qarTuli arqiteqturis SesaniSnavi Zeglis – mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZris `axlad Senebis~ dawyebisa da XI s-is gamoCenili qarTveli sasuliero moRvawis giorgi mTawmidelis dabadebis 1000 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili es monografia 2010 wlis gazafxulisaTvis ukve mzad mqonda. mas Semdeg saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiam da qarTvelma xalxma orjer izeima sveticxovloba, magram am wignis gamocema ver moxerxda.

marTalia, monografiaSi ganxiluli zogierTi sakiTxi samecniero konferenciebze moxsenebaTa saxiT wavikiTxe, nawili gamovaqveyne kidec, aseve, masSi warmodgenili sabuTebi yovelTvis aqtualuri iyo da iqneba qarTuli sazogadoebisa da samecniero wreebisaTvis, magram gamocema radgan gviandeboda, umjobesad CavTvale igi mcire tiraJiT mainc gamomeqveynebina.

wignis kompiuteruli versia waikiTxes: prof. mixeil qavTariam, prof. eldar bubulaSvilma, cnobilma literatorma jeneto Wanturaiam, nawilobriv gaecno mas udrood gardacvlili prof. valeri silogava. naSromis maRali Sefasebisa da saintereso SeniSvnebisaTvis maT uRrmes madlobas movaxseneb.

16. XI. 2011

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w i n a s i t y v ao b a

2010 wels xuTi aTeuli weli Sesrulda, rac Tbilissa da borjoms Soris mixdeba mimosvla. am drois ganmavlobaSi, vin icis, ramdenjer Semivlia Tvali Sua saukuneebis qarTuli arqiteqturis umniSvnelovanesi Zeglis – mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZrisaTvis, araerTxel vyofilvar taZarSi, magram ver warmovidgendi, Tu odesme sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis daTariRebasa da masTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze momiwevda gamokvlevis dawera. miuxedavad imisa, rom profesiiT istorikosi var, ise, rogorc qarTvelTa didi nawilis, Cemi codnac sveticxovlis taZris Sesaxeb Zalian mcirediT amoiwureboda. vicodi, misi mSenebloba rom 1010–1029 wlebSi mimdinareobda da igi saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis melqisedek I-is saxels ukavSirdeboda. xuroTmoZRvari ki naxevrad legendaruli pirovneba konstantine arsukiZe iyo.

sveticxovlis taZarTan da mis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebuli pirebis: mefe giorgi I-is, melqisedek I-is, xuroTmoZRvar arsukiZis gandideba yoveli qarTvelis TvalSi didi qarTveli mwerlis konstantine gamsaxurdias `Semoqmedebis mwvervalad~ (g. kankava) miCneul `didostatis marjvenasTanaa~ dakavSirebuli. es istoriuli romani 1936 wels gamoqveynda da dRemde aTeul aTasobiT tiraJiTaa gamocemuli. romanis erT-erTi mTavari gmiri, taZris xuroTmoZRvari konstantine arsukiZe literatorTa SefasebiT, `erovnuli SemoqmedebiTi potenciis... gansaxierebad~, xolo TviT sveticxovlis taZari `eris sulier-zneobrivi aRnagobis~, misi `esTetiuri idealebis materializebul simbolodaa~ miCneuli (g. kankava).

xuroTmoZRvar arsukiZeze saubrisas, upirveles yovlisa, Tvalwin sveticxovlis taZris kedelze gamokveTili, gonioTi xelSi misi mklavi warmogvidgeba. es reliefuri gamosaxuleba taZris CrdiloeT fasadze mTavari sarkmlis zemoT, or qvaze arsebul warweras Soris Casmul mesame qvazea gamokveTili.

sveticxovlis xuroTmoZRvars marTla moWres Tu ara marjvena, amis Sesaxeb Zvel saistorio wyaroebSi araviTari cnoba araa. rogorc varaudoben, aRniSnuli legendis Seqmna swored sveticxovlis taZris kedelze gamosaxul marjvenas ukavSirdeba. masve unda ukavSirdebodes xalxuri leqsic:

xekorZulas wyali misvams, mcxeTa ise amigia, arc aragvi, arca mtkvari nami arsad momiklia, qvac iqidan mizidnia. aiRo da xeli momWra, ratom kargi agigia1.

saukuneebis win SeTxzuli es xalxuri leqsi yvelas Caafiqrebs

didostat arsukiZis bedze. misi romanizebuli cxovrebis Sesaxeb ki dainteresebuli piri bevrs Seityobs k. gamsaxurdias romanidan. amave Txzulebidan gaecnoba: mefe giorgi I-s, melqisedek kaTalikossa da XI s-is pirveli meoTxedis saqarTveloSi moRvawe sxva istoriul pirebs, mxatvrul personaJebs. magram, albaT, Tanamedrove qarTveli 1 Натроев А., Мцхета и его соборь Свети-Цховели, Тифлис, 1900, gv. 179, Sen. 1.

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sazogadoebis didma nawilma ar icis, Cveni codna arsukiZis Sesaxeb mxolod sveticxovlis taZris kedelze arsebuli im warwerebiT rom amoiwureba, romlebSic aRniSnulia: `xeli monisa arsukiZisai SeundveT~2. xuroTmoZRvari arsukiZe aseve moxseniebulia taZris mSeneblobis moTave kaTalikos melqisedekTan erTad, taZris aRmosavleT fasadze, Sua dekoratiuli TaRis qvemoT, Tormet diskoze arsebul warweraSi. masSi aRniSnulia: `adiden RmerTman qristes mier melqizedek qarTlisa kaTalikozi amen. aReSena ese wmindai eklesiai (?) xeliTa glaxakisa monisa maTisa arsukiZisaiTa RmerTman ganusuene sulsa missa~3. rac Seexeba melqisedek kaTalikoss, igi ixsenieba taZris sxva warwerebSic: `w. q. nebiTa RvTisaTa ganaxlda samirono ese brZanebiTa qristes mier qaTalikozisa melqizedekisaTa. Seiwyale ufalo mona Seni amis

galatozni oTxni amen~4. melqisedekis Sesaxeb sxva warwera gvauwyebs: `ჲs qÀ adide mqdk~5.

zemomotanili masaliT amoiwureba sveticxovlis taZarze arsebuli warwerebis monacemebi, rac erTob mwir cnobebs gvawvdis sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis Sesaxeb.

es araferi, – ifiqrebs mkiTxveli, saqarTvelos upirvelesi taZris – saqarTvelos `wmida dedaqalaqis~ (ase uwodebs mcxeTas melqisedeki) mSvenebis – sveticxovlis taZris kedlebze mis qtitorTa, xuroTmoZRvris da `galatozTa~ Sesaxeb Tu mwiri monacemebia, samagierod, Zvel qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi iqneba saTanado cnobebio, magram es ase ar aris.

aTeulobiT welia `qarTlis cxovrebis~ krebulSi Sesul saistorio Txzulebebs vikvlev, magram mxolod am monografiaze muSaobisas davinteresdi, ra cnobebi iyo sveticxovlis taZrisa da melqisedek kaTalikosis Sesaxeb XI s-is qarTveli avtorebis: sumbat daviTis Zis Txzulebasa da `matiane qarTlisas~ avtorTan. Cemi gaoceba iman gamoiwvia, rom am istorikosTa TxzulebebSi arc sveticxoveli da arc melqisedek kaTalikosi naxsenebi araa. arc imis Sesaxebaa miTiTeba, am taZris mSeneblobaSi ra wvlili miuZRviT melqisedek kaTalikosis Tanamedrove, erTiani saqarTvelos pirvel mefeebs – bagrat III-sa da giorgi I-s. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, TavisTavad cxadia, `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ araferia naTqvami mcxeTis sapatriarqo taZris – sveticxovlis mSeneblobis droze.

rogorc cnobilia, amJamad `bagratis taZrad~ wodebuli, saqarTvelos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi arqiteqturuli Zeglis mSeneblobis dasruleba bagrat III-m didi zeimiT aRniSna. taZris kurTxevaze quTaisSi uamravi stumari miiwvia. am ceremonialis Sesaxeb saTanado cnoba aqvs `matiane qarTlisas~ avtors. saqarTvelos `wmida dedaqalaqSi~ agebuli sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZris mSeneblobis damTavreba xom aranaklebi mniSvnelobisa iyo bagrat III-is (an giorgi I- 2 andRulaZe n. da sxvebi, sveticxovlis kompleqsi. wignSi – saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, wigni 5, Tb., 1990, gv. 262. natroevTanaa – `xeli monisa ars ks ru Send~. ix. misi, dasax. naSromi, gv. 178.

3 andRulaZe n. Dda sxvebi, dasax. naSromi, gv. 262 (SemdegSi mivuTiTeb: mxolod – andRulaZe n.).

4 Натроев А., dasax. naSromi, gv. 172. 5 iqve, gv. 178. melqisedeki ixsenieba orsarTuliani karibWis warweraSic: `qriste adide Sen mier damyarebuli meoxe Cveni qristes mier melqizedek qarTlisa kaTalikosi romelman meored aRaSena wmida kaTolike ese salxineblad sulisa maTisa~. andRulaZe n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 269.

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is) Tanadrouli saqarTvelosaTvis, ra moxda, am faqtis Sesaxeb ratom duman Zveli qarTuli saistorio wyaroebi?

dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas mkiTxveli, albaT, pirvel rigSi Zvel qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi melqisedek I-is mouxseneblobis faqts gaixsenebs. ifiqrebs, man xom ar moimoqmeda iseTi ram, ramac Zveli avtorebi aiZula misi saxelis xsenebaze uari eTqvaT6. ara, mTlad ase araa saqme, sabednierod, Cvenamde moaRwia 1020 wels TviT melqisedek I-is mier Sedgenilma e. w. `melqisedekis dawerilma~ (igi `mcxeTis sabuTadac~ iwodeba).

swored am dokumentidan viciT zogierTi detali melqisedek kaTalikosis moRvaweobisa da sveticxovlis taZris Sesaxeb (am sabuTSi xuroTmoZRvari arsukiZe ar ixsenieba). Tumca, samwuxarod, am dokumentis dedanma Cvenamde ar moaRwia. es sabuTi XII s-Si gadawerili piriTaa cnobili, da masac Sesavali aklia. Tanac, rogorc akad. n. berZeniSvili wers, melqisedekis `dawerili~ `naklulevania da, saerTod, sakmaod damaxinjebuli, xolo swored is adgili, sadac mosalodneli iyo taZris Senebazed laparaki... XII s-is pirs aklia~7. gvaqvs agreTve am dokumentis XVII–XVIII s-Si gadawerili pirebi8.

ase rom, mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZrisa da TviT melqisedek kaTalikosis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad `mcxeTis sabuTidan~ viciT. masSi arsebuli cnobebidan gamomdinare, melqisedek kaTalikosi Cven warmogvidgeba, rogorc im drois erT-erTi gamorCeuli moRvawe, qveynisaTvis Tavdadebuli pirovneba.

sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis dawyebaze saubrisas b-ni konstantine gamsaxurdia melqisedek kaTalikoss ase warmogvidgens: `gaWianurebulma mwuxrma friad moqanca kaTalikosi. mas gulis manki sWirda, fexebi usivdeboda. wirva gaTavda Tu ara, TvalT daubnelda da mcxeTeli episkopozi rom ar miSveleboda, waiqceoda~ (`didostatis marjvena~, gv. 38, 1966 wlis gamocema).

sinamdvileSi ra sneuleba awuxebda melqisedeks, ar viciT. Cemi gamokvlevidan gamomdinare, mas karga xnis ganmavlobaSi epyra saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis taxti. rogorc gairkva, melqisedekma bagrat III-is qarTlSi gadmosvlis (980 w.) Semdgom axlo xanSi daikava sakaTalikoso taxti da daiwyo sveticxovlis axlad aSeneba. meore mxriv `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ igi bagrat III-s radgan Tavis gamzrdelad asaxelebs, melqisedeki bagratis Tanatoli mainc unda yofiliyo (bagrat III-s 980 wels Seusrulda 18 weli)9. 6 am mxriv niSandoblivia V s-is gamoCenili qarTveli sasuliero moRvawis petre iberis Zveli `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ mouxsenebloba. ris mizezadac mis monofizitur mrwamss Tvlian. axali Tvalsazrisi petre iberis mrwamsis Sesaxeb ix. v. goilaZe, asurel mamaTa samSoblo da saqarTvelo, Tb., 2002, Tavi X.

7 berZeniSvili n., mcxeTis sabuTi XI saukunisa. saqarTvelos itoriis sakiTxebi, wigni IV, Tb., 1967, gv. 250–251.

8 dawerili melqisedek kaTalikosisa moxsenebuli mcxeTis saydrisadmi. wignSi – qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi IX–XIII ss. Seadgines da gamosacemad moamzades T.enuqiZem, v. silogavam, n. SoSiaSvilma, Tb., 1984, gv. 20–21.

9 melqisedekis axalgazrduli asaki xelis SemSleli ar iyo, raTa mas sakaTalikoso taxti daekavebina. 933 wels imperatorma romanoz II lakapinma, saeklesio opoziciis dasamorCileblad konstantinopolis sapatriarqo taxtze Tavisi 16 wlis Ze – Teofilaqte dasva. ix. goilaZe v., giorgi mTawmidelidan momdinare erTi cnoba qarTul istoriografiaSi. analebi, 2004, # 2, gv. 33.

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axalgazrda, energiulma kaTalikosma didxans iRvawa. 1020 wels mis mier Sedgenili `mcxeTis sabuTi~ erTgvari angariSia sveticxovlis axlad aSenebisa da misi Semkoba-gamSvenierebis mxriv gaweuli Rvawlis Sesaxeb.

albaT, dameTanxmebiT, melqisedek kaTalikosis saxelis ukvdavsayofad sakmarisia sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis dasaxelebac, magram isic unda aRvniSno, rom ukve mis sicocxleSi sveticxoveli kargad mowyobili da im drois saqarTveloSi erT-erTi umdidresi taZari gamxdara. `melqisedekis dawerilidan~ vigebT im uamrav SewirulobaTa Sesaxeb, romlebic mas bizantiis imperatorebisagan (basil II, konstantine VIII, romanoz III argiri) miuRia. imperator basil II-is naboZvarTagan yuradRebas ipyrobs kestoris 105 sofliani monasteri. rogorc Cans, swored am monastris SemosavliT daiwyo melqisedek I-ma vaxtang gorgaslis mier agebuli didi bazilikuri tipis eklesiis gumbaTian taZrad gadakeTeba. Cemi varaudiT, sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobaSi swored basil II-is didi wvlili gaxda SemdegSi Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi melqisedekis saxelisa da Rvawlis mouxseneblobis mizezi. vimeoreb, es mxolod Cemi varaudia da saTanado daskvnis gakeTeba am monografiis gacnobis Semdeg mkiTxvelisaTvis mimindvia.

aqve unda aRvniSno: `melqisedekis dawerilis~ gacnobisas mniSvnelovan miTiTebad meCvena am sabuTSi imperatori Zmebis – basil II-isa da konstantine VIII-is erTad moxsenieba – maT mier melqisedekisaTvis erTad saboZvrebis micema. `dawerilis~ es cnoba, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, Cemi kvlevis erT-erTi amosavali sayrdeni Seiqna. monografiaze muSaobisas gairkva, melqisedekis `dawerilSi~ dedniseuli 1020 weli akad. n.berZeniSvilis mier iqna Casworebuli 1029 wlad, SemdegSi sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis damTavrebac am wliT daTariRda. aseve, arc mTlad dasabuTebulad meCvena sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis dawyebis TariRad Cvens mecnierebaSi miRebuli 1010 weli (es TariRi samecniero brunvaSi istorikos l. musxeliSvilis mier iqna Semotanili).

yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saWirod CavTvale sveticxovlis didebuli taZris mSeneblobis dawyebisa da damTavrebis sakiTxi Cemi TvalTaxedviT gameazrebina. saTanado kvleva damWirda Cvens mecnierTa mier melqisedek I-is winamorbed kaTalikosebad miCneuli pirebis rigis sandoobis dasadgenad. am sakiTxis kvlevasTan dakavSirebiT XI s-is gamoCenili qarTveli sasuliero moRvawis – giorgi mTawmidelis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis zogierTi mxaris Seswavlac momixda. Tumca, es kargicaa. 2009 wels giorgi mTawmidelis dabadebidan 1000 weli aRniSna qarTvelma sazogadoebam da saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiam10. dRes miRebuli qronologiiT 2010 wels sveticxovlis axladSenebis dawyebidan aseve 1000 weli Sesrulda. aRniSnulis garda, monografiaSi saqarTvelos mefeTa bizantiur titulaturasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebicaa ganxiluli. 10 rogorc giorgi mTawmidelis `cxovrebidan~ viciT, yrmobis sami weli giorgim taZrisis dedaTa monasterSi (axlandeli borjomis raioni) dasTan – TeklasTan erTad gaatara. amitom giorgi mTawmidelis dabadebidan 1000 weli farTod aRniSna borjomis sazogadoebam. taZriss uwmidesi da unetaresi, sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia meore ewvia. borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis direqtoris, q-n violeta balaxaSvilis iniciativiT, borjomsa da TbilisSi (samebis eklesiis sakonferencio centrSi) gaimarTa borjomelTa da TbilisSi mcxovreb borjomel TanamemamuleTa samecniero sesia. gamoqveynda q-n v. balaxaSvilis wigni – `Rirsi mama giorgi mTawmideli~. giorgi mTawmidelze vrclad ixileT: j. afciauri, giorgi mciris `giorgi mTawmidelis cxovreba~, Tb., 1980.

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mkiTxvels ukve movaxsene: Zvel qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis, saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis melqisedek I-sa da xuroTmoZRvar arsukiZis Sesaxeb cnobebi TiTqmis araa. amitom, cxadia, mkiTxveli Cemgan axal aRmoCenebs ar unda elodos, Tumca, arsebuli masalis Cemi TvalTaxedviT gaanalizeba da dasmuli sakiTxebis Seswavla wingadadgmul nabijad unda CaiTvalos. am mxriv bagrat III-is pirveli meuRlis – marTas Sesaxeb motanili cnoba, bagrat III-is biografiis zogierTi detalis dazusteba metad mniSvnelovnad meCveneba. am wignze muSaobisas xSirad magondeboda VI s-is cnobili bizantieli istorikosis agaTia sqolastikosis Segoneba (momaqvs rusuli Targmani): `Писание истории является делом величайшим, святейшим, стоящим выше всякого другого занятия~11.

Tavisi drois uganaTlebulesi pirovnebis, SesaniSnavi iuristis, istorikosis agaTia sqolastikosis miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom istoriis wera (miT umetes, Tu es istoria sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobasa da giorgi mTawmidelis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis sakiTxebs exeba) didi da wminda saqmea, muSaobisas Zalas mmatebda. ramdenad SevZeli dasmuli sakiTxebis SedarebiT istoriuli sinamdviliT warmodgena, es TviT mkiTxvelma gansajos.

monografiaSi, garda imisa, rom sveticxovlis mSeneblobisa da XI s-is I meoTxedSi xaxulis lavraSi moRvawe pirTa Sesaxeb arsebuli masalaa gaanalizebuli, garkveuli yuradReba eTmoba bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierTobis sakiTxebs. amave dros, giorgi mTawmideli, xaxulis lavris garda, radgan bizantiis teritoriaze arsebul qarTul monastrebSic moRvaweobda, minda, qvemoT mkiTxvels mokled am mxrivac mivawodo zogierTi cnoba.

bizantias, Sua saukuneebis erT-erT udides saxelmwifos, Taviseburi sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebiTa da maRali kulturiT, gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs Sua saukuneebis istoriaSi. dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis Sesayarze mdebare am qveynis aTaswlovani istoria aRsavse iyo mSfoTvare Sinagani movlenebiT, usasrulo, SeiZleba iTqvas, permanentuli omebiT mezoblebTan. intensiuri politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTobiT evropisa da axlo aRmosavleTis mraval qveyanasTan12.

bizantiis imperiis ekonomikuri, kulturuli da politikuri ganviTarebis maRalma donem, am qveynis urTierTobam Tavis Tanadroul evropisa da aziis qveynebTan, didi gavlena moaxdina mezobeli qveynebis kulturaze da ganapiroba interesi bizantiis istoriisadmi. Tavis mxriv, ukve imasac aRiareben, rom garkveulwilad iyo mezobeli qveynebis ukugavlena bizantiis ara marto sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze, aramed kulturaze da sxva.

bizantiis imperia amierkavkasiis qveynebisaTvis (qarTli, egrisi, somxeTi, albaneTi) dasavluri civilizaciis namdvili forfosti iyo13. es imperia, rogorc saxelmwifo, Tu feodalur urTierTobaTa 11 Агафий, О царствовании Юстиниана. Перевод, статья и примечания М. В. Левченко, М., 1953, gv. 69. 12 Курбатов Г. Л., История Византии, М., 1984, gv. 3. 13 Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom bizantiis imperia romis imperiis samarTalmemkvidred gamodioda, qarTveli da romis imperiis aRmosavleT nawilSi mcxovrebi xalxebis urTierTobis fesvebi romaul xanaSi unda veZioT. Zv. w. 65 wels romaeli sardlis pompeusis aRmosavleTSi laSqrobis Semdeg gansakuTrebiT ikveTeba Zveli berZeni da romaeli avtorebis interesi amierkavkasiis qveynebisadmi. es interesi ar Senelebula bizantiis imperiis arsebobis mTel manZilze.

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damkvidrebisa da qristianobis garSemo warmoebuli brZolebis pirobebSi yalibdeboda, bizantiuri civilizacia – elinizmis, romanizmis, qristianobisa da aRmosavluri elementebis Serwymis Sedegad Seiqmna14. aRniSnulma ganapiroba adreSuasaukuneebis bizantiuri civilizacia ufro didi da brwyinvale rom iyo, vidre misi Tanadrouli dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebis mier Seqmnili kultura. bizantiuri civilizaciis SeqmnaSi garkveuli wvlili bizantiis imperiis orbitaSi moqceul sxva xalxebTan (sirielebi, koptebi, ebraelebi, kapadokielebi, somxebi da sxvani) erTad qarTvelebsac miuZRviT15. am qveynebidan gamosulma araerTma moRvawem Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi niWi bizantiis imperiis asparezze gamoavlina. qarTuli kulturis mniSvnelovani centrebi gaxda is savaneebi, romlebic adreqristianuli xanidan mokidebuli bizantiis imperiis teritoriaze iqnen daarsebulni. es wminda adgilebi sazRvargareT moRvawe qarTvelebisaTvis SemoqmedebiTi niWis gamovlenis mniSvnelovani kerebi iyo. am kulturul centrebSi Seqmnili naTargmni literaturuli Zeglebi, qarTvel SemoqmedTa maRal ganaTlebaze miuTiTeben. rogorc cnobilia, naTargmni literaturuli Zeglebidan zogi dRes mxolod qarTuli TargmaniTaa Semonaxuli, ris gamoc maT qristianuli civilizaciisaTvis udidesi kulturuli mniSvneloba aqvT. sazRvargareTis qarTul kulturul centrebSi naTargmn literaturasTan erTad, metad mniSvnelovania am savaneebSi Seqmnili originaluri literaturis Zeglebi (magaliTad, giorgi mTawmidelis, giorgi mcires da sxvaTa Txzulebebi), romlebSic mniSvnelovani cnobebia saqarTvelo-bizantiis urTierTobis Sesaxeb. es cnobebi faseulia ara marto saqarTvelos istoriis warmosaCenad, aramed, saerTod, qristianuli mwerlobisaTvis.

bizantiis imperiis teritoriaze mdebare qarTul kulturul savaneebSi16 Seqmnili originaluri da naTargmni literaturis garkveuli nawili Tu saqarTvelos teritoriaze mdebare monastrebisaTvis17 iyo gankuTvnili, Tavis mxriv, TviT saqarTveloSi arsebul savaneebSic araerTi mniSvnelovani Zegli iTargmna. zogi maTgani sazRvargareTis qarTul savaneebSi igzavneboda18. saqarTvelos savaneebSi Seqmnili zogierTi originaluri Txzuleba (magaliTad, giorgi merCules Txzuleba da sxva) qarTuli saeklesio mwerlobis SesaniSnavi Zeglia. akad. k. kekeliZe Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis Sefasebisas werda: qarTvelma xalxma aramcTu mTlianad aiTvisa im drois kulturis monapovari, 14 yauxCiSvili s., leqciebi bizantiis istoriidan. pirveli wigni, IV–VII saukuneebi, Tb., 1948, gv. 27.

15 romis imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebSi Casaxuli da Seqmnili axali – qristianuli religia da masze dafuZnebuli qristianuli kultura misaRebi aRmoCnda amierkavkasiaSi mcxovrebi xalxebisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom ax. w. III saukunis Suaxanebidan amierkavkasiis qveynebi sasanianTa iranis xeldebulebad iTvlebodnen, iranelebi ZaldatanebiT cdilobdnen am qveynebSi cecxlTayvanismcemlobis danergvas, amierkavkasiis qveynebis mesveurebma kursi dasavleTisaken aiRes. qristinobam gansazRvra maTi politikuri orientacia.

16 sazRvargareT mdebare qarTuli kulturuli centrebis Sesaxeb ix. l. menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi, II, Tb., 1980.

17 saqarTveloSi arsebuli mwerlobis kerebis Sesaxeb ix. l. menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi. t. I, nakveTi pirveli, Tb., 1962; t. I, nakveTi meore, Tb., 1962.

18 metreveli e., sazRvargareTis qarTuli samwerlobo kerebis urTierTTanamSromlobis erTi faqti. wignSi – e. metreveli, filologiur-istoriuli Ziebani, I, Tb., 2007.

7

Tavisi sakuTari wvlilic Seitana msoflio kulturisa da literaturis saganZurSi19.

bizantia-saqarTvelos mravalsaukunovan urTierTobaSi mWidro kulturuli kavSirebis gverdiT iyo dapirispirebac20. aseT viTarebaSic ki, or saxelmwifos Soris arsebuli kulturuli kontaqtebi ar moSlila. bizantiis imperiis teritoriaze mdebare qarTul savaneebSi kulturul-saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba mainc grZeldeboda, imperiis mesveurebi mSvidobianobis xanaSic cdilobdnen saqarTveloSi TavianTi Zveli gavlena aRedginaT. qarTveli politikuri moRvaweebisaTvis bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebis miniWebiT surdaT saqarTveloSi saTanado politikuri dasayrdeni SeeqmnaT. es procesi saTanadodaa asaxuli qarTul naratiul wyaroebsa da epigrafikaSi, e. w. qarTul-bizantiur monetebze da sxv. ase rom, monografiaSi saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis istoriis araerTi sakiTxia ganxiluli.

19 kekeliZe k., qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, Tb., 1960, gv. 7. 20 am mxriv niSandoblivia basil II-isa da konstantine VIII-s omebi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg 1021–1023 da 1028 wlebSi.

8

Tavi I. sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis dawyebisas arsebuli istoriuli viTareba

mamakacTa mxriv makedonelTa dinastiis ukanaskneli warmomadgenlebis: basil II-isa (976–1025 ww.) da misi Zmis konstantine VIII-is (1025–1028 ww.) Tanadrouli bizantiis imperiis saqarTvelosTan urTierTobis calkeuli detalebis gasarkvevad metad mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis melqisedek I-is mier Sedgenil `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ arsebuli cnobebi. `mcxeTis sabuTi~ erT-erTi saukeTeso wyaroa XI saukunis I naxevris saqarTvelos ekonomikuri, socialur-politikuri da kulturis istoriis Sesaswavladac.

basil II-isa da konstantine VIII-is zeobis wlebi, ra Tqma unda, kargadaa cnobili Tanamedrove qarTul mecnierebaSi. sakamaTod arc melqisedek I-is patriarqobis wlebi iTvleba. miCneulia, rom melqisedek I saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeli 1010–1033 wlebSi iyo. mis saxels ukavSirdeba mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZris mSenebloba da igi iyo pirveli, romelmac saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis tituli miiRo (487 wlidan qarTlis eklesiis meTaurebi kaTalikosebad iwodebodnen).

melqisedek I, mis mier Sedgenil `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ (am sabuTs melqisedekis `dawerilsac~ uwodeben) saqarTvelos mefes bagrat III-s (978–1014 ww.) Tavis gamzrdelad asaxelebs (`movaÃsene gamzrdelsa Cemsa bagrat kurapalatsa~1), ris safuZvelzec zogi mkvlevari melqisedek I-s bagrat III-is axlo naTesavad Tvlis2. Tavisi moRvaweobis manZilze melqisedek I dauRalavad zrunavda sapatriarqos rezidenciis – mcxeTis kaTedralis gandideba-gamSvenierebisa da gamdidrebisaTvis. melqisedek I-is mTavari damsaxureba ki, rogorc iTqva, qarTuli arqiteqturis umniSvnelovanesi Zeglis – mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZris `meored aRSenebaa~. mkvlevarTa miTiTebiT, igi araerTxel iyo diplomaturi misiiT konstantinopolSi.

konstantinopolis saimperatoro karze melqisedek kaTalikosis diplomatiuri misiiT ramdenjerme Casvla, imperatorebis: basil II-is, konstantine VIII-isa da romanoz III argiris (1028–1034 ww.) zeobis xanas emTxveva da rogorc `mcxeTis sabuTidan~ Cans, saimperatoro karze misi yoveli Casvla misTvis saCuqrebis boZebiT sruldeboda. melqisedek kaTalikosisadmi bizantiis imperatorebis mier boZebuli nivTebisa da sxva saCuqrebis Sesaxeb `mcxeTis sabuTidan~ vigebT.

sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZris kuTvnili qonebis CamoTvlisas melqisedek kaTalikosi wers: `da dausuene xati oqroÁsaÁ, romeli miboZa kostanti berZenTa mefeman. da samartuilosave Sigan dausuene xati ese wmidisa RmrTismSobelisaÁ Semkobili oqroÁTa, TualiTa da margalitiTa, romeli miboZa basili berZenTa mefeman~3.

melqisedek kaTalikosisave sityviT, sveticxovlis taZris saganZurSi iyo: `...berZenTa mefisa romanozis naboZvari Sesamoseli oqroqsoÁli a. da 1 berZeniSvili n., mcxeTis sabuTi XI saukunisa, gv. 283. 2 lominaZe b., melqisedek I, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia (SemdegSi – qse), t. 6, Tb., 1983, gv. 561.

3 dawerili melqisedek kaTalikosisa..., gv. 23; berZeniSvili n., mcxeTis sabuTi..., gv. 281. am teqstis rusuli Targmani ix. Дарственная грамота католикоса Мелкизедека мцхетскому Свети-цховели (1020 и 1033 г.), wignSi – Грузинские документы IX–XV вв., в собрании Ленинградского отделения Института Востоковедения АН СССР. Перевод и комментарии С. С. Какабадзе, М., 1982, gv. 16.

9

maÁzaraÁ oqroqsoÁli a. san[a]wile oqsinoÁ g. da z~e asapyrobeli xatovani oqroÁTa a. sadagni sanawileni b. da romel ezoni Cemni dakidebulni arian, berZenTa mefeman basili miboZna...~ 4.

konstantinopolis saimperatoro sasaxleSi Casul saqarTvelos kaTalikoss, rogorc es `mcxeTis sabuTidan~ Cans, imperator basili II-sgan sxva saxis saCuqrebic miuRia5. rac CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, imperator basili II-s melqisedek kaTalikosisaTvis uboZebia monasteri Tavisi soflebiT. im monastrebsa da soflebs Soris, romlebic mcxeTis sveticxovels ekuTvnoda, melqisedek I masac asaxelebs. sabuTSi naTqvamia: `berZenTa mefeman basil[i] miboZa monasteri

didi, romelsa saxeli ars kestori, romelsa sofeli aqus: r~e~6. melqisedek kaTalikosis `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ moxseniebuli `mefe

berZenTa basili~ rom imperatori basil II, xolo `kostanti berZenTa mefe~ imperatori konstantine VIII-a, es saeWvod aravis gauxdia. aseve `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ moxseniebuli `berZenTa mefe romanozi~ rom konstantine VIII-s Semdeg bizantiis saimperatoro taxtze asuli romanoz III argiri (konstantine VIII-s asulis zoias meuRle) (1028–1034 ww.) iyo, arc es eeWvebodaT. magram, 1982 wels `mcxeTis sabuTis~ rusuli Targmanis gamocemisas saurmag kakabaZem am pirovnebaSi bizantiis imperatori romanoz II (959–963 ww.) igulisxma. s. kakabaZis Tanaxmad, `berZenTa mefe romanozis~ pirovnebaSi `Имеется в виду, очевидно, византийский император Роман II (959–963). Дело в том, что этот Романоз упоминается только здесь, и в отличие от пожалований Василия и Константина, о его пожаловании сказано в безличной форме: naboZvari `пожалованное~. По всей вероятности, речь идет о пожалованиях не самому Мелкизедеку, а одному из его предшественников, и, следовательно, пожалование сделано Романом II, а не Романом III Аргиром (1028–1034). Эта же форма naboZvari употреблена ниже, там, где речь идет о пожаловании Багратом Куропалатом скараманга~7.

ase rom, s. kakabaZes ara marto romanoz III argiris naboZvari gadaaqvs 959–963 wlebze, Tvlis, rom bagrat III-is `naboZvaric~ ufro adreul xanas Seexeba. `Поскольку, – wers s. kakabaZe, – здесь употреблена та же безличная форма naboZvari `пожалованное~, что и во фразе о пожелованиях Романоза, надо думать, что речь идет о пожаловании Багратом куропалатом не Мелкизедеку, а одному из его предшественников. Этот Баграт куропалат – безусловно Баграт III (975–1014)8.

romanoz II-is Tanadroulad vin iyo qarTlis kaTalikosi, s.kakabaZe ar wers. saurmag kakabaZe arc imis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs, rogori urTierToba iyo romanoz II-is zeobisas imperiasa da qarTls Soris da ratom unda eboZebina romanoz II-s qarTlis kaTalikosisaTvis `Sesamoseli oqroqsoÁli~ da sxva nivTebi. rac mTavaria, aseTi 4 dawerili melqisedek kaTalikosisa..., gv. 25; berZeniSvili n., mcxeTis sabuTi..., gv. 282. 5 mcxeTis sabuTSi es naboZvrebi Zalian mravalferovania. 6 berZeniSvili n., mcxeTis sabuTi..., gv. 282–283. rusul TargmanSia: `Царь греков Басили пожаловал (мне) монастир великий, имя которого Кестор и которий имеет селения, 105~. ix. Дарственная грамота..., gv. 18.

7 iqve, gv. 29, Sen. 12. 8 iqve, gv. 29, Sen. 14. jer kidev 1928 wels gamocemul krebulSi saurmag kakabaZis mama prof. s. kakabaZe fiqrobda, rom sveticxovlis taZris gadakeTeba da xelaxla aSeneba moxda melqisedek kaTalikozis dros, daaxl. 925–945 wlebSi (ix. misi, rodis aris aSenebuli sveti-cxovlis taZari. saistorio krebuli, wigni I, tfilisi, 1928, gv. 107). samwuxarod, arc sargis kakabaZe wers, 925–945 wlebSi ra safuZvelze gadaaqvs melqisedekis kaTalikosoba.

10

mtkicebisas mas unda uareyo Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi arsebuli cnobebi romanoz III argiris karze saqarTvelodan elCobis Casvlis Sesaxeb. s.kakabaZe aseve arafers wers, vin iyo is kaTalikosi, romelsac bagrat III-m `didi skaramangi~ uboZa. yovelive aRniSnulis miuxedavad, vfiqrob, saurmag kakabaZis mier wamoyenebuli Tvalsazrisi garkveuli niuansiT angariSgasawevi unda iyos.

roca bizantiis imperatorebisagan melqisedek kaTalikosisaTvis sxvadasxva saeklesio nivTebisa da kestoris monastris boZebis Sesaxeb vsaubrobT, TavisTavad ismis kiTxva – ram ganapiroba qarTlis kaTalikosis melqisedekis ramdenimejer Casvla konstantinopolis saimperatoro karze da, kerZod, romel wlebSi Sedga es vizitebi? rodis iyo bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris iseTi axlo urTierToba, roca basil II-m qarTlis kaTalikoss (ufro sworad, mcxeTis sveticxovels) 105 sofliani kestoris monasteri uboZa?

`mcxeTis sabuTi~, rogorc l. musxeliSvili wers, marTalia, `sveticxovlis taZris aSenebaze ratomRac dums~9, magram, rogorc akad. s.yauxCiSvili SeniSnavs, `matiane qarTlisas~ teqstSi Setanili is CanarTebi (gv. 282, 290, 294, 295), romlebSic melqisedek kaTalikosi ixsenieba, Tu marTlac, `mcxeTis sabuTidan~ amoRebul eqscerptebs warmoadgens10, maSin unda vivaraudoT, rom `mcxeTis sabuTis~ (igi Cvenamde moRweulia XII s-is piriT11) Tavdapirvel versiaSi (ukidures SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos sasuliero wreebSi iyo xsovna) yofila miTiTeba sveticxovlis taZris aRsadgeni samuSaoebis dawyebis Sesaxeb, risTvisac melqisedek kaTalikoss saTanado saxsrebi imperator basili II-sagan taZris mSeneblobis dawyebamde miuRia.

CanarTSi naTqvamia: melqisedeki `warvida berZenTa mefisa basilis winaSe kostantinepoled, raTa Seewios. rameTu iyo didi ese kaTolike samociqulo eklesia sveti-cxoveli, romeli vaxtang gorgasals aReSena, daZvelebul iyo da JamTa SlilobiT garSemo stoani da bWeni daqceul iyo, da aRaravin iyo mwe aRSenebad da arcara-vis Zal-edva aRSeneba misi. da mivida da miuTxra yoveli SeuZlebloba qarTvelTa da saTxoveli TÂsi.

maSin mefeman basili mosca monasteri kestoria, romel[sa] r~e sofeli aqus, ganZi da Sesamkobelni eklesiaTani, xatni da juarni, da yovelive samRdelTmTavro da samRdelo samkauli. warmovida da moiwia queyanasve TÂssa qarTlad da sameufod qalaqad mcxeTad, da iwyo Senebad gareTiTa bWiTa da gareSemoTa stoiTa moqmniTa da zedadaburviTa...~12.

teqsti, saidanac zemomotanili citataa motanili `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mxolod Teimuraziseul nusxaSia (am CanarTiT `swavlul kacTa komisias~ ar usargeblia13) da `matiane qarTlisas~ teqstSi XVIII s-is I naxevarSi redaqtoris mieraa Setanili14. am redaqtors, `mcxeTis sabuTis~ garda, xelT, rogorc Cans, sxva masalac hqonda, saidanac 9 musxeliSvili l., mcxeTis sveti-cxovlis taZris uZvelesi warwerebi da maTi damokidebuleba melqizedek kaTalikosis anderZTan. qarTuli xelovneba, t. 1, Tb., 1942, gv. 139.

10 matiane qarTlisa. qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti, dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. I, Tb., 1955, gv. 282, Sen. 1.

11 berZeniSvili n., mcxeTis sabuTi, gv. 250–251. 12 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 282 (CanarTi). 13 grigolia k., axali qarTlis cxovreba, Tb., 1954, gv. 160, 163. 14 yauxCiSvili s., Sesavali. wignSi – `qarTlis cxovreba~, I, gv. 014.

11

CanarTSi Seitana cnoba svimon kaTalikosis Sesaxeb. rac mTavaria, CanarTidan mxolod erTi daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba: melqisedek I-ma basil II-sagan `monasteri kestoria~ sveticxovlis taZris aRsadgenad miiRo. imave dros miiRebda igi sxvadasxva saeklesio nivTebs konstanti da basili berZenTa mefeebisagan.

axla vnaxoT, rodis daikava melqisedek I-ma qarTlis sakaTalikoso taxti da rodis Cavida igi pirvelad konstantinopolis saimperatoro karze?

Tanamedrove qarTul mecnierebaSi damkvidrebuli mosazrebiT, melqisedek I-ma saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis taxti bagrat III-is zeobaSi – 1010 wels daikava15. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, ivaraudeba, rom zemoaRniSnuli saboZvrebi man konstantine da basil keisrebisagan 1010 wlis Semdeg axlo xanSi miiRo da daiwyo sveticxovlis taZris mSenebloba. SemdegSi, 1025–1028 wlebSi konstantinesagan, xolo 1028–1034 wlebSi romanoz III-sagan kvlav miiRo is saboZvrebi, romelTa Sesaxeb igi `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ mogviTxrobs.

sxvaTa Soris, ase gauazrebia `mcxeTis sabuTis~ cnobebi XVIII s-is pirvel naxevarSi `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Teimuraziseuli nusxis redaqtors da `matiane qarTlisas~ teqstSi, iq, sadac konstantine VIII-is taxtze asvlis Sesaxebaa moTxrobili (roca iyo `qronikoni... oras ormocdaxuTi~ – e. i. 1025 weli) Semdegi teqsti CaurTavs: `amisa Semdgomad warvida patriaqi melqisedek kostantine mefisa winaSe kostantinepoled. Seiwynara mefeman berZenTaman kostantine(m) da mosca Sesamkobelni eklesiaTa, xatni da juarni, da yoveli samRdelTmTavro da samRdelo samkauli...~16.

CanarTSi zemomotanil teqsts mosdevs im soflebis CamonaTvali, romlebic bizantiidan dabrunebis Semdeg melqisedek I-ma SeiZina. `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ dasaxelebuli soflebis Sesyidvis Sesaxeb saubaria `berZenTa mefe basilis~ mier kestoris didi monastris boZebis Semdeg. amitom `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Teimuraziseuli nusxis redaqtoris interpretacias ver gaviziareb. mas Semdeg, rac 1025 wlis dekemberSi saimperatoro taxtze asulma konstantine VIII-m ufliswuli bagrati ukan veRar daabruna, `moqcevasa oden weliwdisasa~ saqarTveloSi uricxvi laSqari gamogzavna17 [omi mxolod konstantine VIII-is gardacvalebis (1028 wlis 11 noemberi) Semdeg Sewyda18]. aseT viTarebaSi Zneli warmosadgenia melqisedek I-s konstantinesagan raime saboZvari mieRo.

basilisa da konstantine imperatorebisagan melqisedek I-sadmi naboZvrebze saubrisas, ismeba kiTxva: rodis unda yofiliyvnen Zmebi ise keTilganwyobilni qarTvelebis mimarT, melqisedek I-saTvis rom kestoris monasteri eboZebinaT?

dasmul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, vfiqrob, TviT `mcxeTis sabuTis~ cnobebs garda, upirveles yovlisa, bizantiis saimperatoro karze arsebuli viTareba da imperiis sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba unda gaviTvaliswinoT.

jer vnaxoT, ra viTareba iyo im drois konstantinopolis saimperatoro karze. 15 lominaZe, b., melqisedek I (qse, t. 6.). 16 matiane qarTlis, gv. 290 (CanarTi). 17 iqve, gv. 291. 18 iqve, gv. 293.

12

XI s-is bizantieli qronistis miqael fselosis cnobiT, barda skliarosis damarcxebis pirvel xanebSi basil II jer kidev ar amJRavnebda despotur xasiaTs19, magram barda fokas ajanyebis Semdeg basil mefe sruliad sxvagvari Seiqna, TiTqos, sulac ar axarebda miRweuli gamarjveba, yvelasadmi eWviani gaxda. TavSi mudam veraguli azrebi utrialebda, damnaSaveebisadmi iyo mrisxane da boroti. mas aRar surda xelisufleba gaeyo basili parakimomenisaTvis20. misadmi yovelgvar siZulvilsa da zizRs gamoxatavda. ukve autanlad eCveneboda is, rom yrmobidan gamosvlis Semdegac ar iyo mefe (e. i. realuri mmarTveli. – v.g.), aRar surda saxelmwifoSi kvlav meore piri yofiliyo.

yoveldRiurad aseTi fiqrebiT Sepyrobilma, erT mSvenier dRes, bolos da bolos, gadawyvita basil parakimomeni xelisuflebidan CamoeSorebina. amasTan, sulac ar Seecada, es zedmeti gamwvavebis gareSe, msubuqi formiT gaekeTebina, piriqiT, yvelaferi moimoqmeda iseTi veluri formiT, romelsac ar SeiZleba gamarTleba mouZebno. basil parakimomeni Casva gemSi da gadasaxlebaSi gaagzavna21, – aRniSnavs miqael fselosi.

miqael fselosis Txzulebis rusuli Targmanis gamomcemlis i. liubarskis Tanaxmad, basil II-m basil parakimomeni sasaxlidan 985 wels gaaZeva22. 985 wels basil II-m Zma – konstantinec CamoaSora mmarTvelobas. basil II, – wers miqael fselosi, – upativismcemlod epyroboda ara marto ucxo xalxs, sakuTari Zmac ar daindo. mas Seumcira dacva, nel-nela asustebda mis xelisuflebas da Zalian advilad SeZlo, yvelaferi Tavis xelSi moeqcia. konstantines saSualeba misca nadirobiT, abanoebiTa da sxva amqveyniuri sikeTiT damtkbariyo, romelTa didi moyvarulic igi iyo23. amrigad, basil II da konstantine mxolod 979–985 wlebSi ganagebdnen erTad imperias.

basil II-isa da konstantine VIII-is erTad mmarTveloba maT mier moWril monetebzecaa asaxuli. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis numizmatikur fondSi daculi maTi monetebidan mxolod TiTo nimuSs warmovadgen.

basil II-isa da konstantine VIII-is oqros nomismis Sublze orive Zmis welzeviT gamosaxulebaa pirdapir. marcxniv wveriani basil II, marjvniv uwvero konstantine VIII. orive jvriani gvirgviniTaa, basili loroniT, konstantine – wamosasxamiT. orives marjvena xeli kaTalikosis jvarze ukidia. aseTive gamosaxulebaa Zmebis erTad 19 Михаил Пселл, Хронография. Перевод, статья и примечания Я. Н. Любарского, М., 1978, gv. 17. `bizantiis istoriaSi~ arsebuli miTiTebiT, basil II iyo: mkacri, sityvaZviri, enabrgvili, cxovrebaSi ubralo, energiuli da Wkviani. История Византии, II, М., 1967, gv. 218.

