl}h~ hk}ph Nflch | cg

Phrÿ`clng Gpahk}lkg"# rep Jlaxhc Cxl~ Gjx*kç}haxl”rça+ 790+,

Neg h~}phrl}e~e gcgpmh ~h fg gkxknlgme cgpae

}lhjre# wxh xk nekenlme rx`clnl~}g nflchke `gogpêg

g cg clzg hk nxjrcljlhk}e mh þpmhkh~ mh ~x ae`lhp*

ke | rep nxhk}g mhc }h~epe mh gwxhc rgê~# rgpg h~*

apljlp ~x~ gpjg~ nek}pg gcaxke~ h~npl}eph~ gpahk*

}lke~# g wxlhkh~ ~h lk~}g`g gc nej`g}h gc ~ek mh ce~

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cchpg+

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nflchke# wxh }gk f iekme h~}xmlþ h~}g jg}hplg#

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FL^]EPLG NECEKLGC GPAHK]LKG =8

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me g cxz hk @xhke~ Glph~ hc ~h÷ep Wxh~gmg# nejl*

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mh ce~ gpnflye~ h~rg÷ech~"+

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mh ng`gcchpe# ce gnhr}e# mh~rxì~ mh hvgjlkgp jl~

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nphhp rphnl~e rep gfepg phkeygpcg~+

@goe g cg clzg# repwxh jh nxgmpg gmyhp~gple }gk

ml~}lkaxlme# | grhce mhc ph~xc}gme mhc mh`g}h# ne*

je oxhz mh h~}h }epkhe# gc ~ljrch `xhk ~hk}gme mh

ce~ chn}eph~+ Phnekezne cg~ ng`gcchph~ng~ nekmlnle*

kh~ mhc h~npl}ep nflchke | plkme fejhkgoh g ~x }g*

chk}e+

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nfe~ mh jl rgê~# g cg yhz wxh gkgclzgp cg hvre~lnlþk

mhc g`eagme hkngpagme mh cg mhihk~g mh cg~ rph}hk*

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me wxh jh ~hg rperle 4

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jl gmyhp~gple# | mliênlc ~hpç nejrphkmhp jl hvre~l*

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jlkgp+ &7,

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zgme+

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=9 YLNHK]H A+ WXH^GMG

Rgpg ke hv}pgylgp cg ml~nx~lþk# nekylhkh ilogp

ncgpgjhk}hnxçc h~ hc yhpmgmhpe }hv}e

mhcg~

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}hklmg g cg yl~}g rep jê# h~ lknepphn}g# | ce wxh }e*

mgyêg h~ jç~ mlake mh }hkhp rph~hk}h# lknepphn}g hk

rxk}e apgyh"+

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nlþk mhc h~npl}ep nflchke# wxh }lhkh rpxh`g~ rgpgnekyhknhp g ce~ chn}eph~ mh cg lkhvgn}l}xm mh cg ne*

rlg }h~}ljeklgmg | mh`lmgjhk}h chagclzgmg rep hc

Ohih mhc Gpnflye Ahkhpgc mh Lkmlg~ hk ^hylccg# M+Ipgknl~ne mh Rgxcg Oxçphz# ~hccgmg nek hc ~hcce mh

gwxhccg gmjlkl~}pgnlþk rÿ`clng# | nek~hpygmg fe|hk cg nechnnlþk mh jgkx~npl}e~ mh cg @l`cle}hng Rÿ*

`clng# wxh h~ cg wxh }xyh rph~hk}h+Hc ~h÷ep Gjxkç}haxl# ml~}lkaxlme `l`clþapgie |

nekenhmep mh cg rgcheapgiêg h~rg÷ecg# ~g`h e mh`h~g`hp# wxh mxpgk}h ce~ ~lace~ VYL | VYLL ce~ rhk*

mecl~}g~ x~gpek hk ce~ jgkx~npl}e~ cg x yengc mh*

cgk}h mh e}pg yengc hk yhz mh cg nek~ekgk}h y e `#

| wxh rep nek~laxlhk}h }emn~ ce~ jgkx~npl}e~# e ng*

~l }eme~# mh gwxhccg~ ìreng~# h~}çk h~npl}e~ hk h~giepjg+ Hk cg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~ nek Jhkmezg ~h chh

gxk hk cg nerlg }hv}xgc wxh ~h nek~hpyg hk cg @l*

`cle}hng# 37 x~e mh cg yengc x mhcgk}h mh e}pg yengc

hk yhz mh cg nek~ekgk}h y# mh jgkhpg wxh ~h chh

kxh~}pg# | mh~mh cxhae# mh`lþ nejrphkmhp wxh hpg

xk hppep mh }lreapgiêg hc fg`hp rxh~}e kxh~}pg hk

yhz mh yxh~}pg+ @g~}g`g rgpg nejrphkmhpce hc ~lj*r!h `xhk ~hk}lme mh xk !hn}ep mh~grg~lekgme# }gk}e

wxh# |e wxh fh chême ygplg~ yhnh~ hc menxjhk}e lj*

rph~e# ke jh fh grhpnl`lme mhc hppep }lreapçilne ~l*

ke gc chhp ce~ cgpae~ nejhk}gple~ wxh ch nek~gapg hc

^p+ Gjxkç}haxl# rgpg rpe`gp ce wxh h~}ç rpe`gmerep ~ê jl~je# wxh gccê hvl~}h xk hppep }lreapçilne

}gk kljle wxh ke khnh~l}g`g hk ng~e gcaxke fg`hp



FL^]EPLG NECEKLGC GPAHK]LKG =1

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jhke~ hc mh$

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mgkme jh hk ce~ iphnxhk}h~ hppeph~ }lreapçilne~ mh

kxh~}pg~ hmlnlekh~ gjhplngkg~? fx`lhpg nphême jhk*

axgme hc rpenhmljlhk}e+

Rhpe# ~g`h }gj`lìk hc ^p+ Gjxkç}haxl# wxh hc

x~e mh cg yengc x mhcgk}h mh e}pg~ yengch~# hk yhz

mh cg nek~ekgk}h ` e y# ~h fg gne~}xj`pgme hk }e*

mg~ cg~ hmlnlekh~ h~rg÷ecg~ mh ce~ ~lace~ VYL |VYL]# neje ~h x~þ hk ce~ jgkx~npl}e~4 | hc wxhh~}ç yhp~gme ek h~g~ chn}xpg~# hc wxh nekezng gxk*

wxh ~hg ~xrhpilnlgcjhk}h cg[ hmlnlekh~ h~rg÷ecg~ mh

cg ìreng# ke lakepg hc fhnfe+ Mh jgkhpg wxh# ch*

|hkme h~h menxjhk}e h~npl}e hk gwxhccg ìreng# fx*

`lhpg nejrphkmlme ~lk h~ixhpze# wxh cg ep}eapgiêghpg cg jl~jg# | grhpnl`ême~h mhc hppep }lreapçilne+

Fh fhnfe hvgjlkgp rep ygplg~ rhp~ekg~ cg phih*

plmg nerlg mh cg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~ | kgmlh rxhmh kh*

agp wxh cg ylpaxclccg mh cg } hk hc yeng`ce fg~}g# kerxhmh ~hp nekixkmlmg nek xkg l# `lhk h~ yhpmgm

wxh ~h jh e`~hpyþ wxh h~}h rhkmecl~}g ke rekh hc

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mh cg ê# neje ~h ke}g hk *hc yeng`ce# jg}hplg me cg

ml~lmhknlg+ \e che chgcjhk}h fgz}g# ke jh enxpph

mxmg wxh g~ê mlnh cg rgcg`pg h~npl}g hk hc phihplme

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yhp cg mxmg chgcjhk}h# mhncgpgkme ~lk gj`gah~ hc

hppep mh cg nerlg mh wxh jh fg`êg ~hpylme# e jlrperle hppep mh ke fg`hp ghnfe xk h~}xmle rgche*

apçilne mh h~}h yeng`ce nejrgpçkmece nek e}pe~ h~*

npl}e~ rep hc jl~je rhkmecl~}g4 rhpe ke rxmh hk*

nek}pgp hc }h~}ljekle gcxmlme+



=6 YLNHK]H A+ WXH^GMG

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mhcgp}ênxce mh cg~

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cg @l`cle}hng# | klkaxke mh ce~ h~npl`lhk}h~ wxh

lk}hpylklhpek# rx~lhpek hk mxmg wxh mhnêg fgz}g+

Hk gwxhccg ihnfg ke ~h nekenêg gwxê rx`clngnlþk

h~rg÷ecg mhc }hv}e mh h~g~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~# | hpg

ljre~l`ch mxmgp mh cg `xhkg ih mh ce~ nerl~}g~+ Kl

wxhcg

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g rh~gp mh h~}gp ljrph~g~ mlnfg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~+

^h }pg}g mhc }h~}ljekle chagclzgme rep xk ixk*

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apgie h~rg÷ec# Ohih mhc Gpnflye Ahkhpgc mh Lkmlg~hk ^hylccg+ Gk}h hc menxjhk}e g~ê chagclzgme ke}lhkh ygclmhz cg nerlg ~ljr 7[ mh cg~ rx`clngnlekh~

mhc ~h÷ep ]epph~ mh Jhkmezg+

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nlþk mh Menxjhk}e~ lkìml}e~ mh Lkmlg~# ~h fg je*mhpklêgme cg ep}eapgiêg# | ce wxh h~ jç~ apgyh# hk

cg phljrph~lþk# hc ~h÷ep Gjxkç}haxl ~h fg nphêmegx}eplzgme rgpg jemlilngp }emgyêg h~g jl~jg ep}e*

apgiêg# ~xoh}çkmecg g cg~ phiepjg~ gnhr}gmg~ hk ~x

rgê~+ Mh jgkhpg wxh hc menxjhk}e wxh ìc rx`clng#

ke h~ nerlg cl}hpgc | hvgn}g mhc eplalkgc wxh hvl~}h

hk hc Gpnflye mh Lkmlg~# jlhk}pg~ wxh hc }hv}e mh

wxh jh fh ~hpylme h~ nerlg cl}hpgc# }h~}ljeklgmg |

mh`lmgjhk}h chagclzgmg+ H~# rxh~# ì~}g cg wxh fgnhih# gk}h nxgcwxlhp }pl`xkgc# jlhk}pg~ ke ~h rpxh`h

nek hc eplalkgc jl~je# hc hppep# ~l ce fx`lhph# hkhc }h~}ljekle mgme eilnlgcjhk}h# rep eilnlgch~ rÿ*

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rg÷ec+

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me cg ep}eapgiêg# hk}ph hc }hv}e wxh |e fh rx`clng*

me | hc wxh rx`clng hc ~h÷ep Gjxkç}haxl5



FL^]EPLG NECEKLGC GPAHK]LKG =<

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fgnlg hc h~}phnfe mh Jgagccgkh~

”hk hc menxjhk*

}e }hµ}ljeklgme | chagclzgme mhc nxgc jh clh ~hp*

ylme ~h chh fgz}g# nx|g jl~jg ep}eapgiêg phyhcg

wxh m rhkmecl~}g fg nerlgme gc rlh mh cg ch}pg mhc

eplalkgc+

^h hwxlyeng cgjhk}g`chjhk}h hc h~npl}ep nflch*

ke# gc rph}hkmhp nek xkg `hllhye hknlg lkkhnh~g*

plg# wxh "fh ngême hk hppep~þce

rep clahphzg elkfg`lclmgm mh gcaÿk nerlgk}h"+ Ce~ wxh fgk ne*

rlgme }eme~ ce² menxjhk}e4 wxh }pgoh mhc Gpnflye

Ahkhpgc mh Lkmlg~# ixhpek ce~ jl~je~ hjrchgme~4

repwxp wxl~h }hkhp yhpmgmhpe~ }h~}ljekle~ chagch~

mh ce~ menxjhk}e~4 | hc ~h÷ep Oxçphz h~ xk rgchþ*

apgie h~rg÷ec wxh h~}ç jç~ gppl`g mh ce~ nerl~}g~

lkfç`l!h~# nek ce~ wxh ~lk mxmg h~}ç igjlclgplzgme

hc ml~}lkaxlme h~npl}ep g wxlhk nek}h~}e+

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alkgch~# rep plzekh~ jx| e`ylg~? 7+² rep i/m}g mh

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ch}pg~ mh ce~ ~lace~ VYL | VYLL# jxnfg~ jx| è*

ppgmg~ 4>+² repwxh cg n~gn}Fxm mh cg nerlg nek hc

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clzgnlþk | }h~}ljekle# hk wxh ~h hvrph~g "nekiep*

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ne~}hgp ce~ ag~}e~ wxh mhjgkmg cg chagclzgnlþk mh

}eme~ ce~ menxjhk}e~# | cg khnh~gplg nekipek}gnlþk

nek oe~ eplalkgch~+



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nxjhk}e~ rx`clngme~ fg~}g hc }eje 70 lkncx~lyh

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mlg~# wxh ke |h hknxhk}pg hk ce~ 71# 76 | 02+

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mlg~# | kgmg jç~4 klkaÿk menxjhk}e# lkncx~g~ cg~

ngrl}xcgnlekh~ nek Jhkmezg# h~}ç chagclzgme+ Cxh*

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khp~h g xkg nerlg chagclzgmg eilnlgcjhk}h+

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pgp wxh ke }hkêg e`oh}e gcaxke hk chhp hk ^hylccg

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eplalkgc+ Fh gne~}xj`pgme ~lhjrph nekilgp hk cg

fekepg`l l mgm gohkg# | jh `g~}g`gk cg~ chagclzg*

nlekh~ mhc ml~}lkaxlme ohih mh gwxhc nìch`ph gpnfl*

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gmyhp~e~ ph~rhn}e mh cg nxh~}lþk lk}hpkgnlekgc mh

cêjl}h~# mh`êg | mh~hg`g }pghpce~ rgpg cg @l`cle}h*

ng Rÿ`clng# wxh hpg jl nejh}lme# jl ÿklng nejl*

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| h~}xmlì ce~ phihplme~ menxjhk}e~+ Ke jh fx*

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ljrph~h~# | ì~}e~ ce ixhpek hk h! }eje 00 mh cg

Nechnnlþk mh menxjhk}e~ lkìml}e~ mh Lkmlg~# h}n+



FL^]EDLG NECEKLGC GPAHK]LKG 87

~gngme~ mh ce~ gpnflye~ mhc Phlke | jx| h~rhnlgc*

jhk}h mhc mh ^hylccg# nejrh}hk}hjhk}h gx}eplzgmg+

H~}h }eje ixì ljrph~e hk 761=# rphnl~gjhk}h nxgk*me ph~lmêg hk H~rg÷g

4rhpe ke }xyh eng~lþk mh hvg*

jlkgpce hk}eknh~# ce clh fhnfe nek je}lye mh cg~ nl*

}g~ mhc ~h÷ep Gjxkç}haxl# | hknxhk}pe wxh }emg~

~ek nerlg~ ~ljrch~4 wxh h~}h }eje ke }lhkh kl cg

chagclzgnlþk ilkgc# hk wxh nhp}lilng hk e}pe~# hc ~h*

÷ep Oxçphz# cg gx}hk}lnlmgm mh cg~ nerlg~+

Ke h~# rxh~# rhpjl}lme kl chgc wxh hc h~npl}ep

nflchke# ~lk nekenljlhk}e hvgn}e mh ngx~g# mlag wxh

~h fg fhnfe cg ~x~}l}xnlþk mh fg~}g rep fgnlg wxhgc}hpg nejrch}gjhk}h hc ~hk}lme mh ce ngrl}xcgme

nek Jhkmezg# rxh~}e wxh# h~ igc~e# wxh fg|g ~x~*

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chagclzgmg ce wxh fh rx`clngme# | h~ ~xrhplep |jhphnh e}pg ih# wxh cg nerlg ~ljrch mh wxh ~h fg~hpylme hc ~h÷ep Gjxkç}haxl+ gxk nxgkme ~h fgyg

ljrph~e hk H~rg÷g+ ^l hc menxjhk}e mlnh fg~}g#

neje hk hihn}e ce mlnh# |# ngj`lg kg}xpgcjhk}h cg

ml~re~lnlþk# h~ repwxh }gc ixì cg yecxk}gm mhc Ph|?~xrekhp xkg ~x~}l}xnlþk hk rxk}e apgyh# h~ eihk*

mhp apg}xl}gjhk}h g xk ng`gcchpe+

\ jh ccgjg }emgyêg cg g}hknlþk cg clahphzg h lk*

ox~}lnlg nek wxh hc ~h÷ep Gjxkç}haxl mlnh?!

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Ncgpe | hvrph~e h~ h~}h }hv}e# gwxê ke ~h fg`cgmh cg Kxhyg ]echme# ~lke mh cg rpeylknlg mh Nflch#

| h~}h menxjhk}e mh 7882 rpxh`g wxh ce~ nek}hj*

repçkhe~ ke fgnêgk ml~}lknlþk mh ce~ kej`ph~# wxh

~g`êgk wxh Gcjgape fg`êg g`gkmekgme cg nekwxl~*

}g mh Nflch# rgpg cg nxgc ixì mh~rxì~ nejl~lekgme

Ygcmlylg+ µ Nxçc h~# rxh~# cg Lkhvgn}l}xm fl~}þplng

hk jl g~hyhpgnlþk5 Hc jl~je ~h÷ep Gjxkç}haxl~h fg hkngpagme mh mhje~}pgp rep ce~ jl~je~ }h~*

}ljekle~ wxh nl}g# wxh cg ae`hpkgnlþk mh Gcjgapeixì cg mgmg g Ygcmlylg# nxgcwxlhpg wxh ~hg cg ml*

ihphknlg hk ce~ kej`ph~# mh~mh wxh ìc jl~je nek*

ilh~g wxh Gcjgape ke flze ~lke rg~gp rep cg Kxh*

yg ]echme rgpg lp g cg rpeylknlg mh Nflch+ Gpaólp

nek cg mlyhp~lmgm mh kej`ph~# }ejçkmece~ mhc }hv*}e jl~je mh cg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~# h~ hk}ph}hkhp~h hk

fl~}eplgp ce~ menxjhk}e~# | ecylmgp cg nekwxl~}g+

\e fh g~hyhpgme xkg yhpmgm fl~}þplng# g rh~gp mh

ce~ kej`ph~ mlyhp~e~ | mh cg~ cgpag~ ml~hp}gnlekh~

mhc h~npl}ep nflchke+

Hc jl~je ~h÷ep Gjxkç}haxl# mlnh hk hc ngrê}xce

Y# rçalkg 787# philplìkme~h g lj lk~}pxjhk}e rÿ*`clne e}epagme rep Rhmpe ^gknfe mh Fez# ce ~l*

axlhk}h? "wxh hc ngrl}çk Rhmpe mh Ygcmlylg h~*

}g`g rpeyhême rep hc ~h÷ep jgpwxì~ &Ipgknl~ne

Rlzgppe,# hk kej`ph mh ^+ J+ rgpg lp g nekwxl~}gp#

re`cgp | ae`hpkgp cg~ rpeylknlg~ mh Nflch# | }emg~

cg~ e}pg~ ~x~ nejgpng~ wxh }xylh~h ke}lnlg~ Rhmpe

^gknfe mh lcez"+ \ h~}h }h~}ljekle ox~}lilng cghvgn}l}xm mh ce wxh mhoe hvrxh~}e? hk cg rçalkg



96 YLNHK]H A+ WX@^GMG

78= gaphag }emgyêg+++ "Rlzgppe ixì ignxc}gme rephc jekgpng rgpg cchygp g ng`e cg nekwxl~}g | re`cg*nlþk mh Nflch mh~rxì~ mh fg`hp ~lme g`gkmekgme~rep Mlhae mh Gcjgape"+"Ce wxh cg ae`hpkgnlþk mh Ygcmlylg nejrphk*

mlþ rep cg rpeyl~lþk mhc Rph~lmhk}h mek Rhmpe mh

cg Ag~hg# ihnfg 0> mh g`plc mh 78=1# mlnh hc ~h÷ep

Gjxkç}haxl# ixì# ke neje hc ~h÷ep Wxh~gmg ce nphh

hppþkhgjhk}h# hc }hppl}eple mh Gcjgape# ~lke ng~l

}eme hc wxh ~h fg`êg g~lakgme g mek Rhmpe mh Jhk*mezg g ce cgpae mh cg ne~}g mhc jgp mhc ^xp# hc

nxgc phjg}g`g hk >9² 81! 72<" cg}l}xm ^xp# e ~hg

hk hc ng`hze mh cg l~cg mh ^gk}g Jgpêg# | gmhjç~mh ì~}e }emgyêg# xkg hv}hk~lþk mh =

e20! 8>"# wxh

~h rpecekag`g mh~mh hc nekiêk mh cg ae`hpkgnlþk

mh Jhkmezg# | wxh hwxlygcêg g ~h}hk}g chaxg~ |jhmlg mh g mlhz | ~lh}h | jhmlg rep ngmg apgme"+

^haÿk h~}g~ rgcg`pg~# ph~xc}gpêg wxh cg }lhppg

g`gkmekgmg rep Gcjgape# wxh hpg cg rpeylknlg mh

Nflch# | mh cg wxh fg`cg Ygcmlylg hk cg~ ngp}g~ gk*

}h~ nl}gmg~# ke ixì cg wxh ~h ch e}epaþ hk ae`hpkg*

nlþk# ~haÿk cg x`lngnlþk wxh rph}hkmh hc ~h÷ep

Gjxkç}haxl# ~lke wxh ì~}g ~h mhoþ ygnxg4 wxh cg

wxh ~h mle rep Cg Ag~hg# e ìc }ejþ rep ~ê# ixhpek

cg~ jl~jê~ljg~ me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ ~e`ph hc jgp mhc

^xp mgmg~ g mek Rhmpe mh Jhkmezg hk 78>=# ~h*

aÿk ìc rph}hkmh x`lngpcg~4rhpe hc ~h÷ep Gjxkç*

}haxl rgphnh wxh ~h fg eix~ngme hk jhmle mhc lk*

jhk~e nÿjxce mh rgrhch~ mh wxh ~h fg pemhgme |

hk ce~ jlkxnle~e~ mh}gcch~ wxh ~h hk}ph}lhkh hk h~*

nxmpl÷gp+ Hk hihn}e# fg ecylmgme wxh# mh~mh 78>=

fg~}g 78=1# ~h nhch`pgpek ygplg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~ nek

hc Ph| mh H~rg÷g# wxh ylhkhk g mh~`gpg}gp cg~ x`l*

ngnlekh~ | mh~clkmh~ wxh }gk}e }pg`goe ch fg ne~}g*

me }pgzgp gfepg+

^xrþkag~h wxh hc ~h÷ep Gjxkç}haxl fg|g x`lng*

me nek hvgn}l}xm jg}hjç}lng cg~ me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~mh ne~}g ~e`ph hc jgp mhc ^xp neknhmlmg~ g mek Rh*




mpe mh Jhkmezg hk 78>=4 rhpe# cg mlilnxc}gm h~}ç

hk x`lngp cg jl~jg çphg neknhmlmg hk cg~ ngrl}xcg*

nlekh~ re~}hpleph~+Hk 76 mh jgpze mh 78=2# hc Ph| nhch`pg ngrl}x*

cgnlekh~ nek Gcygp Kÿ÷hz Ng`hzg mh Ygng# neknh*

mlìkmech cg ae`hpkgnlþk mh~mh hc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g

fg~}g cg jgp ^xp4 nek jç~ me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ mh

cxhkae mh cg ne~}g wxh nejlhkzgk mh~mh mekmh gng*

`g~h cg ae`hpkgnlþk hknejhkmgmg gc jgpl~ngc mek

Mlhae mh Gcjgape# rgpg wxh# mlnh# fg`cgkme mh cg

nekwxl~}g+ + + "cg rxmlìphmh~ rpe~haxlp neje hc ml*

nfe mek Rhmpe mh Jhkmezg# | ìc ce remêg fgnhp ~e*

`ph ce nxgc jgkmgje~ nek ye~ }ejgp g~lhk}e + + +

Rpljhpgjhk}h? }hkhje~ rep `lhk wxh ~l hc mlnfe

Oxgk mh G|ecg~ ke ixh~h ylye + + + remçl~ mh~nx`plp#

nekwxl~}gp | re`cgp cg~ }lhppg~ wxh h~}g`gk mgmg~

hk ae`hpkgnlþk gc mlnfe mek Rhmpe mh Jhkmezgrep cg mlnfg ngrl}xcgnlþk | rpeyl~lekh~ nek cg~ ml*

nfg~ me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ mh ne~}g hk cg mlnfg jgp mhc

^xp rep cg epmhk# iepjg | jgkhpg wxh nek ìc h~}g*

`g ngrl}xcgme + +

+ !