20 rogorc iahia antioqieli wers, ioane cimisxis gardacvalebisTanave, romanoz II-is Zeebma daiwyes mefoba da saqmeebis gaZRola. imTaviTve saxelmwifo saqmeebs mxolod basil II ganagebda (ix. Император Василий Болгаробойца. Извлечения из летописи Яхьи Антиохийского. Издал, перевел и объяснил Барон В. Р. Розен, СПб., 1883, gv. 1), magram, rogorc samecniero literaturaSia miTiTebuli, qveyanas faqtobrivad basili parakimomeni marTavda. igi romanoz I lakapinis ukanono Svili iyo. tituli parakimomeni ki umaRlesi sakariskaco Tanamdebobis mqone pirebs, ZiriTadad saWurisebs, eniWebodaT. maT eZinaT imperatoris samyofSi da mis usafrTxoebaze zrunavdnen. ix. i. liubarskis SeniSvna wignSi – Михаил Пселл, Хронография..., gv. 264, Sen. # 3.

21 Михаил Пселл, gv. 11. 22 iqve, gv. 266, Sen. 21. 23 iqve, gv. 12. basil II-is gardacvalebis win konstantine nikeis mxareSi iyo da igi momakvdavi imperatoris moTxovniT Caiyvanes sasaxleSi. ix. kopaliani v., saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970–1070 wlebSi, Tb., 1969, gv. 126–127.

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mmarTvelobisas moWril vercxlis monetazec. monetis Sublze marcxniv basil II-is, marjvniv konstantine VIII-is biustebia. orive jvriani gvirgvinebiT, basil II loroniT, konstantine – wamosasxamiT24.

dasaxelebul monetebze Zmebis erTad gamosaxva (konstantines uwvero gamosaxuleba mis umcrosobaze da axalgazrdul asakze mianiSnebs), maT erTad mmarTvelobaze – e. i. 985 wlis wina xanaze migviTiTebs, xolo basil II-is loroniT warmodgena, misi SedarebiT meti Zalauflebis maCvenebelia. xersonesSi moWril spilenZis monetas Sublze mxolod basil II-is monograma rom aqvs, imas mowmobs, am monetis emisiisas konstantine VIII mmarTvelobas CamoSorebuli rom iyo. samagierod, konstantine VIII-s is oqros moneta, romlis Sublze konstantines wverulvaSiani gamosaxulebaa pirdapir, Tavze TvlebiTa da jvriT Semkuli gvirgvini adgas, Semosilia loroniT, marjvena xelSi jvriTa da TvlebiT mooWvili labarumi uWiravs, xolo marcxenaSi mappa. monetaze ki zedwerilia imperatori konstantine25, imaze migviTiTebs, moneta 1025–1028 wlebs Sorisaa moWrili da konstantine VIII-is imperatorobis xanas ekuTvnis. amjerad loroniT misi gamosaxva, konstantines erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis maCvenebelia.

axla, rac Seexeba basil II-is sagareo politikas. gaxda Tu ara imperiis erTpirovnuli mmarTveli, basil II 986 wels

bulgarTa winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad gaemarTa, magram imave wlis 17 agvistos bulgarelebma bizantiis armia gaanadgures26. im droidan 30 weliwadze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi imperiis samxedro Zalebi evropaSi – ZiriTadad bulgareTSi awarmoebda mZime brZolebs. pirveli aTi weli es brZolebi maincdamainc warmatebuli ar iyo27.

987 wlis damdegs barda skliarosma axali ajanyeba wamoiwyo. basil II-m yofili mTavarsardali barda foka kvlav imperiis aRmosavleTi nawilis jarebis sardlad daniSna da barda skliarosis winaaRmdeg brZola daavala, magram 987 wlis agvistoSi barda fokam Tavi imperatorad gamoacxada. ajanyebam didi rezonansi miiRo, imperiis didkacobis umetesi nawili barda fokas miemxro (rogorc cnobilia, barda fokas mxari daiWira taos mefem daviT III-mac). ajanyeba 989 wlis 13 aprilamde grZeldeboda28.

barda fokas damarcxebis Semdegac imperiaSi simSvide ver damyarda. 989 welsve q. antioqiis mosaxleobam uari ganacxada imperiis qveSevrdomobaze. basil II-s didi Zalisxmeva dasWirda, raTa antioqielebi kvlav imperiis Zalauflebis qveS moeqcia29. 991 wels basil II-m meore laSqroba moawyo bulgareTis winaaRmdeg. es laSqroba 4 weli gagrZelda da basil II-m pirvel warmatebas miaRwia30. 992/993 wlebSi q. laodikiaSi iyo areuloba. ajanyebuli mosaxleobis didi nawili basil II-m imperiis Sida raionebSi gadaasaxla31. 24 abramiSvili T., saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis bizantiuri monetebi, Tb., 1965, gv. 91. tabula # XIX, 327, 328, 329; tabula # XX, 350, 351, 352.

25 iqve, gv. 94. 26 История Византии, II, gv. 218. 27 iqve, gv. 221. 28 iqve, gv. 218–219. 29 iqve, gv. 221. 30 iqve, gv. 222. 31 iqve, gv. 221.

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1001 wels taos mefis daviT III-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, roca basil II-m aRmosavleTSi saqmeebi moawesriga32, man kvlav bulgareTSi gailaSqra. es omi 1005 wlamde gagrZelda33. 1009 wels samxreT italiaSi q.baris mosaxleoba ajanyda, maT daamarcxes bizantielTa laSqari da ramdenime Tves damoukideblobas inarCunebdnen34. italiaSi garTulebul viTarebas zed daerTo q. xersonesis gandgoma. 1014 wels basil II-m balkaneTSi belasicis mTebTan bulgarelebi daamarcxa da 14 (Tu 15) aTas tyves Tvalebi dasTxara35. basil II-m mxolod amis Semdeg – 1016 wels SeZlo ajanyebul xersoneselTa winaaRmdeg flotis gagzavna36.

1018 wels basil II-m kvlav gaimarjva bulgarelebze da 1019 wels bulgareTis dedaqalaqSi Sevida37.

rogorc vnaxeT, 986 wlidan mokidebuli basil II, TiTqmis ganuwyvetliv laSqrobebSi imyofeboda imperiis dasavleTSi. am mxareSi arsebul rTul viTarebas zed erTvoda garTulebebi aRmosavleTSi, ris gamoc man ramdenimejer Sewyvita samxedro operaciebi dasavleTSi38. ganuwyveteli omebi imperias Zalian Zviri ujdeboda. aseT viTarebaSi, cxadia, basil II-s araviTari survili ar eqneboda melqisedek kaTalikosisaTvis 105 sofliani monastris Semosavali gadaeca. im xanad igi TviT konstantinopolis patriarqis mimarTac ki ar iCenda keTil ganwyobas. X s-is 90-ian wlebSi 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi konstantinopolis sapatriarqo kaTedra Tavisufali iyo39.

yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, basili da konstantine imperatorebisagan melqisedekisaTvis saCuqrebis boZebis sakiTxs sxva kuTxiT unda mivudgeT.

bizantiis imperatorTa mier naboZebi nivTebis CamoTvlisas melqisedeki `kostanti da basil berZenTa mefeebs~ radgan erTad asaxelebs, ivaraudeba, rom maT melqisedeki erTad Sexvda. meore mxriv, melqisedek I-ma Tu marTlac, 1010 wels daikava saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso taxti, maSin igi konstantinopolSi 1010 wlis Semdeg unda Sexvedroda konstantinesa da basils, rac zemomotanili masalis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeuZlebeli iyo.

aRniSnulTan erTad, 1010 wlisTvis bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris, marTalia, jer kidev ar iyo saomari moqmedeba dawyebuli, magram am or saxelmwifos Soris, arc iseTi megobruli urTierToba iyo, basil II-s qarTlis kaTalikosisaTvis 105 sofliani kestoris didi monasteri eboZebina. rac mTavaria, 1010 wels, rogorc zemoT iTqva, konstantine karga xnis CamoSorebuli iyo mmarTvelobas da, Sesabamisad, melqisedeki misgan saboZvars ver miiRebda. yovelive aRniSnulis gamo unda gairkves, rodis ganagebdnen Zmebi erTdroulad imperias da rodis unda yofiliyo basil II keTilganwyobili qarTvelebis mimarT. 32 somexi istorikosis aristakes lastivertecis cnobiT, daviT kurapalati `did xuTSabaTs~ mowamles. ix. misi, istoria. qarTuli Targmani gamokvleviT, komentarebiTa da saZieblebiT gamosca e. cagareiSvilma, Tb., 1974, gv. 41. daviT III-is mowamvliT basil II-m daaCqara amierkavkasiaSi saqmis mogvareba da bulgareTisaken gaemgzavra.

33 История Византии, II, gv. 223. 34 iqve, gv. 221. 35 iqve, gv. 223. 36 iqve, gv. 221. 37 iqve, gv. 223. 38 iqve, gv. 224. 39 iqve, gv. 220. Grumel V., Patriarches de Constantinople, wignSi – La Chronologie, Paris, 1958, gv. 436.

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bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris urTierToba 987 wels basil II-is winaaRmdeg barda fokas ajanyebis Semdeg gauaresda. rogorc cnobilia, am ajanyebaSi monawileobisaTvis taos mefem daviT III-m basil II-s danaSaulis patieba da Sendoba sTxova. piroba dado, misi gardacvalebis Semdeg Tavis samefos bizantiis imperias gadascemda (aseTi SeTanxmebis miuxedavad, Tornike erisTavis Zmiswulis – magistros Cordvanelis laSqari bizantiis teritoriaze samxedro moqmedebebs agrZelebda. 990 wels igi mokles40).

1001 wels daviT III-is gardacvalebis Semdeg imperiasa da saqarTvelos Soris urTierToba kidev ufro gamwvavda. daviTis memkvidreobis misaRebad basil II taoSi 6000-iani rusTa razmiTa da antioqiis mmarTvelis laSqriT movida. bagrat III, misi mama gurgeni da, saerTod, daviT III-is momxre qarTvelebi mas mtrulad daxvdnen (Sexvedras umsxverplod ar Cauvlia – rusebTan Setakebisas 30 qarTveli didebuli daiRupa41). amis Semdeg imperiasa da saqarTvelos Soris, TiTqos, mSvidobiani urTierToba damyarda, magram es moCvenebiTi iyo. imperias gaurTulda Tu ara balkaneTSi mdgomareoba, bagrat III-is Ze giorgi I daviT III-is memkvidreobas daepatrona. 1018 wels bulgarTa damarcxebis Semdeg basil II-m giorgi mefes dakavebuli teritoriebis dabruneba mosTxova, 1021 wels ki saomari operaciebi daiwyo. saqarTveloSi basil II-is laSqrobis Sedegi iyo `gadabuguli mesxeTi~ da awiokebuli mosaxleoba. samarTali Zlieri da gamarjvebuli imperiis mxareze iyo. sadavo teritoriebs (`daviTis memkvidreoba~) kvlav imperia daepatrona. taxtis memkvidre bagrati, sami wlis yrma, mZevlad gaagzavnes konstantinopolSi42. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I (1014–1027 ww.) ZirZveli qarTuli teritoriebis (imier tao da sxva miwebi) dasabruneblad ibrZoda, konstantinopolis saimperatoro karze saqarTvelo imperiis orgul mterTa saZulvel xalxebs Soris ixsenieboda. saqarTvelos samxreT-dasavleTi nawilis mooxreba basil II-s Tavis gamarjvebaTa nusxaSi hqonda Setanili43. basil II-is epitafiaSi naTqvamia:

`mas Semdeg, rac RmerTman mefe miwoda, aravis unaxavs Cemi laxvari dasvenebuli, da amas mowmoben skviTebi da sparselebi, maTTan erTad israeli, abazgi, iberi, arabi~44.

1025 wels basil II-is winaaRmdeg roca vaspurakanis gamgeblis nikifore komnenosis SeTqmuleba gamomJRavnda, saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I, amjeradac SeTqmulebis monawile iyo45. 40 kopaliani v., dasx. naSromi, gv. 62. 41 aristakes lastiverteci, dasax. Txz., gv. 46; lorTqifaniZe m., mefe bagrat mesame, quTaisi, 2002, gv. 43.

42 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 288. 43 xinTibiZe e., qarTul-bizantiuri literaturuli urTierTobis istoriisaTvis, Tb., 1982, gv. 329. 44 iqve. saimperatoro karze basil II-is warmatebuli sagareo da samxedro politika rom TanagrZnobas iwvevda, es XI s-is bizantieli qronistis miqael fselosis Txzulebidan Cans: basilma, wers fselosi, `Дворцовую казну... увеличил до двухсот тысяч талантов, а кто сможет достоино описать другие его преобретения! Все чем владели иверы и арабы, все сокровища кельтов, богатство скифской земли, а вернее – всех соседних стран – все это он собрал воедино и вложил царскую казну~. ix. Михаил Пселл, Хронография, gv. 15.

45 kopaliani v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 126. or saxelmwifos Soris arsebul mravalwlian konfliqtSi aTonis mTis qarTveli berebic iyvnen Cabmulni. aTonis mTis qarTvelTa monastris mesame winamZRvari giorgi varazvaCe 1029 wels gadasaxlebaSi gardaicvala. ix. xinTibiZe e., dasax. naSromi, gv. 329.

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ase rom, 1010 wlidan, roca, TiTqos, melqisedek I-ma saqarTvelos kaTalikosis taxti daikava da intensiuri samuSaoebi daiwyo mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZris axlad asaSeneblad, saqarTvelosTan imperias jer garTulebuli mdgomareoba, Semdeg ki, TiTqmis, gamudmebuli brZolebi hqonda. aseT viTarebaSi, vfiqrob, rogorc araerTgzis aRvniSne, basil II-s araviTari survili ar eqneboda Tavisi qveynis `mtris~ eklesiis saWeTmpyroblisaTvis 105 sofliani monasteri eboZebina.

1025 wlis Semodgomaze basil II-m qarTveli ufliswuli bagrati, rogorc amas sazavo piroba iTvaliswinebda, saqarTveloSi daabruna46. ivaraudeboda, rom am droidan basil II-is urTierToba saqarTvelosTan ufro megobruli gaxdeboda, magram imave wlis 12 dekembers basil II gardaicvala47. momakvdavma basil II-m qveynis mmarTvelobas CamoSorebuli konstantine sasaxleSi miiwvia da 70 wels gadacilebul umcros Zmas saxelmwifos marTvis sadaveebi TviTon gadasca48.

unebisyofo, garTobisa da qeifis moyvare konstantine VIII-m taxtze asvlisTanave ZmasaviT despoturi xasiaTi gamoamJRavna49. mas radgan imperiis erTianoba esaWiroeboda, ifiqra, saqarTveloSi bagratis gamogzavnis Semdeg imperias aRmosavleTSi mdgomareoba gaurTuldebao, amitom moiwadina mcirewlovani ufliswuli isev saimperatoro sasaxleSi daebrunebina, magram bagratma moaswro saqarTvelos sazRvrebSi Semosvla da mas imdenad mravalricxovani qarTveli warCinebulebi daxvdnen, rom konstantine VIII-is mandaturma bagratis ZaliT ukan wayvana ver gabeda. ase gadaurCa mcirewlovani ufliswuli meored mZevlobas50. 1027 wlis 16 agvistos giorgi I gardaicvala da taxtze misi mcirewlovani Ze bagrat IV avida. misi gamefebisTanave konstantine VIII-m saqarTveloSi jari gamoagzavna. bizantielTa laSqarma `movlo da moaoxra queyanani igi, romelni pirvel moeoxrnes queyanani basili mefesa, da umetesca~51. bizantielTa laSqari qveynis SuagulSi – TrialeTSi Semovida da kldekaris cixes Semoadga52. samxedro moqmedebebis paralelurad, sumbat daviTis-Zis cnobiT, bizantielebma dapirebebiT daiwyes xalxis gadabireba – `miiqces erni, sofelni ugunur-ususurni cnobiTa da gonebiTa~53. bizantiasTan omSi dasustebul saqarTvelos brZolis gagrZeleba aRar SeeZlo. rogorc qarTveli mematiane wers, Semdgomi gasaWirisagan qveyana RmerTma ixsna. `pativ-sca RmerTman bagrats, afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefesa. ewia seni sasikudine kostantine mefesa. mouwera parkimanozs proedrossa, uÃmo SeRmarT. xolo igi waremarTa mswrafl da, vidre movidoda, miicvala kostantine mefe~54.

konstantine VIII-s Ze ar hyavda. saimperatoro taxti konstantine VIII-is asulis zoias meuRlem romanoz III argirma daikava. man Tavisi agresia SuamdinareTis q. edesisa da siciliisaken mimarTa, ramac 46 goilaZe v., bizantiis aRmosavluri politikis asaxva qarTul epigrafikaSi, Tb., 2008, gv. 119.

47 iqve, gv. 125. 48 Михаил Пселл, dasax. Txz., gv. 18. 49 goilaZe v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 120–121. 50 sumbat daviTis-Ze, cxovreba da uwyeba bagratonianTa. qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 385. 51 iqve; matiane qarTlisa, gv. 291–292. 52 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 292. 53 sumbat daviTis-Ze, dasax. Txz., gv. 386. `amiT mizeziTa moiqces mravalni kacni mis queyanisani wurilisa erisgan~, wers `matiane qarTlisas~ avtori, ix. gv. 292.

54 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 293.

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saqarTvelos mdgomareoba Seamsubuqa. aseT rTul viTarebaSi, – wers m.lorTqifaniZe, – roca qveynis winaSe gadaudebel amocanad idga qarTuli miwebis (kaxeT-hereTis, Tbilisis saamiros) SemoerTebisa da didgvarovan feodalTa TviTnebobis alagmva, aucilebeli iyo bizantiis imperiasTan normaluri urTierTobis damyareba da droebiT xelis aReba pretenziebze imiertaos mimarT55.

1031 wels bagrat mefem konstantinopolSi elCoba gaagzavna, romelsac saTaveSi misi deda – mariam dedofali edga. am elCobis Sesaxeb sumbat daviTis Ze wers: mariam dedofali `warvida kostantinepoled winaSe romanoz mefisa, vedrebad misa, raTa mSÂdoba yos aRmosavleTisaTÂs da raTa arRara iyos brZola berZenTa da qarTvelTa, da glaxakni dawynarebul da myudro iyvnen, da raTa miuTxres pativi Zesa TÂssa bagrats mefesa wesisaebr saxelisa~56.

dedofal mariamis garda vin Sedioda elCobaSi, amis Sesaxeb, marTalia, arc sumbat daviTis-Ze da arc `matiane qarTlisas~ avtori ar weren, magram, radgan dedofals misi pativisa da Sesasrulebeli misiis Sesaferisi amala unda hyoloda57, elCobis erT-erTi wevri, ra Tqma unda, saqarTvelos kaTalikosi melqisedeki unda yofiliyo58. amitom realobad miiCneven `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Teimuraziseul nusxaSi melqisedek kaTalikosis `dawerilidan~ Setanil im CanarTs, romelSic mematiane am elCobis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs. `warvida kaTalikoz-patriaqi melqisedek winaSe romanoz berZenTa mefisa kostantinepoled. Seiwynara da mosca Sesamkobelni eklesiaTani, xatni da juarni, samRdelTmTavro da samRdelo samkauli, da warmovida queyanasa da samwysosave TÂssa~59. es ukve romanoz III-sagan naboZebi saCuqrebi iyo.

imperatorma `aRusrula yoveli saTxoveli sixaruliT: moscna ficni da simtkiceni erTobisa da siyuarulisaTÂs, dauwerna oqro-beWedni, mosca pativi kurapalatobisa, da mosca colad bagratisTÂs elene dedofali~60.

amrigad, imperator romanoz III-is zeobisas konstantinopolSi melqisedek kaTalikosis yofnis Sesaxeb, TiTqmis, utyuari cnoba gvaqvs – mariam dedoflis xelmZRvanelobiT 1031 wels konstantinopolSi Casulma elCobam imperator romanoz III-sTan zavi dado. imperatorma bagrat IV-s kurapalatis pativi uboZa, xolo qarTlis kaTalikoss – `Sesamoseli oqroqsoÁli~ da saeklesio nivTebi. mariam dedoflis elCobis Sedegad imperiasTan saqarTvelos urTierToba mowesrigda. im xanad (e. i. 1031 55 lorTqifaniZe m., saqarTvelos Sinapolitikuri da sagareo viTareba X s. 80-iani wlebidan XI s. 80-ian wlebamde. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. III, Tb., 1979, gv. 181.

56 sumbat daviTis-Ze, dasax. Txz., gv. 386. 57 lorTqifaniZe m., dasax. naSromi, gv. 182. 58 iqve. v. kopalianic im azrisaa, rom molaparakebas konstantinopolSi saqarTvelos mxriv bagrat mefis deda mariam dedofali da mcxeTis kaTalikosi melqisedeki awarmoebdnen. ix. misi, dasx. naSromi, gv. 78. `matiane qarTlisa~-s teqstSi Setanili erTi CanarTis avtoris cnobiT, mariam dedofals Tan axlda `wmida giorgi mTawmideli mTargmneli~ (ix. gv. 294), magram aseTi cnoba sxva wyaroTi ar dasturdeba. bizantieli avtoris kedrenes Tanaxmad, mariami ki ar wavida konstantinopolSi, aramed man mefesTan (e. i. romanoz argirTan. – v. g.) elCebi gaagzavna saCuqrebiT da Txovda sazavo xelSekrulebas da Tavisi vaJisaTvis, bagratisaTvis sacoles. ix. giorgi kedrene. wignSi – georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca s. yauxCiSvilma, t. 5, Tb., 1963, gv. 55.

59 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 294; Sdr., gv. 282 (CanarTebi). 60 iqve, gv. 294.

18

wlisaTvis), rogorc qarTul mecnierebaSia miRebuli, mcxeTis sveticxovlis mSenebloba damTavrebuli iyo da amitom zemomotanil cnobebSi mcxeTis taZris mSeneblobis Sesaxeb araferia naTqvami. romanoz III-is mier qarTlis kaTalikosisaTvis mxolod `Sesamoseli oqroqsoÁlisa~ da saeklesio nivTebis boZebis Sesaxebaa miTiTebuli. magram, TviT `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ melqisedek I, mas Semdeg, rac `berZenTa mefis romanozis~ mier misdami micemul naboZvrebze mogviTxrobs61, aRniSnavs: `berZenTa mefeman basili miboZa~-o. 1031 wels basil II radgan cocxali aRar iyo, ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSi da ufro qvemoTac, sadac `berZenTa mefe basilis~ mier melqisedekisaTvis (ufro sworad

mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZrisaTvis) `r~e~ sofliani (e. i. 105 sofliani) kestoris didi monastris boZebazea miTiTeba62, ufro adreul xanas ekuTvnis. savaraudebeli erTia, bizantiis imperatorebis mier naboZebi nivTebisa da sxvadasxva SesawirTa CamoTvlisas an melqisedeki ar icavs Tanmimdevrobas, an `mcxeTis sabuTi~ mogvianebiT safuZvlianadaa gadakeTebuli.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, xom ar unda vivaraudoT, rom kestoris monasteri imperatorma basili II-m melqisedek kaTalikoss barda skliarosis damarcxebis (979 w.) Semdgom axlo xanSi uboZa?

dReisaTvis Cvens xelT arsebul `mcxeTis sabuTSi~, marTalia, pirdapiri miTiTeba aRaraa 105 sofliani kestoris monastris Semosavali melqisedek kaTalikoss saqarTvelos upirvelesi taZris – mcxeTis sveticxovlis aRsadgenad rom unda gamoeyenebina, magram masSi aseTi miTiTeba, rogorc Cans, iyo (`mcxeTis sabuTis~ Cvenamde moRweuli XII s-is teqsti xom `naklulevania~ da, `sakmaod damaxinjebuli~63). zemogamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisis dasturad unda miviCnioT `matiane qarTlisas~ teqstSi (`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Teimuraziseul nusxaSi) Setanili is CanarTi, romelSic sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobaSi basil II-is rolzea xazgasma. qarTul saistorio tradiciaSi, rogorc Cans, XVIII s-Si jer kidev iyo xsovna sveticxovlis taZris `meored aRSenebis~ saqmeSi basil II-is wvlilis Sesaxeb.

rogorc cnobilia, 979 wels imperatorTa – basil II-isa da konstantine VIII-is winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli barda skliarosis damarcxebis saqmeSi didi da gadamwyveti wvlili qarTvelebma (kerZod, daviT III taoelma) Seitanes, rac bizantiis saimperatoro karma saTanadod daafasa.

daviT III-m saimperatoro karisagan `zemoni qveyanani saberZneTisani~ miiRo64. brZolaSi mopovebuli nadavlis nawili Tornike erisTavma 61 dawerili melqisedek kaTalikosisa..., gv. 25. 62 iqve, gv. 26. 63 berZeniSvili, n., mcxeTis sabuTi..., gv. 250. rogorc n. berZeniSvili wers, am sabuTs (XII s-is pirs) `swored is adgili aklia, sadac mosalodneli iyo taZris Senebaze laparaki... xsenebul adgils Cven vicnobT mxolod XVII–XVIII s-is piris mixedviT, romelsac Secdoma-damaxinjebis gziT kvlav axali nabijebi warudgams win~. iqve, gv. 250–251.

64 giorgi xuces monazoni, cxovrebaÁ netarisa mamisa Cuenisa iovanesi da efTÂmesi..., Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni II, Tb., 1967, gv. 48. XI s-is somex istorikoss stefanoz taronecis `zemoni qveyananiSi~ Semavali teritoriebi dasaxelebuli aqvs. ix. Всеобщая история Степаноса Таронского, Асохика по прозванию, писателя ХI столетия. Перевод с армянского Н. Эминым, М., 1864, gv. 135.

19

aTonis mTaze aTanases lavras Seswira, nawiliT 980–983 wlebSi aTonis mTaze qarTvelTa monasteri aago65.

makedonelTa dinastiis warmomadgenlebma: basil II-m da konstantine VIII-m qarTvelebisa da daviT III-sadmi madliereba misTvis mxolod `zemoni qveyanani~-s daTmobiT ar gamoxates. rogorc oSkis taZarze arsebuli warwera gvauwyebs, maTi safasiT `gansrulebul iqmna meoreT daburviTa taZari ese~66. am warweraSi sayuradRebo isaa, rom `gÂrgÂnosanni mefeni basili da kostanti~ erTad ixseniebian, rac imis dasturad miviCnie, oSkis taZris `gansasruleblad~ Zmebma garkveuli safasi barda skliarosis damarcxebis Semdeg axlo xanaSi rom gaiRes67. vfiqrob, msgavs faqtTan unda gvqondes saqme `mcxeTis sabuTSi~. mis Tavdapirvel variantSi imperatori Zmebi erTad unda yofiliyvnen moxseniebulni, risi kvalic `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ amJamadac Cans (mxedvelobaSi maqvs teqstis dasawyisSive `kostanti berZenTa mefisa~ da `basili berZenTa mefis~ erTad dasaxeleba68).

imperatori Zmebisadmi keTili ganwyoba aTonis mTaze moRvawe qarTvel monazvnebs kargaxans SemorCaT. saxelmwifos mmarTvelobidan konstantines CamoSorebis miuxedavad, aTonis mTaze moRvawe qarTvelTa TvalSi igi mainc imperatorad rCeboda. aTonis mTaze efTvime mTawmidelis mier 991 wels gadawerili krebulisadmi darTul `efTvimes anderZSi~ aRniSnulia: daiwera `mTasa wmidasa aTonas... mefobasa basilissa da kostantinessa, patriaqobasa nikolaosisasa, indiqtionsa d(4), dasabamiTgan welTa xÂJT (6499 – 5508 = 991)~69.

basili da konstantine erTadaa dasaxelebuli wmida Teodores cxovrebisadmi darTul minawerSic. d. baqraZis mier motanil am teqstSi minaweris Sesrulebis drod berZnuli dasabamidan 992, xolo qarTuliT 996 welia miTiTebuli70.

aTonis mTaze Sesrulebul anderZ-minawerSi imperatori Zmebis erTad dasaxeleba Zveli tradiciidan momdinare rom unda iyos, amas barda skliarosis ajanyebisas 978 wels ulumbos mTaze Sesrulebuli minaweri mowmobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom im xanad saimperatoro taxtze ioane cimisxi ijda, imperiaSi mimdinare movlenebi `mefobasa basilisa da konstantinesasa~ momxdaradaa miCneuli71.

yovelive zemoTqmuli ase unda Sevajamo: barda skliarosis damarcxebidan (979 w.) basil II-is winaaRmdeg barda fokas ajanyebamde (987 w.) bizantiis saimperatoro karTan saqarTvelos yvelaze axlo urTierTobiT aRiniSna. barda skliarosis damarcxebis Semdeg, rogorc 65 Tornike erisTavis mier mopovebul ganZze saubrisas, TaviTavad ismeba kiTxva, ganZis nawili man sveticxovlis mSeneblobisaTvis xom ar gaiRo. am mxriv miTiTeba arc erT wyaroSi araa.

66 lapidaruli warwerebi, I, aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo (V–X ss.), Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada n. SoSiaSvilma, Tb., 1980, gv. 51.

67 warweraSi naTqvamia: `q. samebao wmidao, adiden Sen mier gÂrgÂnosanni mefeni basili da kostanti, romelTa mier gansrulebul iqmna, meored daburviTa taZari ese...~. lapidaruli warwerebi, I. gv. 51.

68 dawerili melqisedek kaTalikosisa..., gv. 23. 69 lolaSvili i., aTonur qarTul xelnawerTa siaxleni, Tb., 1982, gv. 78–79. 70 baqraZe d., istoria saqarTvelosi, tfilisi, 1889, gv. 255–256. 71 Jordania T., qronikebi, I, tfilisi, 1892, gv. 123.

20

zemoT iTqva, saqveyno saqmeebs orive Zma jer kidev erTad ganagebda72 (ra Tqma unda, ufros Zmas – basil II-s konstantinesTan SedarebiT meti Zalaufleba hqonda73) da taos samefosTan damyarebuli megobruli urTierTobis Semdeg bizantiis saimperatoro karis mier mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZris aRsadgenad 105 sofliani kestoris monastris Semosavlis Sewirva, amjerad ukve saqarTvelosTan dasaaxloeblad saukeTeso saSualeba iyo. swored 979 wlis Semdgom axlo xanaSi (daaxl. 982 w.) unda Sexvedroda melqisedek kaTalikosi konstantinopolis saimperatoro sasaxleSi imperator Zmebs da maTgan saboZvrebi mieRo. meore mxriv, 985 wels basil II-m umcrosi Zma konstantine radgan sabolood CamoaSora saxelmwifo mmarTvelobas, amis Semdeg saxelmwifo saqmeebs isini erTad aRar ganagebdnen.

zemomotanil masalas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, savaraudebeli erTia: mas Semdeg, rac 986 wels basil II-m dasavleTSi laSqrobebi wamoiwyo (laSqrobisaTvis mas didi saxsrebi sWirdeboda), 987 wlidan ki, roca barda fokas ajanyebaSi daviT III-is monawileoba gamomJRavnda, basil II-m qarTvelebi imperiis mtrebad miiCnia. 1001 wels basil II-is mier daqiravebul rusTa razmebsa da qarTvelebs Soris Setakeba moxda, ris Semdegac urTierToba saqarTvelosa da bizantiis imperias Soris ufro gauaresda. rac mTavaria, imperias dasavleTSi warmoebuli omis gamo ekonomiurad uWirda. aseT viTarebaSi, 1010 wels, saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso taxtis dakavebis Semdeg melqisedek I Tu konstantinopolis saimperatoro karze Cavida (es dRes Cvens mecnierebaSi miRebuli Tvalsazrisia), saeWvoa misTvis basil II-s sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobisaTvis 105 sofliani monastris Semosavali eboZebina.

`mcxeTis sabuTSi~ basil II-sTan erTad misi Zmis – konstantines moxsenieba da orive Zmisagan melqisedek I-saTvis saboZvrebis micema imaze migviTiTebs, melqisedek I-is pirveli viziti konstantinopolis saimperatoro karze 1010 welze gacilebiT adre Sedga – kerZod, im dros, roca orive Zma imperias erTad ganagebda. es 979–985 wlebi iyo.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, melqisedek I-s 1010 wels ki ara, gacilebiT adre, bagrat III-is qarTlSi gadmosvlidan (980 w.) axlo xanaSi, daaxloebiT 982 wels unda daekavebina saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis taxti da Sesabamisad, 982 wlis Semdgom axlo xanaSi Casuliyo konstantinopolis saimperatoro karze. basil II-sagan kestoris monastris Semosavlis miRebis Semdeg unda daewyo samuSaoebi sveticxovlis taZris `meored aRsaSeneblad~.

Cem mier miRebul aseT daskvnas erTi didi winaaRmdegoba xvdeba. saqme isaa, rom qarTul mecnierebaSi miRebuli mtkicebulebebiT 980 wlidan melqisedek I-is aRsaydrebis TariRad miCneuli 1010 wlamde saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso taxtze ramdenime pirovneba ijda (ix. qvemoT).

ra vqnaT? gamosavali erTia, an me vcdebi, an cdebian is qarTveli mecnierebi, romlebic 980–1010 wlebisaTvis saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyroblebad (e. i. melqisedek I-is winamorbed kaTalikosebad) sxvadasxva pirebs asaxeleben. 72 982 wels ioane iberisa da ierisos mosaxleobas Soris dadebul xelSekrulebaSi miTiTebulia, rom igi gaformdea basilisa da konstantines mefobaSi (mefeebi sabuTs xels aweren). ix. georgika, t. 8, Tb., 1970, gv. 182.

73 ase magaliTad, 980 wels gamocemul oqrobeWedze mxolod basil II-is xelmoweraa. georgika, t. 8, gv. 168–170.

21

qvemoT Sevecdebi Cemi Tvalsazrisis dasabuTebas. kvlevisas momiwevs droebiT gverdi avuaro sveticxovlis taZris `meored aRSenebis~ problemas da kaTalikosTa rigTan erTad X s-is bolo meoTxedisa da XI s-is pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos istoriisa da qarTuli kulturis zogierT sakiTxsac Sevexo.

Tavi II. saqarTvelos kaTalikosebi X s-is 80-iani wlebidan 1010

wlamde

problemis Seswavlis mdgomareoba amrigad, X saukunis bolo meoTxedisa da XI s-is damdegis qarTlis

kaTalikosTa vinaobis sakiTxiT mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis problemasTan dakavSirebiT davinteresdi. sakiTxis kvlevisas saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis melqisedek I-is aRsaydrebis TariRad qarTul mecnierebaSi miRebulma 1010 wlis realurobam damaeWva. 1010 weli melqisedek I-is mier sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis dasawyis TariRadac iTvleba1, amitom gadavwyvite, sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebul literaturas ufro Rrmad gavcnobodi.

`qarTveli eris istoriis~ meore wignSi akad. iv. javaxiSvili X s-is meore naxevris, aseve bagrat III-isa (978–1014 ww.) da giorgi I-is (1014–1027 ww.) Tanadrouli saqarTvelos istoriis Txrobisas garda imisa, rom melqisedek I-is winamorbed qarTlis kaTalikosebze arafers wers, sveticxovlis taZars saerTod ar axsenebs2. ukeTesi mdgomareoba arc `saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis~ III tomSi gvaqvs. am wignSi X s-is bolo meoTxedisa da XI s-is 10/20-iani wlebis ambebis Txrobisas akad. m.lorTqifaniZe melqisedek I-is winamorbed kaTalikosTa Sesaxeb arafers wers3.

rogorc SemdegSi gavarkvie, dasaxelebul mkvlevarTa mier melqisedek I-is winamorbed kaTalikosTa mouxsenebloba, sulac ar niSnavda imas, am sakiTxze qarTvel mecnierebs saTanado kvleva ar hqondaT Catarebuli.

melqisedek I-is winamorbedi qarTlis kaTalikosTa rigi da maTi zeobis wlebi, am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil rogorc Zvel, ise Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi ise detaluradaa warmodgenili, gamikvirda kidec. am avtorTa naSromebSi qarTlis kaTalikosTa rigis saTanado TariRebia miTiTebuli da mkiTxvels egoneba, yoveli maTganis kaTalikosoba didi sizustiTaa Seswavlili da dadgenili. ase magaliTad, 1900 wels `mcxeTisa da sveticxovlis taZrisadmi~ miZRvnil monografiaSi X s-is meore naxevrisa da XI s-is pirveli naxevris qarTlis kaTalikosTa rigi da maTi kaTalikosobis wlebi anton natroevma (natroSvili) ase warmoadgina:

1 qarTuli arqiteqturis SesaniSnavi Zeglis, mcxeTis sveticxovlis sapatriarqo taZris kedlebze arsebul warwerebSi taZris mSeneblobis dawyeba-damTavrebis Sesaxeb, rogorc iTqva, araviTari miTiTeba araa.

2 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, Txzulebani, t. II, Tb., 1983, gv. 123–136. 3 saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, III, Tb., 1979, gv. 153–162.

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arsen III 956–972 basil III 973–983 oqropiri 984–995 ilarion II 996–1002 svimon II 1002–1012 melqisedeq I 1013–1042 ioane V oqropiri 1042–10634.

imave wels gamocemul wignSi `ierarqia saqarTvelos ekklesiisa, kaTalikosni da mRvdelT-mTavarni~ p. karbelaSvilma CvenTvis saintereso xanis qarTlis kaTalikosTa sia ase gadmosca:

arsen III 956–972 basil III 973–983 oqropiri ioane IV 984–995 ilarion II 996–1002 svimon II 1002–1012 melqisedeg I 1013–1042 ioane V (oqropiri) 1042–10635.

2000 wels gamoica avtorTa koleqtivis mier momzadebuli monografia – `saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebi~. am wignSi im monakveTis avtori, sadac melqisedek I-is winamorbed qarTlis kaTalikosTa rigi da zeobis wlebia gadmocemuli, z. abaSiZea da ase gamoiyureba:

arsen II daaxl. 955–980 ww. ioane IV (oqropiri) daaxl. 980–1001 ww. sÂimon III daaxl. 1001–1010 ww. melqisedek I daaxl. 1010–1033 ww. ioane V (oqropiri) 1033–1049 ww6.

ra udevs safuZvlad ase detalurad gamarTul qarTlis (saqarTvelos) kaTalikosTa zemomotanil rigebs da maT qronologias? – ikiTxavs mkiTxveli da pasuxi, albaT, erTi iqneba: ZvelqarTul saistorio wyaroebSi am kaTalikosTa Sesaxeb arsebuli cnobebi. magram, XI s-is qarTveli avtorebidan sumbat daviTis-Ze Tavis TxzulebaSi arc erT maTgans ar axsenebs, aseve, arafers wers mcxeTis sveticxovlisa da 4 Натроев А., Мцхета и его соборь..., gv. 454. 5 karbelaSvili p., ierarqia saqarTvelos eklesiisa, kaTalikosni da mRvdelT-mTavarni, tfilisi, 1900, gv. 58–63.

6 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebi, Tb., 2000, gv. 41–45. dasaxelebul moRvaweTa kaTalikosobis Sesaxeb msgavsi TariRebia miTiTebuli akad. r. metrevelis monografiaSi – `saqarTvelos mefeebi da patriarqebi~, Tb., 2010, gv. 53–54. am gamokvlevaze muSaobisas prof. m. qavTariasagan Sevityve, rom `saqarTvelos eklesiis mamamTavarTa~ is sia, romelic saqarTvelos eklesiis kalendarSia Setanili akad. k. kekeliZis mier yofila Sedgenili. amitom am siis saTanado monakveTic momaqvs.

arsen II 955–980 oqropiri (ioane) I 980–1001 svimon III 1001–1012 melqisedek I 1012–1030, 1039–1045 oqropiri (ioane) II 1031–1039, 1045–1049 (ix. saqarTvelos eklesiis

kalendari 1952 wlisaTvis, Tb., 1952, gv. 128).

23

kaTalikos melqisedek I-is Sesaxeb7. TiTqmis igive mdgomareobasTan gvaqvs saqme `matiane qarTlisas~ avtorTan. igi im kaTalikosTa saxelebsac ki ar asaxelebs, romelTa Sesaxebac mogviTxrobs8.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ krebulSi arsebuli es nakli gviandel redaqtors SeumCnevia da `matiane qarTlisas~ teqstSi CaurTavs cnobebi melqisedek da svimon kaTalikosebis Sesaxeb9.

rac Seexeba zemodasaxelebul avtorTa mier warmodgenil kaTalikosTa rigs, is 1270 wels gadaweril SiomRvimis xelnaweridanaa aRebuli. rogorc T. Jordania wers, es xelnaweri man SiomRvimis uydo da uTavbolo etratis wignSi ipova. misi TqmiT, SiomRvimis 1270 wlis xelnaweri 1172 wels dawerili dednidan giorgi monazons gadauweria10.

e. i. CvenTvis saintereso xanis saqarTvelos kaTalikosTa rigi 1172 wlidan momdinareobs. magram aqve ismis kiTxva: Tu melqisedek I-is Tanamedrove qarTvel avtorebs (sumbat daviTis-Ze, `matiane qarTlisas~ avtori) ar hqondaT saTanado cnobebi X s-is meore naxevris qarTlis kaTalikosTa Sesaxeb, 1172 wlis sabuTis Semdgenelma ra masalaze dayrdnobiT Seadgina saqarTvelos kaTalikosTa sia?

SeiZleboda gvevarauda, rom kaTalikosTa rigis Semdgenelma `qarTlis cxovrebis~ krebulSi kaTalikosTa Sesaxeb arsebuli xarvezi SeamCnia da am naklis Sevseba ganizraxa, magram mis mier Sedgenil xelnawerSi saqarTvelos kaTalikosebad dasaxelebul pirebTan erTad, radgan saqarTvelos mefeebisa da bizantiis imperatorebis siebic aris, zemogamoTqmuli varaudi gamoricxulia. bizantiis imperatorebis, saqarTvelos mefeebisa da kaTalikosTa Sesaxeb cnobebi man, rogorc Cans, sxvadasxva wyaroebSi moiZia, magram ramdenad realuria mis mier Sedgenili, CvenTvis saintereso xanis, saqarTvelos kaTalikosTa rigi?

jer kidev 1928 wels kaTalikosTa am rigis Sesaxeb s. kakabaZem aRniSna: 1270 wlis SiomRvimis xelnawerSi qarTlis kaTalikosebad dasaxelebuli arc erTi piri, ara Tu X s-is meore naxevars, XI s-is pirvel naxevarsac ar ekuTvniso11. akad. n. berZeniSvilis sityviT ki, rogorc p. karbelaSvilis mier gadmowerili minaweri `stodierisa~, ise `SiomRvimis XIII s. gadaweril xelnawerSi daculi kaTalikozTa sia, – yvela eseni sadao xasiaTis mowmobebia da TviT moiTxoven Seswavla-daTariRebas~12.

es Tvalsazrisi n. berZeniSvilma 1930 wels melqisedek kaTalikosis mier Sedgenil `mcxeTis sabuTis~ (`dawerilis~) gaanalizebisas gamoTqva da amiT mis Semdgom mkvlevarT mouwoda SiomRvimis xelnawerSi dasaxelebuli pirebis saqarTvelos kaTalikosebad miCnevis sakiTxs kritikulad midgomodnen. qvemoT swored am kuTxiT gavaanalizeb im kaTalikosTa Sesaxeb arsebul cnobebs, romlebic X s-is bolo meoTxedis moRvaweebad arian miCneulni. vnaxoT, marTali xom ar iyo prof. s. kakabaZe, roca X s-is meore naxevarSi maT kaTalikosobas saerTod uaryofda.

p. karbelaSvilisa da a. natroevis naSromebidan Cem mier motanil saqarTvelos kaTalikosTa rigs Tu CavukvirdebiT, advilad SevamCnevT, 7 sumbat daviTis-Ze, dasax. Txz., gv. 382–386. 8 matiane qarTlisa, qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 281–291. 9 iqve, gv. 282, 290, 294–296. 10 Jordania T., qronikebi, I, gv. 80. 11 kakabaZe, s. rodis aris aSenebuli..., gv. 102. 12 berZeniSvili n., mcxeTis sabuTi..., gv. 247.