@lhk# rxh~# hk rph~hknlg mh h~}g ngrl}xcgnlþk |mh cg rpeyl~lþk mh Cg Ag~hg# µ nxçc mh cg~ me~ h~

cg yhpmgmhpgjhk}h ygchmhpg5 µRempêg ~e~}hkhp~hwxh Cg Ag~hg mlh~h ce jl~je wxh hc ph| fg`êg mgme

hk 78>=# | wxh yecyêg g neknhmhp rep xk nek}pg}e

ekhpe~e hk 78=25 Jh rgphnh lk~e~}hkl`ch rph}hk*

mhp wxh cg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~ nek hc ph| wxhmg~hk

`xpcgmg~# rphnl~gjhk}h repwxh Ygcmlylg }hkêg ~x

ae`hpkgnlþk fg~}g hc apgme =7+ Ce wxh cg pgzþk

| cg ox~}lnlg lkmxnh g nphhp# h~ wxh cg x`lngnlþk mhcg~ me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ ~e`ph hc jgp mhc ^xp mgmg~ g

Kÿ÷hz Ng`hzg mh Ygng# mh`êgk nek}gp~h mh~mh hc

h~}phnfe mh Jgag! cg÷h~ fg~}g cg ae`hpkgnlþk nek*

nhmlmg g Ygcmlylg# wxlhk enxrg`g ce wxh fg`êg ~lme

mh Gcjgape4repwxh h~ ce ÿklne pgnlekgc# nxgch~*

wxlhpg wxh ~hgk cg~ x`lngnlekh~ "wxh nek }gk}e }pg*



12 YLNHK]H E+ W]1H^GMG

`goe | }gk ~lk rpeyhnfe re~l}lye fg }pgzgme hc ~h*

÷ep Gjxkç}haxl+

Cg Ag~hg# rxh~# mh`êg ~g`hp wxh hk 78=2# Kÿ÷hzzg mh Ygng# }hkêg me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ mh ae`hp*

kgnlþk ~e`ph hc jgp mhc ^xp# | ~l hk 00 mh g`plc

mh 78=1# neknhmlþ g Ygcmlylg hc ae`lhpke mh Nfl*

ch cljl}çkmece gc =7²# h~ repwxh ì~}h ke nejrphk*mêg hc }hppl}eple mgme g Ng`hzg mh Ygng+ µMþkmhhknek}pgpce | nþje x`lngpce5 Hk}ph hc h~}phnfe

mh Jgagccgkh~ | cg ae`hpkgnlþk mh Ygcmlylg# e ce

wxh h~ ce jl~je mhc =7² gc ^km# fg~}g hc h~}phnfe+

]emgyêg jç~? hk 0 mh oxcle mh 78=1# hc ph| nh*

ch`pg kxhyg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~ nek Oxgk mh ^gkg`plg#

rep nxgk}e Vÿ÷hz Ng`hzg mh Ygng ixì phjl}lme g

H~rg÷g hk ngclmgm mh rph~e# | nek}pg}g ce ~laxlhk*

}h? "remçl~ mh~nx`plp | re`cgp rep kxh~}pg~ nek*

}pg}gnlekh~ me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ mh ne~}g mh cg @engmhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g | cg mhc @pg~lc# wxh nejlhkzgk

g nek}gp~h mh~mh }phlk}g | xk apgme mh gc}xpg mhc

~xp | mh gccê fgygk mh nek}lkxgp~h fgnlg cg hwxl*

kennlgc+ + +fg~}g cchagp g ce wxh h~}ç nek}pg}gme nek

hc e`l~re mh Rcg~hknlg+ cg~ nxgch~ mlnfg~ me~nlhk}g~

chaxg~ ~gcagk }emg~ gk~ê hk gknfe fg~}g cg jgp mhc

^xp+ + + "µMþkmh x`lng hc ~h÷ep Gjxkç}haxl h~}g~ me~*

nlhk}g~ chaxg~# wxh }lhkhk rxk}e mh gppgkwxh mh*

}hpjlkgme hk hc G}cçk}lne# apgme >7# | wxh mh`hk

}hkhp hc jl~je ~e`ph hc Rgnêilne5 oKe h~ hylmhk*

}h wxh ~h ~xrhprekh hk rgp}h g cg ae`hpkgnlþk mh

Ygcmlylg5 \ ì~}g h~ cg ÿklng ngrl}xcgnlþk nek

iphk}h laxgc g gj`e~ jgph~+

Ke rxhmh mhnlp~h wxh hc jekgpng h~rg÷ec lake*

pg`g ce ilkh ~h rg~g`g hk hc jgp mhc ^xp# rxh~}e

wxh Ygcmlylg ch mlplalþ ygplg~ ngp}g~# hk cg~ nxgch~

hvrph~g`g wxh ~x ae`lhpke cchag`g fg~}g hc =7²# |~eclnl}g`g ch ixh~h gjrclgme+ Ye| g nl}gp neje xk

gn}e mh mhihphknlg#cg~

jl~jg~ gx}eplmgmh~ wxhclg*




jg hk ~x gre|e hc ~h÷ep Gjxkç}haxl#”cg ngp}g mh

Ygcmlylg mh 78=8 mlplalmg g Ngpce~ Y?

"Cg yhpmgm |e cg mlae g Y+ J+ gc rlh mh cg ch*}pg# | g~ê hccg | ~x nh~çphg yecxk}gm fgcch |e ~lhj*

rph hk jl igyep# wxh rep ce wxh mh~he ke yhkagrhp~ekg wxh jh mh~yêh mhc ~hpylnle mh Y+ J+ kl

rhp}xp`h hk h~}g ne|xk}xpg# h~ rep hjrchgp cg yl*

mg | fgnlhkmg wxh }hkae | e`lhph hk mh~nx`plp# re*

`cgp# nekwxl~}gp rgnlilngp }emg h~}g }lhppg fg~}g hc

H~}phnfemh

Jgagccgkh~| jgp

mhc kep}h#

|`x~ngp*

cg }gc wxh hk hccg rxhmg g ce~ yg~gcce~ mh Y+ J+ wxhnekjlae }hkae# rgagpch~ ce jxnfe wxh hk ì~}g fgk}pg`gogme+ +

+

Yxìcyh~h g mlplalp g Ihclrh LL hk 78 mh oxkle

mh 78=6 4 h~ lkÿ}lc nl}gp }gk}g~ | }gk}g~ ngp}g~4rh*

pe# µwxì ph~rekmh hc jekgpng h~rg÷ec5 § g}lhkmh ~x

pxhae5 µch neknhmh ce wxh rlmh5

Rpljhpgjhk}h# ch neknhmh g Gcmhph}h hk 7888 cg

gjrclgnlþk mh nlhk}e ~h}hk}g chaxg~ fg~}g hc H~}ph*

nfe# ke ~lhkme hk rhpoxlnle mh ce~ cêjl}h~ mh e}pg

ae`hpkgnlþk4 ce wxh ljrep}g mhnlp# hc ph| mhncgpg

ljrcênl}gjhk}h yçclmg~ | ~x`~l~}hk}h~ cg~ ngrl}xcg*

nlekh~ wxh fgk phrgp}lme h~g ne~}g# | cg gjrclg*

nlþk ke }hkmpç hihn}e# ~l }pgh rhpoxlnle g cg~ ae`hp*

kgnlekh~+ H~}g ncçx~xcg ~gcyg }emg~ cg~ mxmg~# gncg*

pg hc ~hk}lme mh ce~ menxjhk}e~ | fgnh mliênlc cg

nekix~lþk wxh cg fg`lclmgm | cg nflngkg rxmlhpgk

rpemxnlp+

]gk hylmhk}h h~ wxh hc ph| ke wxl~e rhpoxmlngp

ce~ cêjl}h~ mh e}pg~ ae`hpkgnlekh~ gc gjrclgp ce~

}ìpjlke~ mh cg wxh }xye Ygcmlylg# nek cg neknh~lþk

wxh flze g igyep mh Gcmhph}h# wxh jh `g~}gpêg nl*

}gp hc }ê}xce mh ae`hpkgmep hvkhmlme hk Jekzþk&Gpgaþk,# g = mh en}x`ph mh 7880 g igyep mh Me*

jlkae Jgp}êkhz mh Lpgcg# mh~lakgkme ~x~ g}pl`x*

nlekh~# cg hv}hk~lþk mh ~x ae`lhpke# wxh h~ hc jl~*

je neknhmlme g mek Rhmpe mh Jhkmezg | g Kÿ÷hzNg`hzg mh Ygng

4 | h~h }ê}xce ~h hvrlmh repwxh



10 YLNHK]H N+ W}!H^GMG

"Mlhae mh ^gkg`plg ke fg`lhkme nxjrclme nekcg ngrl}xcgnlþk wxh ~h }xye nek Oxgk mh ^gkg`plg

rgpg cchygp ~eneppe g cg Rpeylknlg mhc Pêe mh cgRcg}g# h~}g`g ygne ~x ae`lhpke+ + +

" Ch neknhmh cg~

me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ mh ne~}g ~e`ph hc jgp mhc ^xp+

\ h~}e ljrep}g`g ke g}hkmhp hk g`~ecx}e ce rhml*

me rep Ygcmlylg# | mgp ~lhjrph g cg ae`hpkgnlþkmhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g# me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ ~e`ph hc jgpmhc ~xp# neje ~h ke}g hk }emg~ cg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~#

g hvnhrnlþk mh cg mh Oxgk mh ^gkg`plg# wxh }lhk[iphk}h mh}hpjlkgme ~e`ph gj`e~ jgph~# | cg mh

Ogljh Pg~wxêk# wxh ~þce ch e}epag me~nlhk}g~ ch*

axg~ mh ne~}g rep cg jgp mhc kep}h mhphnfgjhk}hfg~}g hc h~}phnfe mh Jgagccgkh~+

Cxhae# mgme~ h~}e~ gk}hnhmhk}h~# ke rxhmh ~e~*

}hkhp~h wxh cg x`lngnlþk wxh hc ~h÷ep Gjxkç}haxl

mç g cg~ me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ mh ae`hpkgnlþk hk hcjgp mhc ~xp ~haÿk cg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~ mh Jhkmezg#~hg cg wxh hk}hkmlþ mgpch hc jekgpng h~rg÷ec? rep*

wxh fg`lhkme ~lme neknhmlme g Ygcmlylg hc ae`lhp*

ke wxh mh~rxì~ ~h ccgjþ mh Nflch fg~}g hc =7²# hc

jl~je }hppl}eple g`gkmekgme rep Gcjgape# kerxhmh ~e~}hkhp wxh hk cg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~ re~}hple*

ph~ g h~g ihnfg# ~h fg|g mgme gce~,

gmh[k}gme~mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g# cg~ jl~jg~ }lhppg~ wxh hc nek*

wxl~}gmep mh Nflch }hkêg mh~nx`lhp}g~ | nekwxl~}g*

cg~+ Rep ce }gk}e# ì~g ke ixì cg x`lngnlþk yhpmg*

mhpg# g~ê ke ~h hk}hkmlþ hk cg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~# wxhhpgk nek}pg}e~ `lcg}hpgch~ | ekhpe~e~# | ke rxhmh~e~}hkhp~h wxh hc ph| phrl}lh~h hk xkg ~hplh mh gn*

}e~

xkgneknh~lþk ~x`~l~}hk}h#

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ph~+ H~g lk}hprph}gnlþk h~ nek}pgplg g cg pgzþk |g cg hwxlmgm# | h~ eihk~lyg gc `xhk ~hk}lme | fekepg`lclmgm mh ce~ jekgpng~ | jlkl~}pe~ h~rg÷ech~+

Hc ~h÷ep Gjxkç}hhjl+ mlnh hk ck rçnplkg 89?

"^l cg ae`hpkgnlþk mh h~}h ÿc}lje &Jhkmezg, cch*

ag`g fg~}g hc H~}phnfe# neje ce mlnh hc }hv}e rx`cl*



FL^]EPLG ' EK]GC GPAHK]LKG 1>

ngme rep hc ~h÷ep W 4 4gmg# o mþkmh fg`pêg hvl~}lme#

hk }gc flrþ}h~l~# hc }hppl}eple mgme g Gcngzg`g# }h*

ppl}eple wxh mh`êg hkp hk}pgp~h mh~rxì~ mh cg rhp*

}hkhknlg mh Jhkmezg# | gk}h~ mhc H~}phnfe5"

µMþkmh5 Jh rgk ' wxh ìc jl~je ~h fg nek}h~*

}gme hk cg rçalkg 97# [nlhkme? "Ph~xc}g wxh hk

7866 ~h ml~nx}êgk cg~ ge~ flrþ}h~l~ mh ~l gc ~xp mhc

H~}phnfe mh Jgagccgkh~ fg`êg xk nek}lkhk}h# e ~þ*

ce xkg l~cg e l~cg~ | wxh ~h }hkêg rep cg jç~ ~hax*

pg cg rpljhpg mh hccg~"+

\ ccgje cg g}hknlþk ~e`ph h~}h fhnfe? ph~xc}g

wxh# cg jgkhpg neje |e fh hk}hkmlme# neje hk}hk*

mlþ Gzgpg# Gaxlpph# Fghme# ]phcch~# Ipêg~ | e}pe~

cg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~# h~ cg ÿklng wxh ~h gmgr}g g ce~

Llrnfe~ mh cg nekwxl~}g+

Ygcmlylg hkylþ g Ohpþklje mh GJhph}h g ~e!lel

}gp cg gjrclgnlþk mh ~x ae`lhpke | e}pg~ jhpnhmh~

mh ^+ J+4rhpe hc nekwxl~}gmep mh Nflch jxplþ gk*

}h~ mhc phaph~e mh ~x nejl~lekgme+ Cg rplknh~g me

÷g Oxgkg hk 7888# gx~hk}h~ hc Hjrhpgmep | hc

rpêknlrh M+ Ihclrh# *mle g Gcmhph}h cg ~laxlhk}h rpe*

yl~lþk ?

"Gmhcgk}gme mek Ahpþklje Gcmhph}h# kxh~}peae`hpkgmep mh cg rpeylknlg mh Nflch# |g ~g`ìl~ ne*

je e~ fgyhje~ rpeyhême mh cg mlnfg ae`hpkgnlþk

fg~}g hc H~}phnfe mh Jgagccgkh~ | repwxh ke~ mh*

~hgje~ ~g`hp cg~ }lhppg~ | re`cgnlekh~ wxh fg| mh

cg e}pg rgp}h mh mlnfe H~}phnfe+ + +" \ gaphag? "Hc

e}pe ~ê }hkhje~ rep `lhk mh gjrclgp | h~}hkmhp cg

mlnfg ae`hpkgnlþk mh neje cg }hkêg mlnfe Rhmpemh Ygcmlylg e}pg~ nlhk}e ~h}hk}g chaxg~ rene jç~e jhke~ wxh ~ek mh~mhoe~ nekilkh~ mh cg ae`hpkg*

nlþk wxh }hkêg hc mlnfe Rhmpe mh Ygcmlylg fg~}g hc

H~}phnfe mh Jgagccgkh~# ke ~lhkme hk rhpoxlnle mh

ce~ cêjl}h~ mh e}pg ae`hpkgnlþk+ + +

"

H~}g ncçx~xcg cljl}g}lyg | nekmlnlekgc# mh~ylp}ÿg

}emg cg ljrep}gknlg rpe`g}eplg mhc menxjhk}e# mh~*



1= YLNHK]H A+ WNH^GMG

mh wxh cg nekmlnlþk ke remêg nxjrclp~h# rep ph~xc*

}gp rhpoxlnle rgpg cg ae`hpkgnlþk mhc Pêe mh cg

Rcg}g+ G~ê ce hk}hkmlþ hc jekgpng# | hk rpxh`g mhhcce `g~}gpç wxh ~h phnxhpmh ce ~laxlhk}h? Hk Jg*mplm g 72 mh oxcle mh 789<# ~h nhch`pgk cg~ ~laxlhk*

}h~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~ nek Oxgk Ep}lz mh _gpg}h?

"Rpljhpgjhk}h# e~ fgnhje~ jhpnhm mh cg ae`hp*

kgnlþk mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g# g~ê mh ce wxh gc rph~hk}h

h~}ç mh~nx`lhp}e | re`cgme mh }eme ce mhjç~ wxh mh

gwxê gmhcgk}h mh~nx`plìphmh~ | re`cçphmh~# gk~ê hk

cg~ rpeylknlg~ mhc Rgpgaxg| | Rgpgkç neje hk cg~

mhjç~ rpeylknlg~ nejgpngkg~# rep ye~ | rep yxh~*

}pe~ ngrl}gkh~ | }hklhk}h~ wxh kej`pçphm ~# gk~ê rep

cg ne~}g mhc jgp mhc Kep}h neje rep cg mhc ^xp# nek

hc ml~}pl}e | mhjgpngnlþk wxh ^+ J+ hc Hjrhpgmep#

jl ~h÷ep# wxh fg|g aceplg# cg mle | neknhmlþ gc ae*

`hpkgmep mek Rhmpe mh Jhkmezg# | mh~rxì~ mhc g

Gcygp Kÿ÷hz Ng`hzg mh Ygng# y g Mejlk~pe mh Lpg*

cg+++"

Gfepg `lhk ? ^l Ep}lz mh _gpg}h }lhkh rep cg~ ng*

rl}xcgnlekh~ mh 789<# me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ mh ae`hpkg*

nlþk hk cg~ nep}g~ mhc jgp mhc ^xp# neje cg~ }hkêg

Jhkmezg#3

nþje rxhmhrph}hkmhp~h wxh ì~}g~ ~hgk

x`lngmg~ rphnl~gjhk}h mhk}pe mh ce~ cêjl}h~ mh cg

ae`hpkgnlþk mgmg g Ygcmlylg5 µH~ yhpe~êjlc ~xre*

khp }gc lakepgknlg hk hc Ph| | hk ce~ wxh nek ìc ng*

rl}xcg`gk5 Mh klkaxkg jgkhpg4 rhpe }eme ~h nek*

nlcle hk ylp}xm mh cg ncçx~xcg cljl}g}lyg y nekmlnle*

kgc+

Ccgjg cg g}hknlþk cg mlyhp~g phmgnnlþk mh cg~ ng*rl}xcgnlekh~# cg mlihphknlg hk cg~ e`clagnlekh~ nek*

}pgêmg~ | hk cg~ jhpnhmh~ neknhmlmg~+ ^lk hj`gpae#

hk cg~ }ph~ wxh ~h phygclmgk | hkngmhkgk# ~h mh~la*

kgk cg~ me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ mh ae`hpkgnlþk ~e`ph hc

jgp mhc ^xp4 rep nek~laxlhk}h# ke h~ xk iepjxcgple

xkliepjh hc wxh clg ~hpylme rgpg h~}g~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~#

rxh~}e wxh hk }emg~ mlilplhpek cg~ e`clagnlekh~ 4

| hk



FL^]E@LG NECEKLGC G@AHK]LKG 18

cg~ nhch`pgmg~ nek Ep}lz mh _gpg}h hk 789<# nxgkme

~h ~g`êg wxh hpg kgyhag`ch hc H~}phnfe# cg phmgnnlþk

~h gncgpg+ ^h mlnh ce wxh mh~nx`pg g~ê rep cg jgp mho

Kep}h neje rep cg mhc ^xp# |g ke ~h fg`cg mh ngcgp

cg }lhppg rgpg lp g gwxhc jgp# rxh~}e wxh |g ~h ne*

kenh cg yêg jgpê}ljg+ µ Nþje# rphaxk}e# rxhmh rph*

}hkmhp~h mh `xhkg ih# wxh h~g~ me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ keh~}çk gc mh~hj`engp hc H~}phnfe 5 µ Nþje rxhmh pg*

nlekgcjhk}h rph}hkmhp kgmlh wxh ~h rg~h gc }pgyì~

mhc nek}lkhk}h# ~xrhpreklìkme~h cg ae`hpkgnlþk mhc

Pêe mh cg Rcg}g# g cg phnekenlmg ae`hpkgnlþk mh

Nflch5

\ `xhke ~hpç phnepmgp wxh hk cg Phcgnlþk hk*

ylgmg gc Hjrhpgmep rep Gcjgape# ch fg`cg mh cg

Nepmlcchpg mh cg klhyh wxh yg fg~}g hc H~}phnfe# mh

jgkhpg wxh ce~ jekgpng~ h~rg÷ech~ ~xrlhpek `lhk

rpek}e wxh# mhc e}pe cgme mh h~g nepmlcchpg khygpcg

~þce fg`êg xkg cekog mh }lhppg# | wxh hpg mliênlc hk

hccg }eme ae`lhpke wxh }xylh~h wxh }pgjek}gpcg+ Ml*

ae h~}e g rperþ~l}e mh ce~ wxh rph}hkmhk wxh ce~ l ce

kgpng~ h~rg÷ech~ neknhmêgk ae`hpkgnlekh~ nek iphk*

}h~ laxgch~ g gj`e~ jgph~ rep l~pkepgp cg aheapgiêg

mh h~}g rgp}h mh cg Gjìplng Jhplmlekgc+† Wxì ph~xc}g mh h~}e~ }ê}xce~ nx|g~ çphg~ ke ng`hk

êk}hapg~ hk cg~ ne~}g~ mhc jgp mhc ^xp5 %Nxçch~ ~ek

ygchmhpe~5 µH~ cg rpeyl~lþk | gjrclgnlþk nekmlnle*

kgc mgmg g Gcmhph}h# e cg ngrl}xcgnlþk mh ihnfg re~*

}hplep nek Ep}lz mh _gpg}h 5 Rep jç~ hjrh÷e wxh ~h

rekag hk gpjeklzgp h~}e~ }ê}xce~# ke rxhmhk ~x`*

~l~}lp ~lke }hklhkme hk nxhk}g cg ncçx~xcg cljl}g}l*

yg+ \ h~ lknxh~}lekg`ch wxh hk xkg phncgjgnlþk ox*

mnlgc# ixì mhncgpgme wxh Ep}lz mh _gpg}h e ~x fhph*

mhpe ]epph~ mh Yhpg | Gpgaþk# fg`êgk nxjrclme cg~

e`clagnlekh~ nek}pgêmg~# | rep }gk}e gmwxlplme }emg~

cg~ jhpnhmh~ e}epagmg~+

^l cg~ x`lngnlekh~ wxh fg fhnfe hc ~h÷ep Glkxkç*

}hhpxl mh cg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~ nhch`pgmg~ hk 78>=# nek

Gcjgape# Jhkmezg | Gcngzg`g# mh`lhpgk ~hpce ne*



19 YLNHK]H E+ W]]H§5GO,G

je ìc ce ~e~}lhkh 4 ~l h~g~ x`lngnlekh~ ixh~hk lkgc}h*

pg`ch~# ke rempêg fg`hp~h mgme ce~ cêjl}h~ wxh ~h il*

ogk g cg ae`hpkgnlþk neknhmlmg g Ygcmlylg fg~}g hc

=7²+ \ h~}e mhjxh~}pg wxh h~ jx| mlihphk}h cg fl~*

}eplg mh cg nekwxl~}g mh cg fl~}eplg npekecþalng mh

cg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~4 wxh gwxìccg ke rxhmh gox~}gp~h

g ce~ }ìpjlke~ mh ì~}g# repwxh e}pg h~ cg yhpmgm fl~*

}þplng+

Rep h~}e fh mlnfe hk jl cl`pe# }gk ~hyhpgjhk}h npl*}lngme rep hc rpecloe | kljle h~npl}ep nflchke# wxh

ce~ }ê}xce~ eplalkgple~ mh cg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~ ke ~ek cg

`g~h mhc xil re~~lmh}l~ mhc g÷e mlhz+

\ ce jç~ rhphaplke h~ wxh hc jl~je h~npl}ep nfl*

chke# wxh fg ml~nx}lme ce~ rxk}e~ | cg~ nejg~ mh ce~

menxjhk}e~# wxh nphh fg`hp gppl`gme g ph~ecyhp

nxh~}lekh~ lk}plkngmg~ rep mh~clkmh~ | x`lngnlekh~

hk hc jgp mhc ^xp# mh cg~ jhpnhmh~ }hppl}eplgch~ rg*

pg cg nekwxl~}g# mlnh hk hc ngr+ LLL# nek cg jç~ mh~*

hj`ezgmg lkahkxlmgm# wxh

?

"Mlhae mh Gcjgape# nx|g gj`lnlþk hpg apgk*

mh+++ }pgêg hc rhk~gjlhk}e mh enxrgp }emg h~}g ph*

alþk"+ \ §gmlþ~# cg~ neknh~lekh~ g Jhkmezg|

g Gc*

ngzg`g' rene ljrep}g cg yecxk}gm mhc ~e`hpgke4 kl

ce~ }ê}xce~ mh ae`hpkgmeph~# kl cg~ ch|h~ mh Lkmlg~4

Gcjgape# ~haÿk ìc# wxlhph }eme gwxhc }hppl}eple# |jh}lìkme~h hk hc `ec~lcce# neje rgrhc lkÿ}lc# cg nek*

nh~lþk mh me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ mh ae`hpkgnlþk# §yg rgpg

}ejgp rep ~x yecxk}gm cg~ ~h}hnlhk}g~ e jç~ chaxg~

mh ne~}g hk hc jgp mhc ^xp fg~}g hc H~}phnfe mh Jg*agccgkh~ '

H~ cg nek}pgmlnnlþk jç~ hylmhk}h mh xk ngrê}xce

nek e}pe4 h~ ~e~}hkhp hc rpe hk xke | hc nek}pg hk

e}pe? ke fg| npl}hple ilce~þilne rgpg oxzagp ce~ fh*

nfe~# kl ~hyhpg yhpmgm rgpg kgppgp cg npþklng+ H~ xk

gchag}e mh `lhk rpe`gme# hk hc nxgc rgpg nejrcgnhp

g ~x remhpe~e nclhk}h# hc ae`lhpke nflchke# fgnh cg~




jç~ gk}eogmlzg~ g~hyhpgnlekh~# cg~ jç~ rhphaplkg~

lk}hprph}gnlekh~ mh fhnfe~ | mh ~xnh~e~+§ Nek wxì gp}h ~g`h clagp cg~ cxnx`pgnlekh~ flre}ì*

}lng~ mh ce~ nekwxl~}gmeph~# nek ce~ gj`lnle~e~ hk*

~xh÷e~ mh ce~ gn}xgch~ nflchke~ rgpg gmxh÷gp~h mhc

H~}phnfe

"Gcjgape | ~x~ ~xnh~eph~# mlnh# oxzagpek rhpihn*

}gjhk}h wxh hc H~}phnfe hpg cg hk}pgmg | ~gclmg kh*

nh~gplg mh h~}h rgê~+ Ncgpe h~# repwxh ke ~e~rhnfg*pek wxh rempêg ngkgclzgp~h hc l~}je mh Rgkgjç# o

Gc*

jgape' §gwxhc mh wxlhk mhnêg Ygcmlylg wxh fg`êg mh*

ogme jgc hkigjgmg cg }lhppg# mh cg nxgc fxêgk nejemh cg rh~}h ' Rhpe# hk}ph hc oxlnle mh ce~ nek}hjrepç*

khe~# | ce~ kxhye~ mh~nx`pljlhk}e~ fhnfe~ rep hc

h~npl}ep nflchke# fg`êg xk g`l~je4 §gfepg ~h rxhmh

oxzagp fg~}g mh cg~ enxc}g~ jlpg~ mh gwxhc jl~jeGcjgape# }gk jgc oxzagme rep Ygcmlylg

Gcjgape mh`êg ~hp gk}h }eme fej`ph ng~hpe# rxh~

hc ~h÷ep Gjxkç}haxl mlnh# wxh nek~lmhpþ hc H~}ph*

nfe neje hc zgaxçk mh cg ng~g+§Wxì `hccg ilaxpg

§wxì ke`ch | hchygmg gj`lnlþk }hkêgk gwxhcce~ nek*

wxl~}gmeph~ '§wxhpêgk wxh cg chkaxg mh }lhppg hk}ph

cg nepmlcchpg | hc jgp# ixhpg cg ng~g# nx|e zgaxçkixh~h hc H~}phnfe ' §

\g ~h yh# ng~g rgpg alagk}h~

§ jepgmg rgpg ~hjlmln~h~ ' + + + § Rhwxh÷l}g fg`pêg ~lme

cg ng~g lmhgmg rep Gcjgape '§Wxì zgaxçk ' kgmg

jhke~ wxh hc H~}phnfe +++ §G~ê ~h rph}hkmh h~npl*

`lp fl~}eplg ' + + +

\ h~e# wxh 3hc jl~je h~npl}ep ~g`h wxh Gcjgapeflze xkg Phcgnlþk gc Hjrhpgmep# hk cg wxh fgccg*

mg+ + + "cg re`phzg e rewxhmgm mh cg rpeylknlg mh

Nflch# ì neje hpg jx| jg|ep ì rhep cg mh gmhcgk}h

| wxh cg rpljhpg hpgk wxlknh e yhlk}h rxh`ce~# wxh

ngmg xke }hkêg mlhz ng~g~ mh ahk}h jx| re`ph yh~*

}lmg mh rhcchoe~"+ Nek nxçk}g pgzþk mhnêg Ygcmlylg#

wxh g ngx~g mh }gch~ fg`cgmxpêg~ +++ " neje rh~}l*

chknlg fxêgk mhccg +++"




^l Gcjgape ~g`êg wxh h~g }lhppg gmhcgk}h hpg h~*

}ìplc# re`ph# ipêalmê~ljg h lkfg`l}g`ch# ke h~ ~hple~xrekhpch gwxhccg~ gc}g~ jlpg~ recê}lng~ rgpg ~gclp

rep hc H~}phnfe g H~rg÷g# cchygkme µwxì5 ” Ke#ke# cg fl~}eplg ke h~ cg keyhcg# h~ ~ljrchjhk}h cg

yhpmgm }pl~}h# mh~ngpekgmg g yhnh~# rhpe ~hyhpg# rgpgwxh ~hg hk~h÷gkzg | ke rgpg wxh ~lpyg mh gkmgjlergpg iepogp ng~}lcce~ hk H~rg÷g# neje mlnhk ce~

ipgknh~h~+Rhpjê}gjh phrh}lpch g jl yhz# gc hpxml}e | rg*

nlhk}h lkmgagmep nflchke ? "H~ ì~}g xkg lk~xpphn*

nlþk ph}pe~rhn}lyg'"



LLL

CE^ MH^NX@PLMEPH^ MHC PLE MH CG RCG]G \ NFLCH

Ce~ mh~nx`plmeph~ mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g ke rxmlhpek }e*

jgp re~h~lþk mh cg~ me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ ~e`ph hc Rg*nêilne”Ngrl}xcgnlekh~ nek Pg~wxlk”Gkxcgnlþk mhh~}h nek}pg}e | !nhch`pgnlþk mhc mh 789<# nek Ep}lg

mh _gpg}h

”]hppl}eple~ wxh nejrphkmhk cg~ ngrl*

}xcgnlekh~”Hwxlyengmg erlklþk mhc ^p+ Gjxkç}h*axl”Hvrhmlnlþk mh Gcngzg`g”Cêjl}h~ mh ~x ae`hp*

kgnlþk | jhpg gx}eplzgnlþk rgpg mh~nx`plp e}pg~

}lhppg~# ph~hpyçkme~h hc Ph| rpeyhhp ~e`ph hccg~

Nekih~lþk mhc jl~je Gcngzg`g”Gk}eogmlzg~ mhmxn*nlekh~ mh igc~g~ rphjl~g~”Hppep mh cg }hepêg mhwxh cg nekwxl~}g ~h fg|g fhnfe rep jhpnhmh~ mhjgp g jgp”Cg~ ae`hpkgnlekh~ mh Gcngzg`g | Gc*

jgape# ~haÿk hc ^p+ Gjxkç}haxl”E`~hpygnlekh~ ~e*`ph h~g~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~”Hwxlyengmg~ mhmxnnlekh~mhc ^p+ Gjxkç}haxl+

µIxì re~l`ch wxh mek Rhmpe mh Jhkmezg# mgme hc

mh~g~}ph mh ~x jgcfgmgmg hvrhmlnlþk# rhk~g~h hk

rg~gp gc jgp mhc ^xp rep cg yêg jgpê}ljg# rgpg ph*

nekenhp cg mh~lhp}g ne~}g mhc G}cçk}lne# | g}pgyh~gk*

me hc H~}phnfe ixh~h g }ejgp re~h~lþk mh ~x ae`lhp*

ke mh me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ hk hc jgp mhc ^xp5 µRxmengcgp cg }lhppg rgpgchcgjhk}h g ~x neknh~lþk# npx*

zgkme hk cêkhg phn}g hc nek}lkhk}h# }pgjek}gkme ce~

Gkmh~ rgpg cchagp rep cg yêg }hpph~}ph gc Rgnêilne5

@g~}g nekenhp cg fl~}eplg mh gwxhccg hvrhmlnlþk# cg

apgyh hkihpjhmgm mh mek Rhmpe mh Jhkmezg# ~x

rgp}lmg g H~rg÷g | ~x jxhp}h hk cg }pgyh~êg# rgpg



62 YLNHV]@ A+ W]]I[+XX

nej|]hkm] wxh ke }xye hc }lhjre jg}hplgc# rgpg

pll cg~ yg~}ê~ljg~ rpeylknlg~ mh ~x ae`lhpkemhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g+ ]gjrene ce rxme G|ecg~# ~x

cxagp}hkhk}h | jhxe~ Kÿ÷hz Ng`hzg mh Ygng# hk*

ylgme rph~e g H~rg÷g4 kl ^gkg`plg# ÿklne g wxlhk

hk ~x~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~ ~h ch mlnh hvrph~gjhk}h wxh

}lhkh rep ae`lhpke me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~# "cg~ nxgch~

~gcagk }emg~ gk~ê hk gknfe fg~}g cg jgp mhc ^xp"+

Ve nxjrclmg h~}g ngrl}xcgnlþk# | h~}gkme ygngk}hhc ae`lhpke mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g# ch ixì hvrhmlme hc

}ê}xce mh gmhcgk}gme g Mejlkae mh Lpgcg hk 7880# |hk ìc hvrph~gjhk}h ~h ch jgkmg wxh iloh ~x ph~lmhk*

nlg hk cg G~xknlþk# | ~l ch rgphnh jhoep e}pe rxh`ce

ce hclog# `goe cg nekmlnlþk mh rpe}hahp gc e`l~re wxh

l`g g ph~lmlp hk cg mlnfg nlxmgm mh cg G~xknlþk#

rep fg`hp hk hccg jxnfe~ lkmle~ nekyhp}lme~ g cgih ng}þclng+ H~}h ae`hpkgmep# g`~ep`lme rep ~x nek*

wxl~}g mhc Rgpgaxg|# }gjrene rhk~þ hk }ejgp re~h*

~lþk hihn}lyg | phgc mh cg~ me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ ~e`ph

hc jgp mhc ^xp4 ke }xye ahk}h kl hj`gpngnlekh~ rgpg

mh~nx`plp }emg cg ne~}g mhc jgp mhc Kep}h | rg~gp

rep hc H~}phnfe g ~x phihplmg ae`hpkgnlþk hk hc

e}pe jgp+Hc Ph| nhch`pg kxhyg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~ nek OgljhPg~wxêk# rgpg hc mh~nx`pljlhk}e | nekwxl~}g mh cg~

rpeylknlg~ mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g# hk 7> mh hkhpe mh

7886# nxgkme |g ~g`êg hc jekgpng repU cg Phcgnlþk

wxh ch mle hc jgpl~ngc Gcjgape# wxh êg Nepmlcchpg

khygmg cchag`g fg~}g hc H~}phnfe4 | hk}ph cg~ jhp*

nhmh~ wxh ch e}epaggc

nl}gme Pg~wxêk#ch ilog

g~ê ~xae`hpkgnlþk? "neje ae`hpkgmep | ngrl}çk ahkhpgc

mh ^gk Ipgknl~ne | mhc @lg~ç wxh rep e}pe kej`phccgjgk Rxhp}e mh ce~ Rg}e~ | mh ^gk Ag`plhc | mh

^gk}e H~rêpl}x | mhc rxh`ce mhc Axg|pç wxh ccgjg*

`gk Ylccg mh Ek}lyh~e~# | mh }eme~ ce~ jç~ rxh*

`ce~ wxh re`cg~h hk me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ mh~mh hc Pêe

mhcg

Rcg}g fg~}ghc H~}phnfe

mhJgagccgkh~ mhph*

nfgjhk}h rep cg ne~}g mhc jgp mhc Kep}h"+



FL^]EDLG NECEKLGC GPAHK]LKG 67

Ke fh chême cg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~ | ~þce ~ê hc hv}pgn*

}e gk}hnhmhk}h hk hc }ê}xce hvrhmlme g Oxgk Ep}lzmh _gpg}h+ Ke fg`lhkme nxjrclme h~}g~ ngrl}xcgnle*

kh~# hc Ph| cg~ gkxcg# | hvrph~gjhk}h mhncgpg wxh

ce~ rxh`ce~ | }lhppg~ mgmg~ g Pg~wxêk# wxhmgk nej*

rphkmlme~ mhk}pe mh ce~ cêjl}h~ mh cg ae`hpkgnlþk

wxh neknhmlþ g Ep}lz mh _gpg}h# hk ylp}xm mh cg~

ngrl}xcgnlekh~ nhch`pgmg~ hk 72 mh oxcle mh 789<+

Mh h~}e~ gk}hnhmhk}h~ ph~xc}g? 7+² wxh cg ae`hp*kgnlþk mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g ke nejrphkmlþ ÿklng*

jhk}h hc rgê~ wxh ~xrekh hc ~h÷ep Gjxkç}haxl# h~

mhnlp# ce mh~nx`lhp}e rep ^ecê~# mekmh h~}xye Ag`e*

}e# ~lke wxh hvrph~gjhk}h hc Ph| phnekenh wxh nej*

rphkmêg }emg cg ne~}g mhc jgp mhc Kep}h# | hk rpxh*

`g mh hcce g Pg~wxêk ch ~h÷gcg me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~

mh~mh hc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g# mhphnfgjhk}h# rep cg ne~}gmhc jgp fg~}g hc H~}phnfe# çphg jhkep wxh cg mgmgg Jhkmezg? 0+² wxh gkxcgmg h~}g ngrl}xcgnlþk# hc

Ph| mhncgpg wxh }eme ce neknhmlme g Pg~wxêk wxhmg

mhk}pe mhc ae`lhpke e}epagme g Oxgk Ep}lz mh _g*

pg}h# nek hc ml~}pl}e ~h÷gcgme gk}h~ g Jhkmezg# g

Gcygp Kÿ÷hz Ng`hzg mh Ygng | g Mejlkae mh Lpg*

cg+ \ neje ~l h~}e ke ixh~h `g~}gk}h# hk cg~ ngrl}x*cgnlekh~ ~h mlnh }hv}xgcjhk}h?

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kgnlþk mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g# g~ê mh ce wxh gc rph~hk*

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`gg rep hc Ph|# wxh jgkmþ mh~}pxlp cg~ rcgknfg~+

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}xcgnlekh~ mh 00 mh oxcle mh 78=1# nhch`pgmg~ hk}ph




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kh wxh jh mh}hkag hk h~}h gkçcl~l~ rgpg mhje~}pgp

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xk menxjhk}e mh~nekenlme+

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&7, "Cg Rg}gaekcg | cg~ }lhppg~ gx~}pgch~ h}n"+



FL^]EPLG NECEKLGC GHAHK]LKG 728

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kezng lkjhmlg}gjhk}h wxh ce~ cêjl}h~ ilogme~ hk hccg

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kgme gk}h~+

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}e~ iphk}h g iphk}h+

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jgp mhc ^xp +++"

Hk cg mh Gcygp Kÿ÷hz Ng`hzg mh Ygng# ~h mlnh+ +

+

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~e`ph cg nekwxl~}g | re`cgnlþk mh cg rpeylknlg mhc

Pêe mh cg Rcg}g# | ch rpeyhêje~ mh cg ae`hpkgnlþk

mh~mh hc mlnfe Pêe mh cg Rcg}g fg~}g cg jgp mhc ^xp#

nek jç~ me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ mh cxhkae"+ + + \ gp}+ 7+²#

mlnh?+ + + "remçl~ mh~nx`plp# nekwxl~}gp | re`cgp cg~

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nlþk gc mlnfe M+ Rhmpe mh Jhkmezg+ + +

"

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wxh ~h fg`cg mh cg~ }lhppg~ | rpeylknlg~ mhc Pêe mh g

Rcg}g# mh~mh h~}h pêe fg~}g cg jgp mhc ^xp? ~h fg`cg

mh mlyhp~g~ rpeylknlg~# }emg~ nejrphkmlmg~ `goe hc

kej`ph ahkìplne mh Pêe mh cg Rcg}g# | }emgyêg ~h ml*

nh "}lhppg~ | rpeylknlg~"? hc x~e mhc rcxpgc mhjxh~*}pg wxh ~h }pg}g mh jxnfg~ g cg yhz# | rep ce }gk}e#

mh apgkmh~ hv}hk~lekh~ }hppl}eplgch~+

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hc }hppl}eple neknhmlme#ge fg| klkaxkg ygaxhmgm# |



clcl l YLNHK]H A+ WXH^GMG

~h mlnh ? + + +" mgp hc }ê}xce mh ae`hpkgmep | ngrl}çk

ahkhpgc mh cg~ mlnfg~ me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ mh ne~}g hk

cg mlnfg rpeylknlg mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g+ + + cg~ nxgch~

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fg~}g cg jgp mhc ^xp"+

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mg`gk }emg~ cg~ }lhppg~ | rpeylknlg~ mhc Pêe mh cg

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ce ÿklne wxh nekyhkêg nejrpe`gp gc h~npl}ep nflchke#

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jhk}e?

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Wxh Mlhae mh ^gkg`plg ke fg`lhkme

nxjrclme nek cg ngrl}xcgnlþk wxh ~h }xye nek Oxgkmh ^gkg`plg rgpg cchygp ~eneppe g cg Rpeylknlg mhc

Pêe mh cg Fg}g# h~}g`g ygne ~x ae`lhpke | repwxh

gc ~hpylnle mh Mle~ Kxh~}pe ^h÷ep | jêe nekylhkh

wxh fg|g rhp~ekg wxh }hkag cg mlnfg ae`hpkgnlþk |gng}gkme g ce wxh ye~ Mejlkae mh Lpgcg ke~ fg`ìl~

~hpylme | wxh ~el~ rhp~ekg }gc# wxh mh yxh~}pg ilmh*

clmgm | mlclahknlg nekiêe hc jhoep ~hpylnle mh Mle~

| jêe | `lhk nejÿk mh mlnfg Rpeylknlg# yhnlke~ |jepgmeph~ mh hccg# h~ jl yecxk}gm mh ye~ rpeyhhp

rep Ae`hpkgmep | Ngrl}çk Ahkhpgc mh mlnfg Rpe*

ylknlg mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g"



FL^]EPLG NECEKLGC GHWHK]LKG 721

Neje }gc mh`êg fgnhp hc oxpgjhk}e mh ilmhclmgm |rchl}e fejhkgoh rgpg wxh ixh~h phnl`lme gc x~e mh ~x

hjrche+ ^h ch ignxc}g`g neje g M+ Rhmpe mh Jhkme*zg | g Gcygp Kÿ÷hz Ng`hzg mh Ygng rgpg wxh kej*

`pg~h }hklhk}h~ hk cg~ re`cgnlekh~ wxh fx`lh~hk |~h flnlh~hk4 ch nekihpêg hc kej`pgjlhk}e | hchnnlþk

mh ox~}lnlg~# hc wxh rxmlh~h mh~}hppgp | gmjlkl~}pgp*

~h cg ox~}lnlg phgc+ ^h ch ~h÷gcg`g rep ~xhcme 0+222

rh~e~ mh epe gc g÷e mh~mh hc mêg mhc phnl`ljlhk}e# hv*

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| ignxc}gmh~ wxh hvrph~g hc phihplme }ê}xce+

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mh Mejlkae mh Lpgcg# ~h ch ~h÷gcg |g cg gk}laxg

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÷hz Ng`hzg mh Ygng+

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wxh }eje mhcg e`pg lkìml}g

mh Gaxlpph# mlnh? l

+++"Wxh fg`lhkme ngrl}xcgme nek M+ Rhmpe mh

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Mlhae mh Gcjgape# fg~}g hc H~}phnfe mh Jgagccg*

kh~4 | wxh fg`lhkme jgkmgme g Oxgk mh G|ecg~ g}lhppg gmhk}pe# | ìc yhklme~¬ g h~}e~ phlke~# | jxhp*

}e# mhoçkmech rep fhphmhpe | ae`hpkgmep nekiepjh

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cg~ mh wxlhk ke ~h ~g`êg ~l hpg ylye e jxhp}e4 | wxh

neje }gj`lìk ~h ~xrlh~h cg apgk khnh~lmgm mh gpjg~#

jxklnlekh~# yh~}lme~# jgk}hkljlhk}e~ | e}pg~ ne~g~



cE+~ YLNHK]H A+ WYH^GMG

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wxl~}g# ~h eiphnlþ Gcygp Kÿ÷hz Ng`hzg mh Ygng g

cchygp ng`gcce~# gpjg~# jxklnlekh~ | `g~}ljhk}e~ |mhjç~ ne~g~# ag~}gkme enfe jlc mxngme~ | ce wxh

ne~}gpek ce~ ng~ne~ mh ce~ kgyle~ rgpg hc }pgk~rep}h#

neje ~l ixhpg jxhp}e Oxgk mh G|ecg~4 | wxh fg`lìk*

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~h ch mg`g# jxhp}e Oxgk mh G|ecg~# }emg cg nekwxl~*

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jlkgc4wxh ch hk}phag~hk cg~ ygpg~ mh ox~}lnlg# wxh

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me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ mh cg jgp mhc ~xp h l~cg mh ^gk}g

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cg G~xknlþk | 9+² gc Eh~}h mh Pêe mh Ogkhlpe"+

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FL^]EHLG NECEKLGC GPAHK]LKG 72<

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cg jêkljg mxmg+

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ke# rçalkg 077# wxh hc cêjl}h mhc }hppl}eple gmoxml*

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"Rgpg nekwxl~}gp | re`cgp hk cg ne~}g mh cg jgp

mhc ^xp mh~mh mekmh ~h gng`g~hk cg~ me~nlhk}g~ ch*




axg~ wxh mh cg mlnfg ne~}g h~}çk mgmg~ hk ae`hpkg*

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ce nek}pgple+

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*T=2 YLNHK]H A+ WXH^GMG

mh ae`lhpke ~hrgpgmg# gxkwxh ~xèpmlkgmg g cg

gx}eplmgm ~xrhplep mh Nflch”Gk}eogmlzg~ h lkhvgn*

}g~ grphnlgnlekh~ mhc ~h÷ep Gjxkç}haxl”Hvgn}l}xm

mh ce~ h~npl}eph~ gpahk}lke~ gc fg`cgp mh Nflch |rpeylknlg mh Nx|e# neje }hppl}eple~ nek cêjl}h~

gpnliêkle~”Hppep gc ~h÷gcgp ce~ cêjl}h~ mh cg nlxmgmmh ^gk}lgae mh Nflch# jemlilngme~ rep mek Agpnêggc kej`pgp ~x }hklhk}h*ae`hpkgmep rgpg cg rpeylknlg

mh Nx|e”]ê}xce mh ae`hpkgmep mh Nx|e g igyep mhc

ngrl}çk Oxgk Oxiipì”Ngp}g mlplalmg g ^+ J+ hk 7869

rep mek Oxgk Pgjêphz mh Yhcgzne# ae`hpkgmep mh

]xnxjçk+hk cg

wxhhvrph~g wxh cg nepmlcchpg h~ hc

cêjl}h mlyl~eple hk}ph Nflch | hc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g