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rom isini, TiTqmis identuria (saidan aqvT maT es rigebi aRebuli, aq amis Sesaxeb verafers vityvi)*. maTgan garkveulwilad gansxvavdeba 2000 wels gamocemuli `saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebisadmi~ miZRvnil wignSi arsebuli kaTalikosTa rigi da mmarTvelobis wlebi. am ukanasknelSi oqropir – ioane IV-is [k. kekeliZesTan igi oqropir (ioane) I-ia] Semdeg qarTlis kaTalikosad dasaxelebuli ilarioni Setanili aRaraa. p.karbelaSvilis Tanaxmad, am ilarionis brZanebiT, wmida efTvime aTonelma berZnulidan maTes saxarebis ganmarteba Targmna, sakaTalikoso taxti ki nebiT datova13 (ratom datova taxti, – p. karbelaSvili ar wers da arc saTanado wyaros uTiTebs). vnaxoT, vin iyo ilarioni.

p. karbelaSvilis miTiTeba ilarion II-is mier qarTlis kaTalikosis taxtis nebiT datovebis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo momeCvena, amitom ilarionis pirovnebiT mec davinteresdi.

ilarioni p. karbelaSvili ilarion II-s radgan eqvTime aTonelTan

(mTawmidelTan) akavSirebs, upirveles yovlisa, akad. k. kekeliZis `qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi~ (t. I) Cavixede. am wignSi k. kekeliZe, marTlac wers, rom eqvTime mTawmidelma jer kidev mamis – ioanes sicocxleSi 1002 wels `brZanebiTa RmerTSemosilisa mamaTmTavrisa ilarionisiTa~ berZnulidan `maTes Tavi wmidisa saxarebisaÁ~ Targmna14. am wignisadmi darTul sakuTar saxelTa saZieblidan (gv. 638) ki vigebT, rom `mamaTmTavari ilarioni~ – ilarion iSxneli yofila. ilarion iSxnelze saubrisas k. kekeliZe aRniSnavs: egreT wodebuli mestiis saxareba 1033 wlisa eqvTime mTawmidelma swored ilarion iSxnelis SekveTiT Targmna. imave ilarions SeukveTia eqvTimesaTvis, gadaewera

misive naTargmni ’Aνδρω ν ’αγιων Bιβλοs-is pirvandeli redaqcia. ilarion iSxnels `gadauwerinebia isaak asurelis Txzulebani~15.

ilarion iSxnelis vinaobis dasadgenad aseve sainteresoa 973 wliT daTariRebuli `iSxnis sawinamZRvro jvarze~ arsebuli warwerebi, romelTagan ors movitan: 1. `iSxnisaTÂs ilarion Seqmna. vin gamoaÃvas SemcaCvenebel ars~. 2. `q. Zelo cxorebisao winamZRuar da mfarvel eqmen ilarion ebiskopossa. qriste adiden mefeni Cuenni da eri maTi daifare (qoronikoni iyo rJg~ – e. i. 193 + 780 = 973 weli)16.

zemomotanili masalidan gamomdinare, `RmerTSemosili mamamTavari~ ilarioni iSxnis episkoposi yofila (man, rom, TiTqos, nebiT datova saqarTvelos kaTalikosis taxti, amis Sesaxeb wyaroebSi veraferi mivakvlie).

aRniSnulis Semdeg, ilarion iSxnelis Sesaxeb msjeloba aRar unda gamegrZelebina, magram 1982 wels gamocemul naSromSi prof. i.lolaSvilma ilarioni radgan isev qarTlis kaTalikosad miiCnia, minda * prof. e. bubulaSvilis TqmiT, kaTalikosTa rigi p. karbelaSvilis mieraa Sedgenili. 13 karbelaSvili p., dasx. naSromi, gv. 95. 14 kekeliZe k., qarTuli literaturis istoria, gv. 198–199. 15 iqve, gv. 194–195. 16 Чубинашвили Г., Грузинское чеканное искусство, Тб., 1959, gv. 56–57.

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qvemoT misi motanili masala gagacnoT. aqve gavigebT, vin daasaxela pirvelad ilarioni qarTlis kaTalikosad.

rogorc prof i. lolaSvilis naSromidan Cans, ilarioni qarTlis kaTalikosad pirvelad platon ioselianma miiCnia. 1846 wels man aRniSna: `maTes saxarebis Targmaneba~ berZnulidan qarTulad gadmoiRo saeklesio wignebis mTargmnelma efTvimem `qarTveli patriarqis (mama mTavris) ilarionis brZanebiT XI saukuneSi~. amis Semdeg, rogorc i. lolaSvili wers, T. Jordaniam rodesac ganmarta kaTalikosTa da mRvdelmTavarTa nusxaSi moxseniebuli pirebi, dasZina: `ilarion mamaTmTavari~ aris qarTlis kaTalikosi, cxovrobda X saukuneSi. SemdegSi p. karbelaSvilma igi cno ilarion II qarTlis kaTalikosad da misi moRvaweobis dro Semofargla 996–1002 wlebiT.

motanili msjelobis Semdeg i. lolaSvili dasZens: `rasakvirvelia, sworia is mosazreba, romlis mixedviT ilarioni gamocxadebulia qarTlis kaTalikosad~, Tumca gaWirdeba ilarionis kaTalikosobis wlebis dazusteba. radganac arsen II kaTalikosad ijda 955–980 wlebSi, xolo ilarioni arsen II-s xuTi kaTalikosiT uswrebs win, p. karbelaSvilis im siaSic, romelSic VIII–XIII saukuneebis kaTalikosebi arian dasaxelebuli, ilarioni meTormete adgilzea, arsen II meTvrameteze, amis Semdeg moxseniebuli arian oqropiri, svimoni, melqisedeki, iovane da a. S., ilarioni ki araa. Znelia Tqma, romeli kaTalikosis Semdeg mamamTavrobda igi, magram ilarioni radgan ioane mTawmidelis Tanamedrove iyo, qarTlis kaTalikosad X s-is miwurulsa da XI s-is pirvel wlebSi unda yofiliyo. ramdenad sworia p. karbelaSvilis mosazreba ilarioni rom `nebsiT ganeSora saydarsa sakaTalikososa~, amis Sesaxeb verafers vityviT17, – dasZens i.lolaSvili.

rogorc vnaxeT, i. lolaSvili mainc im azrisaa, ilarions X–XI saukuneebis mijnaze rom unda sWeroda sakaTalikoso taxti. qarTlis kaTalikosTa VIII–XIII saukuneebis im rigSi, romelzec i. lolaSvili saubrobs, arsen II-is winamorbed kaTalikosTa sia, rogorc Cans, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ qronikidanaa aRebuli (rigis Sesaxeb ix. Satberdis krebuli X saukunisa. gamosacemad moamzades b. gigineiSvilma da el. giunaSvilma, Tb., 1979, gv. 327). am TxzulebaSi arsen kaTalikosze xuTi pirovnebiT ukan dasaxelebuli ilarionis, ilarion iSxnelTan gaigiveba ar SeiZleba.

kaTalikosze, romlis saxeli aseve ilarioni yofila, giorgi merCule gvawvdis cnobas. rogorc merCule wers, daviT miZnaZorelis (IX s. pirveli naxevari) mowafe, wyarosTavis monastris maSenebeli ilarioni `kaTalikoz iqmna mcxeTas~ (ix. b. lominaZe, ilarioni, qse, t. 5, gv. 105). merCule aseve zust cnobas gvawvdis arsen II-is winamorbed miqael qarTlis kaTalikosis moRvaweobis drois Sesaxeb (951 w.). mas agaTon ierusalimelisa (951–964 ww.) da aseve sxva cnobil pirovnebaTa Tanamedroved asaxelebs. miqaels, arsen II-ze cota ufro adre unda sWeroda qarTlis kaTalikosis taxti. ase rom, merCules mier qarTlis kaTalikosebad dasaxelebuli ilarioni da miqaeli arsen II-is winamorbedi moRvaweni Canan.

amrigad, ilarionis qarTlis kaTalikosad misaCnevad Zvel qarTul wyaroebSi cnobebi araa da, rogorc vnaxeT, verc prof. i. lolaSvilma moitana saTanado masala misi kaTalikosobis dasadastureblad. 17 lolaSvili i., dasax. naSromi, gv. 67–68.

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ilarioni arc 1270 wlis SiomRvimis xelnawerSi `aRmosavlel patriarqTa~ Soris ixsenieba.

rac Seexeba X s-is meore naxevarSi moRvawe sxva kaTalikosebs, a.natroevisa da p. karbelaSvilis mier saqarTvelos kaTalikosad miCneuli basil III, radgan akad. k. kekeliZesac ara aqvs Setanili kaTalikosTa rigSi (misi kaTalikosoba uaryo z. abaSiZemac), masze qvemoT aRar visaubreb da mxolod ioane IV-is, svimon III-isa da arsen II-is kaTalikosobis sakiTxs Sevexebi.

ioane IV oqropiri ioane IV oqropiri, marTalia, 1270 wlis SiomRvimis xelnawerSi

saqarTvelos kaTalikosadaa dasaxelebuli18, magram es pirovneba, iseve rogorc melqisedek I, XI s-is qarTvelma avtorebma (sumbat daviTis-Ze, `matiane qarTlisas~ avtori) ar ician. aRniSnulis miuxedavad, rogorc XIX s-is mkvlevrebma (a. natroevi, p. karbelaSvili), ise Semdgomi xanis istorikosebma (k. kekeliZe, z. abaSiZe) igi saqarTvelos kaTalikosTa rigSi melqisedek I-is win Casves. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom, 1172 wlis xelnaweridan momdinare cnobaSi – oqropiri, svimoni, melqisedeki, iovane da sxvani `aRmosavleTis patriarqebad~ arian dasaxelebulni19.

melqisedek I-is winamorbed kaTalikosebad miCneuli zemodasaxelebuli pirebis (oqropiris, svimonis) `aRmosavleTis patriarqebad~ dasaxelebam kidev ufro gaarTula mdgomareoba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, qarTul saistorio mecnierebaSi miRebuli TvalsazrisiT, kaTalikos-patriarqis tituli pirvelad melqisedek I-ma miiRo. magram, Tu SiomRvimis xelnawerSi arsebul cnobas gaviTvaliswinebT, melqisedekze ufro adre oqropirsa da svimons aseve patriarqis (ufro metic, `aRmosavleTis patriarqis~) tituli hqoniaT.

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoriaSi warmoqmnili es problema prof. v. silogavam specialur gamokvlevaSi gaaanaliza. qarTlis kaTalikosebi rom, marTlac, `aRmosavleTis patriarqebad~ iwodebodnen, amis dasturad man parxalis taZris (amJamad TurqeTis teritoriazea) warwera miiCnia20.

parxalis taZari 961–973 wlebSi iqna agebuli. rogorc v. silogava wers, am taZris kedelze wiTeli saRebaviT Sesrulebul warweraSi `qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTis patriaqad~ dasaxelebul iovanesTan erTad saxelis gareSe moxseniebuli `kurapalati~ daviT mesamea. amitom ar iyo swori e. TayaiSvili warweraSi `qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa patriaqad~ moxseniebul iovanes, iovane VIII-d (1497–1507 ww.) rom Tvlida. v.silogavas mtkicebiT, warwera daviT III-is gardacvalebamde droiT unda daTariRdes – parxalis warweraSi `qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTis 18 Jordania T., qronikebi, I, gv. 80; saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebi, gv. 42–43. 19 Jordania T., qronikebi, I, gv. 79–80. 20 mkiTxvelisaTvis rom advilad aRsaqmeli gaxdes, warweris teqsts moviyvan. `† sax(el)iTa R(mrT)isaÁTa, me(o)xebiTa w(mid)isa R(mrTi)smSoblisaÁTa, w(mid)isa iov(a)ne naTl(i)smcemlisaÁTa, ad(i)den R(merTma)n, q(rist)es mier q(arTlisa) da y(ov)lisa aRm(o)savl(e)Tisa p(a)tr(i)aqsa iovanes parxals ekl(e)si(a)sa z(ed)a Casd(u)dar(a)Á k(u)r(apala)tsa aeSena, aRarav(i)s ek(az)ma da m(a)n Sek(a)zma, hgi(an)-mca d(ide)b(a)Á misi uk(unisamd)e. w(inamZRuris)a g(iorg)i R(a)R(ue)lisa s(uls)a S(e)ew(ie)n R(merTma)n, amen, a(me)n. i(ova)ane w(i)n(a)mZR(ua)ri~. ix. silogava v., patriarqi X saukunis saqarTveloSi (parxalis warwera). krebuli – `naTeli qristesi saqarTvelo~, wigni I, Tb., 2003, gv. 299–300.

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patriaqad~ dasaxelebuli iovane, daviT kurapalatis Tanamedrove qarTlis kaTalikosi iovane I oqropiria (980–1001). mas 1270 wlis SiomRvimis xelnaweridan vicnobT. es pirovneba, – wers v. silogava, – aseve ixsenieba kaTalikos basil III-is21 (1090–1100) TxzulebaSi – `TxrobaÁ saswaulisaTÂs wmidisa da RmerTSemosilisa mamisa SioÁsi~, sadac naTqvamia: `es yrma ars ioane kaTalikozi, romeli yovliTurT iqmna swor ioane oqropirisa, romlisa saTnoebani da saqmeni ukeTu visme unden cnobad miiReT xelad misTvis aRwerili wigni~22. es iovane, – dasZens v. silogava, – saqarTvelos eklesiam wmindanad Seracxa. misi xsenebis dRea 3/16 marti23.

parxalis taZris warweraSi `qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTis patriaqad~ dasaxelebuli iovane, garda imisa, rom qarTul eklesias wmindanad Seuracxia, v. silogavas Tanaxmad, igi imave warweraSi orjer `didebiT~ aris naxsenebi. saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriaSi igia pirveli kaTalikosi, romelic patriarqis tituls atarebda. es dokumenturad mtkicdeba X s-is bolo ocwleuls Sesrulebul parxalis eklesiis SesaniSnavi warweriT24. v. silogavas sityviT, gamoricxuli araa, 980 wels qarTlis kaTalikosad nakurTx iovanes imTaviTve mieRo patriarqis tituli25, rasac im droisaTvis qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri viTareba ganapirobebda. ori wliT adre 978 wels daviT kurapalatma Svilobili (igulisxmeba bagrat III. – v. g.) xom mefed akurTxa26.

v. silogava radgan iziarebs k. kekeliZidan momdinare z. abaSiZis mier gaziarebul ioane IV-is (oqropiris) kaTalikosobis TariRad miTiTebul 980–1001 wlebs, gamodis, rom 973 wels damTavrebul parxalis taZris kedelze warwera mas Semdeg gaakeTes, roca iovanes ukve `qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTis patriaqis~ tituli hqonda miniWebuli. magram, imave warweraSi `kurapalati~ rom saxelis gareSea dasaxelebuli, es an imaze migvaniSnebs, warweris Semsrulebelma ar icoda, kerZod, romeli kurapalatis dros moRvaweobda mis mier `qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTis patriaqad~ dasaxelebuli iovane, an es `kurapalati~, sayovelTaod cnobili – misi Tanamedrove mefe iyo da saxelis miTiTebas ar saWiroebda.

titul `kurapalatis~ saxelis gareSe moxseniebam, vfiqrob, samarTliani safuZveli misca e. TayaiSvils, iovanes kaTalikosoba ufro gviandel xanaze gadaetana, Tumca, parxalis taZris warweraSi moxseniebuli iovane rom iovane VIII-d miiCnia, isic Secda. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, ar unda iyvnen swori is mkvlevrebi, romlebic parxalis warweraSi moxseniebul iovanes X s-is bolo aTwleulis moRvawed (saqarTvelos kaTalikosad) Tvlian. garda imisa, rom parxalis warweraSi igi `oqropirad~ ar ixsenieba, pirovneba iovane-oqropiris 21 basil III kaTalikosi – esaa basili vaCes Ze. XI s-is qarTveli mwerali, saeklesio moRvawe, varaudoben, rom igi efrem mcires Zma iyo. swavla-ganaTleba konstantinopolSi hqonda miRebuli. saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Semdeg SiomRvimis savaneSi damkvidrda. dasaxelebuli Txzulebis garda, mas ekuTvnis `dasadebelni SioÁsi~. es Txzulebani saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis saintereso cnobebs Seicaven. ix. iv. lolaSvili, basili vaCes Ze. qse, t. 2, gv. 221; basili vaCes Zis Txzulebani ix. wignSi – asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTa Zveli redaqciebi. teqstebi gamokvleviTa da leqsikoniT gamosca ilia abulaZem. Tb., 1955, gv. 199–213.

22 silogava v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 299–301. 23 iqve, gv. 301. 24 iqve, gv. 303. 25 iqve. 26 iqve.

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saxeliT 980–1001 wlebSi saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso taxtze sxva wyaroebiT ar dasturdeba.

iovane-oqropirs rom X s-is bolo aTwleulSi ekava saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso taxti, amis dasturad v. silogavam, rogorc vnaxeT, parxalis warwerasTan erTad, kaTalikos basil III-is TxzulebaSi (`TxrobaÁ saswaulTaTÂs wmidisa da RmerTSemosilisa mamisa SioisTa~) arsebuli is miTiTeba moitana, sadac naTqvamia: `es yrma ars ioane kaTalikozi... swor ioane oqropirisa...~, magram akad. k. kekeliZis Tanaxmad, basil vaCes Zis (kaTalikosis) TxzulebaSi (saswauli # 11) zemomotanili sityvebi saqarTvelos kaTalikosis iovane II oqropirisadmia mimarTuli27. es Tu asea, maSin kaTalikosi basil vaCes-Ze (1090–1100 ww.) im iovane-oqropirze saubrobs, romelsac melqisedek I-is Semdeg ekava saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis taxti. rogorc Cans, swored es iovane-oqropiri ixsenieba parxalis warwerasa da `mcxeTis sabuTSi~. am dokumentSi moxseniebuli `qarTlis kaTalikozi iovane~ da iqve naxsenebi `qarTlis kaTalikozi oqropiri~ (`mcxeTis sabuTSi~ iovane kidev samjeraa dasaxelebuli) rom erTi da igive piria, akad. n.berZeniSvilis Tanaxmad, es fokaTa (sof. foka javaxeTSi axland. ninowmindis raionSia) eklesiis warwerebiT dasturdeba. am eklesiis warweraSi `bagrat korpalatTan~ (bagrat IV. – v. g.) erTad ixsenieba `Áovane oqropiri qarTlisa kaTalikozi~. iqve, calke warweraSi – `oqropiri qarTlisa kaTalikozi~, saxel iovanes gareSea aRniSnuli. n. berZeniSvilis daskvniT, am `...warwerebidan cxadia: ioane kaTalikoss erqva oqropiri, da... es ioane-oqropiri zogjer mxolod oqropirad ixsenieboda~. igi iyo `uSualo memkvidre melqisedekisa mcxeTis sakaTalikozo taxtze~ da kaTalikosad Cans 1033–1048 wlebSi28.

`mcxeTis sabuTis~ Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, iovane-oqropiris moRvaweoba, ra Tqma unda, kargad ecodineboda XI s-is dasasruls saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis taxtze mjdom basil kaTalikoss. amitom wers igi, `ese yrma ars ioane kaTalikosi, romeli yovliTurT iqmna swori ioane oqropirisa~.

amrigad, 980–1001 wlebSi saqarTvelos (qarTlis) sakaTalikoso taxtze ioane-oqropiri ar mjdara. parxalis taZris warweraSi saxelis gareSe naxsenebi `kurapalati~ saqarTvelos mefe bagrat IV-a. SiomRvimis xelnawerSi arsebul saqarTvelos kaTalikosTa siaze dayrdnobiT, qarTul samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli miTiTebani ioane-oqropiris 984–995 an 980–1001 wlebSi kaTalikosobis Sesaxeb realur-istoriul dasabuTebaze araa damyarebuli.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, ioane (IV) oqropiri Tu melqisedek I-is winamorbedi kaTalikosi ar iyo, da igi mxolod melqisedek I-is gardacvalebis Semdeg gaxda saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeli, cxadia, mas kaTalikos-patriarqisa da, Sesabamisad, `qarTlisa da yovlisa 27 kekeliZe k., qarTuli literaturis istoria, gv. 270, Sen. 2. k. kekeliZem saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqebis rigis Sedgenisas, rogorc Cans, es niuansi ar gaiTvaliswina.

28 berZeniSvili n., mcxeTis sabuTi, gv. 247–248. mefe giorgi I, melqisedek da oqropir qarTlis kaTalikosebi ixseniebian sof. yaurmis (axalqalaqis r-ni) eklesiis warwerebSic. ix. v. ciskariSvili, javaxeTis epigrafika rogorc saistorio wyaro, Tb., 1959, gv. 30.

29

aRmosavleTisa patriarqis~ titulic SeiZleba etarebina29 (am ukanaskneli titulis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT).

axla rac Seexeba saqarTvelos kaTalikosTa siebSi uSualod melqisedek I-is winamorbed kaTalikosad dasaxelebul svimon III-is pirovnebas.

svimon III svimon III-is kaTalikosobis Sesaxeb, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, erTi

SexedviT urTierTgamomricxavi cnobebi gvaqvs, magram sanam masze SevaCereb mkiTxvelis yuradRebas, vnaxoT, dReisaTvis svimon III-ze ra aris cnobili (qarTul enciklopediaSi svimon III-is Sesaxeb werili araa Setanili).

p. karbelaSvilsa da a. natroevs svimon III-is (maTTanaa svimon II) kaTalikosobis drod, rogorc vnaxeT, 1002–1012 (svimon III-is kaTalikosobis k. kekeliZiseuli daTariRebis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT), xolo z. abaSiZes 1001–1010 wlebi aqvT miTiTebuli. p. karbelaSvilis Tanaxmad, `svimonis kaTalikosobis Jams aRSendnen~ quTaisSi bagratis taZari da afxazeTSi bediis saepiskoposo [taZari]30. z. abaSiZis sityviT, ki svimon III-m akurTxa 1003 wels quTaisSi bagratis taZari31. v. silogava iziarebs svimon III-is kaTalikosobis z. abaSiZiseul wlebs da aRniSnavs, savaraudebelia, rom svimoni kaTalikos-patriarqis tituls atarebdao32.

`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ – `matiane qarTlisas~ teqstSi gvian Setanil CanarTsa33 da SiomRvimis xelnawerSi34 svimoni melqisedek I-is winamorbed kaTalikosadaa miCneuli, meore mxriv, saistorio tradicia Tu, marTlac, mis saxelTan akavSirebs 1003 wels quTaisis bagratis taZris kurTxevas (rogorc CemTan saubarSi prof. v. silogavam ganacxada, gamoricxuli araa aseTi mosazreba zemodasaxelebul avtorTagan modiodes. svimoni radgan XI s-is moRvawe Canda, bagratis taZris kurTxevac mis saxelTan daakavSires), istoriul realobasTan ufro axlos xom ar iqneba, XI s-is damdegidan svimoni, marTlac, dasavleT saqarTvelos (yofili afxazTa samefos) eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeli yofiliyo?, da xom ar aris igi is pirovneba, romelic svimeonis saxeliT `axalcixuri tyavis saxarebis~ anderZSi afxazeTis kaTalikosadaa dasaxelebuli? Tu aseTi Tvalsazrisi dadasturdeba, maSin, igi unda iyos erT-erTi im kaTalikosTagani, romelic `matiane qarTlisas~

29 es `qarTlisa kaTalikozi oqropiri~ cocxlad ixsenieba `palestinuri oTxTavis~ 1048 wlis minawerSi. oTxTavi `mwir miqaels~ gadauweria ierusalimis maxloblad, sazRvargareT qarTvelTa erT-erT Zlier kulturul kerad miCneul palavras (Zveli

lavra – berZn. Παλαια λαυρα) monasterSi. xelnaweris momgebeli (SemkveTi) `glaxaki stefane~ Tavis Tavs `palavrel xucesTan~ erTad radgan `mnaTe yofilsa~ da `Svils mcxeTisas~ uwodebs, unda vivaraudoT, rom stefanes qarTlis kaTalikos ioane-oqropirTan da, saerTod, mcxeTis sveticxovlis msaxurebTan garkveuli kavSiri hqonda. warweris teqstisa da misi analizis Sesaxeb ix. iv. imnaiSvili, palestinuri oTxTavi. wignSi – qarTuli oTxTavis ori bolo redaqcia. teqsti gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo ivane imnaiSvilma, Tb., 1979, gv. 80–81.

30 karbelaSvili p., dasx. naSromi, gv. 60–61. 31 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebi, gv. 42–43. 32 silogava, v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 303. 33 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 282. 34 Jordania T., qronikebi, I, gv. 80.

30

avtoris cnobiT, bagratis taZris kurTxevaSi monawileobda. bagrat mefem, – wers es mematiane, – `akurTxa eklesia quTaTisa gangebiTa didiTa da miuwdomeliTa. rameTu Semokribna maxlobelni yovelni Ãelmwifeni da kaTalikosni, mRdelTmoZRuarni da yovelTa monasterTa winamZRuarni~35.

zemomotanil amonaridSi kaTalikosTa mier radgan bagratis taZris kurTxevazea miTiTeba, Cans, mis kurTxevaSi sruliad saqarTvelos (qarTlis) kaTalikosic monawileobda, magram sanam mis SesaZlo vinaobaze visaubreb, isev svimon III-is Sesaxeb arsebul cnobas movitan.

VIII s-is 80/90-ian wlebSi afxazTa samefos warmoqmnis droidan, rogorc cnobilia, afxazTa sakaTalikosoc Seiqmna36. misi saeklesio centri biWvinTaSi mdebareobda. mas Semdeg, rac afxazTa samefos dedaqalaqi quTaisi gaxda, mosalodneli iyo, rom sakaTalikoso kaTedra biWvinTidan quTaisSi gadmoetanaT, magram es ase ar moxda, afxazTa kaTalikosi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikoss daeqvemdebara37.

samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli miTiTebiT, afxazeTis kaTalikosis saxelo saqarTvelos gaerTianebis Semdegac ganagrZobda arsebobas38. XI–XIII saukuneebSi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos arsebobaze, mkvlevarTa nawilis mtkicebiT, wyaroTa pirdapiri Tu iribi cnobebi metyveleben (am sakiTxze aseve ix. qvemoT). erT-erT aseT cnobad `axalcixuri tyavis saxarebis~ anderZSi `svimionis~ afxazeTis kaTalikosad dasaxelebaa miCneuli39.

TiTqos yvelaferi naTelia, svimoni XI s-is damdegidan dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosi Cans. magram arsebobs cnoba, romelic sakiTxisadmi sxvagvar midgomas moiTxovs.

jer kidev gasuli saukunis damdegs k. kekeliZem yuradReba miaqcia Tbilisis saeklesio-arqeologiuri muzeumis # 86 xelnawerSi arsebul cnobas, romelSic naTqvamia: `wmidao mRvdelTmTavaro pirvelad mawyoÂerelo ... me qristes-mier sÂmion qarTlisa kaTalikozman davweren wmidani ese Jamis-wirvani samRvdelT-moZRoÂrod sawiravad~40.

motanili cnobis gaanalizebisas k. kekeliZem aRniSna: Zveli qarTuli liturgikisaTvis am unikalur ZeglSi qarTlis kaTalikosad ramdenimejer dasaxelebuli sÂmionis moRvaweobis drois sakiTxi vrclad ganvixile ufro adre Sesrulebul gamokvlevaSi da im daskvnamde mivedi, rom igia svimon III, romelic miRebuli qronologiiT eklesias 1001/1002–1012 wlebSi marTavda41. misive TqmiT, radgan dauSveblad Tvlian imas, rom XI s-Si mTeli xelnaweri asomTavruliT yofiliyo Sesrulebuli, svimon III-is mmarTveloba X s-is ukanasknel wlebze gadahqondaT da, Sesabamisad, xelnawersac X s-is dasasruliT aTariRebdnen. amjeradac im azrisa var, – dasZens k. kekeliZe, – rom xelnawerSi moxseniebuli `svimioni~ swored svimon III-a, magram aRar vTvli saWirod misi moRvaweoba X s-Si gadavitano, 35 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 281. 36 diasamiZe b., qristinaoba dasavleT saqarTveloSi, baTumi, 2001, gv. 219. 37 iqve, gv. 224. 38kudava b., dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia (IX–XI ss.). sakandidato disertaciis avtoreferati. Tb., 2002, gv. 29.

39 iqve. 40 Кекелидзе К., Древнегрузинский Архиератикон. etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, XII, Tb., 1973, gv. 280.

41 iqve, gv. 281.

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radgan TiTqmis XI s-is naxevradme erTianad asomTavruliT werdnen. aseTia 1033 wels gadawerili mestiis saxareba42.

ase rom, Tvalsazriss – saeklesio muzeumis # 86 xelnaweri meaTe saukunis bolos rom unda yofiliyo Sesrulebuli da aqedan gamomdinare, masSi moxsenebuli `svimioni~ X s-is bolo wlebidan SeiZleba qarTlis eklesiis saWeTmpyrobeli iyo, marTalia, k. kekeliZe bolomde ar icavs, magram igi CemTvis mainc didad mniSvnelovania.

k. kekeliZis mier uaryofili Tvalsazrisi mniSvnelovnad imitom momeCvena, rom Cemi dakvirvebiT, svimoni sakaTalikoso taxtze swored X s-is 80-iani wlebis damdegs unda mjdariyo.

* * *

svimon III kaTalikosze saubrisas aqve ismis kiTxva – saeklesio

muzeumis # 86 xelnawerSi dasaxelebuli `sÂmion~-i da axalcixuri saxarebis minawerebSi `afxazeTisa kaTalikosad~ moxseniebuli sÂmeoni identuri pirebi xom ar iyvnen?

am pirTa identurobis sakiTxi qarTul istoriografiaSi ar dasmula. imitom ar dasmula, rom melqisedek I-is winamorbedi kaTalikosTa rigis sakiTxi specialurad aravis ukvlevia. ar dasmula, radgan # 86 xelnawerSi dasaxelebuli `sÂmion~-is kaTalikosobis drod Tu 1001/02–1012 wlebia miCneuli, sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikosi XI s-is dasasrulisa da XII s-is damdegis moRvawed iTvleba. am ukanasknel sakiTxze bevri iTqva da daiwera. qvemoT masze SevCerdebi.

jer kidev 1897 wels `qronikebis~ II tomSi, gamokvlevaSi – `axalcixuri tyavis saxareba XII saukunisa~, T. Jordaniam aRniSna: `saxareba ekuTvnoda romelsame eklesias afxazeTis kaTalikosis eparqiisas~. misi sityviT, `warweraTgan sCans, rom gadamweri aris vinme saba, xolo `momgebeli~ saxarebisa – vinme giorgi, abxazeTis kaTalikozis svimeonis gazrdili~. `es istoriulni pirni ucnobni arian, magram radgan paleografiul niSnebiT saxareba yovels eWvs gareSe dawerilia XI saukunis damlevs an XII saukunis damdegs, amis gamo mtkice sabuTi gveZleva imisa, rom kaTalikozi svimeon da sxva am xelnawerSi moxseniebulni pirni am dros cxovrobdnen (daaxloebiT 1080–1116 w.)~43.

amis Semdeg T. Jordania kvlav daubrunda axalcixuri saxarebis minawerebSi dasaxelebuli pirebis moRvaweobis drois sakiTxs – da dasZina: `yvela aq moxseniebulni pirni: kaTalikozi svimon, mwerali saba, momgebeli giorgi da demetre moZRvari erTsa-da-imave dros cxovrobdnen, daaxloebiT 1070–1100 wlebSi~44. aRniSnulTan erTad, unda iTqvas, rom jer kidev `qronikebis~ pirvel tomze muSaobisas T. Jordania Seecada axalcixuri saxarebis gadamweris – sabas vinaoba gaerkvia da ruisis saxarebis (XI s.) minawerSi moxseniebul saba prokopewmidelTan misi dakavSireba scada45, magram maTi identurobis dasabuTebisagan Tavi Seikava. qarTul istoriografiaSi es iyo pirveli da ukanaskneli cda axalcixuri saxarebis minawerebSi moxseniebuli istoriuli pirebis vinaobis 42 iqve. 43 Jordania T., qronikebi, II, tfilisi, 1897, gv. 88. 44 iqve, gv. 90. 45 Jordania T., qronikebi, I, gv. 209.

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dasadgenad. T. Jordanias Semdeg maTi vinaobiT aRaravin dainteresebula. rac Seexeba axalcixuri saxarebis minawerebSi moxseniebuli pirebis moRvaweobis dros, am mxriv kvleva grZeldeboda.

axalcixuri saxarebis anderZ-minawerebSi dasaxelebuli pirebis moRvaweobis drois sakiTxs, rogorc v. silogava wers, akad. n. berZeniSvili dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio wyobilebis – kerZod, afxazeTis sakaTalikosos Seswavlisas orjer Seexo da orivejer gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi warmoadgina. 1926 wels gamoqveynebul statiaSi man aRniSna: `axalcixuri tyavis saxareba XII saukunisa~46. 1941 wels, – wers v. silogava, – roca n. berZeniSvili uSualod gaecno xelnawers da mis anderZ-mosaxseneblebs, wignis gadamweri saba, wignis momgebi giorgi xucesmonazoni da am ukanasknelis gamzrdeli afxazeTis kaTalikosi svimoni urTierTTanamedrove pirebad CaTvala, xolo saxareba sabas mier ara ugvianes XII s-is pirvel naxevarSi gadawerilad miiCnia47.

1963 wels, – ganagrZobs v. silogava, – axalcixis muzeumis xelnawerebis aRwerisas il abulaZem oTxTavica da misi anderZ-mosaxseneblebic daaTariRa da isini qronologiurad erTmaneTs daaSora. xelnaweris gadaweris TariRad XI s-is bolo, xolo mosaxseneblebi: sÂmeon kaTalikozisa da giorgisa, aseve, xelnaweris bolos darTuli vrceli mosaxsenebeli XII–XIII s-ebis nusxuriT Sesrulebulad CaTvala48.

zemomotanili msjelobis Semdeg v. silogava dasZens: savsebiT marTalia il. abulaZe, rodesac xelnawers XI s-is bolo xaniT aTariRebs. xelnawers, marTlac, XI saukunisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli imdenad mkveTrad gamoxatuli paleografiuli niSnebi axasiaTebs, rom igi sagangebo ganxilvas ar saWiroebs49. magram, il. abulaZe araa swori, xelnaweris meore nawili `ganyofa~ XII–XIII saukuneebiT rom daaTariRa50. v. silogavas mtkicebiT, axalcixuri saxareba XI s-is bolos – ori gadamweris – sabas da meore ucnobi piris mieraa gadawerili. pirvelis gadawerilia oTxTavis teqsti. rogorc gadamweri saba, ise anderZ-mosaxseneblebSi dasaxelebuli pirebi – xelnaweris momgebi giorgi, misi moZRvari dimitri da gamzrdeli – afxazeTis kaTalikosi svimeoni XI s-is meore naxevris moRvaweebi arian. xelnaweris gadaweris dros afxazeTis kaTalikosi svimeoni cocxali iyo, radgan erT-erT mosaxsenebelSi igi didebiT moixsenieba. svimeoni XI s. meore naxevris moRvawea da axalcixur saxarebaSi daculia jerjerobiT uZvelesi werilobiTi cnoba XI s-is meore naxevarSi afxazeTis kaTalikosis arsebobis Sesaxeb51.

2000 wels gamocemuli monografiis `saqarTvelos kaTolikos patriarqebi~ – IV TavSi `afxazeTis – dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTolikosebi da kaTolikos-patriarqebi~ (avtori Tamar qoriZe) `axalcixuri tyavis saxarebis~ minawerSi dasaxelebuli svimeoni XI 46 silogava v., uZvelesi werilobiTi cnoba afxazeTis kaTalikosis Sesaxeb (axalcixuri saxarebis anderZ-mosaxseneblebi). qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, XI, Tb., 2006, gv. 111. v.silogavas mxedvelobaSi aqvs n. berZeniSvilis gamokvleva `savaziro feodalur saqarTveloSi~.

47 silogava v., uZvelesi werilobiTi cnoba, gv. 111. 48 iqve, gv. 111–112. 49 iqve, gv. 112. 50 iqve. 51 iqve, gv. 113.

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saukunis damlevisa da XII saukunis damdegis moRvawedaa miCneuli52. T.qoriZe svimeon III-is kaTalikosobis sakiTxs calke gamokvlevaSic Seexo. misi mtkicebiT, `...kaTolikosi svimeoni [unda] miviCnioT dRemde saxeliT moxseniebul afxazeTis kaTolikosTa Soris uZvelesad da afxazeTis kaTolikosTa sia misi moRvaweobiT daviwyoT, rac XI s-is boloTi da XII s-is dasawyisiT unda ganisazRvros~53.

rogorc vxedavT, mkvlevarTa saerTo azriT, svimon afxazeTis kaTalikosi XI s-is meore naxevris an XII s-is damdegis moRvawe iyo. maTi mtkicebiT, `svimeonis~ Sesaxeb arsebuli aseTi cnoba imaze migviTiTebs, XI s-is meore naxevarSi da, Sesabamisad, Semdgom xanaSic afxazeTis calke sakaTalikoso rom arsebobda.

ra vqnaT, vendoT qarTul istoriografiaSi arsebul aseT mtkicebebs? vfiqrob, maT dasabuTeba aklia.

Tavi III. XI–XII saukuneebSi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos

arsebobis sakiTxi

upirveles yovlisa, unda aRvniSno: mxolod erT faqtze dayrdnobiT XI–XII saukuneebis dasavleT saqarTveloSi calke sakaTalikosos arsebobis mtkiceba usafuZvloa. XI s-is meore naxevrisaTvis svimonis saxelis mqone kaTalikosi ara Tu dasavleT saqarTveloSi, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosTa Sorisac araa cnobili54. swored aRniSnulma ganapiroba is, rom b. kudavam, romelic sagangebod ikvlevda XI–XIII saukuneebis dasavleT saqarTveloSi sakaTalikosos arsebobis problemas, zemodasaxelebuli svimonis garda, vercerT kaTalikoss ver miakvlia55. misi daskvniT, dasavleT saqarTveloSi – Zveli `bizantiuri~ tradiciebis mqone kaTedrebis magier, axali, `safuZvelSive qarTuli~ saepiskoposoebis daarsebis Semdeg, III etapi iyo ori qarTuli sakaTalikosos gaerTianeba centriT mcxeTaSi. `dasavlur da aRmosavlur qarTul eklesiaTa gaerTianeba~ unda davukavSiroT erTiani saqarTvelos pirveli mefis – bagrat III-is epoqas (X–XI ss. mijna)56.

aseTi daskvnis miuxedavad, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSne, b. kudava mainc fiqrobs, rom XI-XIII saukuneebSi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos arsebobaze metyvelebs wyaroTa pirdapiri Tu iribi cnobebi da IX–XIII saukuneebSi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos uwyvetad arsebobis sawinaaRmdego 52 saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqebi, gv. 134. 53 qoriZe T., XI–XVI saukuneebis afxazeTis (dasavleT saqarTvelos) kaTolikosTa qronologia. klio, 2002, # 15, gv. 5–6.

54 aRmosavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqTa rigic mxolod melqisedek I-is Semdeg viciT. am rigSic ki svimonis saxelis mqone kaTalikosi XII s-is meore meoTxedis moRvawedaa dasaxelebuli da igi misi momdevno patriarqis – nikoloz gulberisZis biZa iyo. patriarqobamde armazis wmida sabas monasterSi moRvaweobda. ixsenieba nikoloz gulaberisZis TxzulebaSi – `sakiTxavi suetisa cxovelisaÁ, kuarTisa saufloÁsa da kaTolike eklesiisa~ (r. metreveli, nikoloz I gulaberisZe. qse, t. 7, gv. 433. saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqTa sia. ix. qse, t. 5. b. lominaZis statiasTan – kaTalikosi).

55 kudava b., dasax. naSromi, gv. 29. 56 iqve, gv. 28.

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argumentad ar gamodgeba SemorCenili cnobebis fragmentuli xasiaTi57. magram, b. kudavas sityvebiT rom vTqva, Tu yvelaze logikuria dasavlur da aRmosavlur qarTul eklesiaTa gaerTianeba X–XI saukuneebis mijnas davukavSiroT da Tanac, X s-is bolodan afxazTa sakaTalikosos damoukideblad arseboba garkveulwilad ukve barieri xdeba Zlieri, erTiani saxelmwifos mSeneblobis gzaze58, maSin saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis Tavdadebuli mebrZoli bagrat III dasavleT saqarTveloSi ratom datovebda calke sakaTalikosos?

aseTi Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, rac, vfiqrob, istoriul realobas asaxavs, `sÂmeon~-is Semdgomi kaTalikosi dasavleT saqarTveloSi, albaT, arc unda veZioT. XI–XII saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi calke sakaTalikosos arsebobis dasamtkiceblad, mxolod axalcixuri saxarebis minaweris cnoba sakmarisi araa. faqti isaa, rom 1104 wlis ruis-urbnisis ZeglisweraSi mxolod yovlad Rirsi mTavarepiskoposi, kaTolikosi da yovlisa saqarTveloÁsa mamaT-mTavari iovane ixsenieba59. XII s-is damdegis dasavleT saqarTveloSi rom calke sakaTalikoso arsebuliyo, misi saWeTmpyrobeli aucileblad aisaxeboda ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis masalebSi.

Cemi dakvirvebiT, `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ melqisedek kaTalikosis Semdeg, sabuTis damamtkicebelTa Soris xelmomweri pirovneba, romelic Tavis Tavs – `meca glaxaks, uRirss, reca saxeliT kaTalikozs~ uwodebs60, imaze migviTiTebs, am kaTalikoss sabuTze xelis mowerisas, realuri Zalaufleba ar hqonda. rogorc n. berZeniSvili wers, usaxelo kaTalikozis damtkiceba sruli ar aris. mas krulobiTi nawili aklia da arabunebrivad wydeba. Semdeg sayuradReboa is, rom `damamtkicebeli~ Tavis Tavs ar asaxelebs61. n. berZeniSvilisave sityviT, es damtkiceba, radgan damoukidebelia da is maSinac iyo, roca oqropiri (melqisedek I-is Semdgomi kaTalikosi. – v. g.) am sabuTs amtkicebda62 – e. i. melqisedekis gardacvalebis Semdeg, usaxelo kaTalikosi XI s-is 20-ian wlebSi kvlav cocxali yofila, da, marTlac, n. berZeniSvilis daskvniT, `is afxazeTis kaTalikozia, romelic Zeglis (e. i. `mcxeTis sabuTis~. – v. g.)Pdaweris Tanamedrovea da melqisedekis sicocxleSive amtkicebs mas~63. Tu es asea, maSin vin SeiZleba iyos usaxelo kaTalikosi, Tu ara axalcixuri saxarebis minaweridan CvenTvis cnobili `sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikosi~?

amrigad, axalcixuri saxarebis minawerSi afxazeTis kaTalikosad dasaxelebuli svimeoni Tu XI s-is damdegis moRvawe iyo, n. berZeniSvilis daskvniT ki, afxazeTis sakaTalikoso XIII saukunidan Cans, Tanac, misive TqmiT, gadaWrili ar aris sakiTxi, es sakaTalikoso erTmefobis Tu ormefobis xanaSi daarsda64, maSin mTeli ori saukunis manZilze dasavleT saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso taxtze erTaderTi pirovnebis – 57 iqve, gv. 29. 58 iqve, gv. 28. 59 ZeglisweraÁ ruis-urbnisis krebisaÁ, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III, teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1970, gv. 126. ruis-urbnisis krebis daTariRebis Sesaxeb ix. r. metreveli, rodis gaimarTa ruis-urbnisis saeklesio kreba? wignSi – r. metreveli, saistorio narkvevebi, Tb., 2009, gv. 217–219.

60 dawerili melqisedek kaTalikosisa..., gv. 30. 61 berZeniSvili n., mcxeTis sabuTi..., gv. 246. 62 iqve, gv. 246–249. 63 iqve, gv. 249. 64 berZeniSvili n., dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio wyobileba. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, wigni V, Tb., 1971, gv. 99.

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svimeonis saxeli viciT, rac imis dasturad unda miviCnioT XI–XII saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi calke sakaTalikoso rom ar arsebobda. mas Semdeg ki, rac dasavleT saqarTveloSi sakaTalikoso Seiqmna, rogorc n. berZeniSvili wers, misi kaTalikosis uflebebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosTan SedarebiT SezRuduli iyo (ix. n.berZeniSvilis daskvnaSi muxli 3–9)65, rac mas XIII s-is Semdegac ki swored `reca kaTalikosis~ pirobebSi ayenebda.

Tu yovelive zemoTqmuls gaviTvaliswinebT, unda vivaraudoT, rom svimeon III-is gardacvalebis Semdeg `afxazeTis sakaTalikoso~, rogorc ufunqcio kaTedra, unda moSliliyo. aseTi Tvalsazrisis dasturad 1104 wlis ruis-urbnisis `ZeglisweraSi~ sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqad mxolod iovanes dasaxeleba unda miuTiTebdes. faqti isaa, rom bagrat III-is memkvidreebis zeobisas, karga xnis manZilze, dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia mcxeTis sapatriarqos eqvemdebareboda.