Jhjeplgc mhc Ng`lcme mh cg nlxmgm mh Jhkmezg hk71>2”]h~}ljekle mhc Ylpph| mhc Rhpêl# jgpwxì~ mh

Cg Rcg}g”!Jhjeplgc mhc ae`hpkgmep mhc Pêe mh cg

Rcg}g# mek Oe~ì mh Fhpphpg | ê}ejg|ep”êclnl}xm

mh ce~ R+ R+ +lh~xl}g~ Mlhae Gc}gjlpgke# | mhc R+ Rh*

mpe Agpnêg”Erlklþk mhc R+ Cezgke”Phgc nìmxcg mh

>2 mh Hkhpe mh 791>”E}pg mh 78 mh Jg|e mh 791<

”E}pg mh 06 mh G`plc mh 7126”E}pg mh 0= mh Ke*ylhj`ph mh 71=>”Mh~rgnfe mhc jgpwxì~ mh cg Hk*~hkgmg mh 09 mh Hkhpe mh 71=8”Ylgoh~ | hvrcepg*

nlekh~ hk cg~ ne~}g~ jgpê}ljg~”Hvrhmlnlþk mhc ng*

rl}çk mek Oxgk Lakgnle Jgmgplgag”Nek~hnxhknlg~

mh h~}e~ gk}hnhmhk}h~ chagch~”]h~}ljekle mh ce~

Ylpph|h~ mhc Rhpÿ# jgpwxì~ mh Ng~}hc Ixhp}h |jgpwxì~ mh Ylccgagpnêg”Ke}g mh 08 mh En}x`ph mh71=8 mlplalmg rep hc jgpwxì~ mh cg Hk~hkgmg gc

ae`hpkgmep mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g”]h~}ljekle mhc

Ylpph| mhc Rhpÿ nekmh mh ^xrhpxkmg”Rpxh`g~ mhcg oxpl~mlnnlþk ax`hpkg}lyg hohpnlmg hk cg~ ne~}g~

jgpê}ljg~ rg}gaþklng~ rep ce~ ae`hpkgmeph~ mhc Pêemh cg Rcg}g”Ignxc}gm rgpg }pgk~ihplp il~ngc hk h~e~

}hppl}eple~ gc mejlkle rplygme” Mlyl~lekh~ oxpl~mln*

nlekgch~”Ml~}pl}e~ ax`hpkg}lye~”Hc Ph| ngj`lg`gce~ cêjl}h~ ~haÿk cg~ khnh~lmgmh~”Cg ng}hwxlzg*

nlþk mh ce~ lkmle~ nepph~rekmêg hvncx~lygjhk}h gcae`hpkgmep mhc }hppl}eple”Phgc nìmxcg mh >2 mh Ml*

nlhj`ph mh 71==”Phgc epmhk gc ae`hpkgmep mhc Pêemh cg Rcg}g mek Mejlkae Ep}lz mh Pezg~”Kxhyg~re`cgnlekh~ wxh jgkmg ixkmgp”Gx}eplzgnlþk rgpgphrgp}lp }lhppg~”Oxpl~mlnnlþk mhc ae`hpkgmep mhcPêe mh cg Rcg}g hk cg~ }lhppg~ rg}gaþklng~# hvrph~g*jhk}h nekihplmg rep phgch~ nìmxcg~”Ignxc}gm mh cg

nepekg rgpg jemlilngp ce~ cêjl}h~ mh cg~ ae`hpkg*



FL^]EPLG NECEKLGC GPAHK]LKG 7=7

nlekh~”]hepêg mh mhphnfe”Ce~ ae`hpkgmeph~# nxg*

ch~wxlhpg wxh ixh~hk ce~ cêjl}h~ aheapçilne~ mh ~x~

ae`lhpke~# ke remêgk erekhp~h gc ~e`hpgke wxh ce~

ph~}plkalhpg# gjrclg~h e jemlilng~h”Cg~ phgch~ nì*

mxcg~ e phgch~ þpmhkh~ re~}hpleph~ jemlilngpek cg~

ch|h~ mh Lkmlg~# ph~rhn}e g ce~ ml~}pl}e~ ax`hpkg}l*

ye~”Eilnle~ mhc ae`hpkgmep mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g#

`plagmlhp mek Oe~ì mh Gkmekghaxl hk 71=9 | 7182

Hvrcepgnlekh~ rgpg hc mh~nx`pljlhk}e mh cg nlxmgm mhce~ Nì~gph~”Phgc epmhk mh 7116”Eilnle~ mhc ngrl}çk

ahkhpgc mh Nflch gc Ylpph| mh @xhke~ Glph~ hk 7160

”Nek}h~}gnlþk mhc Ylpph|”Cg hvrhmlnlþk mh Eph*oxhcg gc}hpg cg oxpl~mlnnlþk mhc Ylpphlkg}e”Mlyhp~e~menxjhk}e~ eilnlgch~ wxh rpxh`gk nxgc hpg hc ml~*

}pl}e ax`hpkg}lye”Ae`hpkgmep mh Jgcylkg~# ~x`ep*

mlkgme gc Ylpph|# neje ce h~}xye gk}h~ g ce~ ae*

`hpkgmeph~ mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g”Hvrcepgnlekh~ | ylg*

oh~”Rpe|hn}e~ rgpg neceklzgp cg ]lhppg mhc Ixhaehk cg ìreng gk}hplep g cg hphnnlþk mhc ylpphlkg}e

Phcgnlþk mh ae`lhpke mhc ae`hpkgmep @xngphccl hk

7112”Nek~hnxhknlg~ wxh ~h mhmxnhk mh ce~ gk}hple*ph~ menxjhk}e~ eilnlgch~”*Rpxh`g~ chagch~ ~e`ph cg

hv}hk~lþk aheapçilng mhc ml~}pl}e ax`hpkg}lye mhc Pêemh cg Rcg}g”Menxjhk}e~ hjgkgme~ mh cg~ gx}epl*

mgmh~ mh Nflch”Phgc nìmxcg mh 0< mh Mlnlhj`ph mh7119”Nejhk}gple~”Gxvlcle~ gc ylgoh mh hvrcepgnlþk

mh cg~ ipgag}g~ Clh`ph | H~jhpgcmg”Menxjhk}e~eilnlgch~ ljrep}gk}h~”E`~hpygnlekh~+

Hk hc ngrê}xce YLLL# yxhcyh ~e`ph h~}h }hjg ? ”Ygcmlylg }xye mh~mh 78=2 cg lmhg | hc rperþ~l}e mh

wxh ~x ae`hpkgnlþk ~h hv}hkmlhpg fg~}g hc H~}phnfe#

| hk hcce rhp~l~}lþ fg~}g ~x jxhp}h# "~lk g`gkmekgp

rep xk ~ece mêg ~x nek~}gk}h g~rlpgnlþk"+ §@xhkrpeyhnfe ch fg|g mgme }gc mh~he ' Rhpe ce~ mh~he~#

ce~ rperþ~l}e~# cg~ lmhg~# | cg~ g~rlpgnlekh~# ke nek~*

}l}x|hk# wxh |e ~hrg# mhphnfe gcaxke+ Wxh Ygcmlylg

fg|g e kþ }hklme h~g g~rlpgnlþk# h~e ke mg÷g gc

mhphnfe mh }hpnhpe4 cg~ g~rlpgnlekh~ ke ~ek jg}hplg

~xoh}g g cg~ ch|h~# kl mgk kl wxl}gk mhphnfe4 rhp*

}hkhnhk gc mejlkle mhc cl`ph gc`hmpêe# | jlhk}pg~ke ~h }pgmxzngk hk fhnfe~# jh g`~}hkae mh oxzagp*

cg~ | ml~nx}lpcg~+ Ch neknhme wxh }xylhpg h~g g~rl



7=0 YLNHK]H A+ WXH^GMG

pgnlþk# ~l hk hcce rcgnhp phnl`h hc hpxml}e h~npl}ep

nflchke+ G~rlpgp jxnfe# gc ilk | gc ng`e# ke rhpox*

mlng g kgmlh ? cg gj`lnlþk h~ flog mh ngmg xke |}ìkagcg hk `xhkg fepg hc nekwxl~}gmep mh NJXh+

Ce wxh ke ch neknhme h~# wxh hc jekgpng h~rg÷ec ch

fg|g fhnfe hc ax~}e mh mgp g Ygcmlylg 'g ae`hpkg*

nlþk fg~}g hc H~}phnfe# rep jç~ rhp~l~}hk}h wxh

fg|g ~lme fg~}g cg jxhp}h h~}h rperþ~l}e hk hc

ngrl}çk Rhmpe mh Ygcmlylg+

Gng~e repwxh Ygcmlylg rpenhmlh~h ~lk mhphnfe g

lkygmlp ae`hpkgnlekh~ gohkg~# ” µ~xrekh wxh h~}g~

ylecgnlekh~ mhc mhphnfe# rxhmhk ~hp }l}xce fç`lc

rgpg gmwxlplp ce gohke5 "G cg yhpmgm wxh remêg

jx| `lhk e`pgp g~ê"# mlnh hc ~h÷ep Gjxkç}haxl4

rhpe µ ~h ecylmg wxh Cg Ag~hg cljl}þ g ~x ae`hpkgnlþk

fg~}g hc =7

e

5 µ^h ecylmg wxh hc Hjrhpgmep Ngpce~Y hk 7880 ~ece ch mle# jlhk}pg~ ixhpg ~x yelcxk}gm

| e}pg ne~g ke ph~ecylh~h# ce~ jl~je~ cêjl}h~ mgme~

rep Cg Ag~hg 5 µ ^h ecylmg wxh ìc fg phnekenlme hk

cg rçalkg gk}hplep# wxh h~}g nìmxcg mhc Hjrhpgmepke gapgylg`g ce~ mhphnfe~ chaê}lje~ mh xkg }hpnhpg

rhp~ekg5 µ^h ecylmg wxh hc Ph| jh~h~ mh~rxì~# hk

hc jl~je g÷e# neknhmh g Mejlkae mh Lpgcg me~nlhk*}g~ chaxg~ mh ae`hpkgnlþk hk hc jgp mhc ^xp 5

§Wxì

ipçalc jhjeplg' §Nxçk}g~ nek}pgmlnnlekh~' Nek wxì

gmjlpg`ch ignlclmgm klhag | gilpjg xkg jl~jg ne~g l

Hk 09 mh en}x`ph mh 7880# Ygcmlylg h~npl`êg gc

Hjrhpgmep# hk hc jl~jê~lje jh~ | g÷e hk wxh

h~}h ~h÷gcg`g g Mejlkae mh Lpgcg# gmhjç~ mh cg

ae`hpkgnlþk mh cg~ rpeylknlg~ mhc Ple mh cg Rcg}g#me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ ~e`ph hc jgp mhc ^xp4 h~npl`êg#

mhnêg# wxh epmhkg`g g Ylccgapgk mh~mh Ylccgplng#

"wxh~}g hk =2² mh~}g rgp}h mh cg hwxlkennlgc# rg~h

g cg jgp mhc Kep}h + + + wxh }pg`gogpêg hk mh~nx`plp

gwxhccg ne~}g | re`cgpcg"+ Cg jekejgkêg mh Ygc*

ylmlg h~ rhp~l~}hk}h# | neje ke }hkêg ncgpeylmhknlg

wxh hc Hjrhpgmep hc mêg = mh gwxhc jl~je jh~ |



" lil]EPLG NECEKLGC GPAHK]LKG 7=>

g÷e# fg`êg mgme hk ae`hpkgnlþk cg ne~}g mhc jgp mhc

Kep}h|

me~nlhk}g~ chaxg~ hk hc ^xp# ~h hk}ph}hkêg hk

phihplp gc jekgpng ~x~ rcgkh~ gj`lnle~e~+ § Cç~}ljg

wxh ~x ngp}g cchaþ }gpmh ' |g h~}g`g mgme hc ae`lhpke

g Mejlkae mh Lpgcg4 | hc re`ph jgklç}lne# ~ece rxme

nek~hpygp fg~}g ~x jxhp}h gwxhccg nek~}gk}h g~rl*

pgnlþk ' H~}g~ jgkêg~ ke ~ek hvnhrnlekgch~ hk ce~

apgkmh~ fej`ph~# rep hc nek}pgple# h~}ljxcgk ~x gj*`lnlþk# cg ~e~}lhkhk | ke fgae ngpae mh hcce gc nek*

wxl~}gmep mh Nflch 4 mlae ~ece# wxh hc jekgpng ke

ch flze ng~e'

Ygcmlylg hpg cgpaxê~lje hk ~x~ ngp}g~# jlkxnle~e#

hvgahpgme# | }hkêg }gk gi}g lmhg mh ~ê jl~je# mh ~x

remhp# mh ~x~ phnxp~e~# mh ~x ixhpzg# wxh fgnêg ce~

jç~ mh~cxj`pgmeph~ rpeapgjg~# rpejh}lhkme ke~ece nekwxl~}gp }emg cg ne~}g mhc

jgpmhc ^xp# ~lke

mh~nx`plp | gncgpgp cg kgyhagnlþk mhc H~}phnfe mh

Jgagccgkh~4 § igc}ç`gch hjrhpe# nxgkme h~}e h~npl*

`lþ# kgyh rgpg fgnhpce' Rene hpg g ih# repwxh gc

ilk hc ke }hkhp `xwxh# ke hpg ~lke ngphnhp mhc jhmlemh phgclzgp cg kgyhagnlþk#” rene ljrep}g ' Ygcml*

ylg ke ~h rgpg`g hk rhclcce~# | gmhcgk}h ' wxh hc rpe*

jh}hp ke hjre`phnh+

Jhphnh wxh phrpemxzng xk rçppgie mh xkg mh

~x~ ngp}g~+ H~ xkg mh~nplrnlþk mh ylgoh?

"\e jh fgccì h~}h yhpgke rg~gme# mlnh# g nlhk}e

nlknxhk}g chaxg~ mh ìc &H~}phnfe,# ngjlkgkme hk}ph

xkg nepmlcchpg wxh ylhkh mh~mh hc Rhpÿ# h yg rpecek*

L`kagkme }eme h~}h ph|ke# |hkme g cg nek}lkxg g

wxlknh | yhlk}h chaxg~# h jhke~# mh cg jgp# | h~}g}pgylh~g | cg nep}g hc H~}phnfe"+

H~}g~ rgcg`pg~ rpxh`gk wxh hk 7880 ~g`êg hc Hj*rhpgmep# wxh cg nepmlcchpg Khygmg cchag`g gc H~}ph*

nfe# nekilpjgkme g~ê cg gk}hplep Phcgnlþk wxh ~e`ph

cg jl~jg nepmlcchpg ch flnlh~h Gcjgape4 | gmhjç~

wxh h~g nnpmlchpg ~h rpecekag`g }eme hc phlke+

Ygcmlylg yecylþ~h g ^gk}lgae g ngx~g mhc lkylhp*



7== @K]@ A+ WXH^GMG

ke# ~g`lhkme wxh fg`êg hv}pgcljl}gme cg oxpl~mlnnlþk

}hppl}eplgc mh ~x ae`lhpke4rhpe nek cg h~rhpgkzg mh

e`}hkhp wxh ch ixh~h gjrclgme+ ”Mh~mh ^gk}lgae mh~rgnfg me~ ngrl}gkh~# "hc xke

wxh rg~h cg nepmlcchpg rep cg~ h~rgcmg~ mh~}g nlxmgm

mh ^gk}lgae# h }pglag g ~hpylmxj`ph ce~ kg}xpgch~

wxh mh~e}pg rgp}h h~}çk"+

G Ipgknl~ne mh Gaxlpph ce hkyêg mh~mh Cg ^hphkg

rgpg wxh }pg~jek}gkme ce~ Gkmh~# rep mekmh Ylccg*

apgk ch }pgoe mh~mh hc Rhpÿ gxvlcle~# nxgkme ~h hk*

nek}pþ nek Rpgme# wxlhk# grh~gp mhc gng}gjlhk}e |e`hmlhknlg gc ae`hpkgmep mh Nflch wxh+ flze hc Ng*

`lcme mhc jl~hpg`ch ylccepple mhc @gpne# ce fg`êg

mh~re`cgme# ~haÿk ìc rph}hkmh# gfepngkme rep ilk

mh nxhk}g~ g nlhp}e gcngcmh | jgpnfçkme~h gc Rhpÿ+

Gaxlpph yhkêg# rxh~#g

cg nekwxl~}g mhc

]xnxjgk4Ygcmlylg ke ~h mh}hkêg gk}h hc fhnfe mh fg`hp hc

rph~lmhk}h Cg Ag~hg mgme h~}h ae`lhpke gc jgcfg*

mgme | ~xrxh~}e ixal}lye Vÿ÷hz mh Rpgme4 ke rhk*

~g`g wxh ìc jl~je fg`êg phnl`lme mhc nl}gme rph~l*

mhk}h ~x ae`hpkgnlþk# nek hc cêjl}h mh =7²+ Rene ch

ljrep}g`g cg mh~e`hmlhknlg# rhk~g`g wxh nek ~x~

cgpaxê~ljg~ ngp}g~ gc Hjrhpgmep ~h rekêg g nx`lhp*}e mh }emg hjhpahknlg# wxh gc ilk# ch ygclþ xk rpe*

nh~e+

Nek xk grceje ~lkaxcgp# mlnh g ^+ J+ neje ~h

fg`êg mh~re`cgme cg kgnlhk}h nlxmgm mhc @gpne#

"wxhc mlnfe Ylccgapgk fg`êg igyephnlme hk kej`ph

mh Y+ J+ h mhogme mh jl rpe}hnnlþk g}hk}e g wxh mh

gwxê remêg ~hp rpeyhêmg# h ke mh e}pg rgp}h+" Rxh~`xhkg ixì cg rpe}hnnlþk ' xk gcngcmh gfepngme ' cg

re`cgnlþk g`gkmekgmg | Vÿ÷hz mh Rpgme ixal}lye

hk hc Rhpÿ ' Rhpe kl h~}e hpg yhpmgm 4 hpg xk ~ljrch

nxhk}e# xkg igc~hmgm+ Rpgme fg`êg mh~nekenlme cg

gx}eplmgm mh Ygcmlylg# wxh hpg ~x laxgc# rxh~}e wxhìc h~}g`g rpeyhême rep Ae`hpkgmep mh ]xnxjgk#

rep cg jl~jg gx}eplmgm wxh fg`êg lkyh~}lme g Ygc*



FL^]EPLG NECEKLGC GPAHK]LKG F";

mlylg nek cg ae`hpkgnlþk mh Nflch+ \ h~}e ce nekilh~g

hc h~npl}ep nflchke+ Mh`e fgnhpch h~}g ox~}lnlg? ke

fg remlme khagp cg hylmhknlg+Hk}pþ Gaxlpph g ]xnxjçk# }ejþ rph~e g Kÿ÷hz

mh Rpgme# | h~}h rpejeylþ rpenh~e# wxh agkþ# | ~h

jgkmþ ixh~h phrxh~}e hk ~x ae`hpkgnlþk# ce wxh

kxkng phgclzþ+ Gaxlpph ixì wxlhk mh~rlnfþ cg nlx*

mgm mhc @gpne# | ixkmþ cg mh ^gk}lgae mhc H~}hpe#

| mlnh jx| phaenlogme ml ~h÷ep Gjxkç}haxl# "~h

clgccg ~l}xgmg ~hl~ chaxg~ aheapçilng~ gc h~}h mhc cê*

jl}h eplhk}gc ilogme rep c!g rpeyl~lþk mh 0> mh g`plc*

mh 78=6 g cg ae`hpkgnlþk mh Rhmpe m§h Ygcmlylg"+

\ |e mlae# ~hg mh hcce ce wxh ixhph ? cg rpeylknlg mh

]xnxjgk wxhmþ ~hrgpgmg rep cg nepmlcchpg mhc Phl*

ke mh Nflch# neje ce fh rpe`gme nek xk menxjhk}e&eilnlgc# rep ke nl}gp jxnfê~lje~ e}pe~# mhc Ylppho1

mhc Rhpÿ# jgpwxì~ mh Ng~}hc Ixhp}h# | rep cg nìmxcgmh Ihclrh LL+

Ke rxhme ph~l~}lpjh hjrhpe g cg }hk}gnlþk mh

nekilpjgp cg yhpmgm hch ce wxh g~hyhpe 4 ye| g phrpe*

mxnlp# g rh~gp mh ~x hv}hk~lþk# hc ~laxlhk}h menx*

jhk}e mh 789> ? h~ xkg Phgc Nìmxcg jx| mhnl~lyg+

"M+ Iflclrh rep cg apgnlg mh Mle~# ph| mh Ng~}l*

ccg# mh Chþk# mh Gpgaþk# h}n+# rep wxgk}e gc }lhjrewxh jgkmgje~ ixkmgp cg Gxmlhknlg Phgc wxh ph~lmh

hk cg nlxmgm mh cg Rcg}g mh cg~ rpeylknlg~ mhc Rhpÿ#

nejh}lje~ gc kxh~}pe Yl~eph| | nejl~gple~ mh cg~

mlnfg~ rpeylknlg~ wxh ~h÷gcg~hk cêjl}h | ml~}pl}e g

Og mlnfg Gxmlhknlg# ce~ nxgch~ ~h ce~ ~h÷gcgpek# |repwxh Ke~ ~eje~ lkiepjgme~ wxh h~}e~ ixhpek

nep}e~# | wxh g kxh~}pe ~hpylnle | `xhkg ae`hpkgnlþkmh gwxhccg }lhppg nekylhkh wxh g cg mlnfg Gxmlhknlg

mh Nfgpng~ ~h ch mhk jç~ cêjl}h~# | wxh h~}e~ ~hgk

cg ae`hpkgnlþk mh ]xnxjçk# Oxplh~ | Mlgaxl}g~# |cg rpeylknlg mh ce~ Jeve~ | Nflknfh~# | cg~ }lhppg~

| rxh`ce~ wxh }lhkhk re`cgme~ Gkmpì~ Jgk~e |×x÷e mh Nfgyh~# nek ce mhjç~ wxh ~h re`cg~h hk



7=9 YLNHK]H A+ WNH^GMG

gwxhccg~ rgp}h~ mh cg }lhppg wxh fg| mh~mh cg mlnfg

nlxmgm mh cg Rcg}g fg~}g cg nlxmgm mhc Nxzne# cg

nxgc wxhmg ~x`vh}g g cg mlnfg Gxmlhknlg mh cg~

Nfgpng~# repwxh h~ ke}g`ch mg÷e hc wxh g ce~ yhnl*

ke~ | jepgmeph~ mh cg~ mlnfg~ rleylknlg~ | kg}xpg*

ch~ mhccg~ hk fgyhp mh |p g cg Gxmlhknlg Phgc mh ce~

Ph|h~ g ~x~ rch|}e~ | khaenle~# | ce~ mh ]xnxjgk#Oxplh~ | Mlgaxl}g~ g cg ae`hpkgnlþk mh Nflch# |~hpêg jç~ nþjeme | nekyhklhk}h wxh cg~ mlnfg~ rpe*

ylknlg~ h~}xylh~hk ~xoh}g~ g cg Gxmlhknlg Phgc mh

cg nlxmgm mh cg Rcg}g# gk~l rep ~hp ngjlje jç~`phyh | ~haxpe | fgnhp ~x~ khaenle~ g jhke~ ne~}g#

neje rep e}pg~ ngx~g~4 | fgylhkme hk}hkmlme h~}e

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9 mh cg Phnerlcgnlþk mh Lkmlg~5 Rxh~ gccê ~h fg`cg

mh cg Rpeylknlg mh Nx|e | Nflch# mh ce~ hknejhk*

mhpe~ mh Nx|e | Nflch# mh ce~ Lkmle~ mh Nflch |Nx|e+ µGng~e ke h~ h~}h xk ixkmgjhk}e ~hple rgpg

rpe`gp wxh cg rpeylknlg mh Nx|e iepjþ xk }hppl}e*

ple ~hrgpgme rep cg nepmlcchpg mhc phlke mh Nflch 5

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|}hkmpç

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hk h~}g nek}lhkmg4 grhce g ~x igcce+

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e ke hvgn}e wxh hk cg~ gn}g~ mh ixkmgnlþk mh cg~

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`gp wxh cg nepmlcchpg Khygmg ixì hc7 cêjl}h eplhk}gc

mhc phlke mh Nflch | hc Ennlmhk}gc mh cg Rpeylknlg

mh Nx|e | Pêe mh cg Rcg}g# }hkae g cg jgke xkg ~hplh

mh phgch~ nìmxcg~ wxh# hjgkgmg~ mhc jekgpng# ygchk

jç~ wxh }eme ce wxh Ygcmlylg fx`lh~h mhncgpgme

rhpe neje ~ek }gk mlix~e~ ce~ pgzekgjlhk}e~ mhc~h÷ep Gjxkç}haxl# neje }lhkh eng~lþk mh h~}gp phrl*

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pplpêg hk cg jl~jg igc}g# ~l jh gk}lnlrg~h gc epmhknpekecþalne mh cem ~xnh~e~# mh~mh wxh jh fh rpe*

rxh~}e gkgclzgp nek }emg ~lknhplmgm# gxkwxh ~ejh*

pgjhk}h# cg cgpag hvre~lnlþk mhc cl`pe wxh nejhk}e+

Nekylhkh ~lk hj`gpae }ejgp hk nek~lmhpgnlþk



FL^]EPLG NElEKLGC GDEHK]cVG 797

me~ menxjhk}e~ wxh ìc nl}g# | nx|g ljrep}gknlg h~

ox~}e phnekenhp# | rep ce }gk}e# nejhk}gpce~ g cg cxzmh menxjhk}e~ re~}hpleph~# wxh hk yhz mh e`~nxphnhp

cg yhpmgm# kl nek}pgmhnlp jl~ erlklekh~# cg~ pe`x~*

}hnhk nek ixhpzg lknxh~}lekg`ch+

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nlþk mh Ipgknl~ne Jl÷hz# yhnlke | rpenxpgmep mh cg

nlxmgm mh ^gk}lgae# mlplalmg g Ygcmlylg# rlmlhkme

cg gjrclgnlþk mh ce~ }ìpjlke~ ~h÷gcgme~ g cg nlxmgm

hk nx|e kej`ph fg`cg# | ke cg ~ljrch nekilpjgnlþk

mh ce~ rpljhpgjhk}h ~h÷gcgme~# rxh~ ce mlnh }hpjl*

kgk}hjhk}h "| mgp rep }ìpjlke~ g h~}g nlxmgm mh~*

mh Nfegrg `g~}g hc pêe Jgxch# rxh~ cg lk}hknlþk mh

Yxh~}pg ^h÷epêg h~ ke cchagpce fg~}g L}g}g# neje rep

e}pe rhmljlhk}e ce }hkae ~xrclngme+ \ wxh mh~mh

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nepmlcchpg mh cg klhyh# nek hc ygcch mh ]xnxjç &]x*

nxjgk, | neppg }eme ce wxh Yxh~}pg ^h÷epêg }lhkh

~h÷gcgme rep ae`hpkgnlþk# | wxh rep gwxhc rgpgoh#

neppg fg~}g hc rxh`ce Mlgjgk}h# | jç~ ce wxh Yxh~*

}pg ^h÷epêg ixhph ~hpylme# rgpg wxh h~}g nlxmgm ce~

}hkag rgpg gfepg | rgpg ~lhjrph ogjç~ nek}emg~

cg~ ixhpzg~ | ilpjhzg~ wxh ~hgk `g~}gk}h rgpg ke ~µ

mh~re~hhp mh hcce+"

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rph}hk~lekh~ mhc ~h÷ep Gjxkç}haxl4 repwxh kegne~}xj`pe kl g }pxkngp kl g gmxc}hpgp menxjhk}h~#

rpenhmhp wxh h~ jhkaxgme | ke ~xrekae hk e}pe~+^h mlnh wxh h~}g rh}lnlþk ixì rph~hk}gmg gk}h Ygc*

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jh~ mh keylhj`ph mh 7880+

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gc menxjhk}e }gc neje ce nl}g hc ^p+ Gjxkç}haxl#~lk fg`hpce nejrgpgme nek hc ljrph~e mh ~x phih*

phknlg ?

77



LilE YLNHK]H E+ WXH^GMV

"Ph~rekmh ~x ^h÷epêg# gnhpng mhc ngrê}xce mh

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hc ygcch mh Nfegrg fg~}g hc pêe mh Jgxch4 | mhc

h~}h xh~}h# ce wxh ^+ J+ ch }lhkh fhnfe jhpnhm# wxh

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g gmhk}pe rep cg Gc}xpg# | cg~ h~rgcmg~ mh cg

nepmlcchpg# nejlhkzg mh~mh ce~ ygcch~ mh ]xnxjç

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Ng`óme+"

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mh cg nlxmgm mh ^gk}lgae# mh h~}h cgme mh cg nepml*

cchpg# mh~mh ]xnxjgk fg~}g hc Mlgjgk}h+

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mxnlp ce~ ~laxlhk}h~ menxjhk}e~# wxh ygk g mhje~*

}pgp wxh hc }hppl}eple mh h~}h cgme mh ce~ Gkmh~# ixì

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mgm mh ^gk}lgae mh Nflch+

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Ngrl}çk Ahkhpgc mh~}g~ Rpeylknlg~ mh Nflch h ~x~

!†ejgpng~ rep ^+ J+ h}n+ Rep wxgk}e wxh |e fh rpe*

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rl}çk Ahkhpgc m- cg~ Rpeylknlg~ mh Nx|e | ~x~ ne*

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gc nekenljlhk}e mh Mle~ h mh Kxh~}pg ^gk}g IhhNg}fþclng | mejlkle | e`hmlhknlg mh ^+ J+ | `xhkg

epmhk# | ox~}lnlg ~haÿk wxh~}e | e}pg~ ne~g~ jç~




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remçl~ mgp | mhl~ wxgcwxlhpg nìmxcg mh hknejlhkmg+

e mhrþ~l}e# }eme ce nxgc | ngmg xkg ne~g | rgp}h

mhcce remçl~ fgnhp | fgaçl~ ~haÿk h neje | neje



T9= YLNHK]H A+ WXH^GMG

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mh ce~ mlnfe~ Lkmle~ rpeyhphl~ wxh ~h yl~l}hk | }g*

~~hk ce~ }pl`x}e~ wxh fgk mh mgp# nekiepjh g cg~




kxhyg~ ch|h~ | g cg~ rpeyl~lekh~ | nìmxcg~ rep ^+ J+

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h }hkae ihnfe hk cg nlxmgm mh ^gk}lgae g 02 mêg~

mhc jh~ mh keylhj`ph m*h 7892 g÷e~ Mek Agpnêg+

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Rpgme+

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jç~ }hpjlkgk}h wxh ogjç~ nekixkmlþ hc }hppl}e*




ple mh Nflch# Lcljl}gme rep cg Nepmlcchpg# nek hc mh

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ph}n ~ece e`}xye mh ^+ J+# ce ~laxlhk}h?

&7, Men+ mhc Gpnflye mh Lkmlg~+




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ZX*0 YLNHK]H A+ WXH^GMG

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ph~# hohpnlhkme g~ê ce~ gn}e~ lkfhphk}h~ g cg ~e`h*

pgkêg+

Cg phgc nìmxcg mg}gmg hk @xhk Ph}lpe g >2 mh ml*

nlhj`ph mh 71==# wxh eplalkgc ~h hknxhk}pg hk cg

@l`cle}hng Rÿ`clng mh @xhke~ Glph~# ~h hvrph~g hk

h~}e~ }ìpjlke~?

"\g ~g`ìl~ rep menxjhk}e~ mh yxh~}pg ae`hpkg*nlþk# hc gkfhce nek wxh ce~ aceple~e~ Ph|h~ jl~ rph*

mhnh~eph~# fgk mh~hgme wxh ce~ Lkmle~ Rg}gaekh~# ce~

Rgjrg~ | ce~ ^hppgke~# | mhjç~ wxh fg`l}gk ce~

}hpphke~ mh h~h ng`e ^gk Gk}ekle fg~}g cg hk}pgmg

mhc H~}phnfe mh Jgagccgkh~ ~hgk lcx~}pgme~ nek cg

cxz mhc Hygkahcle | wxh hk nìmxcg mh 796= ~h jgkmþ

g h~}h ilk wxh g ce~ Jl~lekhpe~ Oh~xê}g~ ~h ch~ mlh~h



FL^]E@LG NECEKLGC GPAHK]LKG 7<8

cg h~nec}g khnh~gplg rgpg fgnhp cg hk}pgmg g ce~ Lk*

mle~ Rg}gaekh~ wxh fg`l}gk h~g~ ne~}g~# | h~}çk jç~

nhpngke~ gc H~}phnfe mh Jgagccgkh~"+Hc Ph| ~h mlplaêg gc ae`hpkgmep mh @xhke~ Glph~

c,+ Mejlkae Ep}lz mh Pezg~# ch phnejhkmg`g cg~ jh*

mlmg~ rgpg cg ng}hwxlzgnlþk mh ce~ Lkmle~ fg~}g hc

H~}phnfe mh Jgagccgkh~ | gaphag`g

"Wxh nek je}lye mh grpe`gp g yxh~}pe gk}hnh~ep

cg~ rpeylmhknlg~ mgmg~ rgpg iejhk}e+ + + fh mh}hp*

jlkgme wxh nek jl~lþk ~hrgpgmg ~h fgag hk}pgmghk cg }lhppg mh ce~ Rg}gaekh~ ce jç~ nhpngke wxh

~hg re~l`ch gc H~}phnfe mh Jgagccgkh~# rgpg wxh ng*

jlkgkme gj`g~ Jl~lekh~ mh~mh erxh~}e~ rxhp}e~ g

oxk}gp~h hk h~h jl~je nhk}pe# rxhmg jç~ içnlcjhk}h

ceapgp~h cg lcxjlkgnlþk mh gwxhcce~ lkihclnh~ lk*

mle~+ ++"

H~}g~ rgcg`pg~ }pgzgk ncgpgjhk}h nxgc h~ cg hv*

}hk~lþk hk cg nxgc fg`l}gk ce~ lkmle~ wxh hc Ph|wxlhph ~hgk ng}hwxlzgme~ h lkmlng wxh mh~mh cg }lh*

ppg jç~ nhpngkg gc H~}phnfe nejlhknh xkg jl~lþk

rgpg wxh hk hc nhk}pe mh cg Rg}gaeklg ~h hknxhk}ph

nek e}pg wxh mh`êg mh phnekenhp cg~ ne~}g~ jgpê}l*

jg~ | hk hc rgpgoh jç~ erep}xke# phnejhkmgkmeixh~h nhpng mhc phihplme H~}phnfe# ce jç~ rpþvljere~l`ch# hk}phk ce~ jl~lekhpe~ oh~xê}g~ | ~h wxhmhkhk}ph ce~ lkmle~ nek cg h~nec}g khnh~gplg rgpg ~x ph~*

axgpme | nek yêyhph~ ~xilnlhk}h~ fg~}g kxhye ~ene*

ppe mh cg jl~jg nlxmgm mh @xhke~ Glph~# rgpg wxhixkmhk xkg phmxnnlþk e rxh`ce mh lkmle~ g }ph~ ch*

axg~ mh cg jgp# ~lhkme rxhp}e rgpg xk h~}g`chnl*

jlhk}e ix}xpe+ Ke rxhmh ~hp jç~ hvrcênl}e hc Ph|4jgkmg wxh hc ae`hpkgmep mh @xhke~ Glph~ rperep*

nlekh hj`gpngnlekh~# yêyhph~ | ~ecmgme~ rgpg wxh hk

hc rgpgoh jç~ lkjhmlg}e gc H~}phnfe mh Jgagccgkh~#

rphyle hc phnekenljl^k}e mh cg~ ne~}g~ rg}gaþklng~#

ce~ oh~xê}g~ ixkmhk xk rxh`ce mh lkmle~# hylmhk}h*

jhk}h mhk}pe mh cg oxpl~mlnnlþk ax`hpkg}lyg wxh



7<9 YLNHK]H A+ WXH^GMG

nepph~rekmêg gc ae`hpkgmep# repwxh# rep cg chal~cg*

nlþk mh Lkmlg~ hpg rpefl`lme wxh h~g~ ng}hwxlzgnle*

kh~ }xylh~hk cxagp hk e}pg oxpl~mlnnlþk | ce~ lkmle~

mh cg xkg ke mhrhkmêgk g`~ecx}gxpplhk}h mh cg e}pg

rxh~}e wxh h~}g re`cgnlþk lkmêahkg 3hpg hc gclnlhk}h

rgpg cg nekwxl~}g# ce~ `pgze~ lkml~rhk~g`ch~ rgpg hc

}pg`goe4 | ~x hknejlhkmg# cg nemlnlgmg gj`lnlþk mhc

nekwxl~}gmep+

]gc nìmxcg h~ jx| hvrcênl}g4 jgklilh~}g wxh cg

hj`gpngnlþk wxhcchyh

gce~

oh~xê}g~ | ~ecmgme~ lpçjgkmgmg rep M+ Oe~ì mh Ylccgkxhyg# mh~}lkgme~ g

phnekenhp }emg cg ne~}g mh~mh hc ngè mh ^gk Gk}e*kle fg~}g cg jl~jg èng mhc H~}phnfe mh Jgagccg*

kh~# | }eme~ ce~ rxhp}e~# hk~hkgmg~ | ngch}g~ wxhfg|g hk }emg hccg# }pghp mh }eme rxk}xgc phcgnlþk# |rekhp ce~ Rgmph~ hk }lhppg | g ce~ ~ecmgme~ mh ~x h~*

nec}g# | xkg yhz mh~hj`gpngme~ yxhcyg g @xhke~ Gl*ph~ rep ~eneppe mh gpjg~# lk~}pxjhk}e~# jxklnlekh~#

yêyhph~# h}n+# rgpg wxh nek~}px|gk fg`l}gnlekh~+

"^lhkme jl çklje mhcl`hpgme# mlnh hc Ph|# wxh~h rpe~lag nek hc jg|ep hjrh÷e | hilngnlg h~}g hj*rph~g wxh }hkmpì ~lhjrph rep xke mh yxh~}pe~ jhoe*

ph~ ~hpylnle~"+

Hc Ph| ke wxhpêg ~ljrchjhk}h wxh ~h ng}hwxlzg*~hk ce~ Lkmle~ mh cg yg~}ê~ljg phalþk rg}gaþklng# ~l*

ke wxh gmhjç~ rgpg iejhk}gp | rpe}hahp cg~ kxhyg~

re`cgnlekh~ mh lkmle~# ~h rx~lh~h xk rph~lmle mh h~*

rg÷ech~ hk hc rxhp}e wxh rgphzng jç~ nekyhklhk}h#

"wxh ~hpç hc jhoep | jç~ nhpngke gc H~}phnfe mh

Jgagccgkh~"+ Me~ rperþ~l}e~ phyhcgk h~}g~ þpmhkh~

wxh rpxh`gk cg oxpl~mlnnlþk ax`hpkg}lyg? phnekenhpcg ne~}g jgpê}ljg rg}gaþklng mh~mh hc ngè mh ^gkGk}ekle fg~}g hc H~}phnfe# | re`cgp nek h~rg÷ech~

hk hc rxhp}e jç~ nhpngke gc jl~je H~}phnfe mh Jg*agccgkh~+ Rgpg hcce jgkmg ~h ygcag hc ae`hpkgmepmhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g mh ce~ R+ R+ oh~xê}g~ rgpg ng}h*

wxlzgp ce~ lkmle~ rg}gaekh~# g|xmçkmece~ nek ~þlmg*



FL^]EPLG NECEKLGC GPAHK]LKG 7<1

me~# gpjg~# lk~}pxjhk}e~ mh cg`pgkzg | nkgk}e kh*

nh~l}hk rgpg ~x~ phmxnnlekh~# | ixkmgp gmhjç~ hkxk rxk}e hc jç~ nhpngke gc H~}phnfe xk rph~lmle mh

H~rg÷ech~+ H~}e h~}g`chnh lknek}h~}g`chjhk}h wxhh~e~ }hppl}eple~ hpgk mh cg oxpl~mlnnlþk mhc ae`hpkg*

mep g wxlhk ~h hkngpag`gk h~}g~ jhmlmg~# rxh~}e

wxh ke hpgk gnnlmhk}gch~ | }pgk~l}eplg~# ~lke rhpjg*khk}h~# neje re`cgp rxh`ce~ mh lkmle~ | h~}g`chnhp

xk rph~lmle mh h~rg÷ech~# h~}g`chnljlhk}e~ wxh mh*`êgk ~hp cg h~}g`ch `g~h rgpg cg ng}hwxlzgnlþk mh ce~

jl~je~ lkmle~? ke hpg xkg jhmlmg hvlalmg rep cg

axhppg nek ce~ lkmle~ `çp`gpe~# ~lke hc rperþ~l}e mh*

cl`hpgme mhc Ph| mh nekyhp}lpce~ gc npl~}lgkl~je# il*

ogpce~ hk re`cgnlekh~# g}pghpce~ g cg ylmg nlylclzgmg#

nekilgkme h~}g jl~lþk g ce~ R+ R+ oh~xê}g~+ Hc ae`hp*

kgmep mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g# hk nx|e }hppl}eple ~h hk*nek}pg`gk gwxhcce~ cxagph~# mh`êg gxvlclgpce~# | jgk*}hkhp hj`gpngnlekh~ wxh rhplþmlngjhk}h ch~ cchyg*

~hk ce khnh~gple+ H~ h~}g cg enxrgnlþk rhpjgkhk}h

mhc ~xhce# hc ~ejh}ljlhk}e mh ~x~ jepgmeph~# | rep

}gk}e# ce~ gn}e~ jç~ hylmhk}h~ mh ~e`hpgkêg | oxpl~*

mlnnlþk# wxh hc Ph| hkngpag`g gc ae`hpkgmep mh

mlnfe }hppl}eple+\ h~ }gk lknek}h~}g`ch wxh hc Ph| wxhpêg cg nek*

wxl~}g mhilkl}lyg mh h~g~ nejgpng~ mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg*

}g# ~x enxrgnlþk rhpjgkhk}h# wxh jgklilh~}g wxh ~h*

pç mhc phgc gapgme wxh# gmhjç~ mh ce~ ~ecmgme~# ~h

jgkmhk gcaxkg~ igjlclg~ g cg~ nxgch~ ~h phrgp}gk

}lhppg~ | ~x`~lmle~ rgpg wxh rxhmgk iepjgp xk rxh*

`ce mh ahk}h~ re`ph~ wxh ke }xylh~hk hk cg ngrl}gce}pe }gk}e+

@g~}gpêg h~}g phgc nìmxcg rgpg rpe`gp nekncx|hk*

}njhk}h wxh# gc Ae`hpkgmep g wxlhk ~h ch epmhkg ph*

rgp}g }lhppg~ mhc H~}gme# h~ mhnlp# }pgk~ilhpg gc me*

jlkle rplygme cg }lhppg mhc il~ne# ixkmh rxh`ce~# ng*

}hwxlnh lkmle~# hvrceph ne~}g~# gxvlclh nek phnxp~e~#

lk~}pxjhk}e~ | yêyhph~ g h~}g~ kxhyg~ re`cgnlekh~+



7<6 YLNHK]H A+ W]OH^=MG

hpg hc wxh hohpnêg hk kej`ph mhc ~e`hpgke# cg ~e`h

pgkêg | oxpl~mlnnlþk hk gwxhcce~ }hppl}eple~ mh ~x

jgxme+ Gk}h h~}g ph~ecxnlþk phgc# hvrph~g | ncgpg#

ke rempêg erekhp~h ce~ cêjl}h~ wxh ilaxphk hk ce~ }ê*

}xce~ kej`pgkme e}pe~ ae`hpkgmeph~ rep }ìpjlke

icoe# e rep ngrl}xcgnlekh~ nek rcgze rhphk}eple# rep*

wxh hc ~e`hpgke g`~ecx}e mhc }hppl}eple }hkêg cg rph*

ppeag}lyg lk}pgk~ihpl`ch mh jemlilngp ce~ cêjl}h~ mh

cg~ ae`hpkgnlekh~ lk}hpkg~# ~ljrch~ ~x`mlyl~lekh~ gm*

jlkl~}pg}lyg~ mh ~x~ mejlkle~# | h~}g ~hpêg xkg je*mlilngnlþk hvrph~g# ~l fx`lhpg gcaxkg mh ihnfg gk*

}hplep wxh rph}hkmlh~h e fx`lh~h gchagme mhphnfe gc

ae`lhpke mh }gch~ nejgpng~? hc Ph| ogjç~ }pgk~ilplþ

êg ~e`hpgkêg# neknhmêg ~ece hc mhphnfe mh ae`hpkgp

cg~ }lhppg~+ Vgmlh erx~e e`ohnlþk gcaxkg gc hohpnlnle

mh cg oxpl~mlnnlþk ax`hpkg}lyg | ce~ ae`hpkgmeph~

mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g hohpnlhpek ~lhjrph hk kej`phmh ^+ J+ rep h~}g~ | e}pg~ ph~ecxnlekh~ mhc Ph|# cg

~e`hpgkêg | mejlkle hk cg hv}phjlmgm gx~}pgc |}lhppg~ lk}hpleph~# neje rgp}h lk}hapgk}h mhc ml~}pl*

}e mh ~x ae`lhpke+

Ce~ jekgpng~ g`~ecx}e~ phrph~hk}g`gk hk ~x~ rhp*

~ekg~ cg ~e`hpgkêg mh ~x~ mejlkle~? H~}gpce | ~e`h*pgke }hkêgk lmìk}lng phrph~hk}gnlþk# | hc ngpçn}hp

5~hknlgc mh cg ~e`hpgkêg mh xk H~}gme# nek~l~}h rph*

nl~gjhk}h hk h~}g`chnhp ~x ae`lhpke# mgp~h ~x~ ch*

|h~# gxkwxh hjgkg~hk mhc ~e`hpgke g`~ecx}e# `goe

cg nekmlnlþk mh ~hpce ~lk lk}hpyhknlþk mh xkg re*

}hknlg hv}pgkohpg# | rep }gk}e# hpg g}pl`x}e rhnxclgp

mlylmlp hc }hppl}eple hk ml~}pl}e~ ax`hpkg}lye~ hk cgiepjg | jeme wxh gc ~e`hpgke nekylklh~h+ Kgmlh re*

mpêg ~e~}hkhp wxh hc ^e`hpgke rgn}g~h nek xke e

ygple~ mh ~x~ ~x`ml}e~# g ke gc}hpgp ce~ cêjl}h~ ax*

`hpkg}lye~ mh ce~ }hppl}eple~ mh cg nepekg# repwxh}gc rgn}e g}gngpêg gc hohpnlnle mh cg jl~jg ~e`h*

pgkêg+ Cg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~ ke ixhpek ~lke nek}pg}e~

rgpg neceklzgp# nek ignxc}gmh~ mh phrgp}lp }lhppg~



FL^]EPLG NECEKLGC GPAHK]LKG 7<<

}pgk~ilplìkmecg~ gc mejlkle rplygme4ae`hpkgp rep

xkg e me~ ahkhpgnlekh~ mlnfe~ }hppl}eple~# hk ce~

nxgch~ nek~hpyþ hc jekgpng cg ~e`hpgkêg?