XI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi (vgulisxmob svimeon III-is gardacvalebis Semdgom xanas) afxazeTis eklesia rom erTiani saqarTvelos iurisdiqciaSi Sedioda, amis dasturad akad. iv.javaxiSvilma 1057 wels antioqiis patriarqTan Teodosi III-sTan (1057–1059 ww.) kamaTisas saqarTvelos avtokefaliis sakiTxze giorgi mTawmidelis pasuxi miiCnia. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis avtokefalobis sabuTad giorgi mTawmidelma qristes erT-erTi mociqulis – svimon kananelis afxazeTSi – nikofsiaSi dakrZalvis faqti moiyvana. iv. javaxiSvilis sityviT, im xanad `afxazeTis eklesia saqarTvelos saerTo eklesias ar hkuTvneboda, giorgi mTawmideli aseT sabuTs ver moiyvanda~, radgan upasuxebdnen afxazeTis eklesia konstantinopolis patriarqs ekuTvniso66.

motanili masalidan erTi daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleba: XI s-is 30-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi arsebuli istoriuli realobidan gamomdinare, afxazeTis kaTalikosis saxelo moiSala, ris gamoc, karga xnis ganmavlobaSi Zvel qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi afxazTa kaTalikosebi aRar ixseniebian, Tumca zogierT maTganSi `kaTalikosTa~ (mravlobiT ricxvSi) dasaxeleba (saxelebis gareSe) mkvlevarTa nawils imis safuZvels aZlevs, XI–XIII saukuneebSi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos arsebobaze miuTiTon. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, aseTi Tvalsazrisisaa b. kudava. msgavsi azrisaa prof. giorgi mWedliZe. 2008 wels gamocemul monografiaSi saTanado wyaroebis monacemebze dayrdnobiT man scada IX–XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos arseboba daedasturebina. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili (m. brose, e. TayaiSvili, i. javaxiSvili, s. kakabaZe) IX–XIII saukuneebSi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos arsebobas Tu saeWvod Tvlida, – wers g. mWedliZe, – mkvlevarTa meore nawils (T. Jordania, n.mari, k. kekeliZe, n. berZeniSvili, b. diasamiZe) IX–XII saukuneebSi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos arseboba ar aeWvebT67.

zemoT Cem mier gaanalizebul `matiane qarTlisas~ cnobisa (masSi 1003 wels bagratis taZris kurTxevaa asaxuli) da `axalcixuri tyavis saxarebis~ anderZ-minaweris garda, g. mWedliZem giorgi mTawmidelis 65 iqve, gv. 99–100. 66 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, II, Txz. t. II, Tb., 1983, gv. 122. 67 mWedliZe g. kezevaZe m., quTais-gaenaTis eparqia, quTaisi, 2008, gv. 35–36. iqve (gv. 37) g.mWedliZe miuTiTebs, `axalcixis tyavis saxarebas~ n. berZeniSvili XI s-is pirveli naxevriT aTariRebso. dasavleT saqarTveloSi calke sakaTalikosos arsebobis Sesaxeb n. berZeniSvilis Tvalsazrisi zemoT warmovadgine.

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`cxovrebis~68, ruis-urbnisis krebis Zeglisweris, daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis69, aseve, laSa giorgis mier 1207/1208 ww. gelaTis monastrisadmi micemul anderZSi sityva `kaTalikosis~ mravlobiT ricxvSi moxseniebis faqti daimowma70 da dasZina: `...orive es dokumenti originalia. maTSi miTiTebuli pasaJebi sinamdviles Seesabameba da adasturebs, rom XII saukunis II naxevarsa da XIII saukunis dasawyisSi afxazeTis kaTalikosis kaTedra funqcionirebda. JamTaaRmwerlis mixedviT ki cxadia, rom es ierarqi XIII saukunis I meoTxedis mniSvnelovani movlenebis aqtiuri monawile iyo. magaliTad, roca laSa-giorgim `ara ineba qorwineba colisa, amisTvis Sekrbes kaTalikozni...~71. igive avtori laSa-giorgis Tanamedroved asaxelebs `kaTalikosTa orTave~-s. aseTive formiTaa moxseniebuli kaTalikosebi rusudanis gamefebisas – `Sekrbes yovelni warCinebulni mis samefosani, imerni da amerni, kaTalikosni ornive da episkoposni~. amis Semdeg g. mWedliZe askvnis: `suraTi naTelia: XIII s-is I meoTxedSi saqarTvelos ori kaTalikosi hyavs. eseni sxva aravin SeiZleba iyos, garda aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos mRvdelmTavrebisa~72.

ra SeiZleba iTqvas zemomotanil dasabuTebaTa Sesaxeb? I. 1003 wels bagratis taZris kurTxevisas `matiane qarTlisas~

avtoris mier usaxelod dasaxelebul `kaTalikosebSi~, ra Tqma unda, melqisedek I da svimeon III afxazeTisa kaTalikosni igulisxmebian. es svimeon III aris dasaxelebuli axalcixuri tyavis saxarebisadmi darTul giorgi mTawmidelis anderZ-minawerSic (Sdr. zemoT).

II. giorgi mTawmidelis `cxovrebaSi~ arsebuli cnobis Sesaxeb unda aRvniSno: bagrat IV-is mowveviT 1057 wels foTSi Casul giorgi mTawmidels sxvebTan erTad `mRvdelTmoZRvari quTaTisisaÁ, saxeliT ilarion~ daxvda da quTaisamde miacila. Semdeg qarTlidan dasavleT saqarTveloSi gamosazamTreblad gadasul giorgis Wyondidis episkoposi Sexvda73 da giorgim mTeli zamTari masTan gaatara. melqisedek kaTalikosis `dawerilSi~ usaxelod moxseniebuli svimeon III-is Semcvleli kaTalikosi yovelmxriv Seecdeboda did qarTvel moRvawes Sexvedroda. magram aseTi piri im xanad, rogorc Cans, dasavleT saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda. aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom aTonis mTaze moRvawe giorgi mcires afxazTa sakaTalikosos Sesaxeb SeiZleba cnobebi ar hqonoda. man, marTalia, giorgi mTawmidelisagan svimeon afxazTa kaTalikosis Sesaxeb icoda, magram, albaT, cnobebi ar hqonda imis Taobaze, svimeon III-is gardacvalebis Semdeg sakaTalikoso taxtze rom aravin asula. rac mTavaria, giorgi mcires teqstSi, dasaxelebul gverdze (gv. 156) terminis `kaTalikozTa~ gansxvavebuli wakiTxvebia: `kaTalikozman~, `kaTalikosman~, rac imis mtkicebis sababs ar iZleva, dedniseul teqstSi maincdamainc `kaTalikozni~ rom ewera.

III. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ 327 gverdze daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi, marTlac, axsenebs kaTalikoss, magram mxolobiT ricxvSi. 68 iqve, gv. 36. 69 iqve, gv. 36–37. 70 iqve, gv. 37. 71 iqve. 72 iqve, gv. 37–38. 73 giorgi mcire, cxorebaÁ da moqalaqeobaÁ wmidisa da netarisa mamisa Cuenisa giorgi mTawmidelisaÁ. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. wigni II (XI–XV ss.) i. abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa da redaqciiT, Tb., 1967, gv. 160–161.

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`kaTalikozni~ sqolioSia Catanili. aseTi miTiTebebia `qarTlis cxovrebis~ WalaSviliseuli nusxis axal nawilSi (gadawerilia 1731 wels), 1748 wels gadaweril saeklesio muzeumisa da XVIII s-is Teimuraziseul nusxebSi74, rac kaTalikosTa Sesaxeb cnobebs nakleb sandos xdis.

IV. laSa-giorgis mier 1207/1208 wels gacemul anderZSi gelaTis monastrisadmi, marTlac aris miTiTeba: `a[fxazTa] da q[arTlisa] [kaTaliko]zno...~75 (e. i. `a. q. zno...~), magram `a~-s garda imisa, rom `aRmosavleTad~ aRadgenen (qarTlis kaTalikosebi ixseniebian `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kaTalikosebadac~. ix. qvemoT. Tavi XI), am sigelSi gakvirvebas iwvevs ara marto `afxazeTis kaTalikosis~ saxelis, TviT gelaTis monastris winamZRvris saxelis mouxsenebloba (sabuTs 1212 wliTac aTariReben76), rac mis cnobebs aseve saeWvod xdis.

V. daviTis 1125 wlis anderZis (masSi kaTalikozi mravlobiT ricxvSia naxsenebi) dedani Cvenamde araa moRweuli da igi XIX s-Si sxvadasxva drosa da sxvadasxva piris mier gadawerili nusxebiTaa cnobili. rac mTavaria, es sabuTi nayalbevia da Sedgenilia 1125 wlis Semdeg77.

VI. rac Seexeba JamTaaRmwerlis mier laSa-giorgis Tanamedrove kaTalikosTa (isev usaxelod) dasaxelebas, JamTaaRmwereli XIV s-Si moRvaweobda da im droisaTvis dasavleT saqarTveloSi, marTalia, calke sakaTalikosos arseboba saistorio wyaroebiT damowmebuli araa78, magram mas, albaT, eWvic ar epareboda afxazeTis kaTalikosi laSa-giorgis Tanadroul lixTimereTSic rom ijda.

warmodgenil sabuTebSi (`matiane qarTlisasa~ da giorgi mTawmidelis anderZ-minaweris garda) kaTalikosis (an kaTalikoznis) usaxelod moxsenieba imaze migvaniSnebs, sabuTebis Semdgenlebma maTi saxelebi rom ar icodnen. sabuTebis Semdgenlebi, iseve, rogorc JamTaaRmwereli, maT mier moTxrobili ambebis Tanamedroveni ar iyvnen.

yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, afxazeTis kaTalikosebidan jerjerobiT mxolod svimon III viciT. qarTlSi bagrat III-is gadmosvlis droidan (980 w.), rogorc Cans, afxazeTis sakaTalikoso kaTedra uSualod daeqvemdebara mcxeTis sakaTalikosos. ase gagrZelda daaxloebiT XIII s-is 70-iani wlebis damdegamde mainc. Tuki im dros afxazeTis sakaTalikoso aRdga, iseve, rogorc svimon III 982 wlidan (am TariRis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT) gardacvalebamde nominalurad iwodeboda `afxazeTisa kaTalikosad~, XIII s-is 70-iani wlebis damdegidan afxazeTis sakaTalikoso taxtze asuli pirebis uflebebi, rogorc n. berZeniSvili wers, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosebTan SedarebiT imdenad SezRuduli iyo, rom maTi saxeli istoriam ar Semoinaxa.

74 qarTlis cxovreba, I. gv. 327. 75 sigeli giorgi mefisa gelaTisadmi [1207/1208], qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, I, Seadgines da gamosacemad moamzades T. enuqiZem, v. silogavam, n. SoSiaSvilma, Tb., 1984, gv. 106.

76 iqve, gv. 105. 77 iqve, gv. 60. 78 Cemi varaudiT, afxazeTis sakaTalikosos aRdgenisaTvis garkveuli pirobebi 1259 wels dasavleT saqarTveloSi daviT narinis gamefebis Semdeg Seiqmna. mas Semdeg, rac daviT narini dasavleT saqarTvelos didebulebma `afxazeTis (lixTimereTis) mefed daadgines, da saqarTvelos es nawili `erTian saqarTvelos gamoeTiSa~ (saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. III, Tb., 1979, gv. 570, 600), cxadia, afxazTa kaTalikosis saxeloc aRsdgeboda. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, akad. n. berZeniSvilic ar gamoricxavda afxazeTis sakaTalikosos aRdgena ormefobis xanaSi momxdariyo.

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Tavi IV. axalcixuri saxarebis minawerebSi dasaxelebuli sabasi da `glaxaki giorgis~ (giorgi xucesmonazonis) vinaobisaTvis

zemoT axalcixuri saxarebis mosaxsenebelSi `afxazeTis kaTalikosad~ dasaxelebuli svimeonis moRvaweobis drod XI s-is damdegi miviCnie. imave mosaxsenebelSi dasaxelebuli giorgi xucesmonazoni svimeon kaTalikoss radgan Tavis gamzrdelad acxadebs, sainteresoa gairkves, vinaa es giorgi xucesmonazoni. misi vinaobis dadgena, Tavis mxriv, svimeon kaTalikosis moRvaweobis drois dazustebaSi dagvexmareba. aseve unda gairkves, ram ganapiroba svimeon kaTalikosisa da giorgi xucesmonazonis daaxloeba.

axalcixur saxarebad wodebuli oTxTavis anderZ-minawerSi afxazeTis kaTalikosad dasaxelebuli svimeonis moRvaweobis drois gasarkvevad (gavixsenoT am svimeonis moRvaweobis drois Sesaxeb zemomotanili Tvalsazrisebi), imave saxarebis minawerebSi svimeonis Tanadroul moRvaweebad moxseniebuli sabas da giorgi xucesmonazonis vinaobis dadgenas, vfiqrob, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs.

imis gamo, rom T. Jordaniadan mokidebuli axalcixur saxarebas XI s-is dasasrulisa da ufro gviani xanis Zegladac miiCneven, aravin dainteresda, vin unda yofiliyvnen saxarebis gadamweri saba da saxarebis momgebi (e. i. damkveTi) giorgi xucesmonazoni. magaliTad, akad. n.berZeniSvilma mxolod Semdegi aRniSna: `wignis gadamweri saba, wignis momgebi giorgi xuces-monazoni da ukanasknelis gamzrdeli afxazeTis kaTalikozi sÂimeoni urTierTis Tanamedroveni arian da wigni gadawerilia sabaÁs mier ara ugvianes XII s-is pirveli naxevrisa~1. saxarebis minawerebSi dasaxelebuli istoriuli pirebis gasarkvevad, aseTi zogadi miTiTeba, ra Tqma unda, gamosavali araa. ufro metic, saxelmoxveWili mecnieris aseTi gancxadebis Semdeg, albaT, araerT mkvlevars daekarga survili saxarebis minawerebSi dasaxelebuli istoriuli pirebis vinaobis sakiTxze azri gamoeTqva.

zemoT svimeon afxazeTisa kaTalikosi X s-is bolo ocwleulisa da XI s-is damdegis moRvawed miviCnie. am Tvalsazrisis gamyarebaSi sabas da giorgi xucesmonazonis vinaobis garkveva unda dagvexmaros.

`sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikosisa~ da # 86 xelnaweridan cnobili sÂmion qarTlis kaTalikosis identifikaciis safuZvels, vfiqrob, giorgi mTawmidelis anderZ-minaweris garda is minaweri gvaZlevs, romelSic `sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikosi~, msazRvrelis – `afxazeTis~ gareSe ixsenieba (gv. 249r. `qriste adide sÂmeon kaTalikozi~). aRniSnuli imis maCvenebelia, svimeoni Cveulebriv kaTalikosadac (ise rogorc es # 86 xelnawerSia) rom iwodeboda. rac mTavaria, anderZ-minaweri radgan 1034/1036 wlebs Sorisaa Sesrulebuli, es imaze migviTiTebs, im xanad sÂmeoni cocxali iyo da xaxulSi imyofeboda. misi xelisufleba mxolod tituliT gamoixateboda. amis Semdeg igi, albaT, Cqara gardaicvala. afxazeTis sakaTalikoso kaTedras karga xans kaTalikosi aRar ganagebda.

rogorc v. silogava wers, axalcixuri saxarebis xelnaweri ori piris mieraa gadawerili. xelnaweris pirveli nawili radgan sabas mieraa gadawerili da teqstis am nawilSi (e. i. sabas gadaweril teqstSi) iovanes saxarebis bolos, sabasave xeliT calke gverdzea (238r) 1 berZeniSvili n., savaziro feodalur saqarTveloSi. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. wigni III, Tb., 1966, gv. 47, Sen. 39.

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moTavsebuli giorgi mTawmidelis cnobili anderZi, es imaze migvaniSnebs, teqstis gadawerisas sabam sagangebod rom gamoyo calke gverdi, raTa masze momgeblis (e. i. giorgi xucesmonazonis) vrceli anderZi moeTavsebina.

aRniSnulTan erTad, `sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikosi~ radgan XI s-is damdegis moRvawe Cans, aseve xelnaweris warmomavlobas (axalcixe – mesxeTi) Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, maSin is giorgi xucesmonazoni, romelic `sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikoss~ Tavis gamzrdelad asaxelebs, rogorc sÂmeonis umcrosi Tanamedrove, samxreT saqarTvelos kulturul centrebSi unda veZioT. meore mxriv, giorgi mTawmideli Tavis Tavs radgan `glaxak giorgis~, giorgi xucesmonazons uwodebs2 da misi moRvaweobis garkveuli xana tao-klarjeTis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes – xaxulis mwignobrul kerasTanaa dakavSirebuli, TavisTavad ismis kiTxva, `axalcixuri saxarebis~ momgebeli giorgi xucesmonazoni, erTxans xaxulSi moRvawe giorgi mTawmideli xom araa? da igi xaxulSi yofnisas xom ar gaecno afxazeTis kaTalikosad saxeldebul svimeons?

axalcixuri saxarebis minawerSi dasaxelebuli giorgi xucesmonazoni rom igive giorgi mTawmidelia, amas, vfiqrob, Semdegic mowmobs: xelnaweris (oTxTavis) pirveli nawilis dasasruls moTavsebul giorgi mTawmidelis cnobil anderZSi giorgi Tavis Tavs ixseniebs, ara rogorc saxarebis mTargmnels, aramed `berZulTa saxarebaTa Semwamebels~ (Semdarebels, gammarTvels). es sityvebi giorgi mTawmidelis moRvaweobis adreul – Cemi azriT, xaxulur xanaze migviTiTebs.

rogorc k. kekeliZe wers, aTonis mTaze misvlis (1040 w.) Semdegac dekanozad kurTxevamde (1042 w.) giorgi mTawmideli wignebs Tu ar Targmnida3, maSin axalcixuri saxarebis teqstSi ioanes saxarebis bolos, calke gverdze (238r) moTavsebul anderZSi arsebuli miTiTeba `wmidaÁ oTxTavi~ mas axlad rom ar uTargmnia, mxolod `friadiTa gamowulilviTa~ `berZulTa saxarebaTa~ `Seawama~ (Seadara, SeaTanxma) (es anderZi, ise sxva minawerebi da saxarebis teqsti, rogorc iTqva, sabas mieraa Sesrulebuli), imaze migviTiTebs, im xanad jer kidev xucesmonazonad wodebulma giorgim, mis mier Casworebuli oTxTavis teqsti Tavisi minawerebiTa da anderZiT konstantinopolidan xaxulSi dabrunebis (1034 w.) Semdeg, Tavisi safasiT 1034–1036 wlebSi rom gadaawerina4.

magram vin iyo teqstis gadamweri saba? 2 ase iwodeba giorgi mTawmideli mis mier berZnuli teqstis mixedviT Sesworebul `daviTnis anderZSi~ da, rogorc akad. a. SaniZe wers, daviTnis anderZic imgvaradve iwyeba, rogoradac saxarebis anderZi. rac mTavaria, am anderZSi giorgi mTawmideli Tavs swored `glaxak giorgid, uRirs xuces-monazonad~ asaxelebs. a. SaniZe, uZvelesi qarTuli teqstebis aRmoCenis gamo. wignSi – qarTuli enis struqturisa da istoriis sakiTxebi. Txzulebani, I, Tb., 1957, gv. 287. `iovanesi da efTvimes cxovrebis~ avtori giorgi mTawmideli Tavs `giorgi xuces-monazons~ uwodebs – `aRwerili glaxakisa georgis mier xuces-monazonisa~. ix. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, II, gv. 38.

3 kekeliZe k., qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, gv. 219. 4 mas Semdeg rac giorgi mTawmidelma wignebis Targmna daiwyo, rogorc Cans, igi Tavs mainc `glaxakad~ da `xucesmonazonad~ ixseniebda. ase iwodeba igi mis mier naTargmni `paraklitonisadmi~ darTul zandukSi. `iTargmna paraklitoni... ÃelTa Cem glaxakisa giorgi xucesmonazonisaÁTa~. giorgi igives imeorebs paraklitonis teqstis bolos. `daesrula axal-Targmnili ese paraklitoni TargmaniT da nusxviT ÃeliTa Cem glaxakisa giorgisiTa xucesmonazonisaÁTa mTasa sakvirvelsa~. ix. lolaSvili i., dasax. naSromi, gv. 20–22.

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Tu giorgi mTawmidelis biografiis detalebs gaviTvaliswinebT, axalcixur saxarebad wodebuli teqstis gadamweri da imave teqstis sxvadasxva adgilas minawerebis Semsrulebeli saba, giorgi mTawmidelis biZa unda yofiliyo. giorgi mTawmidelis biografis cnobiT, im xanad `esxnes netarsa amas orni mamis-Zmani [xaxuls], ornive uxucesni mamisa misisani, kacni [RmerT] Semosilni da savseni saRmrToÁTa madliTa~5. Zmebidan ufrosi, romlis saxeli iyo `giorgi mwerali~ – `yofil iyo mweralTa zeda mTavarad kurapalatisaTa~. xolo meore Zmis saxeli iyo `saba, kaci wrfeli da umankoÁ. eseni mkÂdr iyvnes xaxuls oriTave cxorebiTa Sezavebulad, rameTu simdidresa Tana saRmrToÁsa moqalaqobisasa Ãorcielica simdidre uxuebiT aqunda~6.

giorgi mTawmidelis biZa saba (sabaÁ) rom saRmrTo wignebis gadamweric iyo, amis Sesaxeb zemomotanil cnobaSi, marTalia, araferia naTqvami, magram savaraudebeli erTia, igi ufros ZmasTan erTad moRvaweobda kurapalatis karze: sabaÁs ufrosi Zma `giorgi mwerali~, radgan `mweralTa zeda mTavrad yofil iyo~, mas araerTi `mwerali~ (gadamweri) eyoleboda, magram rogor moxvdnen isini xaxulSi?

giorgi mTawmidelis `cxovrebaSi~ arsebuli cnobidan gamomdinare, 1022 wels konstantinopolSi gamgzavrebisas (ix. qvemoT) `giorgi mwerali~ radgan ukve moxucebuli iyo7, is kuropalati, romlis karzec `giorgi mwerali~ moRvaweobda, taos mefe daviT III unda iyos. daviT III-is gardacvalebis (1001 w.) Semdeg, roca mis samefos bizantiis imperia daepatrona, da q. olTisSi samefo karma arseboba Sewyvita (gauqmda samefo kancelariac), `giorgi mweralma~ da misma garemocvam, rogorc Cans, xaxulis savaneSi ganagrZo moRvaweoba.

xaxulis savaneSi Sexvda axalgazrda giorgi rogorc Tavis biZebs, ise sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikoss (sÂmeon kaTalikosi ratom unda yofiliyo xaxulSi, amis Sesaxeb qvemoT meqneba saubari). am ukanasknelma, vinme dimitrisTan (am pirovnebis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT) erTad, Cans, iseTi STabeWdileba moaxdina ymawvil giorgize, rom SemdegSi giorgim isini Tavis `gamzrdelTa~ Soris moixsenia8.

giorgi mTawmidelis `gamzrdeli~ sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikosi samoRvaweo asparezze, ra Tqma unda, giorgize gacilebiT adre unda gamosuliyo. magram rodis, es giorgi mTawmidelis biografiidan unda gavarkvioT. gadavxedoT giorgi mTawmidelis `cxovrebis~ monacemebze dayrdnobiT akad. k. kekeliZis mier Sedgenil giorgi mTawmidelis biografias da vnaxoT, rodis unda Sexvedroda giorgi mTawmideli sÂmeon kaTalikoss.

Svidi wlis giorgi 1016 wels taZrisis dedaTa monasterSi (taZrisi sofelia axlandel borjomis raionSi, Zvel aRmosavleT samcxeSi) miiyvanes. 1019 wlidan giorgi xaxulis savaneSi imyofeboda. 1022 wels roca ajanyebaSi monawileobisaTvis bizantiis imperatorma basil II-m (gard. 1025 w. 12 dekembers) taoeli didebuli feris jojikis Ze sikvdiliT dasaja, da misi ojaxi sof. tvarwatafidan konstantinopolSi gaasaxla, giorgi da misi biZa `giorgi mwerali~ mis ojaxs gahyva 5 giorgi mcire, dasx. Txz., gv. 114–115. 6 iqve, gv. 115. 7 iqve, gv. 117. 8 giorgi mTawmidelis gamzrdelTa xaxuluri wris Sesaxeb giorgi mcires cnobebi TviT giorgisa da giorgi Seyenebulsagan momdinareobs. ix. k. kekeliZe, qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, gv. 213.

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konstantinopolSi (giorgim iq brwyinvaled Seiswavla berZnuli ena). 1034 wels giorgi xaxulSi dabrunda (aq 25 wlisa berad aRikveca). ori wlis Semdeg – 1036 wels Sav mTaze wavida da iq (antioqiis maxloblad) romanas monasterSi daemkvidra. 3 wlis Semdeg ierusalimSi, xolo iqidan daaxl. 1040 wels aTonis mTaze gadavida. daaxl. 1044 wels giorgi ukve aTonis iverTa monastris iRumenad akurTxes9.

vfiqrob, yvelaferi naTelia. zemomotanili masalis gaTvaliswinebiT aseTi suraTi warmogvidgeba: 1019 wels, roca sabas umcrosma Zmam iakobma Tavisi 10 wlis Ze – giorgi xaxulSi Caiyvana, ukve iq imyofeboda sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikosi. es svimeon kaTalikosi, swored is pirovneba iyo, romelic `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ Tavis Tavs `glaxaks, uRirss~ da `reca saxeliT kaTalikozs~ uwodebs (akad. n.berZeniSvils igi xom afzaxeTis kaTalikosad miaCnda). rac imas niSnavs, im droisaTvis mas realuri xelisufleba ar hqonda, Tumca, mas mainc Zveli tituliT moixseniebdnen.

aRniSnulTan erTad, Tu saeklesio muzeumis # 86 xelnaweris cnobas gaviTvaliswinebT, da imasac miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, rom k. kekeliZes am xelnawerSi dasaxelebuli sÂmioni, svimon III-is identur pirad miaCnda, gamodis, rom svimeoni jer afxazeT-qarTlis kaTalikosi iyo, magram raRac mizezis gamo (ix. qvemoT) man datova es saxelo da mxolod afxazeTis kaTalikosad iqna dadgenili, Tumca mas dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyroblad yofna didxans ar dascalda.

svimeon afxazeTis kaTalokosi, rogorc k. kekeliZe wers, aris avtori `qarTuli liturgikis unikaluri Zeglis~ `wmida JamiswirvaTa samRvdelmoZRvro sawiravebisa~. aseTi pirovneba, marTlac, did gavlenas moaxdenda ymawvil giorgize. ris gamoc, `svimoni~ man Tavis gamzrdelTa Soris moixsenia. svimeon afxazeTis kaTalikosTan erTad xaxulis savaneSi giorgi 1019–1022 da SesaZloa, 1034–1036 wlebSi imyofeboda.

yovelive zemoTqmuls Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, maSin gamodis, rom axalcixuri saxarebis minawerebSi dasaxelebuli pirebidan: `giorgi glaxaki~ igive `giorgi xucesmonazoni~ giorgi mTawmidelia. teqstis gadamweri da teqstze minawerebis gamkeTebeli saba, giorgis mamis Zma, xaxulis monasterSi moRvawe sabaa. xolo giorgis mier `gamzrdelad~ dasaxelebuli `sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikosi~ igive pirovnebaa, romelic `mcxeTis sabuTsa~ da `matiane qarTlisa~-Si usaxelod ixsenieba. am svimons adre afxazeT-qarTlis kaTalikosis saxelo hqonia, rasac saeklesio muzeumis # 86 xelnawerSi qarTlis kaTalikosad misi dasaxeleba mowmobs.

Tu es ase iyo, maSin samecniero sazogadoebisaTvis dRes `axalcixuri saxarebis~ saxeliT cnobili xelnaweri giorgi mTawmidelis biZis – sabaÁs mier XI s-is 30-ian wlebSi xaxulis lavraSi gadawerilad unda miviCnioT.

`axalcixuri saxarebis~ teqsti rom XI s-is 30-ian wlebSia gadawerili, es T. Jordanias dakvirvebiT dasturdeba. misi TqmiT, 1060 wels gadaweril leCxumuri saxarebis xelnawerSi, isev ioanes saxarebis dasasruls (`axalcixur saxarebaSic~ aqaa CarTuli giorgi mTawmidelis cnobili anderZi. – v. g.), minawerSi radgan naTqvamia: `wmida ese oTxTavi mamisa giorgis Targmnilisa saxarebisagan~ iqna gadawerili10, es imaze 9 iqve, gv. 219. 10 Jordania T., qronikebi, I, gv. 207.

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migviTiTebs, `axalcixuri saxarebis~ xelnaweri 1060 wlis wina xanaSi rom momzadda.

dabolos, `axalcixuri saxarebis~ xelnaweri teqsti, rom aTonis iverTa monastris iRumenad giorgi mTawmidelis arCevis (1044w.) wina xanas ekuTvnis, amas teqstis minawerSi misi – `udebi giorgis~ `saxelad oden xucesmonazonad~ dasaxeleba mowmobs11. rogorc zemoT SevniSne, giorgi mTawmideli Tavis Tavs aseve giorgi xucesmonazons uwodebs 1042–1044 wlebs Soris Seqmnil TxzulebaSi – `cxorebaÁ netarisa mamisa Cuenisa iovanesi da efTvimesi~ (`aRwerili glaxakisa giorgis mier xucesmonazonisa~).

k. kekeliZis Tanaxmad, giorgi mTawmidelma eqvTime mTawmidelis mier naTargmni oTxTavi Caaswora12. k. kekeliZes es procesi ase hqonda warmodgenili: giorgis auRia eqvTimes saxareba, Seuwamebia berZnuli teqstisaTvis da, rogorc eqvTime-giorgis redaqciaTa Sedareba gvarwmunebs, cotaTi Seusworebia igi. amitom, – wers k. kekeliZe, – marTali iyo giorgi, rodesac Tavis saxarebis anderZSi werda: `ese oTxTavi ara Tu axlad gviTargmnia, aramed friadiTa iZulebiTa vieTme sulierTa [ZmaTaÁTa] berZulTa saxarebaTada SegÂmowmebiao~13. `rac unda yofiliyo, – dasZens k. kekeliZe, – giorgim mogvca axali redaqcia saxarebisa da, msgavsad daviTnis anderZisa, gadamwerT sTxovs: Tu gindaT, Zveli redaqciebi gadawereT, – yvela Cveni saxareba, – xanmetnica da sabawmidurnic, pirveliTganve wmidad da keTiladaa naTargmni, xolo Cemsas nurc SecvliT da nurc sxvebTan arevTo14.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, dRes `axalcixur saxarebad~ wodebuli oTxTavis teqsti giorgi mTawmidelis mieraa `Sewamebuli~ berZnulTan. igi giorgis biZis sabas mieraa gadawerili xaxulis lavraSi 1034–1036 wlebSi. sabas xeliTvea Sesrulebuli giorgi mTawmidelis anderZ-minaweri, romelSic giorgi im xanad xaxulSi myof svimeon afxazTa kaTalikossa da dimitris Tavis gamzrdelebad asaxelebs.

11 silogava v., uZvelesi werilobiTi cnoba, gv. 110. 12 savaraudod sabas 1002 wels eqvTime mTawmidelis mier Targmnili da giorgis mier Casworebuli saxareba unda gadaewera. eqvTimes redaqciis xelnawerebi XI s-is dasawyisSi aRmocendnen. ix. qarTuli oTxTavis ori bolo redaqcia..., gv. 9.

13 kekeliZe k., qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, gv. 222. 14 iqve.

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Tavi V. romel xelnawers daurTo giorgi mTawmidelma Tavisi cnobili anderZi?

roca giorgi mTawmidelis mier redaqtirebul saxarebis teqstze

vsaubrobT, aqve dgeba sakiTxi: romel oTxTavs daurTo man Tavisi cnobili anderZi (romelic Semdeg araerT xelnawerSi iqna gadatanili) da XI s-is pirveli naxevridan Semonaxul saxarebaTa xelnaweri teqstebidan romeli unda iyos am anderZis dedani?

1923 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi akad. a. SaniZem giorgi mTawmidelis anderZi specialurad gaaanaliza. erTmaneTs Seudara: gelaTis, vanis, leCxumis, labsyaldis (eseni a variantad CaTvala), breTis, axalcixuri, moqvis, ejmiawinis, siZveleTa muzeumisa da ubisis (eseni b variants miakuTvna) xelnawerebSi arsebuli anderZis teqstebi, magram giorgi mTawmidels kerZod romeli xelnawerisaTvis unda daerTo anderZi, amis Sesaxeb araferi uTqvams1 (rogorc a. SaniZe wers, 1922 wlamde 11-jer gamocemula giorgi mTawmidelis anderZi, magram pirvelad romel xelnawers unda darTvoda igi, aravin dainteresebula2).

qvemoT am mxrivac minda Cemi azri gamovTqva. axalcixuri saxarebis gadamweri da amave teqstis gverdebze (114r,

184r) minawerebis gamkeTebeli saba rom giorgi mTawmidelis biZa – xaxulis savaneSi moRvawe `sabaÁ~ aris, saeWvo araa. vfiqrob, aseve saeWvo araa, am xelnaweris `momgebeli~ giorgi xucesmonazoni, rom sabas Zmiswuli giorgi mTawmidelia. arc isa Cans sakamaTo, oTxTavi sabas xaxulSi rom unda gadaewera da misTvis saboloo saxe mieca.

is faqti, teqstis paginacia Tavidan bolomde rom teqstis xeliT (e. i. sabas xeliT. – v. g.) aris Sesrulebuli, zemoTqmulis sasargeblod miuTiTebs.

xelnaweri teqstis erTianma paginaciam T. Jordanias imis mtkicebis safuZveli misca, saxarebis orive nawili sabas gadawerilad mieCnia3. T.Jordanias am Tvalsazrisis Sesaxeb v. silogava wers: `es, marTlac, asea, rac imis maCvenebelia, xelnawerma `ganyofianad~ misi gadaweris Semdeg kidev erTxel gaiara sabas xelSi~.4

ase rom, v. silogava eTanxmeba T. Jordanias, romelic Tvlis, rom saxarebis mTeli xelnaweris paginacia sabas xeliTaa aTvlili, magram amasTanave fiqrobs, rom saxarebis teqstis meore nawili – `ganyofaÁ...~ sxva gadamweris mieraa Sesrulebuli5. es rom asec iyos, saintereso isaa, xelnaweris bolo furclebze (265v, 266r) arsebuli 23 striqoniani anderZ-minaweri isev sabas xeliT romaa Sesrulebuli6 da, rogorc v. silogava wers, swored sabam `Cawera bolo mosaxsenebeli da dausva mTel wigns rveulebis saTvalavi~7.

swored am anderZ-minawerSi `yovlad udebi giorgi, saxeliT oden xucesmonazoni~ (e. i. giorgi mTawmideli) acxadebs: vinc am wigns waikiTxavs, locvisas pirvelad moixsenios `gamzrdelni~ misni `sÂmeon 1 SaniZe a., dasax. naSromi, gv. 285–286. 2 iqve, gv. 284. 3 Jordania T., qronikebi, II, gv. 90. 4 silogava v., uZvelesi werilobiTi cnoba, gv. 120, Sen. 26. 5 iqve, gv. 113. 6 iqve, gv. 112. 7 iqve, gv. 120, Sen. 26.

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afxazeTisa kaTalikosi~ da `moZRuari misi dimitri~ da Semdgomad, `sulierni moZRuarni da mSobelni~ misni `da Zmani da TÂT [igi] sawyalobeli...~8.

yovelive zemoaRniSnuli, vfiqrob, garkveul safuZvels iZleva davaskvna: eqvTime aTonelis mier 1002 wels berZnulidan naTargmni saxarebis teqsti, romelmac garkveuli redaqcia giorgi mTawmidelis xelSi ganicada, xaxulis savaneSi giorgi mTawmidelis biZis sabas mier iqna gadawerili. manve daurTo am teqsts giorgi mTawmidelis cnobili anderZi.

sabas mier gadawerili oTxTavis teqsti Tavisi anderZ-minawerebiT, dRes samecniero wreebSi `axalcixuri saxarebis~ saxeliT aris cnobili.

Tavi VI. arsen II qarTlis kaTalikosi melqisedek I-is winamorbed saqarTvelos kaTalikosebad miCneuli

pirebis Sesaxeb zemoT visaubre da vaCvene, maTgan mxolod svimons unda sWeroda mcire xniT saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis taxti. axla vnaxoT, ra masala gvaqvs svimonis winamorbedi qarTlis kaTalikosis arsen II-is zeobis wlebis Sesaxeb.

`matiane qarTlisas~ avtori daaxl. 975 wlisaTvis demetre afxazTa mefisa da misi Zmis Teodosis urTierTbrZolis ambavis Txrobisas qarTlis kaTalikoss saxelis gareSe axsenebs. isini, – wers es mematiane, – `efucnes winaSe suetsa cxovelsa1 kaTalikosi, mRvdelT-moZRuarni da didebulni yovelni~2.

zemomotanili cnobidan gamomdinare, 975 wels qarTlSi kaTalikosi mjdara. meore mxriv, Tu akad. k. kekeliZis im mosazrebas gaviziarebT, romlis Tanaxmad, asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebis~ Semqmnels – arsen II-s 955–980 wlebSi epyra qarTlis sakaTalikoso taxti3, maSin is kaTalikosi, romelmac sveticxovelSi taxtisaTvis mebrZoli Zmebi afica, arsen II unda yofiliyo. Tumca, aq isic unda iTqvas, k. kekeliZis mier arsen II-is kaTalikosobis dasawyis TariRad miTiTebuli weli sakmaod problematuria.

1928 wels `asurel mamaTa cxovrebaTa arqetipebis~ gamocemisas s.kakabaZem, am `cxovrebaTa~ avtorad arsen I miiCnia, xolo daweris drod 680–700 wlebi4. ufro adre m. sabininma arsen kaTalikosis mier asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebis~ dawera 903–910 wlebSi ivarauda5.

k. kekeliZis SeniSvniT, yovlad SeuZlebelia es arqetipebi (aqedan gamomdinare arsen II-is kaTalikosoba) meSvide saukunes mivakuTvnoT6. arsen II-is mier asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebis~ daweris dro ki man ase gansazRvra: misi TqmiT, ioane zedaznelis metafrasul `cxovrebaze~ 8 iqve, gv. 110. 1 matiane qarTlisas am cnobidan gamomdinare, 975 wlisaTvis vaxtang gorgasalis mier agebuli taZari jer kidev moqmedi iyo.

2 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 271. 3 kekeliZe k., qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, gv. 161. arsen II-is kaTalikosobis es wlebi aqvs miTiTebuli z. abaSiZes. a. natroevsa da p. karbelaSvils arsen II-is kaTalikosobis wlebad 956–972 ww. aqvT miTiTebuli. ix. zemoT.

4 asurel mamaTa cxovrebaTa arqetipebi, gamosca s. kakabaZem, tf., 1928, gv. 14, 17. 5 kekeliZe k., qarTuli literaturis istoria, gv. 160. 6 iqve, gv. 160–161.

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darTuli SeniSvnis Tanaxmad, `wmidaman mamaman Cuenman arseni qarTlis kaTalikosman~ qarTlSi asurel mamaTa mosvlidan `Semdgomad oTxas oTxisa wlisa~ (qarTlis cxovrebis~ ana dedofliseul variantSia `oTxas ocisa~) `gamoikiTxa da gamoiZia cxovreba ioanesi~7. meore mxriv, k. kekeliZis Tanaxmad, samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli miTiTebiT, ioane radgan VI s-is 40-ian wlebSi movida qarTlSi, arsenis mier asurel mamaTa `cxovrebebis~ dawera (VI s-is 40-ian wlebs + 404 an 420) X s-is 50-ian wlebze mova da im drois qarTlSi kaTalikosi, marTlac, arsen II iyo8, askvnis k. kekeliZe.

asureli mamebi qarTlSi mefe farsman sxvaÁs zeobisas, daaxl. 534 wels movidnen9 (VI s. 40-ian wlebSi qarTlSi mefis xelisufleba aRar arsebobda). maTi mosvlidan 404 an 420 weli (rogorc amas k. kekeliZe angariSobs) 938/954 welze mova, rac arsen II-is kaTalikosobis dasawyisi TariRis zustad gansasazRvravad ar gamogvadgeba, Tumca 975 wlisaTvis mas rom qarTlis sakaTalikoso taxti epyra, es saeWvo ara Cans. amitom arsen II-is gardacvalebis TariRad qarTul mecnierebaSi miRebuli 980 weli garkveulwilad realuri unda iyos.

ra moxda? `matiane qarTlisas~ avtorma ver moiZia cnobebi cnobili saeklesio mwerlis – qarTlis kaTalikos arsen II-is Sesaxeb10 (Tu, marTlac, man afica sveticxovelSi demetre da Teodosi, maSin misi saxeli gaxmaurebuli iqneboda), an ratom ar miuTiTa, vin iyvnen is kaTalikosebi, romlebmac 1003 wels bagratis taZris kurTxevaSi miiRes monawileoba?

`matiane qarTlisas~ avtoris mier kaTalikosTa usaxelod moxsenieba gamonaklisi araa. rogorc vnaxeT, msgavs SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme melqisedek kaTalikosis `mcxeTis sabuTSi~. masSi, am sabuTis damamtkicebelTa Soris dasaxelebulia `uRirsi, reca saxeliT kaTalikozi~ (rogorc zemoTac mivuTiTe, n. berZeniSvilis varaudiT, es pirovneba `afxazeTis kaTalikozia,... Zeglis Tanamdrove da melqisedekis sicocxleSi amtkicebs mas~)11.

XI s-is avtorTa mier melqisedekis ara Tu winapari, misi Tanamedrove (Cemi gamokvlevidan gamomdinare, am SemTxvevaSi dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosad svimeoni/svimoni igulisxmeba) kaTalikosis saxelis mouxsenebloba, marTlac, ucnaurad gamoiyureba da igi axnas moiTxovs.

qvemoT Sevecdebi am movlenis Sesaxeb Cemi azri gamovTqva. rogorc cnobilia, saqarTvelos teritoriaze warmoqmnil calkeul

politikur erTeulebs Soris mTeli saukunenaxevari mimdinareobda brZola qarTlis dasaufleblad. am brZolaSi egris-afxazeTis samefo gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobda. egris-afxazeTis mefeTa gavlenaSi moeqca javaxeTi, maTi moxele ijda qarTlSic. aseT pirobebSi saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis mebrZoli egris-afxazeTis mefeebi: konstantine III (893–922 ww.), giorgi II (922–957 ww.), leon III (957–967 ww.), dabolos, zemoxsenebuli mefe demetre, cdilobdnen mcxeTis sakaTalikosos (romlis samwysos warmoadgenda mTeli saqarTvelos eklesia egris- 7 iqve, gv. 161. 8 iqve. 9 goilaZe v., asurel mamaTa samSoblo da saqarTvelo, Tb., 2002, gv. 178. 10 kaTalikos arsen II-is Sesaxeb CanarTi juanSeris TxzulebaSia Setanili. ix. qarTlis cxovreba, I. gv. 208.

11 berZeniSvili n., mcxeTis sabuTi, gv. 249.

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afxazeTis eklesiis garda) mxardaWeris mopovebas12. b. diasamiZis azriT, es mefeebi mzad iyvnen mcxeTis sakaTalikososagan mxardaWeris sanacvlod, afxazeTis sakaTalikoso mcxeTis kaTedrisaTvis daeqvemdebarebinaT13.

b. diasamiZis zemomotanili Tvalsazrisi, TiTqos, misaRebia, magram, vfiqrob, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos did nawilSi politikurad gabatonebuli egris-afxazeTis mefeebi, qarTlis kaTalikosis mxolod mxardaWeriT ar dakmayofildebodnen. isini Seecdebodnen, mcxeTis sakaTalikoso taxtze maTTvis sasurveli piri daesvaT. iqneb, swored aseTi pirovneba iyo arsen II-is Semdeg sakaTalikoso taxtze asuli svimon III. araa gamoricxuli, rom igi bagrat III-is qarTleli didgvarovani opozicionrebis kandidati yofiliyo14. faqti erTia, rogorc Cans, melqisedek I-s svimon afxazTa kaTalikosTan kargi urTierToba ar hqonda (amis dasturia melqisedek kaTalikosis `dawerilSi~ svimon (svimeon) III-is `reca saxeliT~ moxsenieba).

yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebis Semdeg unda davaskvna: 1270 wels gadaweril SiomRvimis xelnawerSi X–XI saukuneebis mijnaze moRvawe kaTalikosebad dasaxelebuli pirebidan, ilarioni (`mamamTavari ilarioni~) Tu igive ilarion iSxneli, iSxanis episkoposi (igi am kaTedraze Cans 1002, 1033 wlebSi) iyo, imave siaSi qarTlis kaTalikosad dasaxelebul oqropirs melqisedek I-is Semdeg epyra saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis taxti, svimon III ki XI s-is damdegs ukve dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosad iTvleboda, maSin 980 wels (roca arsen II gardaicvala) vis unda daekavebina saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso taxti?

am SemTxvevaSi unda gavixsenoT saqarTvelos politikur cxovrebaSi momxdari cvlileba.

rogorc cnobilia, 980 wels bagrat III srulwlovani gaxda, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gadmovida da garda imisa, rom xelSi aiRo qveynis marTvis sadaveebi, mmarTvelebad Tavisi erTguli moxeleebi daniSna. TavisTavad cxadia, igi Seecdeboda saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyrobladac Tavisi erTguli pirovneba daesva. am mxriv misi `gazrdili~ melqisedeki saukeTeso kandidati iyo.

am reorganizaciis dros melqisedekma, rogorc Cans, uSualod arsen II-is Semdeg ar daikava sakaTalikoso taxti. Tu p. karbelaSvils davujerebT, melqisedekis aRsaydrebisas qarTlis kaTalikosi ilarioni unda yofiliyo da mas nebiT unda daetovebina sakaTalikoso taxti. magram, radgan misi kaTalikosoba ar dadasturda, istoriul realobasTan ufro axlos iqneba melqisedek I-is winamorbed kaTalikosad svimoni miviCnioT.

svimon III-is qarTlSi (ufro sworad afxazeT-qarTlSi) kaTalikosobis wlebis gansasazRvravad, vfiqrob, mniSvnelovania prof. z.aleqsiZis Tvalsazrisi. misi sityviT, qarTlSi gadmosuli bagrat III-is mowinaaRmdegeTa Soris misi deda, im xanad qarTls gamefebuli dedofali guranduxtic rom iyo, am mxriv `matiane qarTlisas~ cnoba 12 diasamiZe b., dasax. naSromi, gv. 225–226. 13 iqve, gv. 226. 14 rogorc cnobilia, qarTlis didi aznaurebi qavTar tbelis meTaurobiT bagrat III-is qarTlSi gadmosvlas mtrulad Sexvdnen. ix. matiane qarTlisa, qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 276. cxadia, bagrat III-s qarTlis sasuliero wreebs Sorisac mowinaaRmdegeni eyoleboda.

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atenis sionSi arsebuli gergium erhasanis Zis warweriT15 dasturdeba. z.aleqsiZis Tanaxmad, ufliscixis dakavebisas bagrat III-s guranduxt `qarTvelTa dedoflisa~ winaaRmdegobis daZlevac mouxda, ris Semdegac deda-dedofali daaxl. 982 wels `faqtiurad eqsoriayo~ qarTlidan. afxazeTSi gabrunebulma dedofalic quTaiss gaiyola~16.

rogorc Cans, daaxl. 982 wels qarTlidan dedofal guranduxtis `eqsorias~ mohyva sakaTalikoso taxtidan svimon III-is gadayeneba. im droidan igi afxazeTis kaTalikosad iwoda, qarTlis sakaTalikoso taxti melqisedek I-ma daikava.

amrigad, arsen II-is gardacvalebis (daaxl. 980 weli) Semdeg, qarTlis sakaTalikoso taxti svimon III-s ekava (rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, k, kekeliZis mier mikvleul # 86 xelnawerSi svimon III qarTlis kaTalikosadaa dasaxelebuli), magram bagrat III-is nebiT, daaxl. 982 wels, saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyroblad misi axlobeli (`aRzrdili~) melqisedeki iqna dadgenili, am droidan svimon III afxazeTis kaTalikosad iwoda. magram mas arc dasavleT saqarTveloSi dascalda moRvaweoba. rogorc `matiane qarTlisas~ avtori wers, bagrat III-m `...Teodosi mefe, dedis Zma misi, [gaagzavna] taos winaSe daviT kurapalatisa, rameTu ese saqme gamonaxa umjobesad, raTa yovelTa kacTa, didTa da mcireTa, saxeoba keTilisa, gina SiSi uwesoebisaTÂs misa mimarT aqundes~17. akad. iv. javaxiSvilis sityviT, bagrat III-m es imitom moimoqmeda, raTa `qveynis erTaderTi batoni yofiliyo~18. erTian saxelmwifos, ra Tqma unda, erTiani eklesia sWirdeboda. rogorc Cans, 982 wlis momdevno axlo xanaSi mefe Teodosis Semdeg svimeonic taoSi gadavida, 1001 wlidan ki xaxulis lavraSi daido bina (es, ra Tqma unda. bagrat III-is moTxovniT moxdeboda). im droidan igi nominalurad iwodeboda `afxazTa kaTalikosad, risi dasturia bagratis taZris kurTxevisas (1003 w.) da melqisedek I-is `dawerilis~ damowmebisas (1033 w.) misi usaxelod moxsenieba.

ufunqciod darCenili svimon III, rogorc Cans, ZiriTadad xaxulis lavraSi imyofeboda, Tumca kvlav afxazeTis kaTalikosad iwodeboda.

1019 wlidan xaxulis lavraSi myofi giorgi mTawmideli, `svimeon afxazeTisa kaTalikozs~ radgan Tavis erT-erT gamzrdelad asaxelebs, es imas mowmobs, svimon kaTalikosi Tavis droisaTvis ganaTlebuli pirovneba iyo. misi gardacvalebis Semdeg afxazeTis sakaTalikoso moiSala, rasac mowmobs 1104 wlis ruis-urbnisis `ZeglisweraSi~ sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqad mxolod ioanes dasaxeleba. bagrat III-is memkvidreebis zeobisas, karga xniT, dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia, rogorc Cans, mcxeTis sapatriarqos eqvemdebareboda.

dabolos, rac Seexeba Cemi kvlevis mTavar mizans: Tu rodis daiwyo melqisedek I-ma mcxeTis sveticxovlis kaTedralis `axlad Seneba~. 15 warweraSi naTqvamia: `† es me, gergium erhasanis Ze. vinc amas kiTxulobs, R(mrT)is mqandakebeli [moixsenieT]. bargrat afxazTa mefe roca dedofals qarTvelTa Seedava da [sataxto] (?) oflicxe daikava...~. ix. z. aleqsiZe, atenis sionis somxuri warwerebi, Tb., 1978, gv. 51.

16 iqve, gv. 56–57. z. aleqsiZe bagrat III-is mier metoqe mefis mocilebas da yvela `urCis~ Secvlas `erTguliTa da misandobeliT~ daaxl. 980 wlidan daaxl. 982 wlis axlo xanebiT gansazRvravs (iqve, gv. 53–56).

17 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 275–276. 18 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, II, gv. 126.

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am sakiTxze kidev erTxel mokled Semdegi unda vTqva: zemomotanili kvlevidan gamomdinare, melqisedek I-s radgan daaxl 982 wlidan epyra saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis taxti da mis `dawerilSi~ bizantiis imperatorebi – Zmebi basili da konstantine, rogorc mSeneblobis Semweni, erTad ixseniebian, meore mxriv 985 wlidan basil I erTpirovnuli mmarTveli iyo, konstantinopolis saimperatoro karze melqisedeki 985 wlis wina xanaSi unda Casuliyo da imperatori Zmebisgan saCuqrad saTanado saxsrebi (aq upirvelesad, kestoris monastris 105 soflis Semosavali igulisxmeba) mieRo sveticxovlis taZris `axlad asaSeneblad~. im dros imperator Zmebs qarTvelebTan, marTlac, kargi urTierToba hqondaT. 987 wels, rogorc zemoT vaCvene, basil II-is winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli barda fokas mxareze daviT III-is monawileobis gamo, basil II-is damokidebuleba qarTvelebis mimarT mkveTrad Seicvala, rac saboloo jamSi did samxedro SetakebebSi gadaizarda. 987 wlis Semdeg, saeWvoa basil II-s sveticxovlis mSeneblobisaTvis raime gaeRo.

Tavi VII. sveticxovlis taZari aRadgines Tu axali aages? 975 wels sveticxovlis taZarSi (unda vivaraudoT, afxazeT-

qarTlis kaTalikosis arsen II-is kurTxeviT), rogorc iTqva, demetre afxazTa mefisa da misi Zmis – Teodosis Serigebis (daficebis) ceremonia Sedga1. rac imis Sesaxeb migviTiTebs, im xanad vaxtang gorgaslis mier agebuli sveticxovlis taZari jer kidev moqmedi iyo2.

amis Semdeg, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, gavida mcire xani da melqisedek qarTlis kaTalikosma erTi versiiT sveticxovlis aRdgena-gadakeTeba daiwyo, xolo meore versiiT sveticxovlis axali taZari aago.

ram aiZula qarTlis kaTalikosi sveticxovlis taZarze aseTi samuSaoebi Caetarebina?

Cvens xelT arsebul werilobiT wyaroebSi 975 wlis Semdgom axlo xanaSi mcxeTis midamoebSi miwisZvraze miTiTeba araa3, amis Sesaxeb arc melqisedek kaTalikosi gvatyobinebs. melqisedeki mis mier Sedgenil `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ wers:L`mas Jamsa, uRirsi (ese) Rirs viqmen saWeT-pyrobad wmidisa amis taZrisa kaTolike samociquloÁsa eklesiisa... Sevamkev yovliTave samkaulobiTa, gareTiTa bWiTa da gareSemo stoiTa moqmniTa da zedadaburviTa...~4.

motanil amonaridSi melqisedek kaTalikosi taZris mdgomareobis arc ise mZime suraTs warmogvidgens, rom xelaxla misi ageba yofiliyo saWiro. melqisedeki mxolod `gareTiTa bWis~, `gareSemo stoiaTa~ da taZris `zedadaburvis~ Sesaxeb wers. 1 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 271–272. 2 487 wels q. antioqiaSi qarTlis kaTalikosad xeldasmuli petre kapadokieli, roca qarTlSi Camovida sveticxovlis taZris mSenebloba vaxtang gorgasals ukve damTavrebuli hqonda. maSin moxda misi sakaTalikoso taZrad kurTxeva.

3 986 wlis oqtomberSi, 989 wlis 25 oqtombersa da 1010 wlis ianvar-martSi miwisZvrebi konstantinopolSi aRiniSna (ix. Grumel V., dasax. naSromi, gv. 486). im drois qarTlSi miwisZvris Sesaxeb cnobebi ara gvaqvs.

4 dawerili melqisedek kaTalikosisa..., gv. 22.

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zemomotanil cnobaSi, rogorc vxedavT, taZris axlad ageba ar ivaraudeba. `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ arsebulma aseTma miTiTebam misca safuZveli prof. s. kakabaZes, ganecxadebina: `...1020–1031 wlebSi mcxovreb melqisedek kaTalikozs ar ekuTvnis sveticxovlis aSeneba, es cxadad Cans mis mier 1020 wels micemuli sigelidanac~5. akad. n. berZeniSvilis sityviT ki: `marTlac da, sveticxovlis aSenebaze melqisedekis dawerilSi araferia naTqvami. magram gvaZlevs Tu ara es garemoeba msgavsi daskvnis gamoyvanis uflebas? vfiqrobT – ara~, – askvnis n.berZeniSvili da dasZens: `Cvens ZeglSi (igulisxmeba `mcxeTis sabuTi~. – v. g.) arc is aris naTqvami, Tu vin aaSena sveticxoveli da arc is, – rom es taZari Cveni Zeglis damdeb melqisedeks ar auSenebia. rom Cveni Zegli pirmSo dedani iyos, s. kakabaZis argumentum ad silentium-ic marTebuli iqneboda. magram siZnelec imaSia, rom Cveni Zegli piria (da, SesaZlebelia, arc pirveli piri) da, rac mTavaria, is naklulevania da, saerTod, sakmaod damaxinjebuli, xolo swored is adgili, sadac mosalodneli iyo taZris Senebazed laparaki (Tu aseTi ram iyo), XII s-is pirs aklia, da xsenebul adgils Cven vicnobT mxolod XVII–XVIII s-is piris mixedviT, romelsac Secdoma-damaxinjebis gziT kvlav axali nabijebi warudgams win~6.

melqisedek kaTalikosis `mcxeTis sabuTi~ rom nakluli, damaxinjebuli da mas swored is adgili aklia (Cemi varaudiT, sabuTi gadakeTebulia), sadac taZris agebaze unda yofiliyo saubari, es naTelia (am mxriv Cems azrs qvemoT warmovadgen). magram n. berZeniSvili am sabuTis XVII–XVIII saukuneebis pirs rom `ufro damaxinjebulad~ Tvlis, ara mgonia, mTlad ase iyos.

`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Semavali `matiane qarTlisas~ teqstSi CanarTis saxiT Setanil cnobaSi sveticxovlis taZris mdgomareoba ufro damZimebul viTarebaSi Cans. `...sveti-cxoveli, romeli vaxtang gorgasals aReSena, – naTqvamia CanarTSi, – daZvelebul iyo da JamTa SlilobiT garSemo stoani da bWeni daqceul iyo.~7.

CanarTidan zemomotanil cnobaSi (CanarTi melqisedek kaTalikosis mier Sedgenili `mcxeTis sabuTidan~ amoRebulad iTvleba. s.yauxCiSvilis Tanaxmad, CanarTi `matiane qarTlisas~ teqstSi `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Teimuraziseuli nusxis redaqtoris mieraa Setanili)8, rogorc vxedavT, taZris `zedadaburvaze~ aRaraa miTiTeba.

Tu mxolod `mcxeTis sabuTis~ XII s-is piris cnobebiT vixelmZRvanelebT, maSin, melqisedek kaTalikoss vaxtang gorgasliseuli taZrisaTvis `gareTiTa bWe~ (e. i. gareTa Sesasvleli), `gareSemo stoani~ (Senobis gare gverdebze svetebiani kamarebi) `mouqmnia~ (amouSenebia) da `zedadaburvis~ (gadaxurvis) samuSaoebi Cautarebia. es yvelaferi, cxadia, vaxtang gorgaslis mier agebuli bazilikuri tipis taZris jvar-gumbaTovan taZrad gadakeTebasac ar gulisxmobs, ara Tu axlis aSenebas. magram, n. berZeniSvilis mier XVII–XVIII saukuneebis pirad da `ufro metad damaxinjebulad~ miCneul `mcxeTis sabuTSi~, saidanac CanarTis teqstia amoRebuli, sveticxovlis taZris mdgomareoba iseT viTarebaSia daxatuli, rom misi `axlad aRSeneba~ iyo saWiro. rac TviT mcxeTis 5 kakabaZe s., dasax. naSromi, gv. 101. 6 berZeniSvili n., mcxeTis sabuTi..., gv. 250–251. 7 matiane qarTlisa (CanarTi), gv. 282. 8 qarTlis cxovreba, t. 1, gv. 282, Sen. 1.

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sveticxovlis taZris warweriT dasturdeba. warweraSi naTqvamia: `q∼e ad∼e S∼n mi∼r damyarebuli m∼fe C∼ni q~s mier melqizedek qarTlisa

kaTalikozi r~n ma meored aRaSena w∼Á kaTo[l]ike... solisa maTisa~9. rogorc n. berZeniSvili wers, `Tavis droze T. Jordania am

warweraSi swored imis cnobas hxedavda, rom am bWis aRmSenebeli melqisedek k-zi TviT sveticxovlis taZris maSenebelic aris~10. magram, maSin yvela ase ar fiqrobda. T. Jordanias Tanamedrove a. natroevi 1900 wels specialurad `mcxeTisadmi~ miZRvnil monografiaSi werda: taZris warweraSi moxseniebuli melqisedek kaTalikosi XI saukuneSi (1020 w.) cxovrobda da taZaric ZiriTadad im Senobas warmoadgens, romelic V saukuneSi vaxtang gorgasalma aaSena11.

sakiTxis gadasawyvetad didi mniSvneloba hqonda xelovnebaTmcodneTa azrs. 1925 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi akad. g.CubinaSvili miuTiTebs: sveticxovlis melqisedekiseul SenobaSi à`aris... ufro Zveli Senobis nawilebic, romlebic SeiZleba gamoiyos analizis SemweobiT, magram isini melqisedekis xuroTmoZRvris mier moqceulni arian Senobis saerTo mwkrivSi~12. amis Semdeg g. CubinaSvili ufro azustebs Tavis azrs da wers: `mcxeTis sapatriarqo taZari... warmoadgens Tavis ZiriTadi nawilebiT melqisedek kaTalikozis Senobas, dasrulebuls 1020 wels~13.

akad. g. CubinaSvilis mier gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisis Semdeg ufro dabejiTebiT miuTiTeben XI saukuneSi sveticxovlis taZris axlad aSenebis Sesaxeb14. akad. v. beriZis Tanaxmad, `XI s-Si dazianebuli bazilikis adgilze qarTlis kaTalikosma melqisedekma axali taZari aago. man xuroTmoZRvrad arsukiZe miiwvia~15.

arsukiZis moRvaweobis droisaTvis saqarTveloSi da, saerTod, qristianul qveynebSi gumbaTiani taZrebis mSeneblobas ukve xangrZlivi tradicia hqonda da man jvargumbaTovani tipis SesaniSnavi taZari aago.

mkvlevarTa nawili bazilikuri tipis nagebobidan gumbaTiani taZrebis mSeneblobaze gadasvlas garkveul procesTan, kerZod, bizantinizmis gamarjvebasTan akavSirebs.

mas Semdeg, rac daax. 487 wels antioqiis sapatriarqosagan qarTlis eklesiam avtokefalia moipova16, igi TandaTan CamoSorda siriul da asurul kulturul samyaros. am process zed daerTo bizantinizmis17 gamarjveba. am dros, – wers akad. k. kekeliZe, – moxda `gadafaseba religiur-kulturuli warsulisa~. moiSala `yovelgvari kvali 9 berZeniSvili n., mcxeTis sabuTi..., gv. 255–256. warweris teqsti gansxvavebulad aris warmodgenili axal gamocemaSi (ix. qvemoT, gv. ).

10 berZeniSvili n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 255; Jordania T., qronikebi, I, gv. 176. 11 Натроев А., Мцхета и его собор..., gv. 178. 12 CubinaSvili g., qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba saSualo saukuneebSi da misi sami mTavari kaTedrali (mxatvruli Sedarebis cda), tfilisi, 1925, gv. 110.

13 iqve, gv. 125–126. 14 es sakiTxi vrclad gaaanaliza akad. n. berZeniSvilma s. kakabaZis debulebaTa uaryofisas (ix. misi, mcxeTis sabuTi..., gv. 250 da Semdegi). misi daskvniT, `zogjer aSeneba~ axlis agebas niSnavda, zogjer ki is mxolod gadakeTebas, ganaxlebas, restavracias gulisxmobda~ (iqve, gv. 273, 277–278). vrceli msjelobis miuxedavad, melqisedekis mier sveticxovlis taZris axlad agebis sakiTxi man Riad datova (iqve, gv. 278).

15 beriZe v., Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1974, gv. 54. 16 am sakiTxze ix. goilaZe v., qarTuli eklesiis saTaveebTan, Tavi X. 17 bizantinizmis ganamarteba ix. s. yauxCiSvilis, leqciebi bizantiis istoriidan, gv. 25.

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aRmosavluri ideologiisa da niadagi moumzada orTodoqsalur bizantinizms~18. amis Semdeg imperiis teritoriaze mdebare qarTul savaneebSi moRvawe qarTvelTa winaSe dRis wesrigSi dadga qarTul enaze adre siriulidan naTargmni wminda wignebi, axali drois moTxovnis Sesabamisad, berZnuli redaqciis mixedviT gaemarTaT. am mxriv didi gulmodginebiT iRvawes eqvTime da giorgi mTawmidelebma.

somxur samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli TvalsazrisiT, bizantinizmis gamarjvebam arqiteqturazec moaxdina gavlena. ra mdgomareoba gvaqvs am mxriv somxur da qarTul arqiteqturaSi?

aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa VI–VII da VIII s-is damdegis somxeTSi mimdinare literaturuli Zvrebis arqiteqturasTan kavSiris Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli mosazreba: `im xanebSi, rodesac biblia asurulidan iTargmneboda somxurze, amis paralelurad somxeTSi sWarbobda asuruli tipis samnaviani bazilikebis mSenebloba (aseTebia: ereruiqis bazilika, tekori, oZun-uzunlari da sxva). rodesac biblias berZnulidan Targmnidnen, maSin mis paralelurad Sendeboda centralur-gumbaTovani jvris tipis eklesiebi (aseTebia: rifsimes taZari, adiamani, sisianis yaraqilisa, aramusi da sxva). xolo rodesac asurulidan naTargmn biblias amowmebdnen da asworebdnen berZnulis mixedviT, maSin xdeboda bazilikuri eklesiebis gumbaTovan taZrebad gadakeTeba-aSeneba (aseTebia tekoris taZari, oZun-uzunlari da sxva)19.

rogori viTarebaa am mxriv saqarTveloSi? iseve rogorc somxeTSi, saqarTveloSic xom daiwyo adre asurulidan naTargmni wminda wignebis berZnulis mixedviT gamarTva?

ramdenad iyo saqarTveloSi dakavSirebuli bazilikis tipis eklesiaTa gadakeTeba jvar-gumbaTovan eklesiebad asurulidan naTargmni wminda wignebis berZnulis mixedviT gamarTvasTan, Zneli saTqmelia, magram, mas Semdeg, rac bizantiis saimperatoro karisa da konstantinopolis patriarqTa mTavari samlocvelo, yvela arqiteqtorisaTvis misabaZi wm. sofiis gumbaTiani taZari bazilikis tipis Senobaze iqna daSenebuli (mSenebloba damTavrda 537 w.)20, rogorc Cans, aseTi gadakeTeba misabaZi gaxda saqarTveloSic. albaT, araerTi bazilikuri eklesia jvar-gumbaTovan nagebobad gadakeTda, maT Soris SeiZleba davasaxelo IV s-Si agebuli cixegojis 40 wamebulTa saxelobis eklesia, wyarosTavis VI s. eklesia javaxeTSi, dabolos, mcxeTis sveticxoveli, taZari, romelSic 975 wels Serigebis ceremoniali Sesrulda, sul mokle xanSi axlad asagebi gamxdara. radgan vaxtang gorgaslis mier agebuli taZari `daZvelebul iyo da JamTa SlilobiT garSemo stoani da bWeni daqceuli iyo~.

18 kekeliZe k., sakiTxi siriel moRvaweTa qarTlSi mosvlis Sesaxeb. etiudebi..., t. I, Tb., 1956, gv. 23.

19 meliqseT-begi l., Zveli somxuri literaturis istoria, Tb., 1914, gv. 57. 20 amiranaSvili S., qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, Tb., 1971, gv. 132.

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Tavi VIII. rodis da visi safasiT aigo sveticxoveli Cem mier wamoyenebuli Tvalsazrisi qarTlis kaTalikosad bagrat

III-is mier melqisedek I-is daaxl. 982 wels dadgenis Sesaxeb, rogorc vxedavT, qarTul mecnierebaSi melqisedek I-is AaRsaydrebis TariRad miRebul 1010 wels ewinaaRmdegeba. amitom, axla unda gavarkvio, ramdenad Seesabameba es TariRi istoriul realobas, ras efuZnebian is mkvlevrebi, romlebic melqisedek I-is mier qarTlis kaTalikosis taxtis dakavebis TariRad 1010 wels miuTiTeben.

qarTveli mkvlevrebi melqisedek I-is aRsaydrebis wels uSualod akavSireben mis mier sveticxovlis taZris axlad AaSenebis samuSaoebis dawyebas. es metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxi advilad gadawydeboda sveticxovlis taZris kedlebze samuSaos dawyebis TariRze qtitors rom saTanado miTiTeba gaekeTebina. magram arc sveticxovlis taZris qtitorsa da arc im drois mematianeebs am udidesi da metad mniSvnelovani AZeglis mSeneblobis dawyebisa da damTavrebis Sesaxeb cnoba ar dautovebiaT. taZarze arsebuli warwerebi mxolod melqisedekisa da arsukiZis Rvawlis Sesaxeb mogviTxroben.

taZris aRmosavleT fasadze, Sua dekoratiuli TaRis qvemoT, Tormet diskoze arsebul warwerebs ase kiTxuloben: à`adiden RmerTman qristes mier melqizedek qarTlisa kaTalikozi amen. aReSena ese wmidai eklesiai xeliTa glaxakisa monisa maTisa arsukiZisaiTa RmerTman ganusuene sulsa missa~1. taZris Crdilo fasadze, mTavari sarkmelis zemoT, or qvaze arsebul warweraSi ki aRniSnulia: `xeli monisa arsukiZisaÁ SeundveT~ (am or qvas Soris Casmulia mesame qva qvaxelisa da gonios reliefiT)2.

mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZris warwerebSi, rogorc vxedavT, araferia naTqvami Tu rodis daiwyo an damTavrda misi mSenebloba, amitom taZris mSeneblobis drois sakiTxiT dainteresebuli mkvlevrebi am problemis gadasaWrelad ZiriTadad melqisedekis `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ arsebul cnobebs iyenebdnen. mSeneblobis damTavrebis gansasazRvravad masSi am anderZis Sedgenis TariRad aRniSnul 1020 wels uTiTebdnen. rac Seexeba taZris mSeneblobis dawyebis TariRad dReisaTvis miRebul 1010 wels, es weli, rogorc zemoTac iTqva, melqisedek I-is aRsaydrebis TariRadacaa miCneuli, da, cxadia, sainteresoa imis garkveva, Tu ras emyareba igi.

roca melqisedek kaTalikosis aRsaydrebis TariRad qarTul mecnierebaSi miRebuli 1010 wlis (aqedan gamomdinare, mis mier sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis dawyebis) realurobis sakiTxiT davinteresdi, upirveles yovlisa, akad. iv. javaxiSvilis `qarTveli eris istoriaSi~ (tomi II) Cavixede. es wigni 1914 wlis gamocemas eyrdnoba3, amitom masSi b-n ivanes gviandeli Casworebebi araa gaTvaliswinebuli. melqisedekis `dawerilis~ TariRad 1020 welia miTiTebuli4. rac mTavaria, am wignSi iv. javaxiSvili bagrat III-isa da giorgi I-is (romelTa zeobis xanaSic, dRes miRebuli TvalsazrisiT, sveticxoveli aSenda) Sesaxeb ise mogviTxrobs, sveticxovelze arafers wers5. aseve, 1926 wels gamocemul `qarTul paleografiaSi~ iv. javaxiSvili `mcxeTis 1 andRulaZe n., sveticxovlis kompleqsi, gv. 262. 2 iqve. 3 redaqtorisagan. iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, tomi II, Tb., 1983, gv. 02. 4 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria. Txz., t. II, gv. 15, 66. 5 iqve, gv. 123–136; 317–323.

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sabuTs~ Tu 1020 wels Sedgenilad Tvlida6, 1930 wels gamoqveynebul `saqarTvelos ekonomikur istoriaSi~ (wigni I), 1020 weli mcdarad miiCnia da am sabuTis Sedgenis TariRic 1040 weli miuTiTa7.

ra moxda, ratom Seicvala b-ma ivanem Tavisi azri? saqme isaa, rom swored 1930 wels gamoqveynda akad. n. berZeniSvilis

Cem mier araerTxel damowmebuli vrceli gamokvleva – `mcxeTis sabuTi XI saukunis~, sadac detaluradaa gaanalizebuli am sabuTis Seqmnisa da Sedgenilobis Sesaxeb winamorbed mkvlevarTa mosazrebebi. `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ melqisedek kaTalikosis mier sabuTis Sedgenis drod

miTiTebuli 1020 weli (sm), man mcdarad CaTvala8. qronikoni s~m, – wers n. berZeniSvili, – Tavis adgilze ar aris, is teqstis sxva adgilidanaa gadasmuli an gadamweris mier aSiidan aris Setanili teqstSi9. radgan romanoz argiri 1028 wlis 28 noembris Semdeg dReebSi gamefda, qronikoni sm Tu dedniseulia da igi gadamweris mier teqstSi araa Setanili, maSin d. CubinaSvilTan da m. brosesTan erTad unda davuSvaT, rom mas erTeulis aRmniSvneli aso aklia. aseTi aso mxolod T-ani SeiZleboda yofiliyo10. misive sityviT, `erTad erTi gamosavali am TariRis

gadasarCenad aris misi Sesworeba s~mT qronikonad = (1029 w.), e. i. aRiareba, rom XII s-is piris gadmomwerma Secdoma dauSva TariRis ricxvis gadmocemaSi~11.

`mcxeTis sabuTis~ Sedgenis TariRad, rogorc Cans, TviT melqisedek kaTalikosis mier miTiTebuli sm – 240 qronikonis (1020 weli) nacvlad ase iqna miRebuli 1029 weli (sveticxovlis mSeneblobis damTavrebis TariRi).

n. berZeniSvilis Tanaxmad, aseve, saerTod, miRebuli TariRia melqisedekis kaTalikosad kurTxevis 1010 weli12. n. berZeniSvilis mtkicebiT, 1010 wlis siswores Semdegi adasturebs: melqisedek kaTalikosma Tavis `dawerilSi~ ali amiras gverdiT `ranTa da kaxTa mefe~ rom ar `moixsena~, es imaze migviTiTebs, bagrat III-s ise rogorc qarTlze, hereT-kaxeTzec xeli miuwvdeba da es is droa, roca man `daipyra sruliad hereTi da kaxeTi, warmoiyvana kvirike, daimWira TÂssa karsa zeda~13. am ukanasknel ambavs ki radgan adgili hqonda 1011 wels (e.i. 1011 wlidan vidre 1014 wlamde bagrat mefem Seuvaloba mianiWa mcxeTis mamulebs), am droidan, rogorc Cans, mesxeTsa da qarTlSi, ise hereT-kaxeTSic bagrat III-s xeli miuwvdeboda. Tu am mosazrebas gaviziarebT, – dasZens n. berZeniSvili, – maSin dasturdeba agreTve melqisedekis kaTalikosad kurTxevis saerTod miCneuli TariRi – 1010 weli14. 6 javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli damwerlobaT-mcodneoba anu paleografia, tfilisi, 1926, gv. 77, 84.

7 javaxiSvili iv., sqarTvelos ekonomiuri istoria. wigni pirveli, meore axlad dawerili gamocema. tfilisi, 1930, gv. 99–100.

8 1020 wlis sandoobaSi eWvi jer kidev mari brosem Seitana. ix. n. berZeniSvili, mcxeTis sabuTi..., gv. 230. miuxedavad imisa, rom naSromis 232 gverdze 1020 wlis mcdarobis Sesaxeb n. berZeniSvili TviT imowmebs iv. javaxiSvilis ekonomiur istorias, I (gverdisa da gamocemis welis miTiTebis gareSe), saeWvod ar meCveneba, piriqiT, iv.javaxiSvilma n. berZeniSvilis naSromis gavleniT rom uaryo 1020 wlis realuroba. n. berZeniSvilis Tvalsazriss b-ni ivane SeiZleba pirad saubarSic gacnoboda.

9 berZeniSvili n., mcxeTis sabuTi, gv. 239. 10 iqve, gv. 235. 11 iqve, gv. 239. 12 iqve, gv. 245. 13 iqve. 14 iqve.

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ase gaimarTa melqisedek I-is aRsaydrebis wlad 1010, xolo mis mier `dawerili~ sigelis (`mcxeTis sabuTis~) Sedgenis TariRad – 1029 weli. Tumca, im xanad es wlebi jer kidev ar iyo aRiarebuli sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis dawyebisa da damTavrebis TariRebad (amis Sesaxeb TviT n. berZeniSvilic arafers wers).

n. berZeniSvilis naSromis gamoqveynebis Semdeg sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis daTariRebis sakiTxSi gardatexa 1942 wels moxda. am wels gamoqveynebul gamokvlevaSi l. musxeliSvilma sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis dawyeba daaxl. 1010, xolo damTavreba 1029 wliT daaTariRa.

melqisedek kaTalikosis mier Sedgenili anderZi (e. i. `mcxeTis sabuTi~. – v. g.), – wers l. musxeliSvili, – `sveti-cxovlis taZris aSenebaze ratomRac dums~, `Cvenamde ar mouRwevia arc melqizedekis `dawerils~, micemuls sveti-cxovlisaTvis 1029 wels15 da arc dedans misi anderZisas, romelic Sedgenilia 1031–1033 wlebSi da romelSic pirvel nawilad Setanilia 1029 wlis `dawerilic~. `am anderZis uZveles Cvenamde moRweul pirs XII saukunisas swored is adgili aklia, sadac taZris Senebaze unda yofiliyo laparaki~16. meore mxriv, – dasZens l. musxeliSvili, – radgan `dawerili~ Sedgenil iqna 1029 wels (`qronikon iyo sm[T]), TavSi ki naTqvamia: `es dawerili movaÃsene da Sevwire... saydarsa mcxeTisasa... Cuen,... qarTlis kaTalikoz-patriaqman melqizedek, mas Jamsa odes... Rirs viqmnen saWeT pyrobad wmidisa amis taZrisa~ – `...gamodis, rom melqisedeks Tavisi `dawerili~ Seudgenia da sveti-cxovlisaTvis mouxsenebia maSin, rodesac is kaTalikosad dajda, e. i. 1010 wlis axlo~17.

amis Semdeg l. musxeliSvili aRniSnavs: winadadeba `mas Jamsa, odes... Rirs viqmen saWeT pyrobad... kaTolike eklesiisa~, unda miekuTvnos momdevno teqsts~, ris Semdegac daaskvna: `amnairad Sesworebuli teqsti Cven gvauwyebs ara marto imas, rom melqisedeks sveti-cxovlis taZari auSenebia, aramed imasac, rom es mSenebloba Tavisi kaTalikosobis pirvelsave wels dauwyia...~, `maSasadame, Cven vRebulobT sakmaod zust TariRebs sveti-cxovlis taZris mSeneblobis dawyebisas: igi daiwyo 1010 wlis axl. da damTavrda 1029 wels... `dawerili~, mis mier `naqmaris~ aRnusxviT, melqizedeks maSin unda Seedgina da moexsenebina axali taZrisaTvis, rodesac mSenebloba damTavrda da axali Senoba mzad idga, ise rom, Cveni sabuTi zemoT arCeul warwerebsac EeWvmiutanelad 1029 wliT aTariRebs~18. `raki mSenebloba daaxl. 19-20 weliwads gagrZelebula, aqedanac kidev erTxel Cans, rom melqizedekis `naqmari~ ar SeiZleba manamde arsebuli Zveli nagebobis Tundac Zalian safuZvliani Semkoba anda gadakeTeba yofiliyo, aramed es iyo ZiriTadad srulebiT axali Senobis ageba, romlis `saerTo mwkrivSi~ xuroTmoZRvars `ufro Zveli Senobis nawilebic~ (n. CubinaSvili) mouqcevia~19. 15 1029 weli, rogorc vnaxeT, `mcxeTis sabuTis~ teqstSi n. berZeniSvilis mieraa Casworebuli.

16 musxeliSvili l., mcxeTis sveti-cxovlis uZvelesi warwerebi, gv. 139. 17 iqve, gv. 140. 18 iqve, gv. 141. 19 iqve.

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sakmaod vrceli amonaweris motana momixda, raTa mkiTxvelisaTvis sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis `sakmaod zusti TariRebis~ dadgenis l. musxeliSviliseuli dasabuTeba meCvenebina20.

ra SeiZleba iTqvas zemomotanili msjelobis Sesaxeb? upirveles yovlisa, is, rom 1. `qronikoni sm[T]~, saidanac

l.musxeliSvilma 1029 weli miiRo, `T~ (e. i. ricxvi 9) n. berZeniSvilis aRdgenas warmoadgens da aqedan gamomdinare, am wliT sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis damTavreba pirobiTia.

2. Cven aranairi xelmosakidi masala ara gvaqvs melqisedek I-ma swored `1010 wlis axl.~ (e. i. axlo xanaSi. – v. g.) rom daikava qarTlis sakaTalikoso taxti (amis Sesaxeb Tavis vrcel gamokvlevaSi akad. n.berZeniSvili arafers wers da am TariRis siswore arc sxva mkvlevrebs dausabuTebiaT). aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mcxeTis sveticxovlis kaTedraluri taZris mSeneblobis dawyebis TariRad l. musxeliSvilis mier miRebuli 1010 weli mxolod `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ `ranTa da kaxTa mefis~ mouxseneblobis faqts emyareba. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1010 wlis siswore arc realur-istoriul masalaze araa dafuZnebuli, igi mainc misaRebi gaxda qarTveli mecnierebisaTvis. ase magaliTad, 1946 wels gamoqveynebul gamokvlevaSi «Мцхета» n. severovma da g. CubinaSvilma aRniSnes: «Новейшие изыскания установили, что строительство католикоса Мельхиседека и последовавшее затем полное и пышное оборудование собора... заняло в общем все время патриашества Мельхиседека и длилось около двадцати лет, начиная с 1010 г. и по 1029 г. включительно»21.

xelovnebaTmcodneobisa da qarTuli arqiteqturis istoriis gamoCenil mkvlevarTa mier sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis l.musxeliSviliseuli TariRebis gaziareba bevrs niSnavda. amis Semdeg es TariRebi damkvidrda qarTul mecnierebaSi22. akad. v. beriZem 1985 wels qarTul enciklopediaSi moTavsebul werilSi `sveticxoveli~, sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis TariRad yovelgvari SeniSvnis gareSe 1010–1029 wlebi miuTiTa23.

gamoCenil qarTvel mecnierTa mier mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis TariRebad (dasawyisi 1010 w., damTavreba 1029 w.) miRebuli wlebis siswore, TiTqos, gadasinjvas ar saWiroebda. qarTuli sazogadoeba da mecnierebis yvela dargis warmomadgeneli Rrmadaa darwmunebuli (es axlac asea) sveticxovlis mSeneblobis dawyebisa da damTavrebis TariRebad miRebuli wlebis WeSmaritebaSi. aseTi viTarebis miuxedavad, 1988 wels Jurnal `macneSi~ gamoqveynda axalgazrda mkvlevris zurab jamburias werili `mcxeTis XI saukunis sabuTisa da sveticxovlis mSeneblobis TariRisaTvis~. dasaxelebul gamokvlevaSi 20 akad. v. beriZe werda: `istorikosma l. musxeliSvilma gamoarkvia, rom arsukiZes sveticxovlis ageba dauwyia 1010 wels, melqisedek kaTalikosis taxtze asvlisTanave. mSenebloba 1029 wels damTavrda da, rogorc warwerebidan Cans, imave wels gardaicvala TviT xuroTmoZRvaric~. ix. v. beriZe, Zveli qarTveli ostatebi, Tb., 1967, gv. 28.

21 Северов Н. Чубинашвили Г., Мцхета. М., 1946, gv. 15. 22 mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis damTavrebis TariRis dasamkvidreblad metad mniSvnelovani iyo akad. s. janaSias mier misi Setana saqarTvelos istoriis saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi 1946 wels (ix. n. berZeniSvili, i. javaxiSvili, s. janaSia, saqarTvelos istoria. naw. I, Tb., 1946, gv. 176). am wignis 1940 (gamoqveynda xelnaweris uflebiT) da 1943 wlis (I gamocema) gamocemebSi sveticxoveli saerTod araa naxsenebi (gv. 143–145; 113–115).

23 beriZe v., sveticxoveli. qse, t. 9.

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z.jamburiam mari brosedan mokidebuli yvela im mkvlevris Tvalsazrisi gaaanaliza, visac `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ sveticxovlis mSeneblobis damTavrebis TariRad miTiTebuli 1020 wlis Sesaxeb azri hqonda gamoTqmuli24.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, mkvlevarTa umravlesoba `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis damTavrebis TariRad miTiTebuli 1020 wlis realurobas am sabuTSi bizantiis imperatorebis: konstantine VIII-isa da roman III-is moxseniebis gamo uaryofda. maTi mtkicebiT, dasaxelebulma pirebma Sesabamisad radgan 1025 da 1028 wels daikaves saimperatoro taxti, isini 1020 wels Sedgenil sabuTSi ar unda ixseniebodnen. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, `mcxeTis sabuTi~ 1028 wlis Semdeg unda iyos Sedgenili. aseTi Tvalsazrisis gasamyareblad Casva akad. n. berZeniSvilma `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ 1020 wlis nacvlad 1029 weli.

z. jamburias Tanaxmad, `mcxeTis sabuTis~ is adgilebi, sadac konstantine VIII (1025–1028) da romanoz III (1028–1034) arian moxseniebulni, 1020 wlis sabuTSi gvian unda iyos Camatebuli. es procesi mas ase aqvs warmodgenili: melqisedek kaTalikosma, – wers z. jamburia, – Tavisi moRvaweobis angariSi Seadgina 1020 w. da sabuTs aRniSnuli TariRi dausva. bunebrivia, aq ar iqnebodnen moxseniebulni bizantiis keisrebi konstantine VIII da romanoz III25. melqisedeki, rogorc kaTalikosi, – dasZens z. jamburia, – amis Semdegac zrunavda sveticxovlis qonebis SesaZenad da, rogorc sabuTidan Cans, bizantiis keisrebisagan ZRvnad miiRo `xati oqroÁsaÁ~ da ~Sesamoseli oqroqsoÁli~ 1025 wlidan 1033 wlamde, da 1031–1033 wlebSi roca melqisedekma anderZi dawera, masSi 1020 wels Sedgenili sabuTic Seitana, Tumca, rogorc n. berZeniSvili aRniSnavs, `ara meqanikurad da sruliad ucvlelad, aramed Secvlili~26. sabuTis gamaerTianebelma pirovnebam sabuTis TariRi – 1020 w. ucvleli datova da igi Seavso momdevno drois ambebiT, radgan isini Tematurad am adgils Seesabamebodnen~27. amis Semdeg z. jamburia askvnis: `mcxeTis sabuTis~ pirveli nawilis TariRia 1020 weli da, Sesabamisad, sveticxovlis mSeneblobis damTavrebac unda daTariRdes imave 1020 wliT da ara 1029 wliT, rogorc es aris miRebuli28.

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, z. jamburias gamokvleva da mis mier miRebuli daskvna `mcxeTis sabuTis~ pirvel nawilSi sveticxovlis mSeneblobis damTavrebis TariRad miTiTebuli 1020 wlis realurobis Sesaxeb, uyuradRebod darCa. 1990 wels gamocemul `saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRwerilobaSi~ sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis TariRebad kvlav 1010–1029 wlebia miTiTebuli29 (z.jamburias gamokvleva am tomisadmi darTul bibliografiaSic ki araa asaxuli30).

imis gasarkvevad, Tu rodis unda dawyebuliyo mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZris mSenebloba, zemoT vrclad visaubre da saTanado kvlevis Sedegad vaCvene, Tu rodis unda daekavebina melqisedek I-s saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis taxti da rodis unda 24 jamburia z., mcxeTis XI saukunis sabuTisa da sveticxovlis mSeneblobis

daTariRebisaTvis. macne istoriis... seria. 1988, # 1, gv. 105–109. 25 iqve, gv. 110. 26 iqve. 27 iqve, gv. 111. 28 iqve. 29 andRulaZe n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 261. 30 saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, wigni 5, Tb., 1990, gv. 470–471.

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daewyo saTanado samuSaoebi sveticxovlis taZris `axlad asaSeneblad~. rac Seexeba sveticxovlis mSeneblobis TariRebad qarTul mecnierebaSi damkvidrebul 1010 da 1029 wlebs, maTi realuroba, rogorc vnaxeT, saeWvoa. samarTlianad scada misi uaryofa z. jamburiam, magram ramdenad sworia mis mier sveticxovlis mSeneblobis damTavrebis TariRad miCneuli 1020 weli? erT rameSi z. jamburias, aseve im mkvlevrebs, romlebsac 1020 weli mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis damTavrebis TariRad miaCndaT (T. Jordania, a. natroSvili, s. kakabaZe, a.SaniZe, saurmag kakabaZe31), unda daveTanxmo. 1020 wlisaTvis sveticxovlis taZris mSenebloba, marTlac, damTavrebuli unda yofiliyo.

`mcxeTis sabuTSi~ sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis damTavrebis TariRad miTiTebuli 1020 wlis sandoobaze roca vsaubrobT, erT sakiTxSi unda SevTanxmdeT. am sabuTis pirvel nawilad miCneul

monakveTSi miTiTebul `s~m~-s gadakeTebis araviTari kvali ar amCnevia da

garkveviT ikiTxeba `qronikoni iyo s~m~32. sxvadasxva dros Sedgenili sabuTebis gaerTianebisas, Tanamedrove qarTul mecnierebaSi `mcxeTis sabuTad~ (melqisedekis `dawerili~) cnobil dokumentSi adrindeli sabuTis TariRi Tavis adgilas ucvleladaa datovebuli (amitom gaerTianebul sabuTs TariRi SuaSi uzis)33.

`mcxeTis sabuTSi~ 1020 weli Tu dedniseulia, maSin Cemi dakvirvebiT, melqisedek kaTalikosis mier Sedgenili am dokumentis gacnobisas iseTi STabeWdileba gvrCeba, TiTqos, melqisedeks sulac ar hqonda miznad is didi samuSao warmoeCina, romelic man vaxtang gorgaslis mier agebuli da ~JamTa viTarebisagan~ daqceuli sveticxovlis Zveli taZris adgilze axali taZris asagebad gaswia. melqisedekis sityvebi: `...mas Jamsa, odes uRirsi [ese] Rirs viqmen saWeT-pyrobad wmidisa amis taZrisa kaTolike samociquloÁsa eklesiisa da Sevamkev salxinebelad sulisa Cemisa da warsamarTebelad qristianeTa. da Sevamkev yoveliTave samkaulobiTa, gareTiTa bWiTa da garSemo stoiTa moqmniTa da zedadaburviTa~34, rogorc zemoTac vTqvi, sveticxovlis taZris ara Tu axlad agebas, Zvelis safuZvlianad gadakeTebasac ar gulisxmobs. Tavis `daweril~ sabuTSi melqisedeki cdilobs, misadmi naboZebi faseulobani, aseve is saeklesio nivTebi da soflebi warmoaCinos, romlebic man sveticxovlis taZris `gareTiTa bWiTa da garSemo stoiTa moqmnisa da zedadaburvis~ Semdeg taZrisaTvis SeiZina. Zneli warmosadgenia sabuTSi dasaxelebuli uzarmazari simdidre melqisedeks sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis paralelurad SeeZina. sveticxovlis Semkoba `yovliTa samkaulobiTa oqroÁTa da vecxliTa, TualiTa da margalitiTa da saR(mr)ToTa [wignTa] daweriTa~, sveticxovlis taZris `oqroÁTa da vecxliT~ moWedva; `w(mi)daÁ s(a)kurTxevelis [oqroÁTa] da vecxliTa, TualiTa da marg(a)litiTa~ moWedva; `kankelisa da sakurTxevelis karTa oqroÁTa da vercxliT~ moWedva35 da sxva mravali CamonaTvali iseT fulad saxsrebs moiTxovda, 31 am sakiTxze ix. z. jamburias dasax. naSromi, gv. 105–109. 32 iqve, gv. 105. Sdr., dawerili melqisedek kaTalikosisa..., gv. 21. 33 jamburia z., dasax. naSromi, gv. 105. 34 dawerili melqisedek kaTalikosisa..., gv. 22. 35 iqve.