fgnêgkrgp}h mh ~x~ mejlkle~# | ke rep ~hp neceklg~ mhog`gk

mh iepjgp xkg rhp~ekgclmgm gk}h hc mhphnfe mh cg~

kgnlekh~# rhp~ekgclmgm nx|g phrph~hk}gnlþk rhp}h*

khnêg gc Ph|# gc ~e`hpgke g`~ecx}e+

µ Wxì ~x`ml}e ~h fg`pêg g}phylme g ml~rx}gp gc

Ph|# hc ae`lhpke mh ~x~ H~}gme~# cg iepjg mh h~}h

ae`lhpke# ce~ cêjl}h~mh

cg~ ~x`mlyl~lekh~lk}hpkg~5Klkaxke

4repwxh fg`pêg ~lme xk npljhk nek}pg cg

jgoh~}gm mhc ~e`hpgke+

^l rgpg wxh xkg kgnlþk ~hg ~e`hpgkg# mh`h ae`hp*

kgp~h rep ~x~ rperlg~ ch|h~ | ~x rperlg gx}eplmgm#

µ wxì ~e`hpgkêg ~hpêg gwxhccg hk wxh ce~ ~x`ml}e~ kh*

ag~hk gc Ph| g`~ecx}e cg ignxc}gm mh epmhkgp h~h

ae`lhpke neje ce nph|h~h jç~ nekyhklhk}h5 ]gc ~x`*

ml}e h~}gpêg }gk gc}gjhk}h necengme# wxh ~hpêg xkgjekgpwxêg hk cg nxgc ke fg`pêg remlme hvl~}lp xkPh| g`~ecx}e

4rphnl~gjhk}h h~h ixì hc ihxmgcl~je

wxh ~h mh~}px|þ hk H~rg÷g# | wxh ~h rhk~þ }pgk~*

rcgk}gp hk Gjìplng+

"Rgpg wxh xk H~}gme hvl~}g# mlnh hc ~h÷ep mekNgpce~ Ngcye &7,# ke h~ lkml~rhk~g`ch wxh ~x }hppl*

}eple ~hg nek}lkxe e ~l}xgme hk xk ~ece nek}lkhk}h"+

Cg~ neceklg~# rxh~# iepjgk rgp}h lk}hapgk}h mhc

H~}gme# | cg~ mh Gjìplng nek~}l}xêgk cg jekgpwxêgh~rg÷ecg+

"Hc H~}gme# þpagke mhc mhphnfe hk xk rxh`ce#

nek}lkÿg hc jl~je ml~}lkaxlme rx`clnl~}g gpahk}lke#

hvlah xk epagkl~je rperle rgpg phgclzgp h~}h jl~jemhphnfe | nekyhp}lpce hk fhnfe+ Hc ae`lhpke mh xkH~}gme# neje rpemxn}e h lk~}pxjhk}e mh cg ~e`h*

pgkêg mh xk rgê~# rxhmh jgk}hkhp me~ ~xhp}h~ mh

phcgnlekh~ ixkmgjhk}gch~? cg~ xkg~# mh mhphnfe rÿ*

&7, "Ce mpel} lk}hpkg}lekgc }clheplwxh hc rpgn}lwxh h}n+ "+

7612# rep E+ Ngcye#



022 YLNHK]H A+ W]pP^GM+Y

`clne lk}hpke# h~ mhnlp# cg~ wxh jgk}lhkh `goe hc rxk*

}e mh yl~}g recê}lne nek ce~ nlxmgmgke~ e ~x`ml}e~ ne*

cengme~ `goe ~x gnnlþk? cg~ e}pg~# mh mhphnfe rÿ`cl*

ne hv}hpke e mh mhphnfe lk}hpkgnlekgc# wxh g`pgzg}eme ce wxh neknlhpkh g ~x~ phcgnlekh~ nek ce~ mhjç~H~}gme~"+

Hc Ph| mh H~rg÷g# rxh~# ~e`hpgke g`~ecx}e# mln}g*

`g cg~ phgch~ nìmxcg~ e phgch~ þpmhkh~ rgpg hc ae*

`lhpke mh ~x~ H~}gme~# neje nekyhkêg g ce~ lk}hph*

~h~ mh cg jekgpwxêg# mlylmêg hc }hppl}eple gmjlkl~*

}pg}lygjhk}h rgpg hc jhoep ae`lhpke lk}hpke# hv}hk*

mêg e ph~}plkaêg ce~ cêjl}h~ mh h~g~ ae`hpkgnlekh~#

~haÿk ixh~h cg jgkhpg neje oxzag~h hc ~e`hpgke?

kgmlh | jhke~ ~x~ ~x`ml}e~# | jhke~ }emgyêg ce~ ae*

`hpkgmeph~ wxh fg`êgk phnl`lme cg apgnlg | jhpnhmmhc kej`pgjlhk}e# remêgk erekhp~h# kl ~h fx`lhpgk

g}phylme# g cg~ ph~ecxnlekh~ mhc Ph|# yhpmgmhpg~ ph*

~ecxnlekh~ chagch~# e`clag}eplg~ rgpg }eme~ ~x~ ~x`*

ml}e~+

H~ rphnl~e phnepmgp wxh# h~g~ phgch~ nìmxcg~# rpga*

jç}lng~ e phgch~ þpmhkh~# fgk jemlilngme cg~ wxh ~h

phal~}pgk hk cg Phnerlcgnlþk mh Ch|h~ Lkmlg~# | nek*

ylhkh h~}g`chnhp nek }emg ncgplmgm wxh nxgkme ~h

fg`cg mhch|h~#

ke rxhmh cljl}gp~hhc

wxhcg~

nl}g ggwxhccg Phnerlcgnlþk# rxh~ }emg~ cg~ re~}hpleph~ mh*

peagk cg~ gk}hpleph~ hvrph~g e }çnl}gjhk}h+ Nxgkme~h }pg}g mh ce~ cêjl}h~ mh cg~ ae`hpkgnlekh~# | ~h

lk}hk}g ixkmgp xk }ê}xce mh mejlkle hk ce~ nek*

}pg}e~ e ngrl}xcgnlekh~# e hk ce~ }ê}xce~ mh kej`pg*jlhk}e mh ce~ ae`hpkgmeph~# ~h phnxpph g xk gpmlm

g`eagmlc4 rxh~ h~g~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~ ~lk }ìpjlke iloe#| h~e~ kej`pgjlhk}e~ rep hc }lhjre wxh hc Ph| ~h*

÷gcg`g# e fg~}g nxgkme rep `lhk }hkêg nek~hpygpce~#

ke e`clag`gk g rhprh}xlmgm gc ~e`hpgke# wxh jeml*

ilnþ jxnfê~ljg~ yhnh~ h~e~ mh~clkmh~ rgpg cchkgp cg~

khnh~lmgmh~ mhc `xhk ae`lhpke mh ~x~ mejlkle~+

Cg phgc nìmxcg mh wxh jh enxrì# phnekenh mh



FL^]EPLG NECEKLGC GHEHK]LKG 027

xk jeme ncgpe h lk}hpalyhp~g`ch# wxh cg Rg}gaeklg

| hv}phjlmgm gx~}pgc mhc nek}lkhk}h hpg ml~}pl}e

ax`hpkg}lye mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g# g nx|e ae`hpkgmepjgkmg wxh ixkmh rph~lmle mh h~rg÷ech~# nek}pl`x|g

g cg ng}hwxlzgnlþk mh ce~ lkmle~ | ml~}pl`x|g cg

}lhppg mh rperlhmgm? g}pl`xnlekh~ wxh ~þce remêg

hohpnhp hc ae`hpkgmep mhc }hppl}eple+

H~}g phgc nìmxcg }lhkh cg jl~jg ixhpzg chagc wxh

cg mh 789> wxh ~hrgpþ mh cg ae`hpkgnlþk mh Nflch cg~

rpeylknlg~ mh ]xnxjçk# Oxplh~ | Mlgaxl}g~# µrepwxì hk h~}g nìmxcg mh 71== | cg~ gk}hpleph~ | re~}h*

pleph~ phcg}lyg~# ke ~h mlnh hvrph~gjhk}h wxh h~}e~

}hppl}eple~ hpgk mh cg ae`hpkgnlþk mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg*

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cg mh gcaÿk ~x`gc}hpke wxh e`hmhnlh~h | ke nxjrclh*

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020 YLNHK]H A+ WXH^GMG+

plgc# | h~}g rpxh`g kgmlh rxhmh khagpcg mh~rxì~

mh chhp cg rphnhmhk}h phgc nìmxcg+

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| wlk7 mhjepgp~h jç~ ke ~h rempêg hjrphkmhp h~}h

g÷e mlnfe ylgoh# gnhchpì nek hc jg|ep gpmep cg ~gcl*

mg# rgpg ce wxh `x~wxì hk}ph ~hl~ rgl~gke~ jêe~ mhc

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rgcg`pg# nek cg nekmlnlþk mh ~g}l~ignhpce~ mhc rpe*

mxn}e mhc ilhppe wxh mlnfg ipgag}g }pgoe+ + +

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hk h~}g oxpl~mlnnlþk# ml~}gk}h 702 chaxg~ mh h~}g nlx*

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| nek hc ilk mh ~l rep cg nejxklngnlþk mh e}pg~ kg*




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"

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gc}xpg~ mh gwxhc Ph|ke i

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gnejrg÷g hc lkiepjh mhc ^xrhplk}hkmhk}h mh cg @g*

fêg mh ^gk Oxclçk# nek je}lye mhc eilnle mh M+ Jg*



02= YLNHK]H A+ EXH^GMG

kxhc Oe~ì mh Ephoxhcg# wxh ~xrekêg wxh gcaxkgkgnlþk hv}pgkohpg enxrg`g hc Pêe Agcchae~# ~haÿk

~h lkihpêg mh cg ngp}g mh M+ Jgkxhc mh _grlecg+ Ph*ilhpe h~}e~ mh}gcch~ wxh mhjxh~}pgk wxh hc jl~jeRph~lmhk}h mh Nflch phnekenêg wxh hc phihplme pêe

h~}g`g hk cg oxpl~mlnnlþk mhc ylpphlkg}e# rxh~}e wxh

rep lk}hpjhmle mhc ylpph|# ~h flnlhpek cg~ lkmgag*

nlekh~ hk ylp}xm mh mhkxknlg mh hjrchgme~ mh cg

Ngrl}gkêg Ahkhpgc mh Nflch+ ^l gwxhc fx`lh~h nphê*

me wxh h~g hpg oxpl~mlnnlþk mh ~x ae`lhpke µrep wxì~h mlplaêg gc ylpph|5 Hylmhk}hjhk}h wxh# rep cg pg*

zþk mh wxh }pg}gkme mh gyhplaxgp wxì re`cgnlekh~

hv}pgkohpg~ ~h fgccg`gk hk cg~ gc}xpg~ mh gwxhc Phl*

ke# rhmêg g cg gx}eplmgm mhc ylpphlkg}e# hk nx|eml~}pl}e ~h fgccg`gk# ~h ~lpylh~h lkiepjgpch mh cg~

wxh fx`lh~h hk mlnfg oxpl~mlnnlþk4 h~}e h~ ncgpe |

rgpìnhjh lkmxmg`ch+Rhpe ~l fx`lh~h wxlhk rxmlhpg g`plagp mxmg# ye|

g mhje~}pgpch wxh hc jl~je rph~lmhk}h | ngrl}çk

ahkhpgc mh Nflch# ke cg g`plag`g hk gwxhccg ìreng+

Hk > mh mlnlhj`ph mh 7167# ~h mlplaêg gc ylpph| mG

@xhke~ Glph~# hk h~}e~ }ìpjlke~?

"Me| g Y+ H+ cg~ mh`lmg~ apgnlg~ rep cg mhc 9

mhc rpþvlje rg~gme | menxjhk}e lkncx~e wxh ~h ~lp*

yh mlplalpZ gh+ phcg}lye~ g cg~ ke}lnlg~ wxh ~h fgk re*

mlme gmwxlplp ~e`ph h~}g`chnljlhk}e mh Kgnlekh~ hv*

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pphlkg}e# nxyg gyhplaxgnlþk ~eclnl}ì rep eilnle mh 9

mh jgpze ÿc}lje jgkmg~h fgnhp Y+ H+ g ilk mh wxh

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wxh ~h fgccg h~}g Rph~lmhknlg gnhpng mh ~x mh~nx`pl*jlhk}e hk cg~ gc}xpg~ mh h~}h Phlke"+

o ^h wxhppç gcae jç~ hvrcênl}e | nekncx|hk}h 5 Lj*re~l`ch ixhpg hvlalpce# | }hjhplmgm rph}hkmhpce+

4 Wxì ljrep}gknlg }lhkh hk}eknh~ hk hc rph~hk}h#

mh`g}h# cg phgc epmhk mh 0< mh mlnlhj`ph 71165 ^l

^+ J+ ~ejh}êg gc Rph~lmhk}h mh Nflch mlh~h cg~ lk~*




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nlþk+

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klng"+



022 YLNHK]H A+ W]1H^GMG

Hc ylpph| nek}h~}g mlnlhkme# wxh h~ hc h~}g`chnl*

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cg~ lkiepjgnlekh~ wxh fg phnealme hk cg hvrhml*

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mh cg oxpl~mlnnlþk mhc ylpphlkg}e+



FL^]EPLG NECEKLGC GPAHK]LKG !OE+

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0=2 YLNHK]H A+ WXH^GMG

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ke hpgk ~xnh~eph~ xklyhp~gch~ e rgp}lnxcgph~ mhc

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ce wxh ixì gc}hpgme hk cg~ nxg}pe ngrl}xcgnlekh~ nl*

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mh }hppl}eple mh cg ae`hpkgnlþk# }emg~ cg~ }lhppg~

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chaxg~ mh ne~}g~ hk cg jgp mhc ^xp+ H~}e h~ mh hyl*

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nlhk}g~ chaxg~ ~gcagk }emg~ gk~ê hk gknfe fg~}g cg

jgp mhc ^xp"4 | cg nhch`pgmg nek Ogljh Pg~wxlkhk 7> mh Hkhpe mh 7886* cg nxgc nek}lhkh h~rhnlil*

ngme nlhp}e~ }hppl}eple~ | "}eme> ce~ rxh`ce~ wxh

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`hpkgnlþk wxh fg`êg ~lme neknhmlmg g Jhkmezg# g

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FL^]EPLG NÞl+EKLGC GPAHK]LKG 0=7

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ch4 rep h~e nxgkme flze cg gjrclgnlþk g igyep mh

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ê"ke ~lhkme hk rhpoxlnle mh ce~ cêjl}h~ mh e}hg ae*

`hpkgnlþk"+

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}ê}xce mh Ae`hpkgmep mh cg~ Rpeylknlg~ mhc Pêe mh

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`hpkgnlþk"# cþalngjhk}h ~h phihpêg g cg mhc Pêe

79



†0S*o YLNHK]H A+ W]OH^GMG

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FL^]EPLG NECEKLGC GPAHK]LKG 0=>

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0=il YLNHK]H A+ W}[H^GMG

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chkg~ 5

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0=6 YLNHV]H A+ WXH^GMG

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phnerlcgme 5

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cg~ Rpeylknlg~ mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g? rep rgp}h mh

Mlhae Gc}gjlpgke mh cg Nejrg÷êg mh Oh~ÿ~ | Rpe*

nxpgmep mh h~g~ Rpeylknlg~# cg~ mhc Rgpgaxg| | ]x*

&7, "Cg Rg}gaeklg | cg~ }lhppg~ Gx~}pgch~ h}n+" r+ 889+



082 YLNHK]H A+ WXH^GXG

hxjgk# ~h jh fg phrph~hk}gme# wxh mh~mh h~g nlx*

mgm mh @xhke~ Glph~# | ne~}g~ mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g#

wxh jlpgk gc ^xp fg~}g hc H~}phnfe mh Jgagccgkh~ 7

fg| gcaxke~ nhk}hkgph~ mh chaxg~ rep cekal}xm |L}}l}xm mh cg~ }lhppg~ re`cgmg~ nek kgnlekh~ mh lk*

ilhch~ xke~ hkhjlae~ mhncgpgme~ mh ce~ H~rg÷ech~# rep

cg~ fe~}lclmgmh~ wxh hk ygplg~ eng~lekh~ ~h fgk fh*

nfe+++ ke e`~}gk}h# wxh rep ce~ g÷e~ mh jlc ~hl~nlhk*

}e~ ~h}hk}g | nlkne# Klnecç~ Jg~hgpml mh cg jl~jgNejrg÷êg# nepplhkme cg~ ~hppgkêg~ mh Nflch

|ne~}g~

mhc jgp mhc ^xp# rgpg g}pghp gc nekenljlhk}e mh cg

iì g ce~ jxnfe~ lkilhch~ wxh cg~ rxh`cgk# mle yxhc}gcg Nepmlcchpg Khygmg wxh mlylmh gwxhc Ph|ke mh

h~g~ Rpeylknlg~ | cg mh ]xnxjgk# | hk ce~ ccgke~

wxh nepphk fg lg hc mlnfe pêe+++ Jgmplm 07 mh Jg|emh 796=+"

Nl}e ~lk nejhk}gple~ h~}g~ mhnl~lyg~ nìmxcg~ phg*ch~# wkh }lhkhk ixhpzg mh ch|+

"Hc Ph|”Rep nxgk}e Mlhae Agpnêg mh cg Nejrg*÷êg mh Oh~ÿ~# h}n++ | hk g}hknlþk g wxh rep phgch~

nìmxcg~ mhc ~hl~ mh Mlnlhj`ph | yhlk}h | xke mh

Jg|e mh jlc ~hl~nlhk}e~ enfhk}g | nxg}pe h~}ç jgk*mgme rep cg rpljhpg ~h gnxmg g ce~ Jl~lekhpe~ mhc

Nfgne nek h~nec}g mh yhlk}h g yhlk}h | nlkne ~ecmg*me~# | rep cg ~haxkmg h~}ç mgmg cg jl~jg rpeyl*

mhknlg rgpg cg jl~lþk mh cg~ kgnlekh~ wxh fg| mh~mh

@xhke~ Glph~ fg~}g Jgagccgkh~# ~h jgkmh phkeygp

e mgp kxhyg epmhk rgpg wxh nek rgphnhp mh jl Ae*

`hpkgmep# | mhc Rpeylknlgc mhc Rgpgaxg|# ~h rekagcg h~ "ec}g khnh~gplg hk cg phihplmg kxhyg phmxnnlþk

mh ce~ Rgjrg~ | ^hppgke~# rgpg wxh mh~mh hccg &wxhh~}ç hk hc ngjlke, ~h fgag hk}pgmg g ce~ Rg}gaekh~

| mhjç~ kgnlekh~ wxh jhmlgk fg~}g hc H~}phnfe mh

Jgagccgkh~# rgpg wxh nek h~}h g~lce yg|g hk gx*

jhk}e mlnfg nekwxl~}g | ke ~h ljrlmg neje hk jx*nfg~ eng~lekh~ nek cg jxhp}h mh jl~lekhpe~+++ Rep}gk}e jl Ae`hpkgmep | Ngrl}çk Ahkhpgc wxh gc



LLL^]E@LG NECEKLGC GPAHK]LKG 087

rph~hk}h h~# | hk gmhcgk}h ixhpg mh cg phihplmg nlx*

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g wxlhkh~ }engk hc nxjrcljlhk}e mh h~}g jl Phgc

ph~ecxnlþk# wxh g~ê cg nxjrcgk | hohnx}hk ~lk lp

nek}pg ~x }hkep hk jgkhpg gcaxkg wxh }gc h~ jlyecxk}gm+ \e Hc Ph|”@xhk Ph}lpe# 8 mh Keylhj*`ph mh 71=7+"

Hk hc g÷e ~laxlhk}h ixì hvrhmlmg hk ^gk Lcmhiek*

~e cg phgc nìmxcg mh 08 mh En}x`ph mh 71=0# nx|e}hkep h~ neje ~laxh ?

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phmxnnlþk mh ce~ Lkmle~ Rgjrg~ hkngpagme~ rep ye~

g ce~ Rgmph~ mh cg Nejrg÷êg mh Oh~ÿ~+++ wxh fg*

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rgp}h mhc ^xp# | hk cg~ mlcg}gmg~ ngjrg÷g~ | ~lh*

ppg~ wxh rep jç~ mh nxg}penlhk}g~ chaxg~ nepphk

fg~}g hc H~}phnfe mh Jgagccgkh~# ~hgk h~}e~ lk~}px*

jhk}e~ rgpg ignlcl}gp cg rphmlngnlþk mhc Hygkahcle

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ne~}g# nek cg~ phmxnnlekh~ wxh ~h ixh~hk fgnlhkme#

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jlae~+++" Hc Ph| jgkmg ~h rpeyhg mh phnxp~e~ g

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Mh~rgnfe \e Hc @h|+"

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`clngmg~ |g# repwxh nekylhkh phnepmgp ~lhjrph hic+



080 YLNHK]H E+ WXH^GMG

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rph~nplrnlekh~ }hpjlkgk}h~? phnepmgpcg~ gÿk phrl*

}lhkme ce wxh h~ ~g`lme rep ce~ wxh nekenhk cg fl~*

}eplg neceklgc# h~ hc ÿklne jhmle mh je~}pgp g wxìhv}phje phnxpph cg nflngkg g`eagmlc mhihkmlìkmecg

~lk pgzþk'

Rgpìnhjh wxh mliênlcjhk}h rxhmhk rph~hk}gp~h

menxjhk}e~ jç~ ncgpe~# jç~ }hpjlkgk}h~# jç~ lj*

rhpg}lye~# ilogkme nxçc h~ cg nejgpng nx|e~ lkmle~

wxlhph hc Ph| ~hgk ng}hwxlzgme~# epmhkgkme gc ae*

`hpkgmep mhc }hppl}eple g~ê ce nxjrcg# repwxh }gc

h~ cg yecxk}gm mhc ~e`hpgke# ~lk lp nek}pg ce ml~*

rxh~}e hk jgkhpg g 7 aljg+ µFg| gng~e mxmg ~e`ph

nxçc h~ cg nejgpng mekmh jepgk h~e~ lkmle~5 Hyl*

mhk}hjhk}h ke4 cg~ ne~}g~ mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g mh~*

mh cg nlxmgm fg~}g hc H~}phnfe# }hklhkme rep cêjl}h

cg Nepmlcchpg Khygmg wxh cg ~hrgpg mhc Phlke mh

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nlhk}e~ mh chaxg~ nepphk fg~}g hc H~}phnfe# h~g ne~*

}g wxh nekylhkh re`cgp rep jhmle mh phmxnnlekh~

rgpg mhihkmhpcg mh lkyg~lekh~ mhc hv}pgkohpe4 ~ek

ne~}g~ jgpê}ljg~ mh h~}g~ rpeylknlg~ wxh hc Ph|mh~mh 791> phnejhkmg`g ylalcgp | axgpmgp gc Ae*

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yxh~}pg e`clagnlþk 4 h~}e h~ hc yg~}ê~lje rgê~ gc nxgc

~h hv}hkmlþ cg oxpl~mlnnlþk ax`hpkg}lyg mh ce~ ae*

`hpkgmeph~ | ngrl}gkh~ ahkhpgch~ mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg*

}g+ Ke h~ re~l`ch khagp cg hylmhknlg# | cg nflngkg

rep fç`lc# gxmgz | h~iepzgmg wxh ~hg# }lhkh wxh

nekih~gp~h yhknlmg+

Cg Phnerlcgnlþk mh Lkmlg~ }lhkh xk }ê}xce `goe hc

px`pe Mh ce~ Lkmle~ mh Nflch# | jx| ncgpgjhk}h

~h nejrphkmh nxçch~ ~ek ì~}e~4 nxçch~ cg~ nejgpng~

wxh fg`l}g`gk gk}h~ | mh~rxì~ mh cg axhppgmhihk*




~lyg# | rep h~e hk nxg}pe nlxmgmh~ mh gwxhc phlke

~h phnphgpek rpe}hn}eph~# | cg ch| rpljhpg mhc }ê}x*ce 79# cê`+ YL rpefl`h hc ~hpylnle rhp~ekgc mh ce~

Lkmle~ hk hc Phlke mh Nflch# ce~ mh cg~ rpeylknlg~

mh Gpgxne# Ixngrhc | Ng}lpg| | ce~ Ne|xknfe~#

nx|g~ }lhppg~ h~}çk mhc e}pe cgme mhc Pêe mh cg Cg*

og# | ce~ mh Fxhjlpg ~h mhncgpgk ke hknejhkmg*`ch~# neje }eme~ ce~ mhjç~ wxh nl}g h~rhnêilngjhk*

}h cg ch| 8 mhc jl~je }ê}xce | Cl`pe? cg ~laxlhk}hch| mhncgpg wxh ke ~ek }gjrene hknejhkmg`ch~ ce~

lkmle~ mh axhppg# | cg ch| 7= ~h÷gcg hc }pl`x}e wxhmh`hk rgagp ce~ lkme~ mh cg~ nlxmgmh~ mh Jhkmezg#^gk Oxgk | ^gk Cxl~ mh Ce|ecg | ~x~ }ìpjlke~# |g ce~ lkmle~ mh phrgp}ljlhk}e | yhnlkmgmh~ mh cg~

}ph~ nlxmgmh~ mh cg e}pg rgp}h mh cg Nepmlcchpg# cg

ch| 76 ~h÷gcg hc oepkgc wxh ch~ fg mh rgagp+ Cg ch|>8 mhc jl~je }ê}xce epmhkg wxh hc }hpnle mh Lkmle~

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jlke~# ke rg~h jç~ g ~hpylp mh jl}gm mh gwxhccg

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ccg~hk mh h~}g rgp}h klkaÿk hknejhkmhpe ce~ mh}hk*

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e}pg rgp}h mh cg Nepmlcchpg# wxh ke ixh~hk khnh~g*

ple~# rgaxhk hc }pl`x}e# | rep e}pg ch| ~h jgkmgwxh ce~ lkmle~ mh Nflch ~h phmxzngk g ~x~ rxh`ce~+

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jg wxh ^+ J+ wxhpêg wxh cg Nepmlcchpg Khygmg ixh*

~h hc cêjl}h mlyl~eple# | rep h~e nxlmþ mh chal~cgp

wxh ce~ lkmle~ mh Nflch ke ~h hknejlhkmhk mhc e}pe

lcgme mh cg Nepmlcchpg+ Nejrgpgkme# rxh~# cg chal~*

cgnlþk mln}gmg rgpg hc Phlke mh Nflch | cg~ phgch~



28= YLNHK]H A+ W]]H^GMG

nìmxcg~ h~rhmlmg~ rgyg cg ng}hwxlzgnlþk mh ce~ lk*

mle~ mhc Dêe mh cg Rcg}g fg~}g hc! H~}phnfe mh Jg*

ag cgnh~# ~h yh ncgpgjhk}h wxh hc mh~clkmh mh gj*`g~ nejgpng~# wxh cg oxpl~mlnnlþk gmjlkl~}pg}lyg h~*

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rph~gjhk}h ~h jgkmg rep cg~ ygplg~ ch|h~ wxh fh

nl}gme wxh ce~ lkmle~ mh cg~ nejgpng~ nejrphkmlmg~

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}phnfe mh Jgagccgkh~# ~h ng}hwxlnhk hk cg iepjg wxh

~h epmhkg# h~ ncgpe wxh h~g~ phgch~ nìmxcg~ fgknejrch}gme cg chal~cgnlþk mh Lkmlg~ mhc }ê}xce 71

mhc jl~je cl`pe ? repwxh h~g~ phgch~ nìmxcg~ }lhkhk

ixhpzg mh ch|+

Rep e}pg rgp}h# hk cg jl~jg Phnerlcgnlþk mh Lk*

mlg~ ~h fgccg xk }ê}xce `goe h~}h px`pe? Mh ce~ Lk*

mle~ mh ]xnxjçk# Rgpgaxg| | Pêe mh cg Rg}g# wxh

h~ hc 71 mhc jl~je cl`pe+ Rep nek~laxlhk}h# ogjç~

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g~ê+ | rep h~e cchygk hc kej`ph mh lkmle~ mh h~}g e

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mle~ g wxh ~h philhphk cg~ phg7

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clkmgk nek }emg ncgplmgm7 | rphnl~lþk+

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kgnlþk wxh ccgjg Rgjrg~# | ~ek ch~ wxh hk h~}e~

g÷e~ rg~gme~ fg`êgk fhnfe apgkmh~ fe~}lclmgmh~#

l ce~yhnlkmgple~ mh @xhke~

Glph~# neje hk ce~




ngjlkgk}h~ wxh }pgilngk mh~mh Nflch g h~}g nlxmgm#

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mlcchpg wxh nekilkg nek hc H~}phnfe mh Jgagccgkh~

| fg`lhkme cchygme hc hoìpnl}e xk phclale~e oh~xê}g

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ce~ phmxohpek g rgz | ylklhpek nxg}pe ngnlwxh~ mhhcce~ g nekilpjgpcg# e`claçkme~h g ph~}l}xlp }eme~

ce~ ngx}lye~+

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mh cg Rpeylknlg mh @xhke~ Glph~ e Pêe mh cg Rcg}g| cg jg|ep rgp}h mh cg~ jl~lekh~ mhc Rgpgaxg|# hk

wxh }lhkh mlhz | ~lh}h rxh`ce~# mh ce~ }phlk}g wxhnejrekêgk }emg~ cg~ jl~lekh~ mhc Rgpgaxg|# wxhre~h|hpek jxnfe~ g÷e~ ce~ oh~xê}g~+ Cg rpljhpgnekilkg gc kep}h nek cg ~haxkmg+ Rep hc reklhk}h

nek hc ]xnxjçk | }lhppg~ mhc Apgk Nfgne+ Rep hc

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eplhk}h mh cg NepmlXhpg# | rep hc eplhk}h nekilkg

nek hc jgp+ H~}g~ me~ rpeylknlg~ nek }eme ce wxh

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nlhpek gc ae`lhpke mhc Rgpgaxg| fg~}g hc g÷e 7907

&7971, ?

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Rcg}g!!+!

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ce~ `xwxh~ Mh~nx`lhp}g | G}phylmg# gk}h~ mh hj*




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pêe Rgpgaxg| nek }emg~ cg~ }lhppg~ wxh ~h fgccgk

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ph~# wxh ~e`ph hcce~ hohpnêg gx}eplmgm hnch~lç~}lng

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}ge`pg ~h fgnêg

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cg ae`hpkgnlþk mh Nflch }xylh~h gc H~}h mh ce~ Gk*mh~# e}pg hv}hk~lþk mh }hppl}eple wxh cg wxh nepph~*

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jgkmþ wxh ixh~h hc ae`hpkgmep mh @xhke~ Glph~

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nh~}g~ jgpê}ljg~ mh cg ae`hpkgnlþk mhc Pêe mh cg

Rcg}g | g~haxpgp ~x nekwxl~}g# ixkmçkme~h rxh`ce~

| phrgp}lhkme cg }lhppg+

^ek }gk}g~ | }gk}g~ cg~ phgch~ nìmxcg~ wxh rxhmenl}gp# gk}hpleph~ g cg nphgnlþk mhc Ylpph|kg}e# wxh

h~}g`chnhk h~}h fhnfe# wxh }hje fgnhp lkgng`g`ch




jl }gphg+ Nphgme hc Ylpph|kg}e# ke ~h rxhmh ~lk

eix~ngnlþk | }hjhplmgm# khagp wxh cg oxpl~mlnnlþk

| ae`lhpke recê}lne mh }emg cg ne~}g mhc jgp mhcKep}h e G}cçk}lne# H~}phnfe mh Jgagccgkh~# ]lhppg

mhc Ixhae fg~}g hc Ng`e mh Fepke~ | Jg 7

ylkg~#

wxhmgpek mhk}pe mhc }hppl}eple oxpl~mlnnlekgc mhc

Ylpph| | mhc Lk}hkmhk}h Ahkhpgc mhc Hoìpnl}e |Phgc Fgnlhkmg

4repwxh iepjg`gk rgp}h lk}hapgk}h

mhc ml~}pl}e ax`hpkg}lye+ &7,

Ke h~ gpaxjhk}e ~hple cg rxhplc | g`~xpmg rph*}hk~lþk mh nlhp}e~ h~npl}eph~ nflchke~# wxh ~e~}lhkhk

wxh# ce~ kxhye~ h~}g`chnljlhk}e~ mh cg ne~}g Rg}g*

aþklng iepjgpek xkg ae`hpkgnlþk lkmhrhkmlhk}h mhc

Ylpph|kg}e# ~þce repwxh ce~ }ê}xce~ mh ce~ lk}hkmhk*

}h~ ixhpek hvrhmlme~ hk H~rg÷g4 repwxh g~ê ce hpgk

}eme~ ce~ mh ce~ mhjç~ hjrchgme~ hk ce~ Ylpph|kg*

}e~# lkncx|hkme hc mh Lk}hkmhk}h Ahkhpgc mh Hoìp*nl}e | Phgc Fgnlhkmg hk hc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g# }ê}xce

wxh |e fh rx`clngme# | wxh kgmlh }hkmpç cg gxmgnlg

mh ~e~}hkhp wxh h~g ke hpg gx}eplmgm rplyg}lyg mhc

Ylpph|kg}e phnlìk nphgme+

Jh `g~}gpç xkg e`~hpygnlþk ? hc Ylpph| rekêg#

rep jgkmg}e phgc# hc nÿjrcg~h g h~e~ }ê}xce~# neje

xkg rpxh`g mh ~hp cg gx}eplmgm ~xrphjg# |cg ÿkl*

ng wxh phrph~hk}g`g cg rhp~ekg mhc Ph|# mh~rxì~

wxh ~h jemlilngpek cg~ g}pl`xnlekh~ mhc Lk}hkmhk}h

Ahkhpgc mh Fgnlhkmg+ ]pg}e nek mh}hknlþk ~e`ph

h~}g jg}hplg hk cg }hpnhpg rgp}h mh jl~ Grxk}g*

jlhk}e~ npê}lne*fl~}þplne~# | rxhmh nek~xc}gp~h }gj*

`lìk cg e`pg wxh }lhkh rep }ê}xce Ylpph|kg}e mhc

Pêe mh cg Rcg}g+Neje }pg}e mh h~}g`chnhp cg yhpmgm# rgpg wxh h~*

}g ~hg phnekenlmg rep hc wxh }hkag `xhkg ih# jh`g~}gpç phnepmgp wxh hk }emg~ cg~ gn}g~ mh cg~ kxh*

yg~ re`cgnlekh~ mh cg~ ne~}g~ rg}gaþklng~# ~h mlnh

&7, ^e`ph h~}g jg}hplg yìg~h jl cl`pe "Ylpphlkg}e mhc

Pêe mh cg Rcg}g" ” 7119*7672+

71



086 YLNHK]H p#+ W]1H^GMG

"oxpl~mlnnlþk mhc Ylpph| "# rep nx|g epmhk ~h fgnh

cg re`cgnlþk# | ~l }emgyêg fx`lh~h mxmg# wxh kerxhmh pgnlekgcjhk}h g`plagp~h# jh `g~}g nl}gp rg*

pg mh~ygkhnhpcg# cg phgc epmhk mh 6 mh oxkle mh 7162#mlplalmg gc Lk}hkmhk}h Ahkhpgc mh Hoìpnl}e | Phgc

Fgnlhkmg# hk cg nxgc hc Ph|# philplìkme~h g ce~ lk*

}hkmhk}h~ mh ce~ kxhye~ h~}g`chnljlhk}e~ | rgpg ph*

~ecyhp xkg nejrh}hknlg mh oxpl~mlnnlþk wxh ~h fg*

`êg ~x~nl}gme# "mhncgpg wxh hk }eme ce wxh ~hg ph~*

rhn}lye g cg Phgc Fgnlhkmg h~}çk ~xoh}e~ neje }e*

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lk}hclahk}h ahkhpgc Ihpkçkmhz ” wxh rep nek~l*

axlhk}h mh`hk e`~hpygp ce wxh h~}ç ph~xhc}e rep

phgc epmhk mh 0 mh en}x`ph mh 7116 +++ ce wxh gm*

ylhp}e g Y+ ^+ rgpg ~x lk}hclahknlg | g ilk mh wxh

g mlnfe~ Nejl~gple~ ^xrhplk}hkmhk}h~ mh ce~ kxh*

ye~ h~}g`chnljlhk}e~ ~h ce fgag hk}hkmhp rgpg hyl*

}gp mh h~}g ~xhp}h }emg nek}peyhp~lg hk }gch~ g~xk*

}e~ +++" Kgmlh ~h g}phyhpç g khagp wxh ke h~}x*

ylh~hk ~x`epmlkgme~ gc Ylpph|# g nx|g~ þpmhkh~

e`hmhnêgk# | }gk}e wxh# h~}h mh~clkmþ cg oxpl~mln*

nlþk }hppl}eplgc wxh g ngmg xke nepph~rekmêg# jh*

mlmg wxh ixì grpe`gmg rep hc Ph|+

Nekylhkh wxh phnxhpmh ml~re~lnlekh~ mhc Ph|}gk ng}haþplng~ neje }hpjlkgk}h~+

Cg phgc nìmxcg mh mh ~hr}lhj`ph mh 7167* ml*

plalmg gc Ylpph| mh @xhke~ Glph~# h~ jx| h~rcênl}g

"Rep ngp}g mh > mh ih`phpe mh h~}h g÷e h~rekh

Y+ H+ cg~ ox~}g~ nek~lmhpgnlekh~ wxh ch fgk ljrxc*

~gme rgpg fg`hp kej`pgme rep Ae`hpkgmep mhgpjg~ g M+ Ipgknl~ne @lhmjg# ^xrhplk}hkmhk}h mh

ce~ h~}g`chnljlhk}e~ mhc Pêe Khape# rgpg wxh nek

cg~ ignxc}gmh~ mh h~}h jgkme rxhmg }hkhp jç~ h~*

rhml}g~ cg~ ne~g~+ Nek h~}h e`oh}e rgpg wxh hc

jgkme h~}xylh~h xklme hk xk ~ece ~xoh}e# mlnh

Y+ H+ ch h~rlmlþ hc nepph~rekmlhk}h }ê}xce# h~}ìk*




mlhkme ~x oxpl~mlnnlþk jlcl}gp mh~mh hc Ng`e mh

^gk Gk}ekle fg~}g hc Rxhp}e mh ^gk}g Hchkg lk*

ncx~lyh4 h~rph~gkme wxh mh~mh mlnfe rxhp}e fg~}g

hc H~}phnfe mh Jgagccgkh~# rhp}hkhnêg gc Nejl~g*

ple ^xrhplk}hkmhk}h mh ^gk Oxclçk+

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nlþk"+

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| ax`hpkg}lyg mh @xhke~ Glph~5

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ch~ ~e`ph cg oxpl~mlnnlþk mh Fgnlhkmg+

Cg phgc epmhk mh 08 mh keylhj`ph mh 7167# ml*

plalmg gc Lk}hmhk}h Ahkhpgc mh Hoìpnl}e | Phgc

Fgnlhkmg# M+ Jgkxhc Ihpkçkmhz# mlnh

"Mh~hgkme hc Ph| wxhcg

nxhk}g | pgzþk mhce~

kxhye~ h~}g`chnljlhk}e~ mh cg ne~}g Rg}gaþklng ng*

jlkh nek hc `xhk epmhk wxh mh`h# nek gpphace g

cg~ mhjç~ eilnlkg~ mh Phgc Fgnlhkmg mh h~h Ylpphl*

kg}e | nek hk}hpg mhrhkmhknlg mh Y+ ^+ }eme~ ce~

hjrchgme~ hk ~x~ ph~rhn}lye~ pgje~# ~h fg ~hpyl*

me ^+ J+ ph~ecyhp? Wxh cg }perg# rhekh~ | erhpg*

ple~ rgpg ce~ phihplme~ h~}g`chnljlhk}e~ ~h rlmgkgc Ylpph| mh h~g~ Rpeylknlg~ rep ce~ Nejl~gple~ ^x*

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ce~ jl~je~ ^xrhplk}hkmhk}h~ mh Y+ ^+ hk mhph*

nfxpg+

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ae`lhpke+

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yhpmgm fl~}þplng iphnxhk}hjhk}h gc}hpgmg rep ~x~



092 YLNHV]H A+ W]]H^GMG

gk}eogmlzg~ | hppgmg~ grphnlgnlekh~+ Yxhcye g jl

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me~ ce wxh fg~}g hc rph~hk}h fgk hvfl`lme ce~ ph~*

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ae`lhpke mh Nflch mh h~}g~ rgnlhk}h~ lkmgagnlekh~+

Je~}pgpì nekncx|hk}njhk}h# neje gk}h~ | mh~rxì~

mh nphgme hc Ylpphlkg}e# cg oxpl~mlnnlþk mh cg ne~}g

jgpê}ljg rg}gaþklng# ]lhppg mhc Ixhae fg~}g hc

Ng`e mh Fepke~# ixì hvncx~lygjhk}h hohpnlmg repce~ ae`hpkgmeph~ mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g rpljhpe# rep

ce~ Ylpph|h~ mh~rxì~# rep ~hp gwxhccg~ ne~}g~ mhc

ml~}pl}e mh ~x ae`lhpke4wxh cg~ kxhyg~ re`cgnle*

kh~ hk cg ne~}g rg}gaþklng ixhpek mhrhkmhknlg~ mhc

Ylpphlkg}e# nx|g~ gx}eplmgmh~ h~}xylhpek ~x`epml*

kgmg~ gc Ylpph| | gc Lk}hkmhk}h Ahkhpgc# neje }e*

mg~ cg~ mhjç~ mh laxgc kg}xpgchzg hk hc }hppl}eple

mh ~x jgkme+ \ ~l h~}e~ ~ek fhnfe~ fl~}þplngjhk*

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h~h }hppl}eple h~ nflchke# repwxh ìc h~}xye e ~h rph*

}hkmg lkncxlme hk ce~ cêjl}h~ mh cg~ ae`hpkgnlekh~

mh Gcmhph}h# M+ Agpnêg | nxgk}e~ ae`hpkgmeph~ mh

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nejl~lekh~ gm*fen# | ph~hpyg~h cg ~e`hpgkêg | me*

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alne '

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FL^]EPLG NECEKLG' GPAHK]LKG 0A7

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ce~

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nek*

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plalmg~ repwxh e}pg~ ngx~g~ fg`êgk rxh~}e g @xng*

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mekmh mh`êg nxjrclp~h mhrhkmêg mh ~x ae`lhpke+

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g`~ecx}g mh jhmle~# neje ce hvrekmphje~ jç~gmhcgk}h+" &7,

§

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axgpmg`g | ylalcg`g hjrhpe hc ae`hpkgmep mh @xh*

&7, "Cg nxh~}lþk mh cêjl}h~ hk}ph Nflch | cg Phrÿ`clngGpahk}lkg"# rep Ngpce~ Jepêg Ylnx÷g+



690 YLNHLÊ]@ A+ WXH6GMG

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me hc hv}pgyêe cchag g khagp cg hylmhknlg# g chhp xkmenxjhk}e h lk}hprph}gpce hk ~hk}lme nek}pgple mh

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ngk | gncgpgk ce wxh rxmlhpg rgphnhp e`~nxpe+

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mh ce~ Rph~lmhk}h~ | Ae`hpkgmeph~ mh Nflch+ Cg~ngx~g~ wxh nphgpek h7 kxhye Ylpphlkg}e h~ hc jhoepnejhk}gple | hvrclngnlþk mh nxçc ixì cg hvrph~g

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V

MEK AGPNÊG FXP]GME MH JHKME_G ” GKÇCL^L^ MHC]Ê]XCE MH ^X KEJ@PGJLHK]E ” CG^ LK]HKMHK*

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ple~”Hwxlyengnlekh~ fl~}þplng~”]ê}xce hvrhmlme rep^+ J+ g Pemplae mh Wxlpeag# ph~}g`chnlhkme cg yhp*

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mh fgnhp hvrcepgnlekh~ rgpg wxh ^+ J+ ml~rekag ce

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Ylpphlkg}e”Hc ngrê}xce V mh cg e`pg mhc ~h÷ep Gjx*kç}haxl”Hc ylgoh mh Cgmplcchpe”Phcgnlþk mh Ael*

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09= YLNHK]H A+ WXH6GMG

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FL^]EHLG NECEKLGC GHAHK]LKG 098

ngx~g~ wxh ch iepzgpek g mgp mlnfg ae`hpkgnlþk g

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0}ê6 S ÊNHK]H a+ wxh~gmg

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012 YLNHK]H E+ W}]H^GMG

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cg Rcg}g hk cg Rg}gaeklg# H~}phnfe | ]lhppg mhc

Ixhae5 ^l g h~}e phmxnh ce~ }ê}xce~# rep xke wxh ìc

hvfl`g# ~h ch rxhmhk erekhp rep menhkg~ hk h~}g

jg}hplg? fg~}g hk cg ngk}lmgm | ngclmgm hk h~}g

rgp}h cg Phrÿ`clng Gpahk}lkg h~ ~xrhplep g ~x nek*

}pgplg+

]hpjlkg ~x ÿc}lje ngrê}xce mlnlhkme wxh hk xkemh ce~ apgkmh~ ngjlke~ phgch~ mh cg~ Kgnlekh~# hc

ngrl}çk Cgmplcchpe h~npl`lþ?”"Ng`e | @gfêg ”

mh cg re~h~lþk wxh Nflch# hk ylp}xm mh cg ml~re~l*

nlþk mhc ~e`hpgke# fg }ejgme mh cg hv}phjlmgmjhplmlekgc mh cg Gjìplng hk }lhjre mhc Ae`hpkg*

mep M+ Agpnêg Fxp}gme mh Jhkmezg+ ” Jgp}h~ <

mh Gae~}e mh 7866"+

H~}h ch}phpe# floe mh cg ih`plc ljgalkgnlþk mhc

h~npl}ep nflchke# h~ neje cg jg|ep rgp}h mh ~x mh*

ihk~g# xk jek}ìhkce mh gphkg wxh hc ylhk}e mh~*

`gpg}g' Kl ce~ phrph~hk}gk}h~ mhc jekgpng ch mlh*

pek }gc ljrep}gknlg g ~hjhogk}h ylgoh# kl ixì }gc}ejg mh re~h~lþk lmhgc ? ce~ gjlae~ mh cg yhpmgm fg*

`pêgk rxh~}e gc rlh mh h~h ch}phpe# ~l ìc fx`lh~h hvl~*

}lme ? hc wxh gwxê h~}xye# lkygmlþ }hppl}eple mh e}pg

ae`hpkgnlþk4 M+ Agpnêg e~}hk}g`g xk }ê}xce ylnle~e#

e}epagme rep hc igyepl}l~je mh ~x rperle rgmph

Rhpe ce~ kgyhagk}h~ mh cg~ ne~}g~ jgpê}ljg~ rg*

}gaþklng~ fgk yl~}e hk hccg~# yhpmgmhpe~ | phgch~

ch}phpe~# rxh~}e~ rep epmhk mhc Ylpph| mh @xhke~Glph~ hk nxjrcljlhk}e mh cg phgc epmhk mh 716> 4 gc

g`gkmekgp gcaxke~ mh ce~ h~}g`chnljlhk}e~ gccê iep*

jgme~+ Hk hihn}e# gccê ~h chygk}gpek necxjkg~ e rl*

cg~}pg~ nek cg~ gpjg~ phgch~ | xkg lk~nplrnlþk wxh

gnphml}g`g cg rhp}hkhknlg mh h~}g~ nejgpng~ mhc ml~*



FL^]EPLG NECEKLGC GPAHK]LKG >27

}pl}e mhc Ylpphlkg}e+ \ h~}e~ ch}phpe~# ixhpek rxh~*

}e~# ke igk}ç~}lngjhk}h neje hc mhc ~h÷ep Gjxkç*}haxl# ~lke phgc | re~l}lygjhk}h# | }emgyêg fe|jl~je# cg~ pxlkg~ mh ce~ ixhp}h~ g}h~}laxgk wxh

gwxhccg~ ne~}g~ fgk ~lme mhc mejlkle | oxpl~mlnnlþk

mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g+

\ mh`lme g xk apgk mh~g~}ph# neje cg }ejg mh cg

Ngrl}gc mhc Ylpphlkg}e rep ce~ lkach~h~# igc}e~ mh

yêyhph~# ~hg`gkmekþ xke mh

~x~ h~}g`chnljlhk}e~#

repwxh ~h }hjlþ ixh~h g}gngme rep ce~ lkyg~eph~# |phaph~þ ~x Lk}hkmhk}h rep }lhppg# nek ~x }perg# fg~*