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Zneli warmosadgenia sveticxovlis maSenebel kaTalikoss saqarTveloSi (Tundac bizantiaSi) taZris mSeneblobis xanebSi moeZia36.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ Teimuraziseul nusxaSi Setanil im CanarTSi, romelic `melqisedekis dawerilidan~ amoRebulad iTvleba37, xom pirdapiraa Tqmuli: `...didi ese kaTolike samociqulo eklesia sveti-cxoveli, romeli vaxtang gorgasalsa aReSena, daZvelebul iyo da JamTa SlilobiT gareSemo stoani da bWeni daqceul iyo. da aRaravin iyo mwe aRSenebad da arcara-vis Zal-edva aRSeneba misi~38. amitom Cavida melqisedek kaTalikosi konstantinopolSi da imperatorebs `miuTxra yoveli SeuZlebloba qarTvelTa da saTxoveli TÂsi~39.

zemomotanil citataSi gadmocemuli ambavi, vfiqrob, realurad asaxavs im viTarebas, rac X s-is bolo meoTxedis qarTlSi iyo. roca bagrat III 980 wels afxazeTidan (dasavleT saqarTvelo) qarTlSi gadmovida, saqarTvelos am kuTxeSi Sinaomebis gamo mZime ekonomikuri viTareba iyo. ris gamoc, im drois saqarTveloSi `aRaravin iyo mwe [sveticxovlis] aRSenebad da arcra-vis Zal-edva aRSeneba misi~. samefo xelisufleba, rogorc Cans, melqisedeks materialurad didad ver exmareboda. melqisedeks mxolod is mouxerxebia, rom bagrat mefisaTvis sveticxovlis Zveli qonebis damtkiceba uTxovia. melqisedek kaTalikosi Tavis `dawerilSi|~ wers `...r(ome)lni s(o)f(e)lni Zuel(a)d hqondes amas w(midas)a dedaq(a)l(a)qsa, Sesav(a)lni iyunes. d(a) me movaÃsene gamzrdelsa Cemsa bagrat kurapalatsa da Seuvalad gamiÃadnes da miboZes simtkice SeuvalobisaÁ~40.

rogorc sveticxovlis taZris kedlebze arsebul warwerebSi (isini Cvenamde Tu sruladaa moRweuli), ise im drois saistorio wyaroebSi sveticxovlis axali taZris mSeneblobaSi samefo xelisuflebis wvlilis Sesaxeb rom araviTari miTiTeba araa, es, marTlac, imaze migviTiTebs saTanado saxsrebi melqisedekma ucxoeTSi (bizantiaSi) moiZia. sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis ZiriTadi wyaro, albaT imperator basil II-is mier naboZebi 105 sofliani kestoris didi monastris Semosavali iyo (Cemi varaudiT, mas Semdeg, rac basil II-m imperiis dasavleTSi didi omi wamoiwyo, gansakuTrebiT ki saqarTvelosTan omis dawyebis Semdeg, mas am monastris Semosavali sveticxovlisaTvis unda CamoerTva).

mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZris Sesamkobad da gasaZliereblad melqisedek kaTalikosis mier `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ dasaxelebul CamonaTvals Tu gaviTvaliswinebT (maTi SeZena 1020 wlis wina xanaSi ivaraudeba), maSin mxolod erTi ram unda vifiqroT, 1020 wlisaTvis 36 m. lorTqifaniZis miTiTebiT, bagrat III-is dros arsebuli rTuli viTarebis miuxedavad, saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani kulturuli saqmianoba mimdinareobda, araerTi axali taZari aigo (ix. misi, mefe bagrat mesame, gv. 51–54), rac, did saxsrebs moiTxovda.

37 qarTlis cxovreba, t. I, gv. 282, Sen. 1. 38 iqve, gv. 282. 39 iqve. 40 dawerili melqisedek kaTalikosisa..., gv. 27. bagrat mefes melqisedekisaTvis erTi didi mosasxami (`didi skaramangi a~) uboZebia (iqve, gv. 25). q. mcxeTisaTvis gadasaxadi upatiebia Tbilisis amirasac. melqisedeki wers: `r(ome)li qalaqisa gasavali iyo amis w(mi)disa dedaqalaqisag(a)n: cxuari, cxeni, RÂnoÁ zedani da raÁca iyo, y(ove)li ali amiram(a)n amoguigdo da avhÃade amas w(midas)a k(a)Tolike eklesiasa~ (iqve). ali amiras Sesaxeb qvemoTac meqneba saubari.

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mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZris mSenebloba karga xnis damTavrebuli iyo, magram rodis?

sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis damTavrebis miaxloebiTi TariRis gansazRvraSi, Cemi azriT, Semdegi garemoeba unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli.

rogorc cnobilia, bediisa da nikorwmidis taZrebis mSeneblobasTan erTad, swored gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirveli mefis bagrat III-is saxels ukavSirdeba quTaisSi qarTuli arqiteqturis SesaniSnavi Zeglis – amJamad `bagratis taZrad~ wodebuli eklesiis ageba. am taZris Crdilo kedelze arsebuli warweridan viciT: `q. odes ganmtkicna iataki, qoronikoni iyo 223~ (e. i. 1003 weli)41.

quTaisSi 1003 wels damTavrebuli taZris kurTxeva, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSne, imdenad didi movlena iyo im drois saqarTveloSi, rom igi asaxulia XI s-is saistorio wyaroSi. `matiane qarTlisa~-s avtoris sityviT, bagrat III-m `akurTxa eklesia quTaTisa gangebiTa didiTa da miuwdomeliTa~. am ceremonialis Sesrulebisas mefem `Semoikribna maxlobelni yoveli Ãelmwifeni da kaTalikosni, mRdelTmoZRuarni da yovelTa monasterTa winamZRuarni, da yovelni didebulni zemoni da quemoni, mamulisa da samefosa misisa myofni, da sxvaTa yovelTa saxelmwifoTani~42.

bagrat III radgan 978 wels biZis – usinaTlo Teodosis gadayenebis Semdeg gaxda `afxazTa mefe~, daaxloebiT zustad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT mis mier quTaisSi taZris mSeneblobis dawyeba – esaa X s-is 80-iani wlebis damdegi. mSenebloba ki 1003 wels dasrulda (mSenebloba daaxl. 20 weli mimdinareobda).

daaxloebiT msgavs viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis mimarTac.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, 980 wels bagrat III srulwlovani gaxda da igi qarTlSi gadmovida. feodalur da saeklesio opoziciasTan sabrZolvelad, raTa saTanado dasayrdeni hqonoda (saeklesio wreebi mainc hyoloda morCilebaSi), man arsen II-is gardacvalebis (daaxl. 980 w.) Semdeg qarTlis sakaTalikoso taxtze asuli svimon III gadaayena da saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyroblad (daaxl. 982 w.) `Tavisi gazrdili~ melqisedeki daadgina (svimon III amis Semdeg `afxazeTis kaTalikosad~ iwoda, isic nominalurad. igi ZiriTadad xaxulis lavraSi moRvaweobda).

saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso taxtze asulma melqisedekma isargebla im xanad saqarTvelosadmi bizantiis imperiis mmarTvelTa keTilganwyobiT da bizantiis axalgazrda imperatorebisagan – basil II-isa da konstantine VIII-sagan, rogorc es `mcxeTis sabuTidan~ Cans, mravali naboZvari miiRo. romelTagan mniSvnelovani, rogorc araerTxel iTqva, basil II-isagan naboZebi kestoris 105 sofliani monastris Semosavali iyo. rogorc varaudoben, im dros unda mieRo (an imperiis eklesias daedasturebina saqarTvelos eklesiis gadawyvetileba) 41 andRulaZe n., bagratis taZari. qse, t. 2, Tb., 1977, gv. 132. bagratis taZarze pirdapiraa

miTiTeba taZris mSeneblobaSi bagrat III-is monawileobis Sesaxeb. `† SewevniTa RmrTisaÁTa, bagratisagan – nebiTa RmrTisaÁTa afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefisa da kurapalatisa da dedisa maTisa – guranduxt dedoflisa, aReSena wmidaÁ ese saydari, ÃeliTa...~. dasavleT saqarTvelos warwerebi. nakv. I (IX–XIII ss.). Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada v. silogavam, Tb., 1980, gv. 53.

42 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 281.

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melqisedek I-s kaTalikos-patriarqis tituli. X s-is 80-iani wlebis damdegs man sveticxovlis axali taZris mSenebloba daiwyo.

ise, rogorc quTaisSi bagratis taZari, sveticxovelic, albaT, daaxl. 20 wels Sendeboda da misi mSenebloba XI saukunis damdegs, – daaxloebiT 1002 wels mainc, damTavrda43, ris Semdegac, rogorc es melqisedek kaTalikosis `dawerilidan~ Cans, melqisedeks dauwyia zrunva taZris Semkoba-galamazebaze da didi warmatebiTac. axladagebuli brwyinvale arqiteqturuli nageboba SigniT oqrosi da vercxlis Zvirfasi saeklesio nivTebiT daamSvena. Seqmna saeklesio biblioTeka. misive iniciativiT sveticxovlis garSemo aigo sxva nagebobanic44.

roca sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis damTavrebaze vsaubrobT, mkiTxvelis winaSe aucileblad daismeba sakiTxi: Tu quTaisSi agebuli taZris kurTxeva didi zar-zeimiT aRiniSna da igi saTanadod aisaxa qarTul wyaroSi, ra moxda, saTanado cnoba ratom ara gvaqvs saqarTvelos saeklesio arqiteqturis upirvelesi Zeglis – mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZris Sesaxeb?

saqarTvelos `wmida dedaqalaqSi~ (ase uwodebs q. mcxeTas melqisedeki Tavis `dawerilSi~) axlad agebuli sapatriarqo taZari, rogorc vTqvi, ra Tqma unda, aseve sazeimo viTarebaSi ikurTxeboda, magram XI s-is qarTveli avtorebis (sumbat daviTis-Ze, `matiane qarTlisas~ avtori) TxzulebebSi amis Sesaxeb araferia naTqvami. rogorc am wignis winaTqmaSi aRvniSne, es avtorebi saqarTvelos pirvel kaTalikos-patriarqs – melqisedek I-sac ki ar axseneben. Zvelma `qarTlis cxovrebam~ sveticxovlis taZris axlad aRmSeneblis saxeli ar icis.

sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobisa da kurTxevis Sesaxeb, Cemi varaudiT, saTanado cnoba melqisedek I-is `dawerilSi~ unda yofiliyo, magram misi yvelaze Zveli, XII s-is piric ki Tavnaklulia da manac droTa ganmavlobaSi SesamCnevi cvlilebebi ganicada – `sakmaod damaxinjda~45.

1020 wels, roca pirvelad melqisedek kaTalikosma Tavisi Rvawlis Sesaxeb `daweriliT~ mcxeTis saydars moaxsena, giorgi I-s basil II-is mier mitacebuli Zveli qarTuli teritoriebi ukve dabrunebuli hqonda, Tumca, bizantia-saqarTvelos Soris sisxlismRvreli omi jer kidev ar iyo dawyebuli (basil II saqarTveloSi didi laSqriT 1021 wels Semovida). amitom, SesaZloa, `dawerilis~ Sesaval nawilSi sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis saqmeSi bizantiis saimperatoro karis Rvawlzec iyo saubari. magram, mas Semdeg, rac basil II-m da misma Zmam – konstantine VIII-m saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg moimoqmedes, savaraudoa, melqisedekis `dawerils~ Sesavali nawili moxsnes46. aseTi viTareba unda yofiliyo saistorio wyaroebis mxrivac. basil II-isa da konstantine VIII-is samxedro operaciebis Semdeg arcerT qarTvel mematianes aRar eqneboda survili, sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis saqmeSi bizantiis saimperatoro karis damsaxurebaze 43 daaxloebiT amdenive weli grZeldeboda gelaTis taZris mSeneblobac. misi mSeneblobis dasawyisad 1106, xolo damTavrebisad 1125 weli iTvleba (ix. p. zaqaraia, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba XI–XVIII saukuneebSi, Tb., 1990, gv. 26–27). sveticxovlis taZris zomebia: 57,7 × 27 m. simaRle 49 m. bagratis taZrisa: 43 × 35 m.

44 andRulaZe n., dasax. naSromi, gv. 262. 45 berZeniSvili n., mcxeTis sabuTi..., gv. 250. 46 aseTi magaliTi gvaqvs. rogorc cnobilia, Teimuraz batoniSvilma `qarTlis

cxovrebis~ e. w. rumianceviseul nusxas, Sesavlis is nawili, sadac haosis upiratesobaze iyo saubari, gaCuqebis win moxsna. ix. e. TayaiSvili, sumbat daviTis Zis qronika tao-klarjeTis bagrationTa Sesaxeb. Tb., 1949, gv. 7.

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mieTiTebina. gamoricxuli araa `dawerilma~ saTanado cvlileba melqisedekis kaTalikosobis bolo wlebSi, ufro mosalodnelia, qarTlis kaTalikosis ioane oqropiris dros ganicada.

gadakeTebul sabuTSi sveticxovlis Zveli taZris savalalo mdgomareobazec aRar unda yofiliyo saubari. aRniSnuliT unda aixsnas, melqisedekis `dawerilis~ dRes CvenTvis XII saukunisad cnobil nusxaSi sveticxovlis taZris mdgomareobis Sesaxeb sruliad gansxvavebuli cnobebi rom gvaqvs.

melqisedek kaTalikosis `dawerilze~ saubrisas erT sakiTxsac unda Sevexo. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, melqisedekis TxovniT bagrat III-s sveticxovlis taZrisaTvis kvlav daumtkicebia Zveli qoneba da misTvis Seuvaloba miuniWebia. melqisedeki iqve sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis saqmeSi arabi amiras – alis damsaxurebazec wers. `r(ome)li qalaqisa gasavali iyo amis w(mi)disa dedaqalaqisag(a)nP: cxuari, cxeni, RÂnoÁ zedani da raÁca iyo, y(ove)li ali amiram(a)n amoguigdo da avhÃade amas w(midas)a k(a)Tolike eklesiasa~-o47.

dRevandeli TvalTaxedviT cota ucnaurad Cans, magram Zalze mniSvnelovania is, rom Tbilisis arabma – muslimma amiram qristianuli

taZris maSenebel melqisedek kaTalikoss `wmida dedaqalaqis~ mcxeTis gadasaxadi: cxvari, cxeni, zedaSe Rvino da sxva ram apatia da amiT sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis saqmeSi Tavisi wvlili Seitana. magram, CemTvis zemomotanili cnoba sxva mxrivacaa saintereso.

am gamokvlevaSi ZiriTadi qarga imis Cvenebas davuTme, melqisedek I-ma daaxl. 982 wlis axlo xanaSi rom daikava sapatriarqo taxti da imave xanebSi daiwyo mcxeTis sveticxovlis taZris mSenebloba. amitom sainteresoa gairkves, rodis sTxova melqisedekma amira alis mcxeTisaTvis saamiro gadasaxadi epatiebina, ufro sworad, romeli wlidan iyo amira ali taxtze?

rogorc qarTul samecniero literaturaSia miTiTebuli, amira ali (ali ibn-jafari) Tbilisis amirebis jafarianTa dinastiis warmomadgeneli iyo. cnobilia mis mier 996/997 wels moWrili e. w. Tbilisuri drama. am monetaze moxseniebuli amira ali ibn-jafari da melqisedek kaTalikosis `dawerilSi~ xsenebuli ali amira identur pirebadaa miCneuli48. meore mxriv, radgan imave monetaze, mis moWramde xuTi wliT adre – 991/992 wels gadayenebuli xalifa at-tais saxeli ixsenieba, askvnian, rom Tbilisis amira ali ibn-jafari taxtidan gadayenebuli xalifa at-tais uzenaesobas aRiarebda, maTi politikuri urTierToba at-tais xalifobisas unda dawyebuliyo49.

Tu aseTi mosazrebiT vixelmZRvanelebT, maSin ali ibn-jafaris Tbilisis amiras taxti 991 wlis wina xanaSi unda daekavebina da melqisedek kaTalikossac 991 wlis wina xanaSi unda eTxova misTvis mcxeTis mosaxleoba saamiro gadasaxadebisagan gaenTavisuflebina.

zemomotanili masala, vfiqrob, garkveulwilad amyarebs Cems Tvalsazriss qarTlis sakaTalikoso taxti melqisedek I-s daaxl. 982 wels rom unda daekavebina da imave xanebSi basil II-is mier mcxeTisaTvis 47 dawerili melqisedek kaTalikosisa..., gv. 27. 48 lorTqifaniZe m., Tbilisis saamiros istoriidan. mimomxilveli, II, Tb., 1951, gv. 197; misive, axali feodaluri samTavroebis warmoqmna. wignSi – saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. II. Tb., 1973, gv. 502–503.

49 kapanaZe d., X saukunis Tbilisuri drama ali ben jafarisa. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XII-B, Tb., 1944, gv. 185–187.

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boZebuli kestoris monastris SemosavliT daewyo saTanado samuSaoebi sveticxovlis axali taZris asagebad.

Tu qarTul samecniero literaturaSi arsebul mosazrebas davujerebT, IX–XI saukuneebSi saamiros sazRvari dasavleTiT `diRmis xevamde50 (CaTvliT) vrceldeboda~51, magram amira alis mier mcxeTis mosaxleobis saamiro gadasaxadisagan ganTavisufleba imaze migviTiTebs, meaTe saukunis 80-iani wlebis damdegs (sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis dawyebisas) mcxeTa (albaT, misi Semogarenic) Tbilisis amiras gamgeblobaSi rom rCeboda. Tumca, im xanad Tbilisis amirebis xelisufleba qalaq mcxeTaze nominaluri unda yofiliyo da droTa ganmavlobaSi mcxeTaSi maTi gavlena Zalas kargavda. XI saukunis damdegs q. mcxeTa bagrat III-is gamgeblobaSi Cans, rac aseve `mcxeTis sabuTis~ monacemebiT dasturdeba.

qvemoT ramdenime sityviT minda arsukiZis pirovnebis Sesaxeb mogaxsenoT.

rogorc akad. v. beriZe wers, mcxeTis sakaTalikoso taZari sveticxoveli, dRemde gadarCenilTa Soris yvelaze didi saeklesio nageboba saqarTveloSi, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi qristianuli saqarTvelos sarwmunoebrivi cxovrebis centri iyo, magram, samwuxarod, Cven ar vicnobT Zveli saqarTvelos erT-erTi udidesi Semoqmedis – arsukiZis arc erT sxva nawarmoebs. TavisTavad cxadia, – dasZens v.beriZe, – sanam sveticxovlis agebas Seudgeboda, man xangrZlivi gza gaiara, bevri sxva Senoba aago. roca sveticxovlis mSenebloba unda dawyebuliyo, igi saxelmoxveWili xuroTmoZRvari iyo, ase rom ar yofiliyo, melqisedek kaTalikosi mas ar miandobda Tavisi qveynis umTavresi taZris agebas52. v. beriZis sityviT, roca sveticxovlis taZris mSenebloba dasrulda (dasrulebis TariRad igi 1029 wels gulisxmobs. – v. g.), taZris kedelze arsebuli warwerebis cnobiT, arsukiZe gardacvlili yofila53.

sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis dawyebisa da dasrulebis Sesaxeb Cem mier motanil masalas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, maSin arsukiZe 1029 wels ki ara, XI s-is damdegs unda gardacvliliyo. rac Seexeba mis mier xorcSesxmul sxva arqiteqturul Zeglebs, aseTad, upirveles yovlisa, oSkis didebuli taZari unda miviCnioT. axal gamokvlevebSi misi mSeneblobis damTavrebis TariRad X s-is 70-iani wlebia miTiTebuli (v.silogava oSkis mSeneblobis damTavrebas 976 wliT aTariRebs54), da 982 wels saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso taxtze asuli melqisedeki sveticxovlis axali taZris agebas vis sTxovda, Tu ara oSkis (SeiZleba xaxulisac) taZris xuroTmoZRvars. gamoricxuli araa, es didostati im xanad mSenebare `bagratis taZris~ xelmZRvanelic iyo55. 982 wlisaTvis arsukiZe saSualo asaks gadacilebuli unda yofiliyo. 50 es xeoba moicavda axland. sof. diRmis teritorias da Tbilisis ukidures samxreT-dasavleT mxares. ix. d. musxeliSvili, diRmis xevi, qse, t. 3, Tb., 1978.

51 musxeliSvili d., kaxeT-hereTis politikuri geografiis sakiTxebi XII–XIII ss-Si. saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis krebuli, III, Tb., 1967, gv. 75; lorTqifaniZe m., axali feodaluri samTavroebis warmoqmna..., gv. 490.

52 beriZe v., Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba..., gv. 54–55. 53 iqve, gv. 55. 54 silogava v., oSki X s. memorialuri taZari, Tb., 2006, gv. 102–103. 55 akad. S. amiranaSvilis Tanaxmad, quTaisis kaTedrali gegmis zogadi saxiT da arqiteqturuli formebis mixedviT oSkis taZars enaTesaveba. misive sityviT, mcxeTis sakaTalikoso taZari sveticxoveli warmoadgens arsakiZis mier Seqmnil mxatvrul nawarmoebs, agebuls 1029 wels. ix. misi, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, Tb., 1961, gv. 236, 239.

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aseTi grandiozuli taZrebis agebas, did niWTan erTad, uzarmazari energia sWirdeboda, da rogorc ACans, xanSiSesuli xuroTmoZRvari Tavis genialuri qmnilebis damTavrebas veRar moeswro.

Tavi IX. qarTvel moRvaweTa xaxuluri wre XI s-is pirvel

naxevarSi xaxulis lavra. giorgi mTawmideli xaxulSi qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis SesaniSnavi Zegli, xaxulis monasteri

taoSi – md. TorTumiswylis erT-erT gverdiT xeobaSi, md. xaxuliswylis marcxena napirze mdebareobs (amJamad TurqeTSia). taZris irgvliv, galavnis SigniT, ramdenime mcire samlocveloa, romelTagan erTi X saukunis dasasruls ganekuTvneba1.

xaxulis savane gamoirCeva Tavisi mdebareobiT. l. menabdis Tanaxmad, adgilobriv mkvidrT miewereba cnobili gamoTqma: `ganTqmulia mxatvroba iSxnisa, silamaze – oSkisa, adgilmdebareoba – xaxulisa, wyali – parxalisa~2. `matiane qarTlisas~ avtoris cnobiT, `...monasteri da saydari RmrTisa, wmida eklesia xaxulisa~ daviT III kurapalatma `aRaSena~3 X s-is meore naxevarSi. SemdegSi, TandaTan xaxulis momijnave teritoriaze Camoyalibda xaxulis Temi – ekonomikurad sagrZnoblad dawinaurebuli regioni. ramac, Tavis mxriv, xaxulis lavris aRorZinebas Seuwyo xeli. xaxulis lavris mdidari saganZuridanaa qarTuli oqromWedlobis RirsSesaniSnavi nawarmoebi – X saukunis RvTismSoblis karedi xati (XII s. pirvel naxevarSi gelaTSi xati Tavidan moWedes. amJamad igi `xaxulis xatis~ saxeliTaa cnobili da saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumSia daculi)4.

xaxulis monasterSi qarTuli kulturis mZlavri literaturuli kera Seiqmna da mas didi mniSvneloba hqonda Cveni mwerlobis istoriaSi5. xaxulel moRvaweTagan gansakuTrebiT ioane xaxulels (romelsac mWermetyvelebisaTvis oqropiri ewoda) gamohyofen6. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, yrmobis wlebi xaxulSi gaatara da iqve swavla-ganaTleba miiRo Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos erT-erTma gamorCeulma moRvawem – giorgi mTawmidelma. qvemoT swored giorgi mTawmidelze da mis gamzrdelTa wreze (basil bagratis Ze, demetre, antoni mnaTe) meqneba saubari.

*

* * 1019 wels aTi wlis giorgi mamam – iakobma taZrisidan, rogorc

iTqva, xaxulSi Tavis ZmebTan – giorgisTan da sabasTan Caiyvana. `netarTa maT (e. i. giorgis biZebma giorgim da sabam. – v. g.) viTarca ixiles 1 berZeniSvili d., menabde l., beriZe v. xaxuli, qse, t. 11, Tb., 1987, gv. 448. 2 menabde l., Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi, t. I. nakveTi meore, gv. 458. 3 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 274. 4 yenia r., xaxulis xati, qse, t. 11, Tb., 1987, gv. 448. xaxulis eklesia RvTismSoblis saxelobisa iyo.

5 menabde l., dasax. naSromi, gv. 455. 6 iqve, gv. 455–456.

64

gonierebaÁ igi da dawynarebulebaÁ saxisa misisaÁ, uSfoTveli igi da aRuZrveli qcevaÁ misi, ganixares sixaruliTa didiTa da hmadlobdes RmerTsa, rameTu ixiles maT yrmaÁ moxucebulebiTa Semkuli da Wabuki siberiTa ganSuenebuli~7.

Zmebma `esreT Semkuli~ TavianTi Zmiswuli `mihguares mamasa makaris, romeli-igi mas Jamsa RirsebisaTÂs misisa winamZRuari iyo didisa mis lavrisaÁ~8. xaxulis lavris winamZRvarma makarma, rogorc ki ixila ymawvili giorgi `friad ganixara da viTarca Svili Seitkbo. akurTxa igi kurTxeviTa miT abrameaniTa, eklesiisa evlogiasa monawile yo da sulisa TÂsisa Svilad uwoda~9. amis Semdeg, giorgi `moZRuarsa da ganmanaTlebelsa queyanisa Cuenisasa~, `didsa masca basilis bagratis Zesa mihguares~, da `wmidaÁ kurTxevaÁ~ giorgim misganac miiRo10. basilis dalocvis Semdeg biZebma giorgi antonTan miiyvanes da `RmerTSemosilman antoni mnaTeman ixila raÁ, ganixara da yovliTa kurTxeviTa akurTxa~. ase, roca `yovelTa mamaTa kurTxevaÁ miaRebies~, ymawvili giorgi `merme-Ra wariyvanes saxed TÂsad~11.

niWier axalgazrdas, cxadia, saTanado aRzrda esaWiroeboda, amitom `...ganizraxes saRmrToTa maT moxucebulTa Tana-zraxviTa zemoxsenebulTa amaT mamaTaÁTa~ raTa `RmrTiv-suliersa visme da mwyemssa keTilsa Sehvedron Svili TÂsi~. moZRvris xelSi giorgi sulierad unda aRorZinebuliyo, saRmrTo swavlani SeeTvisebina da saTnoebiT srulad warmatebuli yofiliyo12.

im pirovnebad, romelic yrma giorgis saTanado ganaTlebas miscemda, `didi ilarion Tualoeli~ miiCnies. es ilarioni mas Jams iyo `saTnoebiTa da sulierTa moZRurebaTa Sina ganTqmuli~ da im xanad, `viTarca mTiebi, brwyinvida krebulsa Soris mamaTasa~. ilarionis saTnoebaTa da moRvawebaTa axla warmoTqma, – dasZens giorgi mTawmidelis biografi, – SeuZlebeli ariso13.

ai, aseT netars Seavedres aTi wlis giorgi, raTa Semdeg monazvnobaSi warmateba hqonoda. da ymawvilic, `waremateboda nebiTa RmrTisaÁTa. da viTarca nergi keTili danerguli Tanawarsadinelsa RmrTiv-sulierTa swavlaTasa, dRiTi-dRe aRorZindeboda~14.

ilarion Tualoelis wvrTnam Sedegi gamoiRo. Tavis TanatolTa Soris giorgim yvelaze ukeT Seiswavla swavlani `saeklesioni da samRdeloni~, xolo `sagalobelni igi saweliwdoni da Sewyobilebani igi galobaTani yovelnive meysa Sina zepiriT daiswavna~15. `saRmrTo wignTa kiTxvisas igi Tavs dasvenebisa da Zilis nebas ar aZlevda. ase SeiTvisa `yovelnive saRmrToni werilni Zuelisa da axlisa Sjulisani~, romelnic ki qarTul enaze hpova16. 7 giorgi mcire, cxorebaÁ giorgi mTawmidelisaÁ..., gv. 115. 8 iqve. 9 iqve, gv. 115–116 10 iqve, gv. 116. 11 iqve. 12 iqve. xaxulis lavraSi arsebul literaturul keraSi moRvawe pirebze saubrisas prof. l. menabde basili bagratis Zis Sesaxeb saubrobs, magram svimeon kaTalikosis, dimitrisa da antonis Sesaxeb mas araferi uTqvia. ix. misi, dasax. naSromi, gv. 454–458.

13 giorgi mcire, dasax. Txz., gv. 116. 14 iqve. 15 iqve. 16 iqve, gv. 117.

65

giorgi mTawmidelis aRzrdis saqmeSi gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos XI s-is cnobili qarTveli politikuri da samxedro moRvawis – feris jojikis Zis ojaxis Rvawli.

ferisi barda skliarosis damamarcxeblis Tornike erisTavis TanamebrZolis, gamoCenili mxedarTmTavris – jojikis Ze, rogorc Cans, im taoel didebulTa Soris iyo, romlebic 1001 wels daviT III kurapalatis gardacvalebis Semdeg imperator basil II-is (976–1025 ww.) brZanebiT bizantiaSi gaasaxles. ferisma imperiis samxedro asparezze saTanado warmatebas miaRwia (bizantieli avtoris giorgi kedrenes cnobiT, feriss patrikiosis bizantiuri sakariskaco tituli hqonda17). 1022 wels mas imperatoris winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebaSi dasdes brali da sikvdiliT dasajes18.

1019 wels, roca giorgi taZrisidan xaxulSi Caiyvanes, feris jojikis Zis ojaxi taoSi – tvarwatafs cxovrobda (ferisis meuRle iyo zemoxsenebuli basili bagratis Zis daÁ. misi saxeli araa cnobili). im xanad ferisma da misma meuRlem ganizraxes, raTa `kaci saRmrToÁ iZion sulisa maTisa keTilisa maswavlelad~, undodaT ojaxSi iseTi pirovneba miewviaT, romelic `yoladve maxloblad~ maTTan iqneboda. roca col-qmarma aseTi pirovneba gamoiZies, maTi arCevani giorgis biZaze – `giorgi mweralze~ SeCerda – `giorgi mwerlisa ugonieressa vervis hpoves~. amitom, `didiTa vedrebiTa da qenebiTa~ (xvewniT. – v. g.) giorgi mwerali xaxulidan tvarwatafis sasaxleSi `wariyvanes da yoveli saqme maTi sulieri da Ãorcieli mas daamorCiles~19. netarma giorgi mweralma Tavisi Zmiswuli `yrmaÁ giorgi, Tana wariyvana~, radgan giorgi `friad eÃmareboda zepiriT kananaxobasa (galobis wamowyebas. – v. g.) da wignis-kiTxvasa da missa msaxurebasa, rameTu [TviT giorgi mwerali] moxucebul iyo~20

T, `ese Rirsi dedakaci eriTurT TÂsiT~ konst

. ferisma da misma meuRlem friad ganixares ymawvili giorgis

xilviT. `saRmrToman man dedakacman [giorgi] Svilad TÂsad aRiara~21. ase daiwyo axali etapi giorgis aRzrdis saqmeSi, magram samefo ojaxTan22 daaxloebul ferisis keraze giorgis didxans ar dascalda yofna. 1022 wels, rogorc iTqva, imperatorma basil II-m feriss `gandgomilebaÁ daswama~ da misi brZanebiT ferisi sikvdiliT dasajes23 (`Tavi warkveTes~), basilisave moTxovni

antinopolSi gaasaxles24. ase aRmoCndnen giorgi mwerali da misi Zmiswuli – cameti wlis

giorgi taodan imperiis dedaqalaq konstantinopolSi gadasaxlebulTa Soris. konstantinopolSi maT Tormeti weli dahyves25. giorgi mweralma

17 giorgi kedrene. wignSi georgika. t. V, Tb., 1963, gv. 48. 18 iqve. ferisis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdian qarTuli wyaroebic. ix. matiane qarTlisa, gv. 286–287; sumbat daviTis Ze, dasax. Txz., gv. 384.

19 giorgi mcire, dasax. Txz., gv. 117. 20 iqve. 21 iqve. 22 ferisis meuRle da misi Zma basili bagratis Ze qarTvel mkvlevarTa mier gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirveli mefis – bagrat III-is Svilebad arian miCneulni (k. kekeliZe, qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, gv. 235; es Tvalsazrisi asaxulia qarTul enciklopediaSic. ix. iv. lolaSvili, basili bagratis Ze. qse, t. 2, gv. 221). aRniSnul sakiTxze ix. agreTve qvemoT, Tavi X.

23 giorgi mcire, dasax. Txz., gv. 118. 24 iqve. 25 iqve.

66

da ferisis meuRlem giorgi `saswavlod misces... kacTa filosofosTa da ritorTa, oriTave cxorebiTa SemkobilTa, ara eriskacTa, aramad monazonTa RmrTis-moSiSTa da yovelTa mier wamebulTa~26. swavlisas giorgim Tavisi maxvili gonebiTa da gulmodginebiT ise gamoiCina Tavi, rom `...didad gankÂrdes yrmani igi berZenTani~. isini Senatrodnen giorgis da cdilobdnen misTvis miebaZaT27. garda imisa, rom Tormeti wlis ganmavlobaSi imperiis dedaqalaqSi giorgim brwyinvaled Seiswavla berZnu

os unda Seqmniliyo zemox

ra damaxrwevelTa (xelis SemSl

mkvidrda, sadac sami weli

a moRuawebaÁ sqemisa gÂrgÂniTa, da merme-Ra ierusalemad wargzavna~34.

li ena, igi im drois Sesaferis ganaTlebasac eziara. 1034 wels bizantiis xelisufalTa nebarTviT, ferisis meuRle

konstantinopolidan Tavis mamulSi – tvarwatafs dabrunda. maTTan erTad Camovida giorgic. giorgim iq gaigo dedis – mariamis gardacvalebis ambavi, mama – iakobi kvlav cocxali iyo. ufrosma Zmam – `giorgi mweralma~ iakobic tvarwatafs gadaiyvana sacxovreblad. TviT giorgi ki xaxulis lavraSi gadavida, sadac im xanad misi meore biZa – sabaÁ moRvaweobda28. xaxulis monasterSi ocdaxuTi wlis giorgim `uRelsa monazonebisasa qedi TÂsi moudrika~ – kurTxeva Tavisi pirveli moZRvaris didi ilarionisagan miiRo (swored am dr

senebuli e. w. `axalcixuri tyavis saxareba~). xaxulSi giorgim ori weli dahyo29. 1036 wels, rogorc akad. k.

kekeliZe wers, ierusalimisaken gaemarTa30. es ambavi rogorc ki Seityves xaxulis lavris winamZRolma makarma da `yovelTa maT RmerT-SemosilTa berTa, Sewuxnes friad~, giorgis maZiebelni daadevnes31. giorgi roca mixvda, rom SeiZleboda igi ukan daebrunebinaT, iseve, rogorc didma aTanasemo, – wers misi biografi, – `saRmrToÁ Rone ixmara~: Tavisi Sesamoseli erT glaxaks `dabebkul~ (dakonkil) tansacmelSi gaucvala da `waremarTa gzasa TÂssa~. `esreT ganeSo

elTa. – v. g.) gzisa mis keTilisaTa~32. didi wvalebis Semdeg giorgim siriis dedaqalaq antioqiis

maxloblad mdebare `Savsa mTasa miiwia~. `merme aRvida mTasa sakÂrvelsa, Tayvanis-sca da ambors-uyo larnaksa (kubosa, samarxsa. – v. g.) wmidisa da sakÂrvelT-moqmedisasa sÂmeonissa da Rirsisa dedisa misisa netarisa marTaÁssa. da yovelni monasterni moilocna da wmidani mamani moikiTxna da yovelTagan locvaÁ miiRo~33. iq naxa giorgim `napralsa Sina kldisasa beri wmidaÁ~ giorgi Seyenebuli, romelic iyo `viTarca guriti ubiwo da tredi umankoÁ, kaci zecisaÁ da angelozi queynisaÁ~. giorgi mas daemowafa. Sav mTaze giorgi romana wmidis qarTvelTa lavraSi da

gaatara (giorgis iq Seusrulda ocdaaTi weli). giorgi Seyenebulma `viTarca ixila... sibrZniTa da gonierebiT~

giorgis srulqmniloba, `sqemiTa (beris samosliT. – v. g.) akurTxa, da esreT srul-yo monazonebis

.

istoria, I. gv. 218. dasax. Txz., gv. 119.

33 120–121. marTas Sesaxeb vrclad ix. goilaZe v. asurel mamaTa samSoblo..., gv.

34 giorgi mcire, dasax. Txz., gv. 121–122.

26 iqve. 27 iqve. 28 iqve, gv. 118–11929 iqve, gv. 119. 30 kekeliZe k., qarTuli literaturis 31 giorgi mcire,32 iqve, gv. 120.

iqve, gv. 133–139.

67

zemoT sakmaod detalurad warmovadgine giorgi mTawmidelis TanamoRvaweTa da moZRvarTa is wre, romelTa Sorisac ierusalimSi Casvlamde mas cxovreba uxdeboda. giorgi mTawmidelis biografi – giorgi mcire ki, giorgi mTawmidelis anderZ-minawerSi, mis gamzrdelebad dasaxelebul arc `sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikoss~ da arc dimitris ar axsenebs. mas ratom gamorCa isini mxedvelobidan Zneli saTqmelia, igi xom `ganuyrelad Tavis moZRvarTan iyo~ da `dawvrilebiT icoda yoveli Tavgadasavali didebuli moZRvrisa~35. iseve, rogorc sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikosi, dimitric rom giorgi mTawmidelis ufrosi Tanamedrove iyo, es cxadia. isic cxadia, isini xaxulis lavris moRvaweni rom unda yofiliyvnen (am mxriv svimonis Sesaxeb zemoT vrclad visaubre).

giorgi mTawmidelis Tanamedrove qarTveli moRvaweebis vinaobiT gvianac dainteresebulan, am mizniT SeudgeniaT katalogi, romlis saxelwodebaa – `ZvelTa qarTvelTa mTargmnelTaTvis wmidaTa mamaTa da mecnierTaTvis, Tu romelsa... mefis dros, an sadaurni iyunen da amaT gadmoiRes elinuridam sruliad saRmrTo werili~36. es katalogi, rogorc e. metreveli wers, ori xelnaweriT (A – 1580 da A – 1767) aris Semonaxuli da XIX saukunis nusxebia, Tumca, katalogi Zveli Cans37. masSi 1008 wlisaTvis dasaxelebulni arian: efTimi qarTuÀli, kvalad efTimi, ioane xaxuleli oqropiri, zaqaria mirdatis Ze, anu Saritis Ze...~38. maT Semdgomad 1027 wlisaTvis: beri grZeli, axali abraam, arseni, antoni mnaTe, vasili bagratis Ze, ... kualad iyunen: ioane anu ilarion Tualeli, moZRuari giorgi mTawmidelisa giorgi Seyenebuli, moZRuari giorgisave giorgi da giorgi olTiseli~39.

amave katalogis sxva variantSi, romelic ambrosi nekreselis (gard. 1812 wlis Semdeg) mier Sedgenil krebuls erTvis, dasaxelebulni arian: giorgi mTawmideli, ioane patrik yofili, giorgi olTiseli, stefane, didi ilarion Tvaleli, moZRvari giorgisa giorgi, basili bagratis Ze xaxuls myofi40.

dasaxelebuli pirebi, e. metrevelis Tanaxmad, erTi kulturuli wris wevrebi arian, saxeldobr, taosa da aTonis samonastro moRvaweni41.

ise rogorc giorgi mTawmidelis `cxovrebis~ avtori, ise katalogis Semdgenelic, marTalia, giorgi mTawmidelis mier Tavis gamzrdelebad dasaxelebul `sÂmeon afxazTa kaTalikossa~ da dimitris ar axsenebs, magram erTi cxadia, giorgis anderZSi arsebuli cnoba sandoa. rogorc `sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikosi~, ise dimitric xaxulis lavris moRvawe unda yofiliyo. xaxulis lavraSi dimitris (demetres) saxelis mqone pirovnebis arseboba xaxulis savanidan ierusalimis jvris 35 kekeliZe k., dasax. naSromi, gv. 247. 36 metreveli e., qarTuli originaluri himnografiis istoriisaTvis XI saukuneSi. puSkinis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis Sromebi, t. IX, Tb., 1952, gv. 194.

37 katalogi rom adreve iyo Sedgenili, es vaxuSti batoniSvilis Txzulebidan dasturdeba. mefe bagrat IV-ze saubrisas igi frCxilebSi urTavs Semdeg teqsts: `mTargmnelni am JamTa iyvnen: beri grZeli, axali abram, arseni, antoni mnaTe, basili bagratis Ze; efTvimesac da mTawmidelsac moeswrnen~. vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, s. yauxCiSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1973, gv. 144.

38 metreveli e., qarTuli originaluri himnografiis..., gv. 194. 39 iqve. 40 iqve. 41 iqve.

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monastrisadmi Sewiruli xelnaweris minaweriT dasturdeba. magram, sanam am minaweris cnobas movitan, minda xaxulidan ierusalimSi giorgi mTawmidelis gamgzavrebis ambavs kvlav gadavavloT Tvali.

ucnaurad Cans, magram faqtia, giorgi mcire giorgi mTawmidelis `cxovrebaSi~ sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikossa da dimitris ar axsenebs. Tu `cxovrebis~ cnobebs gaviTvaliswinebT, Tavis gamzrdelTa Soris giorgi mTawmidels pirvel rigSi ilarion Tualoeli, ferisis meuRle, xaxulis lavris winamZRoli mama makari da Tavisi biZebi unda daesaxelebina, magram es ase ar moxda. Tumca, giorgi mTawmidelma Tavis gamzrdelebad rom sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikosi da dimitri daasaxela, amaSi uCveulo araferia. rogorc zemoT vaCvene, giorgim Tavisi cnobili anderZi xaxulSi yofnisas Seadgina da im xanad sÂmeoni da dimitri iq moRvaweobdnen42. anderZSi man misTvis yvelaze misaRebi pirovnebebi axsena, sxvebis moxsenieba (upirveles yovlisa, mamis Zmebi) rom ar isurva, ar minda es, xaxulel moRvaweebTan misi dapirispirebiT avxsna. xaxulis monastris Zmoba giorgi mTawmidelis ierusalimSi wasvlas rom ewinaaRmdegeboda da maT misi ukan dabruneba scades, es, albaT, imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, surdaT, axalgazrda, niWier moRvawes xaxulSi daedo bina.

xaxulis lavridan malulad wasvlis Semdeg. rogorc iTqva, giorgim sami weli Sav mTaze – romanas monasterSi dahyo (igi radgan ierusalimSi apirebda Casvlas, unda vivaraudoT, rom im xanad jvris monastris mSenebloba jer kidev ar iyo dasrulebuli). 1040 wels giorgi ierusalimSi Cavida, iq ramdenime Tvis yofnis Semdeg, kvlav Sav mTaze dabrunda, iqidan ki giorgi dayudebulis TxovniT aTonis mTaze gadavida. xaxulis lavraSi igi aRar dabrunebula.

giorgi mTawmidelis mier Tavis gamzrdelad dasaxelebuli sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikosis Sesaxeb zemoT saTanado masala movitane. rac Seexeba giorgis mier aseve Tavis gamzrdelad da moZRvrad dasaxelebul dimitris, mis Sesaxeb Cven naklebi viciT.

dimitri (demetre) monazoni. aTonis mTaze basili bagratis Zis moRvaweobis sakiTxi romanawmidis monastridan giorgi roca ierusalimSi Cavida,

giorgi-proxores jvris monastris mSenebloba dasrulebuli hqonda. e. metrevelis sityviT, XI saukunis 30-ian wlebSi ierusalimis maxloblad jvris monastris aSenebas saqarTvelosaTvis garkveuli saxelmwifoebrivi da politikuri mniSvneloba hqonda. amitom jvris monastris mSeneblobaSi proxores did daxmarebas uwevdnen saxelmwifos mesveurebi. jvris monastris mSenebloba imdroindeli qarTuli sazogadoebis zrunvis saganic yofila. zrunavdnen am monastris biblioTekazec. jvris monastris biblioTekisaTvis xelnawerebi igzavneboda saqarTvelos yoveli kuTxidan da sazRvargareTis qarTuli mwignobruli kerebidan. amiT aixsneba jvris monastris daarsebidan mokle xanSi biblioTekaSi Tavi rom moiyara ara marto monastris skriptoriumis produqciam, 42 anderZSi giorgi mTawmideli mkiTxvels SesTxovs locvaTa Sina pirvelad moixsenion misi gamzrdelni sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikosi da moZRuari misi dimitri da Semdgomad sulierni moZRuarni da mSobelni misni, aseve Zmani da TÂT igi sawyalobeli. v. silogava, uZvelesi werilobiTi cnoba..., gv. 110.