}g hc Ngpjhk mh Rg}gaekh~+ Ixì xk g`gkmeke hyhk*

}xgc+

\ g ngx~g mh cg phyecxnlþk mh 7672+ g`~ep`lmg cg

h~nxgmplccg h~rg÷ecg hk rhp~haxlp g ce~ lk~xpahk*

}h~# ~lk remhp gxvlclgp g gwxhcce~ h~}g`chnljlhk}e~ml~}gk}h~# jgkmþ ix!h~hk ~x~ }perg~ }pgêmg~ g Jek*}hylmhe4 | ce~ phyecxnlekgple~ mh cg Lkmhrhkmhknlg#

}hklhkme wxh gfeagp cg phgnnlþk phgcl~}g wxh ~xp*

aêg hk Nþpme`g# ke rxmlhpek }gjrene cchygp gxvl*

cle~ g ce~ chogke~ jepgmeph~ mh cg~ re`cgnlekh~ mh

cg~ ne~}g~ rg}gaþklng~4 | mh~rxì~ hjrchgpek ~x~

gpjg~ | ~x~ }perg~ hk }pg~jek}gp ce~ Gkmh~ rgpgcl`hp}gp g Nflch ' + +

+

Ke h~ nek igk}g~êg wxh ~h gc}hpg cg yhpmgm# kl h~

nek hc cgjhk}g`ch mh~g~}ph mh cg hvrhmlnlþk mh Cg*

mplcchpe# wxh ce~ mhihk~eph~ mh cg~ lkox~}lilng`ch~

rph}hk~lekh~ mh Nflch# fgk mh nekyhknhp mh ~lkpg*

zþk g ce~ wxh# ilhch~ g cg~ `xhkg~ }pgmlnlekh~ mh cg

Lkmhrhkmhknlg | g cg chgc}gm mh ce~ gk}laxe~ }lhj*

re~# ~e~}lhkhk ~x mhphnfe ixkmgme~ hk lpphnx~g`ch~

menxjhk}e~ fl~}þplne~# hk fhnfe~ fl~}þplne~# hk h~*

ixhpze~# hk nek~lmhpg`ch~ ~xjg~ ag~}gmg~ hk h~e~

h~}g`chnljlhk}e~# rpemxn}e mh ljrxh~}e~ | mh phk*

}g~# wxh ke rgag`gk rep nlhp}e ce~ jepgmeph~ mhNflch# g ce~ nxgch~ rperekêg hc Ylpph| mhc Rhpÿ wxh



>20 YLNHK]H A+ | ÊH^GMG

hc mh @xhke~ Glph~ ch~ gxvlclg~h nek hc rgae mhc mì*

ilnl} hk ce~ ag~}e~ wxh hcce~ }xylhpgk

Ixì hc ae`lhpke mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g hc wxh }ejþre~h~lþk phgc | re~l}lyg mh cg~ ne~}g~ jgpê}ljg~ rg*

}gaþklng~ fg~}g hc Ng`e mh Fepke~ | ]lhppg mhc

Ixhae4 ixì hc ae`hpkgmep mh Jgcylkg~# ~xoh}e g cg

oxpl~mlnnlþk mhc Ylpph|# wxlhk hvrcepg`g gwxhcce~

jgph~ chogke~# hc H~}phnfe mh Jgagccgkh~ | ]lhppg

mhc Ixhae &7, 4 ixì h~h ae`lhpke hc wxh# rep epmhk

mhc Ph| mh H~rg÷g# ljrhmêg wxh kgyh~ hv}pgkohpg~flnlh~hk cg rh~ng mh gkil`le~ hk gwxhccg~ ne~}g~ |wxh ~h re~h~lekg~hk mh gwxhcce~ }hppl}eple~ mh~re*

`cgme~4 ixhpek ce~ nejl~gple~ lk}hkmhk}h~# ~xoh}e~

gc ae`lhpke mhc Ylpphlkg}e# ce~ wxh ce ae`hpkgpek#

| ~h ag~}þ hk jgk}hkhp h~g~ re`cgnlekh~ ml~}gk}h~#

hk rene }lhjre# jç~ mh xk jlccþk mh rh~e~ ixhp*

}h~ ' H~}e~ ~ek fhnfe~+

µ Wxì fgnêg Nflch 5 A*xgpmg`g cg~ ne~}g~ mh ~x ae*

`lhpke# ~lk rph}hkmhp jhzncgp~h# kl nek}pgmhnlp# ~lk

phncgjgp cg oxpl~mlnnlþk wxh hc ae`lhpke mhc Pêe mh

cg Rcg}g hohpnêg hk cg~ nejgpng~ mh ~x ~e`hpgkêg |mejlkle+

&7, Nl}gpì cg Phgc Epmhk mg}gmg hk Jgmplm g 79 mhHkhpe mh 7199+ "Hc Jlkl~}pe Xklyhp~gc mh Lkmlg~ gc Ae*`hpkgmep mh Jgcylkg~+ Nejxklne ce epmhkgme rep ^+ J+rgpg wxh rpeyhlme mh `xhke~ rlce}e~ fgag ~h phnekeznghc H~}phnfe mh Jgagccgkh~ nek hj`gpngnlekh~ rhwxh÷g~4| mì gyl~e mh ce wxh ke}h | h~}xmlh+"Wxlhpe gÿk phihplp e}pe menxjhk}e+ "@xhke~ Glph~ 09

mh Jg|e mh 7191+ Hc Ae`hpkgmep @xngphccl fgnh rph~hk}hgc Jlkl~}pe Xklyhp~gc mh Lkmlg~# fg`hpch jgklih~}gme hcmh Jgcylkg~ wxh rgpg cg nek~hpygnlþk | iejhk}e mh gwxh*

ccg~ l~cg~# mh~nx`pljlhk}e mhc H~}phnfe mh Jgagccgkh~ |]lhppg mhc Ixhae# | mhjç~ g~xk}e~ wxh gccê enxppgk# h~lkml~rhk~g`ch xkg hj`gpngnlþk mh axhppg# | me~ mh ngp*ag# mh ~haxpg ph~l~}hknlg# rperepnlekgmg g ignlcl}gp }gj*`lìk cg nejxklngnlþk nek Jek}hylmhe? | wxh ke }hklhkmegccê ^+ J+ klkaxkg ngrgz rgpg hc lk}hk}e# wxhmg`g ml~re*klhkme cg nejrpg mh me~ rgpg ~xrclp cg igc}g+"Mh`e phnepmgp wxh hc ae`hpkgmep mh Jgcylkg~ mhrhkmêg

mhc mh @xhke~ Glph~# neje nek~}g hk ce~ }ê}xce~ mh kej*`pgjlhk}e# | hc Jlkl~}pe mh Lkmlg~ ce nejxklnþ gc Ylpph|mhc Rhpÿ rep eilnle mh 0 mh En}x`ph mh 7199+



FL^]EPLG NECEKLGC GPAHK]LKG >2>

Ke gng`gpêg ~l fx`lh~h mh nl}gp `gnfe~# mh phrpe*

mxnlp nejxklngnlekh~ eilnlgch~# | ye| g }hpjlkgp

phnepmgkme ~ecgjhk}h cg ke}g mhc Rph~lmhk}h mhNflch gc Ylpph| jgpwxì~ mh ê`phjek}h# mg}gmg hk^gk}lgae g 06 mh mlnlhj`ph mh 7628"]ejgpì cg~ jhmlmg~ khnh~gplg~# ch mhnêg# g hyl*

}gp le~ aecrh~ wxh hc hkhjlae rxhmg jhml}gp ~e`ph

cg~ ne~}g~ mh h~}h Phlke ~l gng~e ~h ph~xhcyh g hvre*

khp hc rg~e mh Ngè mh Fepke~# hc nekye| wxh Y+

H+ jh gkxknlg"+ Hc aecrh ixì jç~ }gpmh mlplalmeg cg Ngrl}gc mhc Ylpphlkg}e# | g cg nekwxl~}g mh ce~

lkach~h~# ~xnhmlþ cg aceple~g phnekwxl~}g'

Rgpìnhjh wxh }eme h~}e# ygch gcae jç~ wxh hc

igk}ç~}lne ch}phpe ljgalkgplgjhk}h h~npl}e rep Cg*

mplcchpe hk xke mh h~e~ ngjlke~ phgch~ mh cg~ Kgnle*

kh~# mh wxh fg`cg hkiç}lngjhk}h hc ~h÷ep Gjxkç*

}haxl+

Fh }hpjlkgme jl }gphg? jh fh mhihkmlme | fh

gkgclzgme h~}h cl`pe# e`pg mh ~lkaxcgp rgnlhknlg#

gchag}e hv}hk~ê~lje

|rene gjhke mh xk rchl}e ke

}hpjlkgme# | rpljhp }eje wxh ~þce gcngkzg fg~}g

cg ìreng mh Cgmplcchpe hk 7866+ ^l `goe hc jl~jercgk# | nek laxgch~ mh}gOÓh~# nek}lkÿg hc apgyh |jx| rgnlhkzxme h~}gml~}g nflchke# enxrçkme~h mh

ce~ ~xnh~e~ fg~}g 7672# h~ mh h~rhpgp~h wxh gcaxke~

yecÿjhkh~ iepjgpçk cg `l`cle}hng mh h~}h g~xk}e#

|wxh ~h khnh~l}gpç }lhjre | cgèple~lmgm rgpg h~*

npl`lpce~# | ~xjg rgnlhknlg | ph~lakgnlþk rgpg chhp*

ce~+

H~}h cl`pe ke h~ xkg yhpmgmhpg fl~}eplg mhc mh~*

nx`pljlhk}e | nekwxl~}g mh Nflch# h~ rperlgjhk}h

xk h~}xmle jx| rgnlhk}h | grg~lekgme mh ce~ nek*

}pg}e~ | ngrl}xcgnlekh~ nhch`pgmg~ rgpg ml~nx}lpce?

h~ xkg e`pg mh recìjlng# h~npl}g nek hc eòh}e mh



>2= YLNHK]H ó+ WXH^GMG

e~nxphnhp cg yhpmgm | mhihkmhp rph}hk~lekh~ | rpe*

rþ~l}e~ rphneknh`lme~# | rep }gk}e# ~lk cg gc}g | ~h*

yhpg ljrgpnlgclmgm mhc fl~}eplgmep+ ]pg`goe rh~g*mê~lje mh hpxmlnlþk# nejrlcgnlþk mh menxjhk}e~ lk*

nekmxnhk}h~# phrpemxnnlþk mh erlklekh~ ~e`ph kl*

jlhmgmh~# nl}g mh npþklng~# mh}pç~ mh nx|g rlcg mh#

rgrhch~ | cl`pgze~# grgphnh hc gx}ep rphenxrgme m? 7

rhagp cg~ xkg~ hk rn~ mh cg~ e}pg~# mh iepjgpch~ xkjgpne rgpg lp hknxgmpgkme cg~ cxnx`pgnlekh~ goh*

kg~+ Neje gchag}e oxpêmlne h~ rh~gme# lcþalne# lk*hvgn}e? neje kgppgnlþk h~ rçclmg h lknefhphk}h? ke

h~}ç g cg gc}xpg mh cg igjg mhc h~npl}ep ox~}gjhk}h

nhch`pgme mh Mh~nx`pljlhk}e | Nekwxl~}g# mhc E~*

}pgnl~je mh E!OLlaalk~ | ce~ Rphnxp~eph~# cl`pe~

nek wxh fg hkplwxhnlme cg cl}hpg}xpg mh ~x rgê~ ? h~

xk gchag}e mh~aph÷gme hk mh~hjrh÷e mh xk jgk*

mg}e mhc ae`lhpke4

h~ ~ljrchjhk}h xkg }gphg mhnejrlcgmep | mh gèagme phrh}lmep? ~h }pg~nlhkmh

gc jgh~}pe mh h~nxhcg hk hc meajg}l~je mh ~x~ gk*

}eogmlzg~ gilpjgnlekh~ | hk cg lppl}g`lclmgm rep }e*

mg nek}pgmlnnlþk+

^h gmylhp}h hk h~}h cl`pe cg rphenxrgnlþk mhc gx*

}ep mh rph~hk}gp ~x mhihk~g phyh~}lmg mhc jg|ep

kÿjhpe mh }h~}ljekle~# mh gx}eplmgmh~ | menxjhk*}e~? cg ngk}lmgm ce rphenxrg# ke g}lhkmh g cg ngcl*

mgm4 | mh gwxê cg iphnxhknlg mh cgpag~ mlaph~lekh~#

mh nl}g~ rene rhp}lkhk}h~ gc mh`g}h# | hc hjrh÷e mh

h~}g`chnhp meajç}lngjhk}h cg~ jç~ lcþalng~ | gk*

}eogmlzg~ mhmxnnlekh~? ke h~ xkg lkmgagnlþk mh~lk*

}hph~gmg rgpg `x~ngp cg yhpmgm# ~lke xk h~npl}e

nx|e eòh}e h~ mhihkmhp | g}gngp? mhihkmhp cg~ rph*

}hk~lekh~ jç~ lk~e~}hkl`ch~# | gèagkme nek nflng*

kg hk igyep mh cg ngx~g nx|g mhihk~g ch fg ~lme

hkngpagmg# x~g mh }eme~ ce~ phnxp~e~# mh }eme~ ce~

gpmlmh~# mh }emg~ cg~ gpaxnlg~ | ~eil~jg~ re~l`ch~

rgpg necengp hk cg jhoep ~l}xgnlþk g ~x remhpe~e

nclhk}h? g cg yhz klhag | mh~nekenh cg yhpmgm# cg



j)]APLG NECEVLGC GPAHK]LKG >28

ox~}lnlg | cg hwxlmgm mh ce hvrxh~}e rep hc nek*

}pgple# | nxgkme ke rxhmh khagp cg hylmhknlg# }pg*

}g mh `x~ngp cg `hppxag mh Jgppg~ hk cg kgplz mh~x gmyhp~gple+ ^h ke}g cg gx~hknlg nejrch}g mhc

oxpl~nek~xc}e# mhc h~}gml~}g# mhc fl~}eplgmep? h~ xkcl`phpe mh ylhoe hk}ph}hklme hk ~gnxmlp cg reclccg mh

~x~ nechnnlekh~ gk}laxg~

H~}h cl`pe }gk h~}phrl}e~gjhk}h gkxknlgme rep

cg rphk~g | mlrcejç}lne~ nflchke~# rpeix~gjhk}h

mgme g ce~ fej`ph~recê}lne~ gpahk}lke~#

neje cgÿc}ljg rgcg`pg mhc jgh~}pe# neje cg ~ecxnlþk mh cg~

mlilnxc}gmh~# neje xk igcce lpphyeng`ch wxh hc `xhk

~hk}lme mh`êg gng}gp# h~# hk jl erlklþk# cg jç~ rh*

~gmg | ig}lae~g chn}xpg# | jx| lkihplep g e}pg~

rpemxnnlekh~ mh }gk ml~}lkaxlme h~npl}ep ? kl rep ~x

iekme# kl rep ~x iepjg h~}ç g cg gc}xpg mh ~x ig*

jg |jhke~ ce h~}ç rep cg igc}g

mhyhpmgm

|hchyg*

nlþk mh jlpg~+

\ ke ~h nphg wxh fg| rg~lþk hk h~}h oxlnle# keyg|g g ~xrekhp~h wxh ~e| lkox~}e hk h~}g grphnlg*

nlþk ljrgpnlgc# yhpmgmhpg | ipgkng4rxh~# ~x~ jl~*

je~ gmjlpgmeph~# ce~ jl~je~ nflchke~# }gk nlhag*

jhk}h grg~lekgme~ rep ~x~ fej`ph~ | ~x~ ne~g~# ch

fgnhk hk}ph hj`plgagmepg~ cl~ekog~ gjgpag~ npê*

}lng~+

Hc ~h÷ep J+ @plgkm fg mlnfe fg`cgkme mhc nl*

}gme cl`pe "Cg nxh~}lþk mh cêjl}h~ hk}ph Nflch |cg Phrÿ`clng Gpahk}lkg" &7,+++ "fh mhyepgme cg

ÿc}ljg rçalkg | nekilh~e wxh hc ngk~gknle fg nhmlme

g nlhp}g h~rhnlh mh g~ej`pe# ye| gc mhnlp mh gmjl*

pgnlþkg`l~jgmepg hk rph~hknlg mh cg

cg`epmh

ph*

ceohpe gchjçk# mh lkmx~}ple~g fepjlag# mh ph`x~*

ngmep hch rpxh`g mh recye | mh ig}lag~# wxh fg cch*

ygme g `xhk }ìpjlke hk ~x rpljhpg rgp}h hc ~h÷ep

mek Jlaxhc Cxl~ Gjxkç}haxl +++"

&7, Npê}lng cl}hpgplg”"Jlaxhc Cxl~ Gjxkç}haxl" repJ+ @plgkm+

02



>&O&o YLNHK]H A+ WXH^GMG

Fh gwxê apçilngjhk}h hvrph~gmg cg ljrph~lþk wxh

mhog }gk lkox~}e | }gk lkÿ}lc }pg`goe' Rgnlhknlg mh

phceohpe gchjçk' _xpnlmep mh perg ylhog' Fepjl*

ag wxh gacejhpg rpeyl~lekh~ rgpg hc lkylhpke ' h~

xk }pg`goe jg}hplgc# }gk rh~gme h lkmlah~}e# wxhmhog gc chn}ep iê~lngjhk}h ngk~gme# gjemeppgme#

kgpne}lzgme? mxme wxh }hkag ph~ecxnlþk mh chhp ce~

e}pe~ yecÿjhkh~ wxh ~h gkxknlgk# | cê`phjh Mle~

mh cg }hk}gnlþk mh nek}h~}gpch ' \ hc npê}lne @plgkm

nekilh~g wxh "mh~mh hc rxk}e mh yl~}g cl}hpgple# h~*

}ç jx| rep mh`goe mh cg~ mhjç~ e`pg~ mhc gx}ep"+G jl yhz# fh }hklme }gj`lìk wxh phrpemxnlp me*

nxjhk}e~# wxh ~haxlp hc jì}eme gohke rgpg gkgcl*

zgp# phn}lilngp | nejhk}gp oxlnle~ | grphnlgnlekh~#

wxh ~ek hk jl erlklþk hppgme~? ke rph}hkme mgp g

h~}h h~npl}e hc lk}hpì~ mh xkg kgppgnlþk fl~}þplng# h~

xkg mhihk~g h~rek}çkhg mh ce~ mhphnfe~ mh jl rgê~#

h~ xkg ox~}lilngnlþk mh jl~ gk}hpleph~ erlklekh~# ~lk

e}pg rph}hk~lþk# ~lke mhnlp cg yhpmgm? fh h~wxlygme

ngpagpjh mh menxjhk}e~# | eogcg ke lknxppg hk hc

mhihn}e wxh npl}lne+ Nxgkme phnl`ê h~}h cl`pe# mhncg*

pì nek ipgkwxhzg# wxh ~l jh nekyhknêg mh hppeph~ h

lkhvgn}l}xmh~# }hkmpêg cg flmgcaxêg mh nekih~gpce~#

repwxh ke g~rlpe g cg lkigcl`lclmgm+ Ce fh chême# ce

fh h~}xmlgme 4 fh wxhmgme jç~ ilpjhjhk}h nekyhk*

nlme mh cg }hjhplmgm | ~lkpgzþk nek wxh ~h ~e~}lh*

khk cg~ rph}hk~lekh~ nflchkg~? h~h cl`pe h~ cg jhoep

rpxh`g mh cg ~lkpgzþk nek}pgplg+ Ke remêg axgpmgp

~lchknle rep ce~ oxlnle~ lkox~}e~# rep ce~ ngclilng}l*

ye~ ~hyhpe~ nek wxh hc h~npl}ep nflchke }pg}g g ce~

h~npl}eph~ gpahk}lke~ wxh ke~ fhje~ enxrgme mh

h~}g~ nxh~}lekh~? fh ~gnplilngme jl~ enle~ rgpg nxj*

rclp h~}h mh`hp4 eogcç fg|g ~g`lme hvrekhp cg yhp

mgm nek ~hknlcchz

Ce~ ml~}lkaxlme~ rx`clnl~}g~ gpahk}lke~ ~h÷eph~

Ipêg~ | ]phcch~ ke khnh~l}gk mh jl mhihk~g# | rep

hcce jh fh cljl}gme g phn}lilngp# g gncgpgp# g hvrcl



FL^]EPLG NECEK NGC GPAHK]LKG >21

ngp# g nejrpe`gp jl~ erlklekh~? ke remêg# ke mh

`êg# ke }hkêg mhphnfe rgpg nek~}l}xlpjh hk ~x mh*ihk~ep eilnle~e4 hcce~ ke khnh~l}gk lmh }gc mhihk~g#

rxhmhk ~l wxlhphk# lcx~}pgp nek yhk}gog h~}h lk}plk*

ngme mh`g}h+ Hc ~h÷ep Ipêg~ h~rhnlgcjhk}h# gpme*

pe~e mhihk~ep mh ce~ mhphnfe~ gpahk}lke~# h~}g`g

hk gr}l}xm mh hkplwxhnhp cg jg}hplg nek hc ipx}e

mh ~x~ cg`eple~g~ lkmgagnlekh~# | g ìc ch ~e| mhxmep#

ox~}lnlg h~ mhnlpce# mh jxnfe~ mh ce~ menxjhk}e~mh wxh jh fh ~hpylme+



ÊKMLNH

Rça~+

Ylnhk}h A+ Wxh~gmg =

Ylnhk}h A+ Wxh~gmg# rep N+ E+ @xkah ++++ <

Hc }h~}gjhk}e mhc men}ep Ylnhk}h A+ Wxh~gmg+ + >7


Cg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~ rgpg hc mh~nx`pljlhk}e mhc Pêe

mh cg Rcg}g | Nflch

&Nxh~}lþk mh x`lngnlþk mh cg~ ae`hpkgnlekh~,

Gmyhp}hknlg >1L ” Hc yhpmgmhpe }hv}e mh cg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~+ =>

LL ” X`lngnlþk mh cg~ jhpnhmh~ mh cg~ ngrl}x*

cgnlekh~ 81

LLL ” Ce~ mh~nx`plmeph~ mhc Pêe mh cg Rcg}g |

Nflch 12

LY” Hvgjhk gkgcê}lne mh cg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~+

” Nekwxl~}g mh ]xnxjçk ^1Y” Cg~ ngrl}xcgnlekh~ nek Oxgk mh ^gkgchplg 72>

YL” Mejlkae Jgp}êkhz mh Lpgcg | Rhmpe mh

Ygcmlylg 77<

YLL” Cg~ gj`lnlekh~ }hppl}eplgch~ mh Ygcmlylg+ 70<

YLLL” Mh~jhj`pgjlhk}e mh cg ae`hpkgnlþk mh

Nflch+ ” ^hrçpg~h mh ~x ngpae cg mh

]xnxjçk+ ” Cg rpeylknlg mh Nx|e++

7><



C+ O+ Pe~~e y Nêg+ * Ljrph~eph~

@hcapgke =18 * @xhke~ Glph~



RCHG^H ME KE] PHJEYH

NGPM^ EP ^CLR^ IPEJ ]FL^ RENDH]

XKLYHP^L]\ EI ]EPEK]E CL@PGP\

I rh~gmg# Ylnhk}h Aphaeple

0>=0 Fl~}eplg neceklgc gpahk}lkg

W>

Quesada, Vicente - Historia colonial argentina

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