69

aramed, qarTuli originaluri Tu naTargmni literaturis TiTqmis mTelma monapovarma43.

erT-erTi aseTi xelnaweri amJamad parizis nacionalur biblioTekaSia daculi da igi Georg. 28-ad iwodeba. e. metrevelis Tanaxmad, es xelnaweri oTxTavis teqstia da rogorc xelnaweridan irkveva, is gadawerilia saqarTveloSi. xolo jvris monastrisaTvis SeuwiravT basili da demetre monazvnebs. erT-erT maTgans, demetres, – aRniSnavs e. metreveli, – ganzraxuli hqonia piradad waeRo xelnaweri ierusalimSi, magram siberis gamo es ver mouxerxebia da igi sÂmeon xucesis xeliT gaugzavnia. xelnaweris minawerSi aRniSnulia: `sacnaur iyavn siwmidisa Tquenisa, romel Jami aRsasrulisa CemisaÁ magas monastersa Sina gamego, garna siRrmeman siberisaman da TÂTmpyrobelTa Ãelmwifebamanca arRara maufles. ese wmidaÁ saxarebaÁ sulierisa Svilisa Cemisa sÂmeon xucis ÃeliT miiTualeT~44.

zemomotanili minaweridan gamomdinare, basili da demetre xelnaweris momgeblebi (SemZenni) yofilan, xelnaweris gadamweri ki `codvili maldaviTis Zea~ (`amisi damwereli codvili maldaviTis Ze

locvasa Rirs myaviT, vinca hnaxoT~ wers gadamweri)45. anderZs TariRi ar gaaCnia. e. metrevelis varaudiT, teqstis xelis

mixedviT, is XII saukunisaa, Tumca e. TayaiSvili (xelnaweri pirvelad man Seiswavla46) paleografiulad mas XIII saukuniT aTariRebda, – magram, dasZens e. metreveli, – xelnawerSi moxseniebuli gabriel Sahineli47 radgan jvris mSeneblis giorgi-proxores umcrosi Tanamedrove iyo – e. i. XI saukunis meore naxevris moRvawe, xelnaweri XII s-is Sua wlebiT unda daTariRdes48. amis Semdeg e. metrevels moaqvs xelnawerze arsebuli is minawerebi, romlebSic dasavleT evropeli (frangi da italieli) piligrimebis saxelebia moxseniebuli. am mosaxsenebelTa CamonaTvalSi Cemi yuradReba miiqcia im minawerma, romelSic naTqvamia: `moiÃsenen, ufalo RmerTo: xazin lusmara da feris~49. e. metrevelis SeniSvniT, am mosaxsenebelSi dasaxelebuli pirebi gaqristianebuli arabebi unda iyvnen50.

ramdenad misaRebia akad. e. metrevelis zemomotanili mtkicebulebebi, vin arian is pirebi, romlebmac minaweris cnobidan gamomdinare, xelnaweri jvris monastris biblioTekas Seswires?

amjerad me ZiriTadad basilisa da demetres vinaoba da moRvaweobis dro mainteresebs. ferisis vinaobaze qvemoT SevCerdebi.

vfiqrob, kargi iqneboda, xelnaweris daTariRebisas e. TayaiSvili da e. metreveli mxolod teqstis paleografiuli analiziT ar dakmayofilebuliyvnen. teqstis SedarebiT zustad daTariRebis saqmeSi, 43 metreveli e., sazRvargareTis qarTuli samwerlobo kerebis urTierTTanamSromlobis erTi faqti. krebulSi – e. metreveli, filologiur-istoriuli Ziebani, nakveTi I, Tb., 2007, gv. 282.

44 metreveli e., jvris monastris kidev erTi qarTuli xelnaweri jvarosanTa mosaxseneblebiT. krebulSi – e. metreveli, filologiur-istoriuli Ziebani, nakv. I, gv. 278.

45 iqve. 46 iqve, Sen. # 5 47 Sehanis udabno palestinaSi mdebareobda, ix. e. metreveli, Sehanis udabno, XI saukunis ucnobi samwerlobo kera palestinaSi. mravalTavi, t. V, Tb., 1975.

48 metreveli e., jvris monastris kidev erTi..., gv. 278. 49 iqve, gv. 279. 50 iqve, gv. 280, Sen. # 14.

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upirveles yovlisa, swored basilisa da demetres vinaobis dadgena unda dagvexmaros.

radgan xelnaweri saqarTveloSia gadawerili da igi basili da demetre monazvnebis nebiT Seswira sÂmeon xucesma jvris monastris biblioTekas, dasaxelebuli pirebic qarTuli savanis moRvaweTa Soris unda veZioT da am mxriv maTi moRvaweobis adgilad xaxulis lavra meCveneba.

rogorc zemoT iTqva, 1019 wels mcirewlovani giorgi biZebma im xanad ukve saxelmoxveWil, Cveni qveynis ganmanaTleblad miCneul basil bagratis Zesac warudgines.

rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, XI s-is 20-iani wlebis damdegisaTvis giorgi mTawmidelis biografi xaxulSi moRvawe basil bagratis Zes qveynis winaSe ukve didad damsaxurebul pirad – `ganmanaTleblad queynisa Cuenisa~ miiCnevs. imazec mivuTiTe, basilma da demetrem zemodasaxelebuli xelnaweri moxucebulobisas rom Sewires ierusalimis jvris monasters. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, unda vifiqroT, rom xelnaweric xaxulidan iqna gagzavnili ierusalimSi, magram aseT mtkicebas qarTul mecnierebaSi gamoTqmuli is Tvalsazrisi ewinaaRmdegeba, romlis Tanaxmad. 1022 wlidan basili bagratis Ze saqarTveloSi aRar imyofeboda.

1022 wlidan aTonis mTaze basili bagratis Zis moRvaweobis sakiTxi e. metrevelma 1952 wels gamoqveynebul gamokvlevaSi dasva. misi sityviT, efTvime mTawmidelisadmi miZRvnili erTi sagaloblis avtoria giorgi mTawmideli, xolo meore sagalobeli vinme basili bagratis Zes ekuTvnis. am xelnawerSi sagaloblis gaswvriv miwerilia `basil bagratis ZÀ~, sadac `bagratis ZÀ~ Znelad ikiTxeba51. literaturis istoriaSi, – aRniSnavs e. metreveli, – himnografi basil bagratis Ze aqamde cnobili ar iyo. egreT wodebulma `aTonis krebulma~ (A-558) Semogvinaxa XI saukunis moRvawis basili aTonelis saxeli, romelsac efTvimisa da ioanes sagalobeli dauweria. magram basili aToneli ar aris basili bagratis Ze. basilis mamis saxeliT wodeba niSnavs imas, rom basili warCinebuli piri iyo52.

`aTonis krebulSi~ moxseniebuli basili aTonelis basili bagratis ZesTan identurobis sakiTxi akad. k. kekeliZemac uaryo. 1074 wels gadaweril xelnawerSi (A-558) Semonaxuli im akrostixis (romelic iZleva winadadebas – `RmerTSemosilsa evTimis glaxaki basili Seamkobs~) avtori iyo Tu ara basili bagratis Ze, gadaWriT ver vityvi53. yovel SemTxvevaSi, – dasZens k. kekeliZe, – es basili ar unda iyos is basili bagratis Ze, romelsac agreTve dauweria eqvTimes sagaloblebi. es basili iyo Ze bagrat mesamisa (gard. 1014 w.), moRvawe xaxulis lavrisa, romelsac locva-kurTxevis misaRebad warudgines 10 wlis giorgi54.

amrigad, Tu k. kekeliZisa da e. metrevelis zemomotanil Tvalsazrisebs gaviTvaliswinebT, 1074 wels gadaweril `aTonis krebulSi~ dasaxelebuli basil aToneli araa basili bagratis Ze da arc am ukanasknelis aTonis mTaze gadasvlis Sesaxeb SeiZleba saubari. aseTi daskvna, TiTqos, logikuri unda yofiliyo e. metrevelisaTvisac, magram mas iqve moaqvs platon ioselianisa da porfiri uspenskis 51 metreveli e., qarTuli originaluri himnografiis istoriisaTvis, gv. 191. 52 iqve, gv. 193. 53 kekeliZe k., qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, gv. 235. 54 iqve.

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naazrevi basili bagratis Zis Sesaxeb da aRniSnavs: `orive avtori namyofia aTonis iveriis monasterSi, isini icnoben qarTul xelnawerTa koleqciebsa da berZnul masalebs. p. ioselianisa da p. uspenskis cnobiT, basili bagratis Ze aTonis moRvaweTa koleqtivis wevria~55.

ase, saTanado dasabuTebis gareSe, gaiziara e. metrevelma dasaxelebul mkvlevarTa Tvalsazrisi basil bagratis Zis aTonis mTaze moRvaweobis Sesaxeb da Tavis mxriv dasZina: `Znelia imis Tqma, Tu rodis unda wasuliyo basili bagratis Ze aTonze. 1022 wels basili xaxulSia. 1022 welze adre is aTons ver Cavidoda. xolo is garemoeba, rom `ioanesa da efTvimes cxovrebaSi~ basili bagratis Ze ar Cans, efTvimes TanamoRvaweTa Soris, gvafiqrebinebs, rom basili efTvimes sicocxlis bolos an misi gardacvalebis umal misula aTons, rodesac jer kidev cocxali iyo efTvimes uaxloes TanamoRvaweTa Soris efTvimis cxovrebis detalebi, riTac isargebla kidec basili bagratis Zem efTvimes saxelze daweril sagalobelSi~56.

e. metrevelis daskvniT, basili bagratis Ze XI saukunis pirveli naxevris im moRvaweTagania, romelic taosa da aTonis kulturul centrebs akavSirebda. basili Tavis droisaTvis metad cnobili moRvawe yofila rogorc taoSi, ise aTonze57.

aTonze basili bagratis Zis Casvlis Sesaxeb araviTari cnoba ar arsebobs, magram Tu davuSvebT, rom basili bagratis Ze, rogorc ferisis colis Zma, ferisis ojaxTan erTad iyo gadasaxlebuli konstantinopolSi, maSin 1034 wels, roca ferisis ojaxis wevrebi taoSi dabrundnen, basili bagratis Zec maTTan erTad unda dabrunebuliyo. konstantinopolidan aTonis mTaze misi Casvlis Sesaxeb wyaroebSi miniSnebac ki araa. rac mTavaria, porfiri uspenskisa da platon ioselians aTonis mTaze basili bagratis Zis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb damatebiTi damadasturebeli cnoba ara aqvT moxmobili. e. metreveli, aTonis mTaze basilis Casvlas eqvTime mTawmidelis sicocxlis bolo wels an `gardacvalebis umal~ – daaxloebiT 1029 wels varaudobs, rac gamoricxulia. gadasaxlebulebma, rogorc iTqva, konstantinopolSi Tormeti weli – 1034 wlamde dahyves da isini, albaT, meTvalyureobis qveS iqnebodnen. basils konstantinopolidan aTonze Casvlis nebas ar darTavdnen.

zemoTqmuli mxolod varaudia, ise ki basil bagratis Zes Rrma moxucebulobamde rom unda gaegrZelebina moRvaweoba xaxulis lavraSi, amis Sesaxeb miuTiTebs zemomotanili Georg-28-ad wodebuli xelnaweris is minaweri, romlis Tanaxmad, basilis TanamoRvawe demetre monazonma `siberis siRrmis~ gamo ierusalimSi Casvla rom ver SeZlo58. am xelnaweris minawerSi basili, marTalia, bagratis Zed ar iwodeba, magram giorgi mTawmidelis mier Tavis gamzrdelad dasaxelebuli dimitris – demetres gverdiT misi moxsenieba, swored imaze migvaniSnebs, im xanad basilic Rrma siberes miRweuli iyo, da basili igive basili bagratis Ze aris. 55 metreveli e., qarTuli originaluri himnografiis..., gv. 197. 56 iqve. 57 iqve, gv. 197–198. 58 metreveli e., jvris monastris kidev erTi xelnaweri..., gv. 278. basilis sagalobelSi araviTari miniSneba araa am sagaloblis maincdamainc aTonis mTaze Seqmnis Sesaxeb. ix. basili, galobani efTÂmi mTawmidelisani. Cveni saunje, I, Tb., 1960, gv. 505–509.

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Cemi dakvirvebiT, aseve basili bagratis Zea is pirovneba, romelic 1027–1034 wlebSi xaxulSi gadawerili xelnaweris anderZSi `basili RmerTSemosilad~ iwodeba. masSi aRniSnulia: `xolo daiwera ÃeliTa daviTisaTa lavrasa didsa xaxulisa, sayofelsa wmidisa RmrTismSoblisasa, mefobasa romanosisa qarTvelTa zeda bagrat mcirisa, mTavarmamobasa basili Zisa daviT patrikisa. mnaTeobasa RmerTSemosilisa mamisa antonissa, dekanozobasa kintianesa, xolo umetes yovelTa adiden RmerTman mamaÁ basili, kaci RmerTSemosili. msgavsebiTa da RirsebiTa swori wmidaTa mociqulTa, navTsayudeli yovelTa ucxoTa da miecin RmerTman madli...~59. amis Semdeg minaweris avtori CamoTvlis xaxulSi moRvawe sxva pirebs da dasZens: `amis wignis werasa~, romelTac nugeSi mces erTxel, orjer da `romelmanme umetes~, eseni ariano: `pirvelad RmerTSemosili mamaÁ basili~ (mosdevs CamoTvla)60.

anderZSi naxsenebi `mefe romanosi~ radgan bizantiis imperatori romanoz argiria (1028–1034 ww.), xolo qarTvelTa mefe `bagrat mcire~, bagrat meoTxe, romelic 1027 wels mcirewlovani gamefda, aqedan gamomdinare, xelnawersac Sesabamisad 1027–1034 wlebiT aTariReben61. marTalia, e. metreveli Tvlis, rom am minaweris Sesrulebisas basili bagratis Ze xaxulSi aRar iyo, radgan igi giorgi mTawmidelis `ioanesa da efTvimes cxovrebaSi~, efTvimes TanamoRvaweTa Soris ara Cans62, magram am TxzulebaSi basil bagratis Zis mouxsenebloba imis myar sabuTad ar gamodgeba igi xaxulSi rom ar moRvaweobda. giorgi mTawmidels `ioanesa da efTvimes cxovrebaSi~ yvela detali dokumenturi sizustiT ara aqvs moTxrobili63.

minaweris avtoris daxasiaTebiT `RmerTSemosili mamaÁ basili~ iyo `msgavsebiTa da RirsebiTa swori wmidaTa mociqulTa, navTsayudeli yovelTa ucxoTa~, romelmac xelnawerze muSaobisas mas orjer da ufro metadac `nugeSi sca~. aseTi pirovneba sxva vin unda yofiliyo, Tu ara `moZRuari da ganmanaTlebeli queyanisa Cuenisa~ basili bagratis Ze? gviandeli avtorebic mas xom xaxulel moRvawed miiCnevdnen (ix. zemoT, gv. ...).

giorgi mTawmideli Tavis anderZSi xaxulSi myof dimitris (demetres) radgan Tavis aRmzrdelad asaxelebs da am saxelis matarebeli pirovneba saqarTveloSi gadaweril xelnawerSi basilTan erTad ixsenieba, vfiqrob, saeWvo ar unda iyos, xelnaweri xaxulis lavraSi rom unda gadaeweraT. Géorg-28 xelnaweris minawerSi demetre ierusalimSi Causvlelobis mizezad `Rrma siberes~ asaxelebs, da marTlac, jvris monastris mSeneblobis damTavrebisas (XI s-is 30-iani wlebis dasasruls), demetre (aseve basili), moxuci iqneboda. ase rom, demetrec xaxuluri wris warmomadgeneli unda yofiliyo. aRniSnulis Semdeg, vfiqrob, saeWvo ar unda iyos, evropel piligrimebis mosaxsenebelTa Soris arsebul im minawerSi, romelSic `feris~ aris moxseniebuli, feris jojikis Zes ekuTvnis da ara viRac qristian arabs. xaxulis savanidan gamosul xelnawerSi feris jojikis Zis mosaxseneblis arseboba kanonzomier movlenad unda miviCnioT.

Tu zemomotanili dasabuTeba misaRebia, maSin Géorg-28 xelnaweri, rogorc e. metreveli amtkicebs, XII s-is meore naxevarSi ki ara, XI s-is

59 metreveli e., qarTuli originaluri himnografiis..., gv. 194–195. 60 iqve, gv. 195. 61 iqve. 62 iqve, gv. 197. 63 goilaZe v., giorgi mTawmidelidan momdinare erTi cnoba...

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30-iani wlebis dasasruls, xaxulis lavraSi unda iyos gadawerili. im xanad, rogorc dimitri, ise basil bagratis Ze, rogorc Cans, kvlav xaxulSi moRvaweobdnen da maT mier xaxulidan iqna gagzavnili xelnaweri ierusalimSi. iq Casvla maT `Rrma siberis~ gamo ver SeZles.

ai, is masala, rac giorgi mTawmidelis mier Tavis gamzrdelad dasaxelebuli dimitris Sesaxeb movipove. rac, ra Tqma unda, odnavadac ver asaxavs im dimitris pirovnebas, romelmac axalgazrda giorgize didi STabeWdileba moaxdina.

anton mnaTe∗. sveticxovlis taZris biblioTeka giorgi mTawmidelis TanamoRvaweTa xaxuluri wris SedarebiT

sruli suraTis warmosadgenad mokled minda giorgi mTawmidelis `cxovrebaSi~ `basili RmerTSemosilTan~ erTad dasaxelebuli xaxulis monastris mnaTis – `RmerTSemosili mama antonis~ moRvaweobis sakiTxsac Sevexo.

xaxulis monastris mnaTe antoni, rogorc zemoT iTqva, im pirTa Soris iyo, romlebmac 1019 wels xaxulSi Casuli aTi wlis giorgi didi sixaruliT miiRes. rogorc giorgi mTawmidelis `cxovrebis~ avtori giorgi mcire wers, `RmerTSemosilma antoni mnaTeman ixila raÁ, [giorgi] ganixara da yovliTa kurTxeviTa akurTxa~1.

xaxulis monasterSi moRvawe anton mnaTis Sesaxeb giorgi mcire sxvas arafers gvamcnobs, magram mis cnobebs garkveulwilad avsebs sxva ZvelqarTul ZeglebSi arsebuli monacemebi. am mxriv, upirveles yovlisa, unda davasaxelo 1027-1034 wlebSi xaxulis lavraSi gadawerili xelnaweris anderZi. masSi xaxulis lavris mnaTed isev antonia dasaxelebuli (`mnaTeobasa RmerTSemosilisa mamisa antonissa~2). anderZis avtori imazec miuTiTebs, xelnawerze muSaobisas anton mnaTe im pirTa Soris rom iyo, romlebmac mas `nugeSi sces~3.

miuxedavad imisa, rom, rogorc giorgi mcire, ise zemoxsenebuli anderZis avtori mxolod antonis mnaTeobis Sesaxeb miuTiTeben da misi literaturuli saqmianobis Sesaxeb arafers weren, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, vaxuSti batoniSvils Tavis TxzulebaSi CarTuli aqvs cnoba bagrat IV_is (1027–1072 ww.) Tanamedrove qarTveli mTargmnelebis Sesaxeb. maTSi anton mnaTec aris dasaxelebuli4.

anton mnaTes literatorad Tvlis anton I kaTalikosic (gard. 1788 w.). Tavis `wyobilsityvaobaSi~ `mamisa antoni mnaTisa~ Sesaxeb wers:

antoni mnaTi, qarTuÀlTa didebuli, sityÂT da saqmiT, brZeni yovelTa Soris, xedÂT da saqmiT didi sibrZnismoyuare, wignTa Targmani, brZen, saRmrTo RuTis-metyuÀli,

∗ anton mnaTes pirovnebis SedarebiT srulad warmosaCenad zogierTi wyaros monacemebi qvemoT ganmeorebulia.

1 giorgi mcire, dasax. Txz., gv. 116. 2 metreveli e., qarTuli originaluri himnografiis..., gv. 195. 3 iqve. 4 vaxuSti batoniSvili, dasax. Txz., gv. 144.

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ritori uxu-sityua, SuÀnier, mWevr-moubnar~5. anton I-is `wyobilsityvaobis~ gamomcemeli platon ioseliani

zemomotanili striqonebis sqolioSi wers: `antoni mnaTi, anu sxuaTa werilTa Sina wodebuli antoni mnaTe. ese gardaicuala mefisa giorgi meorisa drosa 1085 welsa. werilTagan misTa minaxavs mxolod aTonisa mTasa, sadac aRizarda igi, sagalobelni dRisaTÂs moxsenebisa evTimi aTonelisa, portaitisa monastrisa damfuZneblisa6.

anton mnaTes aseve mTargmnelad Tvlis ioane batoniSvili. `kalmasobaSi~ igi wers: `mama antoni mnaTi, qarTveli, RvTismetyvel-filosofosi da mTargmneli werilTa. ubnobasa Sina mWermeTqvi, da mSvenieri mzraxveli, da mqadagebeli, romelica iwodeboda did mecnierad. aman keTilad ganvlo cxovreba Tvisi da mravalni nayofni swavlisani gamoiRo da mere uflisad miicvala~7.

anton mnaTe mTargmneladaa dasaxelebuli im katalogSi, romelic XIX s-is ori nusxiTaa Semonaxuli. Tumca, rogorc e. metreveli wers, cnobebis xasiaTisa da sizustis gamo katalogi Zveli Cans8. rogorc zemoT SevniSne, am katalogiT isargebla vaxuSti batoniSvilma (gard. 1757 w.), roca bagrat IV-is Tanamedrove mTargmnelTa Sesaxeb miuTiTa.

katalogSi 1027 welsa da Semdgom xanaSi moRvawe mTargmnelTa Soris, ise, rogorc vaxuStisTan, dasaxelebuli arian: `beri grZeli, axali abraam, arseni, anton mnaTe, vasili (vaxuStisTanaa basili) bagratis Ze~. iqve naTqvamia, rom eseni efTimes da mTawmidelsac moeswreno9.

anton mnaTes Sesaxeb aseTi miTiTebebis miuxedavad, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriis mkvlevrebi mas arc mTargmnelad da arc literatorad ar Tvlian. akad. e. metrevelma 1952 wels gamoqveynebul gamokvlevaSi mxolod Semdegi miuTiTa: xaxulis anderZis mixedviT, anton mnaTe, metad sapatio wevri yofila xaxulis monastris koleqtivisa-o10. anton mnaTeze, rogorc XI s-is qarTvel moRvaweze, werili arc qarTul enciklopediaSia Setanili.

anton mnaTes literaturuli memkvidreobidan, rogorc Cans, akad. k.kekeliZisaTvisac araferi iyo cnobili. amiT unda aixsnas, mis `qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi~ (t. I, Tb., 1960), sadac detaluradaa gaanalizebuli Zvel qarTvel moRvaweTa Semoqmedeba (rogorc originaluri ise Targmnili literatura), anton mnaTes Sesaxeb rom araferia Tqmuli. b-ni korneli anton mnaTes mxolod 1019 wels mcirewlovani giorgis xaxulSi CayvanasTan dakavSirebiT axsenebs11.

anton mnaTes, rogorc XI s-is pirvel naxevarSi moRvawe pirovnebis warmosaCenad giorgi mTawmidelis biografis mier misi `RmerTSemosilad~ miCneva da rogorc akad. e. metreveli wers, xaxulis monastris moRvaweTa Soris – `metad sapatio wevrad~ dasaxelebac didi pativia, miuxedavad amisa, me mainc minda anton mnaTes Sesaxeb Cemi azri gamovTqva. 5 wyobil-sityvaoba, qmnili antonisagan piruÀlisa kaTalikos-patriarxisa yovlisa saqarTuÀloÁsa, Tfilisi, 1853, # 715.

6 iqve, sqolio # 128. 7 ioane batoniSvili, kalmasoba, k. kekeliZisa da al. baramiZis redaqciiT, t. II, Tb., 1948, gv. 172.

8 metreveli e., qarTuli originaluri himnografiis..., gv. 194. 9 iqve. 10 iqve, gv. 196. 11 kekeliZe k., qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, gv. 214.

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anton mnaTe, rogorc saeklesio moRvawe rom `RmerTSemosili~ iyo, es cxadia, magram `katalogis~ Semdgeneli, anton I, aseve ioane batoniSvili mas rom mTargmnelad (`mTargmneli werilTa~), `RvTismetyvel-filosofosad~, `mqadageblad~ Tvlian, gana es maTi mxolod litoni sityvebia? iqneb katalogis Semdgenels mainc hqonda xelT garkveuli masala, romelic anton mnaTes literaturul moRvaweobas asaxavda?

Cemi azriT, Zneli gasaziarebelia platon ioselianis miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb, anton mnaTe rom 1085 wels gardaicvala, aseve TiTqos anton mnaTe aTonis mTaze aRizarda, magram misi miTiTeba imaze, man aTonis mTaze, `efTimi aTonelis, portaitisis monastris damfuZneblis~ saxelze anton mnaTes mier SeTxzuli sagalobeli naxa, iqneb simarTles Seicavs, Zveli saqarTvelos istoriaSi araerTia iseTi pirovneba, romelTa Rvawlis Sesaxeb Cven Zalian cota, an saerTod, araferi viciT. maTi Rvawlis gamomziureba didi saqmea. aseve, TiTqmis, araferi viciT anton mnaTes literaturuli moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, Tumca, Cemi dakvirveba, romelsac qvemoT warmovadgen, Tu istoriuli realobis amsaxveli aRmoCndeba, anton mnaTe XI s-is pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos erT-erTi mTargmneli Tu ara, saRvTo wignTa gadamwerad mainc unda miviCnioT da mas saTanado adgili mivuCinoT Sua saukuneebis qarTvel moRvaweTa Soris.

Cemi dakvirvebiT, xaxulis lavraSi moRvawe anton mnaTe (romelic 1019 wlisaTvis ukve `RmerTSemosilad~ da didad pativcemul pirad iTvleboda), da melqisedek qarTlis kaTalikosis mier `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ mis dedis Zmad (biZad) dasaxelebuli antoni identuri pirebi unda iyvnen. maT identurobaze, Cemi azriT, Semdegi migviTiTebs: melqisedek kaTalikosi Tavis `dawerilSi~ (igive `mcxeTis sabuTi~), rogorc cnobilia, bagrat III-s Tavis gamzrdelad asaxelebs12. Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelos erTianobisaTvis mebrZol 18 wlis bagrat III-s qarTlSi gadmosvlis Semdeg saqarTvelos eklesiis Tanadgoma esaWiroeboda. amitom, rogorc zemoT vaCvene, igi Seecada kaTalikosis postze Tavisi axlobeli daesva.

bagrat III-is `gazrdili~ melqisedeki (b. lominaZis Tanaxmad, melqisedeki bagrat III-is axlobeli iyo), an gurgen `mefeTa mefis~, an daviT III-is samefo karze `gazrdili~, an, ufro savaraudoa, samefo karTan axlos myofi oSkis an xaxulis monastrebidan gamosuli moRvawe unda yofiliyo.

melqisedek kaTalikosis samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelodan warmomavlobis Sesaxeb mosazreba me jer kidev saTanado masalis gacnobamde gamovTqvi. saeWvo ara Cans, bagrat III-is `gazrdilis~ biZac, samxreT saqarTvelos erT-erT kulturuli keridan rom unda yofiliyo. aseTad ki swored xaxulis lavraSi moRvawe anton mnaTe unda miviCn

ioT13. is mdidari da mravalgvari literatura, romelic melqisedek

kaTalikoss Tavis dedis Zmam – antonma uboZa, mxolod xaxulis mdidar monasters SeeZlo gaeRo mcxeTis sapatriarqo taZrisaTvis. rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, xaxulis momijnave teritoriaze Camoyalibebuli ekonomikurad sagrZnoblad dawinaurebuli regioni anton mnaTesa da

12 dawerili melqisedek kaTalikosisa..., gv. 24. 13 melqisedekis mier Tavisi biZis saxelis dasaxelebas maSin hqonda azri, Tu es saxeli cnobili iyo. am mxriv antoni mnaTes, XI s-is I naxevris saqarTveloSi, albaT, popularoba ar aklda.

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xaxulis lavris Zmobas aseTi qmedebis saSualebas aZlevda. albaT, arc isaa SemTxveviT, swored xaxulSi rom Seiqmna Sua saukuneebis qarTuli Wedur .

iZmas Cemsa ant(o)nis eboZa Cemda andria salos

k(u)rTx(e)v(a)Á, g(a)re oqroÁsa xatiTa da cuariTa moWed

doni srulni yovliTa feriTa, gare vecxlisa cuariTa moWedilni a.

uian a.

li iadagari mexuri, romelsa Sigan gangebaÁ sawel

ni a. liTa mocuarulni a.

sdevs im nivTebis sia, romelic melqi

c melqisedeki acxad

rTi cnobiT, anton pirvel

a mtris mier, Cvenamde mainc araerTma `mcxeTurma xelnawerma~ moaRwia.

i xelovnebis mniSvnelovani Zegli – RvTismSoblis karedi xatiaxla vnaxoT, ra uboZa anton [mnaTem] melqisedek kaTalikoss. melqisedeki wers: `dedi[s] cxo[rebaÁ] wigni a. daviTisa Targm(a)ni wigni a. s(a)TanaoÁ mr(a)v(a)lTavi a. s(a)weliwdoÁ Áadg(a)ri axali a. da k(u)rTx(e)v(a)ni, r(ome)lsa S(in)a sweria eklesiisa k(u)rTx(e)v(a)Á,

xuces-diakonTailni a. kurTxevani sxuani saweliw

Sjulis kanoni axali a. marxvani, romel samefos ityda sxu(a)Á wignebi, Tavi À. da orad gayofiiwdoÁ sweria a. matianeni saSinaoni da saaRapeni, vecxliTa moWedilda matianeni saTanaoni, vecxJamis-wirvani saTanaoni a. ese wignebi, romel me damiwerian, jumlad ars Tavi ke14. wignebis CamonaTvals mosedekma antonisagan miiRo. sanam anton [mnaTe] sveticxovels melqisedekis mier dasaxelebul

wignebs Sewiravda, – sveticxovlis wignTsacavSi, rogorc es melqisedekis `dawerilSi~ arsebuli CamonaTvalidan Cans, sul 12 xelnaweri yofila. Sewiruli wignebis Semdeg, rogor

ebs, sveticxovlis wignebi jumlad ke – 25 gaxda15. SemdegSi – droTa ganmavlobaSi sveticxovlis sapatriarqo

biblioTekis wignadi fondi TandaTan ivseboda. sapatriarqo biblioTekaze araerTi qarTveli moRvawe zrunavda. aseTma zrunvam, ra Tqma unda, Sedegi gamoiRo. rogorc prof. l. menabde wers, mcxeTis sveticxovlis biblioTekas Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi erT-erTi umdidresi wignTsacavi hqonda. `saunjeTa wignis sacavTa mcxeTisa eklesiisaTa~ xSirad axseneben Zveli moRvaweni. e

is dros mcxeTis taZarSi 7000-mde wigni iyo.16 miuxedavad imisa, rom sveticxovlis taZris mdidari bibloiTeka-

wignTscavi araerTxel ganadgurd

14 dawerili melqisedek kaTalikosisa..., gv. 24–25. 15 melqisedekis `dawerilSi~ arsebuli cnobiT, sanam antoni sveticxovels wignebs Sewiravda, wignTsacavSi 12 xelnaweri yofila. antoni mnaTemac Tu 20 Sewira, saerTo ricxvi 32 gamova da ara 25, rogorc `dawerilSia~ miTiTebuli. am SemTxvevaSi `sxuaÁ wignebi, Tavi À~ – e. i. 8, Tu erTi krebuli iyo, maSin wignTa saerTo raodenoba, marTlac, 25 iqneboda.

16 menabde l., Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi, t. I, nakveTi I, gv. 202–203.

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Tavi X. basili bagratis Zis pirovneba da warmomavloba

ebiT sruli suraT

avaldebulebs misi pirovneba, warmomavloba SedarebiT kargad vicod

ebs, es, ra Tqma unda, TviT giorg

irTa Soris, romlebmac wignis werisas mas ramde

. 1788 w.) Tavis ` wyobilsityvaobaSi~ basilis Semdegi striqonebi uZRvna:

,

wesebulebs, wmidaTa Tana mkÂdrad.

TÂsTa,

qebul ars, awca iqebis wignTa Sina5.

RvTismetyvelebasa da filosofiaSi ganswavlul mwignobars, mTargmnels,

XI s-is pirveli naxevris erT-erTi gamoCenili moRvawe basili

bagratis Ze jer kidev naklebadaa cnobili qarTveli sazogadoebisaTvis. amitom gadavwyvite basili bagratis Zis pirovnebis Sedar

is warmosaCenad mis warmomavlobis sakiTxsac Sevexo. Tu im saqebar sityvebs gaviTvaliswinebT, romlebic basili

bagratis Zeze Zvelma qarTulma Zeglebma Semogvinaxa, igi XI s-is pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos erT-erTi didi moRvawe unda yofiliyo. magram, samwuxarod, mis literaturul memkvidreobas Cvenamde ar mouRwevia1. saerTod, basilis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb Cven Zalian cota viciT, Tumca TanamedroveTa (aseve gviani xanis avtorebis) mier basilisadmi mimarTuli sityvebi gv

eT. kidev erTxel vnaxoT, vin ras werda basili bagratis Zeze. rogorc zemoTac iTqva, 1019 wels xaxulSi giorgis (mTawmidelis)

Casvlisas, basili ukve saxelganTqmuli moRvawe iyo. giorgi mTawmidelis biografi giorgi mcire basili bagratis Zes rom `dids~, `moZRvars da ganmanaTlebels queyanisa Cuenisas~2 uwod

i mTawmidelis Sexedulebas asaxavs. 1027–1034 wlebSi xaxulis lavraSi gadawerili xelnaweris anderZSi

basili bagratis Zis Sesaxeb naTqvamia: `xolo umetes yovelTa adiden RmerTman mamaÁ basili, kaci RmerTSemosili, msgavsebiTa da RirsebiTa swori wmidaTa mociqulTa, navTsayudeli yovelTa ucxoTa da miecin RmerTman madli...~3. anderZis avtoris sityviT, `RmerTSemosili mamaÁ basili~ pirveli iyo im p

njerme nugeSi sces4. ra wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, ara Cans, magram ufro gvian qarTlis

kaTalikosma anton I-ma (gard

vasili warmo meSuTagan CinebulTaZe bagratisi, vhgoneb reca mefisa, qristes Sedgoma, qristesad moqmedeba misTa mcnebaTa, niadag damcuÀlobiT aw moqalaqoba vasilisa saqebel, saxarebisa hsjulTa dacua uqcevel, qristesda mudam Ãmeva sibrZneTa ekklesiisa, samkaul-yofa amiT,

ioane bagrationi ki `kalmasobaSi~ basils axasiaTebs, rogorc

1 lolaSvili i., basili bagratis Ze, qse, t. 2, Tb., 1977, gv. 221.

eli e., qarTuli originaluri himnografiis..., gv. 195.

5 gamosacemad moamzada r.baramiZem, Tb., 1972, gv. 168; Sdr., wyobil-sityvaoba, # 717, 718.

2 giorgi mcire, cxorebaÁ giorgi mTawmidelisaÁ..., gv. 116. 3 metrev4 iqve. anton bagrationi, `wyobilsityvaoba~, wigni I, teqsti

78

`ritor-mTxrobels da maRal frasasa zedan damTxzvels~. mas `qarTvelTa eklesiaTa samkauls~ uwodebs6.

rogorc Cans, gvian SuasaukuneebSi Sedgenil katalogSi, romelSic akad. e. metrevelis sityviT, erTi kulturuli wris wevrebi – taosa da aTonis monastrebSi moRvaweni arian CamoTvlilni, XI s-is literatorTa Soris dasaxelebulia `basili bagratis Ze xaxuls myofi~7. mefe bagrat meoTxeze Txrobisas vaxuSti batoniSvili, rogorc Cans, katalogze dayrdnobiT wers – `mTargmnelni am JamTa iyvnen~-o da sxvebTan erTad basili bagratis Zesac asaxelebs8.

aRniSnuli katalogi dRes XIX s-is nusxebiT (A – 1580; A – 1767) aris SemorCenili da mas saTaurad aqvs: `ZvelTa qarTvelTa mTargmnelTaTvis wmidaTa mamaTa mecnierTaTvis, Tu romelsa, romlis mefis dros, an sadaurni iyunen da amaT gadmoiRes elinuridam sruliad saRmrTo werili~9.

albaT, dameTanxmebiT, pirovneba, romelmac Tavisi Tanadrouli, ise gviani xanis qarTveli moRvaweebisagan aseTi saqebari sityvebi daimsaxura, Cvenganac meti pativiscemisa da yuradRebis Rirsia. misi warmomavlobis gasarkvevad Cem mier motanili masaliT iqneb basili bagratis Zis biografias erTi saintereso Strixi Sevmato.

rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, Cveni mecnierebi basils gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirveli mefis – bagrat III-is Zed miiCneven, rac mkvlevarTa nawils aeWvebs. XI s-is gamoCenili moRvawis basili bagratis Zis biografiis Sesavsebad, marTlac, sainteresoa imis garkveva, Tu visi Ze iyo igi.

dasmuli sakiTxis ara Tu gadasawyvetad, azris gamosaTqmeladac ki, marTalia, Zvel qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi xelmosakidi masala araa, magram m. CamCianisa da mari broses naSromebze dayrdnobiT am sakiTxze akad. e. metrevelma Tavisi Tvalsazrisi ukve gamoTqva, Tanac, radgan Cemi varaudiT, bagrat III-is biografiis erTi detali garkveul safuZvels iZleva m. CamCianis cnobis sxvagvari interpretaciisaTvis, me Sevecade e. metrevelis mier moxmobili masala cota sxva mxriv gameanalizebina da ise mimewodebina mkiTxvelisaTvis. ramdenad realuria Cemi daskvnebi, es TviT mkiTxvelma gansajos.

XI s-is pirvel naxevarSi xaxulis lavraSi moRvawe `RmerTSemosili basili~ rom bagrationTa saxlis warmomadgeneli iyo, es mTlad dadasturebulad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos, magram Tu gvian Seqmnili tradicia (bagrat III-is Zed basilis miCnevis Sesaxeb) mcdari ar aris, maSin dRes qarTul mecnierebaSi miRebul Sexedulebas Cemi daskvnebi garkveulwilad gaamyarebs.

basili bagratis Zis warmomavlobiT jer kidev kaTalikosi anton I dainteresda. misi `wyobilsityvaobidan~ zemomotanil strofSi, rogorc vnaxeT, aRniSnulia: `vasili... Ze bagratisi, vhgoneb reca mefisa~. Tu anton pirvelma basilis mxolod mefis Zeobaze miuTiTa, 1813–1828 wlebSi Sedgenil `kalmasobaSi~10 ioane batoniSvilma basili bagratis Ze bagrationad gamoacxada (`basili bagratoanisaTvis~), Tumca, basili rom bagrat III-is Ze iyo, amis Sesaxeb mas araferi uTqvams. basili bagrat III- 6 ioane batoniSvili, kalmasoba, gv. 172. 7 metreveli e., dasax. naSromi, gv. 194. 8 vaxuSti batoniSvili, dasax. Txz., gv. 144. 9 metreveli e., dasax. naSromi, gv. 194. 10 baramiZe a., ioane batoniSvili, qse, t. 5, Tb., 1980, gv. 188.

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is Zed pirvelad platon ioselianma miiCnia. 1853 wels anton pirvelis `wyobilisityvaobis~ gamocemisas, im adgilas, sadac antoni `vasili bagratis Zeze~ wers, sqolioSi ganmarta: `aman gardamoiRo berZuliT wigni, `lavsaikoni~. vasili iyo Ze mefisa bagratisa (1008 – 1014) viTarca hgonebs kaTolikosi anton I. amanve gardamoiRo berZuliT wigni `efrem asurisa~11.

msgavs daskvnamde mivida rusi saeklesio moRvawe porfiri uspenski (1804–1885 ww.). misi sityviT, aTonis mTaze moRvawe eqvTimes wmida SromaSi exmarebodnen: ioane grZelisZe, arsen ninowmideli episkoposi da monazoni vasili Ze mefe bagrat III-isa, romelmac Targmna `lavsaikoni~ da efrem asuris Txzulebani (1008 w.)12.

e. metrevelis sityviT, dasaxelebul avtorebs (e. i. p. ioseliansa da p. uspenskis. – v. g.) saidan aqvT es cnobebi miRebuli, ar Cans. basili bagratis Zis Sesaxeb zogierTi cnoba... daculia Zvelsa da mogviano xanis wyaroebSi. amisda miuxedavad, misi vinaoba dadgenilad mainc ver CaiTvleba. basili uZvelesi wyaroebis mixedviT bagratis Zed aris cnobili. es wyaroebia: XI saukunis Tveni (H-1710) da cxovreba giorgi mTawmidelisa13.

ase rom, basili rom maincdamainc bagrat III-is Ze iyo, amis Sesaxeb Zvel wyaroebSi xelmosakidi masala araa. aRniSnulis miuxedavad, Tvalsazrisi – basili rom bagrat III-is Ze iyo, qarTuli literaturis gamoCenilma mkvlevarma akad. k. kekeliZemac gaiziara. igi werda: feris jojikis Zes `colad hyolia bagrat III-is qali, dai basili moRvawisa da giorgi pirvelisa~14. 1962 wels gamocemul Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebisadmi miZRvnil monografiaSi prof. l. menabdem aRniSna: `xaxulis cnobili moRvawea bagrat mesamis (975–1014) Svili basili, romelsac giorgi mTawmidelis aRzrdaSic miuRia monawileoba~15. SemdegSi bagrat III-is Zed basilis miCnevis Tvalsazrisi aisaxa qarTul enciklopediaSi basili bagratis Zisadmi miZRvnil prof. i. lolaSvilis werilSi16.

rogorc e. metreveli wers, marTalia, giorgi mTawmideli piradad icnobda basils, amave dros is izrdeboda misi dis ojaxSi konstantinopolSi da, TiTqos, gamoricxulia raime Secdoma mis mowodebul cnobebSi, magram imave giorgi mTawmidelis cxovrebaSi araferia naTqvami imis Sesaxeb, rom basili mefis (bagrat III-is) Ze iyo. `Zneli dasajerebelia, – dasZens e. metreveli, – rom bagrat mesames hyoloda iseTi saxelmoxveWili Ze da asuli, cnobili politikuri moRvawis feris jojikis Zis meuRle da aRuniSnavi darCeniliyo sumbatis qronikaSi da `matiane qarTlisaÁSi~, es wyaroebi arc basils da arc 11 wyobil-sityvaoba..., # 717–718, Sen. 129 (bagrat III-is gamefebis TariRad 1008 welia miTiTebuli). akad. k. kekeliZis Tanaxmad, paladi helenopolelis `lavsaikoni~ qarTulad efrem mcirem Targmna. ix. misi, qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, gv. 260. e. metrevelis SeniSvniT, platon ioselianis cnoba saeWvoa, radgan `lavsaikonis~ erTaderTi efremiseuli Targmania cnobili, Tumca, arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom basili bagratis Zis Targmani an gamovlenili ar aris, anda dakargulia. ix. e.metrevelis dasax. naSromi, gv. 197, Sen. 3.

12 Успенский П., История Афона (часть III), Киев, 1877, gv. 162. iqve p. uspenski ioane grZelisZes mefe giorgi pirvelis Zed asaxelebs.

13 metreveli e., dasax. naSromi, gv. 198. 14 kekeliZe k. qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, gv. 214. 15 menabde l., Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi, t. I. nakv. II, gv. 456. 16 lolaSvili i., basil bagratis Ze, qse, t. 2, gv. 221.

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ferisis meuRles ar icnoben, orive wyaroSi ki mefeTa genealogiaze detaluri cnobebia daculi~17.

e. metrevelis daskvniT, basili ar unda iyos bagrat III-is Ze, Tumca, – dasZens igi, – amgvari negatiuri pasuxi ar wyvets sakiTxs, mxolod eWvqveS ayenebs aqamde samecniero literaturaSi gavrcelebul Sexedulebas18.

amrigad, Tvalsazrisi, TiTqos basili bagratis Ze bagrat III-is Ze unda yofiliyo, akad. e. metrevelma mxolod eWvqveS daayena.

basil bagratis Zis Tanamedrove sumbat daviTis Zisa da `matiane qarTlisas~ avtoris cnobebidan gamomdinare, bagrat III-s mxolod erTi Ze hyavda – giorgi. Tu basilsa da ferisis meuRlesac mis Svilebad CavTvliT, maSin gamodis, rom bagrats ori Ze da erTi asuli hyolia.

erTi cxadia, basili bagratis Zis warmomavloba da mSoblebi rogorc giorgi mTawmidels, ise XI s-Si xaxulis lavraSi moRvawe sxva pirebs kargad ecodinebodaT. magram isini, ise, rogorc sumbat daviTis Ze da `matiane qarTlisas~ avtori, basilis mSoblebis Sesaxeb arafers gvamcnoben, gamosavali erTia: basilis warmomavloba da mSobelTa vinaoba an ise naTeli da sayovelTaod cnobili iyo, rom Tanamedroveebma masze miTiTeba saWirod ar CaTvales, an basilze saubrisas misi mSoblebis miTiTebas specialurad aarides Tavi.

basili bagratis Ze SeiZleboda bagrat III-is papis – bagrat II regvenis (gard. 994 w.) Zedac migveCnia da erTxans, sanam m. CamCianis cnobas gavecnobodi, ase vfiqrobdi kidec. qvemoT minda am mxrivac gadavxedo masalebs.

1019 wels, roca taZrisis dedaTa monastridan mamam aTi wlis giorgi xaxulSi Caiyvana19, basili bagratis Ze TanamoRvaweTa Soris ukve didad damsaxurebuli pirovneba iyo. mas rom 1019 wlisaTvis `Cveni qveynis ganmanaTleblis~ saxeli moexveWa, monasterSi sakmaod did xans unda daeyo, magram ramdeni weli?

e. TayaiSvilis mier motanili masalebidan gamomdinare, bagrat II-is Svilebidan cnobilia: Ze sumbat II (992 wels uSvilod gardaicvala), qaliSvili – bagrat II artanujelis meuRle (bagrat III-is mier 1011/1012 wels Tmogvis cixeSi daxocili sumbat da gurgen artanujelebis deda) da bagrat III-is mama gurgen mefeTa-mefe 994 wlidan (gard. 1008 w.)20.

ase rom, Zveli qarTuli wyaroebi sakmaod zust cnobebs gvawvdian bagrat II regvenis ojaxis wevrTa Seaxeb. Cvens xelT arsebul masalebSi araviTari iseTi miniSneba ara gvaqvs, rac basils bagrat II regvenis Zed 17 metreveli e., dasax. naSromi, gv. 198. 18 iqve, gv. 199. 19 giorgi mTawmidelis cxovrebaSi feris jojikis Ze basil bagratis Zis `dis - siZed~ aris dasaxelebuli. iqve naTqvamia, rom `daÁ basilisi~ imisTvis vaxsene, rom `ara udares iyo Rirsi ese dedakaci RmrTis-msaxurebiTa Zmasa TÂssa netarsa basiliso~ (giorgi mcire, dasax. Txz., gv. 117). aRniSnul cnobaze dayrdnobiT akad. k. kekeliZem ferisi samarTlianad miiCnia basilis dis qmrad. ase gaigo es cnoba n. lomourmac (ix. misi, К истории грузинского петрицонского монастыря, Тб., 1981, gv. 23). 2008 wels gamocemul `ivironis aqtebis~-admi (t. I) wamZRvarebul gamokvlevaSi, piriqiT, basilia dasaxelebuli ferisis siZed (gv. 26). iqve SeniSvnaSi miTiTebulia: `aSkaraa, rom basili ferisis siZea da ara jojikis Zma, lomouris azri, rom basili jojikis siZea mcdaria~ (gv. 26, Sen. 4). aseTi ram n. lomouris dasaxelebul naSromSi araa. imave gamokvlevaSi ratomRac naTqvamia, rom giorgi xaxulSi Casvlisas 6 wlisa iyo da 1020 wlis maxloblad ferisi giorgis mzrunvelad dainiSna~ (gv. 64).

20 ix. tao-klarjeTis bagrationTa genealogia yvela arsebuli cnobebis mixedviT (tabula II). wignSi – TayaiSvili e., sumbat daviTis Zis qronika...

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gvavaraudebinebs. am mxriv bagrat III-is biografia ufro xelmosakid masalas iZleva.

basils Tu bagrat II regvenis Zed miviCnevT, maSin is, savaraudod, Tavis Zmaze gurgen mefeTa-mefeze (vgulisxmob, rom gurgeni bagratis pirmSo iyo) 2/3 wliT umcrosi (xolo misi da ferisis meuRle 4/5 wliT) unda yofiliyo da 1019 wlisaTvis xanSi Sesuli iqneboda. aseTad ki im droisaTvis arc basili da arc misi da ar warmogvidgeba. 1019 wels roca giorgi mTawmidelis biZa – `giorgi mwerali~ ferisis ojaxSi tvarwatafs `sulisa maTisa keTilisa maswavleblad~ miiwvies, ferisis Ze jojiki SesaZloa ukve bizantiis samsaxurSi iyo. 1036 wels, roca misi safasiT oSkis taZari moixata, igi cocxali aRar iyo. taZris warweraSi jojiki patrikiosis bizantiuri tituliT ixsenieba21.

ase rom, basili bagratis Zis Tanadroulad bagrat II regvenis TanamedroveTa – Tornike erisTavisa da misi TanamebrZolis jojikis (ferisis mamis) mesame Taoba cxovrobda.

basili bagratis Zes Tu bagrat III-is Zed miviCnevT, maSin, erTi naTelia, igi bagratis ufrosi Ze unda yofiliyo da taxtis memkvidrec, magram raRac mizeziT samefo taxts man saeklesio moRvaweoba amjobina. xaxulis lavraSi monazvnad aRikveca (basili misi monazvnobis saxeli unda yofiliyo) da saeklesio-literaturul asparezze didi warmatebiT iRvawa. TanamedroveTa mier maRali Sefaseba – `Cveni qveynis ganmanaTleblis~ saxeli moixveWa.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, m. CamCianis cnoba garkveul safuZvels iZleva basil bagratis Zis bagrat III-is Zed misaCnevad, Tumca gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisi mxolod varaudis saxiT minda mivawodo samecniero sazogadoebas.

1014 wels bagrat III-is gardacvalebisas saqarTvelos samefo taxtze asuli misi Ze giorgi I, rogorc iv. javaxiSvili wers, im xanad jer kidev srulhasakovani ar iyo. axalgazrda mefe maSin `wlisa aTequsmetisa~ yofila. ufro metic, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ (matiane qarTlisas) ana dedofliseul nusxaSi giorgis wlovanebad 12 welia miTiTebuli22. ase rom, – dasZens iv. javaxiSvili, – sumbatis cnobebidan gamomdinare, giorgi I 998, xolo `matiane qarTlisas~ avtoris cnobiT, 1002 wels dabadebula23.

amrigad, basili, Tu marTlac, bagrat III-is Ze iyo, giorgi I-ze gacilebiT adre unda dabadebuliyo. Tavis mxriv, 977/978 wels, roca bagrat III afxazeTSi (dasavleT saqarTveloSi) mefed dasves, isic mcirewlovani iyo. `matiane qarTlisas~ avtorisa da sumbat daviTis Zis cnobebiT, bagrat III `mefobda ocdaTequsmet wel da gardaicvala mÀciTa SuenieriTa~ Semkuli qronikons sld (=234 w.) Tuesa maissa Svidsa, dResa paraskevsa~24.

am cnobis gaanalizebisas iv. javaxiSvili wers: aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, bagrat III gamefebula (1014 - 36) = 978 wels. amgvarive TariRi Cans aTonis monastris erT xelnawerSi Senaxul anderZisda mixedviT. masSi 1002 weli radgan bagrat III-is mefobis 25 wladaa miTiTebuli, misi 21 goilaZe v., bizantiis aRmosavluri politikis..., gv. 126–127. 22 javaxiSvili i., qarTveli eris istoria, II, gv. 133. 23 iqve. 24 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 283; sumbat daviTis Ze, dasax. Txz., gv. 383; javaxiSvili i., dasax. naSromi, gv. 133.

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gamefeba (1002 - 25) = 977 welze mova, xolo Tu dasabamidan aviRebT, maSin 978 weli gamova (6607 - 5604) = 25 w.25.

amrigad, 977/978 wels gamefebuli bagrat III mcirewlovani iyo da igi maSinve ar Sedgomia qveynis marTvas. amis Semdeg `viTar gardaxda amas Sina weliwado ori, iwyo gangebad~26. e. i. 979/980 wels bagrat III srulwlovani (18 wlis) gaxa, gadmovida qarTlSi da qveynis marTvas Seudga, daaxl. imave xans mas meuRlec unda SeerTo, Tumca, misi gardacvalebisas (1014 w.) saqarTvelos taxtze asuli misi Ze – giorgi I mxolod 998 an 1002 wels gamodis dabadebuli.

ra moxda, 979/980 wlidan 997/1001 wlamde mTeli 18/20 wlis ganmavlobaSi bagrat III-s meuRle ar hyavda?

`matiane qarTlisas~ avtori bagrat III-is daxasiaTebisas, marTalia, cdilobs srulad warmoaCinos misi Rvawli, magram bagrat III-is ojaxuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb arafers gvamcnobs. Casafiqrebeli ki namdvilad aris, gana daaxl. 980 wlidan (roca bagrat III srulwlovani gaxda) 997 an 1001 wlamde igi ucolo iyo?

am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc zemoTac mivuTiTe, garkveul istoriul simarTles xom ar unda Seicavdes akad. e. metrevelis mier moxmobili masala. misi sityviT, erTaderTi cnoba, romelic, TiTqos, giorgis garda bagratis sxva vaJiSvilebzedac miuTiTebs, Semounaxavs XVIII s. somex istorikoss m. CamCians, romlis mixedviT Seuvsia m. broses mis mier Sedgenili qarTvel bagrationTa genealogia27. am genealogiidan, – wers e. metreveli, – vgebulobT, rom bagrats hyolia ori meuRle, pirvelisagan mas hyavda Ze gurgeni, igive giorgi, Semdgom gamefebuli, xolo meorisagan Zeni, romelTa saxelebs ar icnobs arc CamCiani. am cnobas rom davujeroT kidec, – dasZens e. metreveli, – SeuZlebelia bagrat III-is SvilebSi meore meuRlisagan basilic vivaraudoT, vinaidan amave cnobis mixedviT, sinamdvileSi basili bevrad ufrosi unda yofiliyo giorgi pirvelze28.

ra istoriuli sabuTi udevs safuZvlad m. CamCianis cnobas, m.CamCiani aseT ambavs TviTon xom ar SeTxzavda? Zvel somxur xelnawerTa minawerebSi an romelime avtorTan iqneb, marTlac, iyo msgavsi miTiTeba29.

Cem mier zemomotanili masalidan gamomdinare, savaraudebeli erTia, bagrat III-s im meuRlis garda, romlisganac giorgi I SeeZina, SeiZleba, marTlac hyavda pirveli meuRle, romlisganac m. CamCianis 25 javaxiSvili, iv., dasax. naSromi, gv. 125. 26 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 275. 27 metreveli e., dasax. naSromi, gv. 198. 28 iqve, gv. 199. 29 a. abdalaZis mier gamocemul naSromSi (somxur xelnawerTa X–XIII sukuneebis anderZ-minawerebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb., 2005) bagrat III-ze araviTari cnoba araa. somexi istorikosi miqael CamCiani konstantinopolSi daibada 1738 wels. 1760 wlidan swavlobda veneciaSi, miiRo sasuliero ganaTleba. iyo mxiTaristTa kongregaciis wevri. man pirvelad gamoiyena mravalricxovani Zveli somxuri xelnawerebi. rac Seexeba m. broses cnobas, naSromis 160–161 gverdebs Soris CarTuli bagrationTa saxlis genealogiaSi, igi, marTlac, miuTiTebs bagrat III-is meore qorwinebidan anonimi Svilebis Sesaxeb. pirveli qorwinebidan naSobi gurgenis dedad senaqerimis asuli mariami hyavs miTiTebuli. SeniSvnaSi ki CamCianis naSromis (II t. gv. 869) da XIII s-is somexi istorikosis vardanis cnobaze dayrdnobiT wers, senaqerebis asuli bagrat III-is meore meuRle iyoo (Brosset M., Additions et eclaircissements àl’ Histoire de la Géorgie, depuis l’antiquité jusqu’er 1469 de I. C. St-Pétersbourg, 1851). `matiane qarTlisas~ cnobiT (gv. 299), senaqerebis asuli mariami bagrat IV-is deda iyo (javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, II, gv. 143).

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cnobiT, gurgeni (da qaliSvili) SeeZina. aqve imasac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom uZvelesi qarTuli tradiciiT SviliSvili xSirad papis saxels atarebda, m. CamCianis cnoba ufro realur xasiaTs miiRebs. axalgazrda bagrat III-m Tavis pirmSos (pirveli meuRlisagan), rogorc Cans, Tavisi mamis – mefeTa-mefis gurgenis saxeli daarqva. gurgeni da giorgi (e.metreveli am saxelebs aigivebs) sulac araa erTi da igive saxeli. giorgi I-is Semdeg bagrationTa saxlidan gamosuli mefeebi qarTul wyaroebSi mxolod giorgis saxeliT iwodebian. gamoTqmuli varaudi Tu misaRebia, maSin gurgenis dabadeba daaxl. 981/982 welsaa savaraudebeli. erTi-ori wliT gvian, daaxl. 983/984 w. daibadeboda feris jojikis Zis momavali meuRle (misi dabadebis TariRad 983 weli unda miviCnioT)30. Cemi varaudiT, swored bagrat III-is pirmSo gurgeni Sedga xaxulis axladagebul lavraSi monazvnad da basilad iwoda31. saeklesio asparezze moRvawe basili, ra Tqma unda, saero cxovrebaSi aRar monawileobda da igi XI s-is istorikosebis TvalTaxedvis miRma darCa, Tumca, TanamoRvaweTa Soris mudam bagratis Zed iwodeboda da didi pativiTac sargeblobda.

daaxl. 981 wels dabadebuli basili 1019 wels, roca xaxulis lavraSi mcirewlovani giorgi miiyvanes, 38 wlisa iqneboda, da, marTlac, SeiZleba igi im xanad qveynis winaSe damsaxurebuli pirovneba yofiliyo (e. metrevelis varaudiT, xaxulSi giorgis misvlisas basili sakmaod xanSi Sesuli iyo). aRniSnuls garda, rogorc me vvaraudob, is basili, romelmac demetresTan (dimitri) (am demetresa da svimeon afxazeTis kaTalikoss giorgi mTawmideli Tavis gamzrdelebad asaxelebs) erTad Rrma sibereSi 1040 wlis Semdgom xanaSi xaxulidan ierusalimSi xelnaweri gaagzavna32, igive basil bagratis Zea, gamodis, rom XI s-is SuaxanebSi basili kvlav cocxali iyo, rac bagrat II regvenis (gard. 994 w.) Zed mis miCnevas saeWvod xdis.

zemoT ferisis meuRlis (igi Tu, marTlac bagrat III-is qaliSvili iyo) dabadeba daaxl. 983 wels vivaraude. 1022 wels, roca basil II-m ajanyebaSi monawileobisaTvis ferisi sikvdiliT dasaja, igi karga xnis gaTxovili unda yofiliyo33, radgan maTi Ze jojiki (rogorc n.SoSiaSvili varaudobs, mas papis – Tornike erisTavis TanamebrZolis 30 es mxolod varaudia. ferisis meuRle SeiZleba basilzec ufrosi iyo. rogorc cnobilia, 998 wels ferisi mahmadianTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi gurgen mefeTa-mefis 6000-ian laSqars sardlobda. savaraudod, am gamarjvebis Semdeg unda SeerTo mas colad basili bagratis Zis daÁ.

31 rogorc saqarTveloSi ise bizantiaSi arsebuli tradiciiT, mSoblebi ufros Svils xSirad RvTismsaxurad awesebdnen. ase magaliTad, giorgi mTawmidelis mSoblebma `pirveli nayofi TÂsi~ RmerTs Seswires (giorgi mcire, dasax. Txz., gv. 111); aseve, bizantiis imperatorma basil I-ma ufrosi Ze – stefane dabadebisTanave RvTismsaxurebisaTvis ganawesa. ix. Лопарев Хр., М., Греческие житья святых VIII–IX веков, Петроград, 1914, gv. 23.

32 metreveli e., jvris monastris kidev erTi qarTuli xelnaweri..., g. 278. 33 daaxl. 983/984 wels dabadebuli Tu 16/17 wlisa gaTxovda, 1022 wels jojiki 20/21 wlisa iqneboda. mkvlevrebs aseve ferisis Zeebad miaCniaT giorgi da varazvaCe. v. kopalianis Tanaxmad, giorgi aTonis iveriis monastris ## 56,73 da 96 aRapebSi magistrosad da amave monastris did moamaged ixsenieba, xolo varazvaCe erTxans gadasaxlebaSi iyo. gadasaxlebidan dabrunebuls didi Tanamdeboba misces. is protospaTaris tituls atarebda da q. edesis mmarTveli iyo. Tavisi gonieri moqmedebiT qalaqi mahmadianTa urdoebisagan ixsna. ix. v. kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis..., gv. 137.

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jojikis saxeli erqva) 1036 wlis wina xanaSi imperiis asparezze sakmaod dawinaurebuli da SeZlebuli pirovneba Cans. igi im miwebis gamgeblad miaCniaT, romelic 1001 wels daviT III kurapalatis gardacvalebis Semdeg imperiam saqarTvelos Camoacila34. jojik ferisis Ze, rogorc iTqva, patrikiosis bizantiuri tituliT ixsenieba 1036 wels misi safasiT moxatul oSkis taZris freskul warweraSi35. amave warweridan gamomdinare, 1036 wels igi cocxali aRar yofila36. iqneb mamasaviT isic imperiis winaaRmdeg brZolas Seewira?

jojik ferisis Ze imperiis erTguli ver iqneboda. rogorc saqarTvelos mefe giorgi I, ise qarTveli didebulebi

bizantiis mier qarTuli miwebis (`daviTis memkvidreoba~) mitacebis faqts ver eguebodnen, miuxedavad imisa, rom ferisi imperiis samsaxurSi iyo da patrikiosis maRal tituls atarebda, igi qarTvel patriotad rCeboda.

kedrenes cnobiT, 1001 wels daviT III-is gardacvalebis Semdeg basil II iberiaSi Cavida da qarTul miwebs daeufla, ukan gabrunebisas Tan waiyvana iberiis didgvarovnebi, romelTagan umTavresni iyvnen bakuriani, fevdate da ferisi, RviZli Zmebi, romelnic man patrikiosTa xarisxSi aiyvana37.

bizantia-saqarTvelos omis mimdinareobisas, roca imperatorma basil II-m `kualad uborotesadre Suris-gebiT moaoÃrna~ samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo da dasazamTreblad qaldeaSi – trapizonis axlos Cavida, mis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba daiwyo. ajanyebis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli feris jojikis Ze iyo. XI s-is bizantieli avtoris giorgi kedrenes cnobiT, ajanyebaSi qarTvelebic monawileobdnen, ajanyebis momzadebaSi ki giorgi I-is (`abazgis mTavris~) xelic eria38. ajanyebis mimdinareobisas man omisaTvis samzadisi daiwyo, magram ajanyeba damarcxda.

ajanyebis meTaurTagan basil II-m qsifiass Tu mxolod dedaqalaqidan gasaxleba akmara (`eqsoria yo kunZulsa romelsame~), feris jojikis Ze (e. i. giorgi I-is dis qmari ?) sikvdiliT dasaja (`Tavi warkveTes~). `matiane qarTlisas~ avtoris cnobiT, sikvdiliT dasjilTa Soris mxolod ferisi iyo qarTveli – `naTesaviT taoeli, sxuani iyvnes berZenni~39. sasjels verc ferisis ojaxi gadaurCa. rogorc zemoT iTqva, basil II-m ferisis meuRle ojaxiT taodan (sof. tvarwatafidan) konstantinopolSi gaasaxla, sadac maT 12 weli dahyves. gadasaxlebulTa Soris ase moxvdnen ferisis ojaxSi `sulisa maTisa keTilisa maswavleblad~ miwveuli `giorgi mwerali~ da misi Zmiswuli mcirewlovani giorgi (mTawmideli).

34 lapidaruli warwerebi, I, gv. 58. 35 iqve, gv. 52, Sdr., v. goilaZe, bizantiis aRmosavluri politikis..., gv. 125–130. 36 lapidaruli warwerebi, I. gv. 52. 37 giorgi kedrene. istoriuli mimoxilva..., georgika, tomi mexuTe, gv. 46. 38 iqve, gv. 47–48. 39 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 286–287. rogorc kedrene gvamcnobs, ferisi `yvelaze uwinares miekedla ajanyebulebs~. ix. giorgi kedrene, dasax. Txz., gv. 48.

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am gamokvlevis dasrulebis Semdeg meCveneboda, bagrat III-s rom ori

meuRle hyavda, saTanadod ver davasabuTe. am sakiTxis dadebiTad gadaWras – e. i. raime xelmosakidi cnobis mopovebas arc movelodi. vfiqrobdi, aseTi cnoba 250-wlian qarTul istoriografias SeumCneveli ar darCeboda-meTqi. magram es ase ar yofila. erT dRes, SemTxveviT xelSi aviRe krebuli, romelSic, sxva werilebTan erTad, gamoqveynebulia amiran CxartiSvilis gamokvleva `X-XI ss-is Weduri xelovnebis ramdenime Zeglis Sesaxeb~. am werilis gadaTvalierebisas gamakvirva iman, rom CemTvis saintereso cnobas breTis sawinamZRvro jvris warwera Seicavda.

warweraSi naTqvamia: `q. daamyare da adide bagrat, afxazTa mefe Zei mefeTa mefisa gurgenisi. qriste Seiwyale marTa deofali~40.

warweraSi `bagrat afxazTa mefis~ (bagrat III-is) mamad da mefeTa mefis tituliT moxseniebuli gurgeni rom gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirveli mefis – bagrat III-is mamaa, es saeWvo araa. igi 994 wlidan iwodeboda mefeTa-mefed. meore mxriv, warweraSi rogorc gurgeni, ise bagrat III radgan bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebiT ar ixseniebian (rogorc cnobilia, 1001 wels imperatorma basil II-m bagrat III-s kurapalatis, xolo mis mamas – gurgen mefeTa-mefes magistrosis tituli uboZa), avtori samarTlianad miuTiTebs, rom jvari 994-1001 wlebs Soris unda iyos damzadebuli41.

breTis sawinamZRvro jvari gabriel safarelis mieraa damzadebuli42 da mesx moRvawes bagrat III-is ojaxuri ambebi kargad ecodineboda. jvris damzadebisas bagrat III-is pirveli meuRle marTa dedofali gardacvlili yofila.

dRemde basili bagratis Zes bagrat III-is Zed, rogorc vnaxeT, mxolod filologebi (akad. k. kekeliZe, prof. l. menabde, prof. i.lolaSvili) miiCnevdnen. istorikosebs am sakiTxze rom araferi uTqvamT, es CemTvis gasagebia. erT xans mec vfiqrobdi, rom bagrationTa saxlis istorikoss – TviT bagrat III-is Tanamedrove sumbat daviTis Zes, bagrat III-is ojaxuri ambebi mxedvelobidan ar gamorCeboda (amis Sesaxeb akad. e. metrevelmac miuTiTa), magram, rogorc `matiane qarTlisas~ avtors, ise sumbats yvelaferi didi sizustiT ara aqvT gadmocemuli (magaliTad, `matiane qarTlisas~ avtoris cnobiT, bagrat IV cxra wlisa gamefda da 1072 wlis 24 noembers 56 wlisa gardaicvala (gv. 315). am cnobidan gamomdinare, bagrat IV 1016 wels dabadebula da 1022 wels mZevlad wayvanisas samisa ki ara, 6 wlisa iqneboda).

yovelive zemoTqmulis, gansakuTrebiT ki breTis sawinamZRvro jvarze arsebuli warweris saxiT Cven xelTaa unikaluri cnoba, romelic axali masaliT avsebs Cvens codnas saqarTvelos gamaerTianebeli mefis – bagrat III-is ojaxis Sesaxeb. axla viciT, rom misi pirveli meuRlis saxeli yofila marTa, romelic 1001 wlis wina xanaSi gardacvlila. bagrat III-s misgan unda SesZenoda gurgeni (igive basili bagratis Ze) da asuli (feris jojikis Zis meuRle). visi asuli iyo marTa dedofali, amis Sesaxeb 40 CxartiSvili a., X-XI ss-is Weduri xelovnebis ramdenime Zeglis Sesaxeb. narkvevebi, VII, Tb., 2001, gv. 155.

41 iqve, gv. 156. Чубинашвили Г. Н., Грузинское чеканное искусство, gv. 72. 42 CxartiSvili a., dasax. naSromi, gv. 156; beriZe v., Zveli qarTveli ostatebi, gv. 62-64.

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jerjerobiT xelmosakidi masala ara gvaqvs43. X s-is 90-iani wlebis dasasruls bagrat III-m, rogorc Cans, meore coli SeirTo, romlisganac 998 wels44 giorgi I SeeZina. breTis warweriT garkveulwilad dadasturda qarTul mecnierebaSi arsebuli miTiTeba XI s-is pirvel naxevarSi xaxulis lavraSi moRvawe basili bagratis Zis bagrat III-is Zed miCnevis Sesaxeb. rac Seexeba bagrat III-is kurapalatis tituliT moxseniebas, 1001 wlis Semdeg Sesrulebul warwerebSi igi yovelTvis am tituliTaa naxsenebi (ix. Tavi XIII)45.

amrigad, breTis sawinamZRvro jvarze arsebuli warweridan gamomdinare, ar cdeboda akad. k. kekeliZe, roca qarTul saistorio tradiciaze (anton I kaTalikosi, ioane bagrationi, platon ioseliani) dayrdnobiT, basili bagratis Ze bagrat III-is Zed miiCnia. TanamedroveTa mier Cveni qveynis ganmanaTleblad, moZRvrad, `RmerTSemosilad~, `msgavsebiTa da RirsebiT wmidaTa mociqulTa sworad~ saxeldebuli basili bagratis Ze XI s-is I naxevarSi xaxulis lavraSi moRvawe erT-erTi gamorCeuli literatori (mTargmneli) unda yofiliyo. basili da misi da, feris jojikis Zis meuRle, bagrat III-s, rogorc Cans, pirveli meuRlisagan – marTasagan SeeZina. marTa dedofali X s-is 90-ian wlebSi gardacvlila.

bagrationTa saxlis warmomadgenelma basili bagratis Zem warmatebiT iRvawa sasuliero asparezze da TanamedroveTa Soris didi saxeli moixveWa. rogorc samecniero literaturaSia miTiTebuli (akad. e.metreveli), mamis saxeliT basilis moxsenieba mis warCinebul warmomavlobaze miuTiTebs.

basili bagratis Zisa da misi dis bagrat III-is Svilebad miCnevis Semdeg naTeli gaxdeba, giorgi I-Tan erTad feris jojikis Zis ojaxis wevrebi TavdadebiT ratom ibrZodnen basil II-is winaaRmdeg. savaraudoa, rom swored giorgi I-Tan axlo naTesaobis gamo dasaja basil II-m, 1022 wels ajanyebis monawileTagan sikvdiliT mxolod feris jojikis Ze, misi ojaxi ki taodan konstantinopolSi gaasaxla. 43 vinaa `marTa dedofali~, – werda akad. g. CubinaSvili, – ucnobi rCeba. am titulis mixedviT igi samefo an erisTavis sagvareulos wevri unda yofiliyoo. igi iqve SeniSnavs: T. Jordania (qronikebi, I, gv. 152) fiqrobda, rom `marTa dedofali~ bagrat III-is ucnobi meuRle unda iyoso (Г. Чубинашвили, dasax. naSromi, gv. 72–73). T. Jordanias es mniSvnelovani miniSneba, ratomRac, dRemde uyuradRebod rCeboda. am cnobas mec gvian, monografiisa da am Tavis damTavrebis Semdeg mivaqcie yuradReba. 980 wels qarTlSi gamefebul bagrat III-s mezobeli samefos mxardaWera esaWiroeboda da vaspurakanis samefosTan danaTesaveba gamarTlebuli politikuri nabiji iqneboda. 960 wels vaspurakanis taxtze asul senaqerim II-s bagrat III-is Tanatoli asuli eyoleboda. mari brose am mxriv, iqneb, marTlac ar cdeba. miTumetes, vaxuSti batoniSvili giorgi I-is meuRled elene dedofals asaxelebs (ix. misi dasax. Txz., gv. 144).

44 `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Zvel somxur TargmanSi giorgi I-is gamefebisas, mis wlovanebad radgan 16 welia dasaxelebuli (gv. 222), giorgi I-is dabadebis TariRad 998 weli unda miviCnioT.

45 bagrat III-is biografiisaTvis aranakleb sainteresoa bediis Tasis warwera. ise, rogorc breTis jvris warweraSi, bediis Tasis warweraSic bagrat III kurapalatis titulis gareSea moxseniebuli, xolo misi deda – guranduxt dedofali cocxlad ixsenieba.

warweraSi vkiTxulobT: `q. wmidao RvTismSobelo meox eyav winaSe Zisa Senisa bagrat afxazTa mefesa da dedasa maTsa guranduxt dedofalsa amis barZimisa SemwirvelTa, amis sakurTxevlisa SemkobTa da amis wmidisa saydrisa aRmSenebelTa amin~. ix. CxartiSvili a., dasax. naSromi, gv. 157. sof. axalsoflis (TeTri wyaros r-ni) Zveli eklesiidan TbilisSi Camotanil qvaze arsebul warweraSi guranduxt dedofali ukve gardacvlilad ixsenieba: `q. wmidao mo[wame]o bagrat, adide bagrat [mefe]Ta-mefe da adide suli guranduxt dedoflisaÁ~. ix. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis epigrafiuli Zeglebis katalogi. dasabeWdad momzadebulia a. baqraZisa da s.bolqvaZis mier. Tb., 1953, gv. 28.

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Tavi XI. `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa patriarqis~ titulis raobisaTvis. melqisedek kaTalikosisaTvis patriarqis wodebis miniWebis problema

qarTul istoriografiaSi arsebuli mosazrebiT, saqarTvelos

samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyroblebidan kaTalikos (kaTolikos)-patriarqis tituli pirvelad melqisedek I-ma miiRo1. manamde saqarTvelos (qarTlis) eklesiis meTaurebs `qarTlis kaTalikoss~ (`mcxeTis

kaTalikoss~) uwodebdnen. XI saukunidan `qarTlis kaTalikosi~ `saqarTvelos patriarqis~, `saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis~ Tanabari mniSvnelobiTac ixmareboda2. ase iyo TviT melqisedek I-is SemTxvevaSic, igi wyaroebSi zogjer `qarTlis kaTalikosadac~ iwodeba3.

melqisedek I-is mier kaTalikos-patriarqis titulis miRebas, saerTod, cvlilebas qarTuli eklesiis meTauris titulSi Cveni mkvlevrebi saqarTvelos eklesiis politikur da struqturul cvlilebasTan akavSireben4, magram ras unda ganepirobebina is, saqarTvelos eklesiis erT-erTi eparqiis meTauri iovane Tavs rom `yovlisa aRmosavleTis patriaqad~ asaxelebs. rodis Semovida CvenSi es tituli?

parxalis taZris zemoxsenebul warweraSi iovanes `qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa patriaqad~ dasaxelebam v. silogavas safuZveli misca, patriarqis institutis daweseba saqarTveloSi ufro adreul (melqisedek I-is winadroindel) xanaze, kerZod, X s-is bolo ocwleulze gadaetana (dasmuli sakiTxi man specialur gamokvlevaSi gaaanaliza). misi mtkicebiT, parxalis warwera X s-is 80-ian wlebs ekuTvnis da am warweraSi `qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa patriaqad~ dasaxelebuli iovane X s-is 80-iani wlebis moRvawe iyo5. Sesabamisad, iovane melqisedek I-ze adre iwodeboda kaTalikos-patriarqad. rac Seexeba TviT melqisedeks, mis mier patriarqis titulis miRebas, – wers v.silogava, – bizantiaSi misi xSiri mogzaurobiT, konstantinopolis saimperatoro karze diplomatiuri saqmianobiT, bizantiis sam imperatorTan – basili II (976–1025), konstantine VIII (1025–1028) da romanoz III argvirosi, axloblobiT xsnian; TiTqos, konstantinopolSi erT-erTi vizitis dros aRmosavleTis patriarqebis mier mieRos Tanxmoba patriarqis xarisxSi ayvanis Sesaxeb6. `qveynis saeklesio saWeTmpyroblisaTvis patriarqis umaRlesi titulis mopovebas da miniWebas, – dasZens v. silogava, – ufro seriozuli da mniSvnelovani safuZveli hqonda da qveynis saerTo-politikuri ganviTarebiT, misi politikuri xelmZRvanelobis mier dasaxuli maRali saxelmwifoebrivi interesebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. saqarTvelos istoriaSi aseTi iyo swored daviT kurapalatis epoqa, rodesac daisaxa qveynis calkeuli politikuri erTeulis erT saxelmwifod gaerTianebis mkafio gegma da daiwyo misi Tanmimdevruli ganxorcieleba. politikurad damoukidebel (bizantiis imperiisagan), ZiriTadad gaerTianebul qveyanas eklesiuri 1 lominaZe b., melqisedek I, qse, t. 6; misive, saqarTvelos sapatriarqo da misi avtokefalia. saRvTismetyvelo krebuli, 1981, # 12, gv. 95. am tituliT moixseniebs Tavs melqisedeki mis mier daweril `mcxeTis sabuTSi~. ix. dawerili melqisedek kaTalikosisa..., gv. 22.

2 lominaZe b., kaTalikosi, qse, t. 5. 3 dawerili melqisedek kaTalikosisa..., gv. 30. 4 lominaZe b., kaTalikosi, qse, t. 5; misive, saqarTvelos sapatriarqo..., gv. 96. 5 silogava v., patriarqi X saukunis saqarTveloSi..., gv. 302–303. v. silogavas es Tvalsazrisi, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, ar dadasturda.

6 silogava v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 302.

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damoukideblobac sWirdeboda, rac misi eklesiis saWeTmpyroblisaTvis patriarqis titulis miniWebiT unda gamoxatuliyo. amisTvis yvela winapiroba arsebobda – mravali (40-ze meti) saepiskoposo kaTedra da monasteri, am droisaTvis ukve ori sakaTalikosos – qarTlisa da afxazeTis sakaTalikosoebis arseboba, jer kidev IX s-idan wm. mironis xarSvis uflebis mopoveba, rac dokumenturad dasturdeba `wm. grigol xanZTelis cxovrebidan~7.

v. silogavas mtkicebaTa saCveneblad misi naSromidan sakmaod vrceli citata movitane. qvemoT vnaxoT, ramdenad misaRebia igi.

daviT III kuropalatis mefobisas taos samefom, marTlac, mniSvnelovan politikur siZlieres miaRwia. daviT III iyo iniciatori saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa, magram misi mefobis droisaTvis `qveynis eklesia~ _ e. i. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos eklesia bizantiis (ufro sworad, antioqiis sapatriarqosagan) eklesiisagan ukve karga xnis damoukidebeli iyo8. 681 wels meeqvse msoflio saeklesio krebis gadawyvetilebiT qarTlis eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelT mironis kurTxevis (damzadebis) uflebac miecaT9. amitom, politikurad damoukidebeli da `ZiriTadad gaerTianebuli qveynis~ eklesiis meTaurisaTvis vis unda mieniWebina patriarqis tituli, rom qveynis damoukidebloba ufro srulyofili yofiliyo? aseTebad v. silogavas daviT III da bagrat III miaCnia. magram, aqve ismis kiTxva – adgilobriv romelime saero xelisufals SeeZlo, Tavisi qveynis (Tundac damoukidebeli) eklesiis saWeTmpyroblisaTvis, qveynis istoriaSi pirvelad, patriarqis tituli mieniWebina? ramdenad iqneboda aseTi qmedeba saerTaSoriso kanonikuri samarTliT srulyofili?

v. silogavas mtkicebiT, `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa patriarqis~ tituls iovanes garda, sxvebic atarebdnen. misi sityviT, marTalia, parxalis warweraSi araferia naTqvami, magram ufro savaraudoa, rom patriarqis tituls atarebda iovanes momdevno svimonic (1001–1012), radgan svimonis momdevno kaTalikos-patriarqi melqisedeki or dokumentur wyaroSi (`mcxeTis dawerili~ da inguSeTSi tyoba-eredis warwera) aRmosavleTis patriarqadaa dasaxelebuli10.

melqisedek I rom sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi iyo, SesaZloa, es sakamaTo ar iyos11. rac Seexeba parxalis warweraSi `qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa patriaqad~ moxseniebul iovanes, igi, rogorc zemoT vaCvene, melqisedek I-is Semdeg saqarTvelos sapatriarqo taxtze asuli iovane-oqropiria, amitom parxalis warweraSi igi, marTlac, SeiZleboda `kaTalikos-patriarqad~ (Tundac `yovlisa aRmosavleTis patriarqad~) moexsenebinaT12. rac Seexeba svimon III-s, igi patriarqad arsad araa moxseniebuli (masze zemoT vrclad visaubre).

v. silogavas mtkicebiT, zemoxsenebuli pirebi (iovane da svimoni. – v. g.) rom `aRmosavleTis patriarqTa~ titulebs atarebdnen, es uCveulod ar unda mogveCvenos. `patriarqis titulis tareba im droisaTvis ucxo ar iyo. 7 iqve, gv. 302–303. 8 goilaZe v., qarTuli eklesiis saTaveebTan, Tavi X. 9 goilaZe v., mironis kurTxevis daweseba saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2008, gv. 15. 10 silogava v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 303. 11 miuxedavad imisa, rom igi `qarTlis kaTalikoz-patriarqad~ ixsenieba `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ (ix. dawerili melqisedek kaTalikosisa, gv. 22) misi patriarqoba akad. e.metrevels saeWvod eCveneba (ix. qvemoT).

12 `mcxeTis sabuTis~ damtkicebisas igi Tavs `qarTlis kaTalikozad~ ixseniebs (iqve, gv. 31).

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aseTi tituliT zaqaria banel-valaSkertelis anderZSi dasaxelebulia `patriarqi asaTi~, romelic e. metrevelis azriT, baneli mRvdelmTavari unda iyos, romelic, rogorc taos upirvelesi mRvdelmTavari, patriarqis, Tumca, realuri Sinaarsisagan daclil tituls atarebda13.

e. i. asaT baneli patriarqis tituls flobda, magram igi mTeli qveynis (igulisxmeba daviT III-is samefo) eklesiis meTauric ki ar iyo. kiTxvaze – vin mianiWa asaT banels patriarqis tituli da ra mizniT? – v.silogava ase pasuxobs: `taos mflobelma daviT kuropalatma, romlis samflobeloSic Sedioda banis eparqia~, banis eparqiis mmarTvelisaTvis patriarqis titulis miniWebiT, konstantinopolis sapatriarqosagan eklesiis sruli damoukideblobis gzaze pirveli nabiji gadadga, rac sabolood qarTlis kaTalikosisaTvis am titulis miniWebiT damTavrda, rogorc amas amtkicebs parxalis warwera14.

amrigad, Tu v. silogavas mtkicebulobebs gaviziarebT, gamodis, rom ise, rogorc ioane oqropirs (igi melqisedek I-is winamorbed kaTalikosad hyavT miCneuli), asaT banelsac (v. silogavas varaudiT, aseve svimon III-s) `qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa patriarqis~ tituli daviT III-m mianiWa da amiT `konstantinopolis sapatriarqosagan eklesiis sruli damoukideblobis gzaze pirveli nabiji gadadga~.

rogorc vxedavT, v. silogavam ara marto gaiziara melqisedek I-is winamorbed kaTalikosad miCneuli ioane IV-is (oqropiris) kaTalikosobis TariRad z. abaSiZis mier miTiTebuli wlebi, aramed imis dasabuTebac scada, igi melqisedek I-ze adre atarebda `yovlisa aRmosavleTis patriarqis~ tituls. misive TqmiT, `aRmosavleTad~ da `yovlisa aRmosavleTad~ X–XI saukuneebis bizantiur da qarTul wyaroebSi saqarTvelo iwodeba da parxalis warweraSi iovane rom `qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa patriaqadaa~ dasaxelebuli, imazea xazgasma, saqarTveloSi garda qarTlis sakaTalikososi, meore, afxazeTis sakaTalikoso rom arsebobda15.

`yovlisa aRmosavleTSi~ ratom igulisxmeba afxazeTis sakaTalikosoc, es sakiTxis erTi mxarea da arc ise damajereblad meCveneba. rac Seexeba daviT III-is mier mis samefoSi Semavali romelime episkoposisTvis patriarqis (Tundac realuri Sinaarsisagan daclili) titulis boZebas, unda aRvniSno: vaxtang gorgaslis mefobaSi roca qarTlis eklesiam antioqiis sapatriarqosagan avtokefalia moipova, samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo (sadac banisa da parxalis taZrebi mdebareoben) qarTlis samefoSi Sedioda da misi saepiskoposoebi mcxeTis sakaTalikosos meTaurobiT erTian avtokefalur eklesias warmoadgenda. ase iyo daviT III-is mefobis xanaSic. qarTlis sakaTalikososagan taos samefos eklesiis gamoyofis Sesaxeb, IX–X saukuneebis istoriis amsaxvel saistorio wyaroebSi araviTari miTiTeba araa – `miuxedavad imisa, rom tao-klarjeTi, hereTi, kaxeTi damoukidebel politikur erTeulebs warmoadgendnen, eklesiurad isini mcxeTis taxts eqvemdebarebodnen~16.

amitom, miTiTeba imaze, TiTqos, taos samefos teritoriaze mdebare romelime eparqiis xelmZRvanelisaTvis patriarqis titulis miniWebiT, 13 silogava, v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 303. 14 iqve. 15 iqve. v. silogava afxazeTis sakaTalikosos arsebobas calke msjelobis sagnad Tvlis (iqve).

16 diasamiZe b., dasax. naSromi, gv. 226.

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daviT III Tavisi qveynis eklesias konstantinopolis sapatriarqosagan aTavisuflebda, istoriul realobas ar asaxavs17.

daviT III-is samefoSi moqceuli saepiskoposoebi konstantinopolis sapatriarqos 1001 wlamde ar eqvemdebarebodnen. 451 wels q. qalkedonSi gamarTuli meoTxe msoflio saeklesio krebis gadawyvetilebiT, rogorc cnobilia, konstantinopolis, aleqsandriis, antioqiisa da ierusalimis episkoposebi patriarqebad iwodnen. konstantinopolis patriarqs, jer kidev 381 wlidan (konstantinopolis meore msoflio saeklesio krebis gadawyvetilebiT), rogorc imperiis dedaqalaqis eklesiis meTaurs, imperiis aRmosavleTi nawilis ierarqebs Soris pirveli adgili mieniWa (amis safuZvelze igi SemdegSi msoflio patriarqad iwoda). qalkedonis krebis gadawyvetilebiT ki konstantinopolis patriarqma antioqiis eklesiisagan teritoriebic miiRo18, ris Sedegadac egrisis samefos (dasavleT saqarTvelos) eklesia konstantinopolis sapatriarqos iurisdiqciaSi moeqca19. IX s-is SuaxanebSi dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiam, swored konstantinopolis sapatriarqosagan moipova damoukidebloba da afxazeTis avtokefalur sakaTalikosod Camoyalibda20. X s-is SuaxanisaTvis igi ukve Tavisufali iyo. im droidan afxazeTis mefeebi, piriqiT, cdilobdnen aRmosavleT saqarTvelos eklesiazec (sadac taos eklesiac Sedioda) Tavisi gavlena daemyarebinaT21. ase rom, daviT III-is zeobis xanaSi (1001 wlamde) taos eklesiis konstantinopolis sapatriarqosadmi damokidebulebis Sesaxeb saubari ar SeiZleba.

1001 wlamde samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelos eklesia konstantinopolis sapatriarqos rom ar eqvemdebareboda, es, vfiqrob, naTelia22. pirvel patriarqad ki melqisedek I unda iqnas miCneuli, magram vin mianiWa mas es tituli?

Tu v. silogavas mosazrebas gaviziarebT, melqisedek I-isaTvis patriarqis tituli bagrat III-s unda mieniWebina. axla vnaxoT, ra azrisaa am sakiTxis Sesaxeb akademikosi elene metreveli da saqarTvelos eklesiis istoriis cnobili mkvlevari babilina lominaZe. akad. e. metreveli melqisedekis patriarqobis sakiTxs 1030 wels Sedgenil zaqaria banelis anderZis cnobaTa gaanalizebisas Seexo.

dasaxelebul anderZSi, – rogor iTqva, – asaT baneli patriarqad iwodeba23. anderZis cnobebidan gamomdinare, zaqaria yofila taodan, daaxloebuli daviT kurapalatTan, romelsac zaqaria `mzrdelsa da 17 konstantinopolis sapatriarqos samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelos eklesia, rogorc Cans, 1001 wlis (daviT III-is gardacvalebis) Semdeg daemorCila. rac asaxulia oSkis taZris warwerebSi. ix. goilaZe v., bizantiis aRmosavluri politikis asaxva, gv. 106.

18 goilaZe v., qarTuli eklesiis saTaveebTan, gv. 14–15. 19 iqve, gv. 177–178. 20 iqve. 21 diasamiZe b., dasax. naSromi, gv. 225–226. 22 saqarTvelos erTianobisaTvis mebrZoli daviT III, ra Tqma unda, mcxeTis

sakaTalikososagan samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelos eklesiis gamoyofas ar Seecdeboda.

23 anderZis erT nawilSi naTqvamia: ...da salocvelad sulisa mzrdelisa da Semoqmedisa Cemisa daviT qarTvelTa kurpalatisa, romlisamca suli brwyinavs sasufevelsa caTasa, da saÃsenebelad sulisa moZRuarTa da mSobelTa CemTasa: arseni mamadmTavrisa, bakurissa da TeklaÁssa, patriaqissa asaTissa, daviTissa da dafanCulisasa~. e. metreveli, zaqaria banelis anderZi da berZnuli leqsi mcire svinaqsaridan. wignSi – e. metreveli, narkvevi aTonis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo keris istoriidan, Tb., 1996,. gv. 171.

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Semoqmeds~ (misi moRvaweobis warmmarTvels) uwodebs. daviTis Semdeg igi Tavis moZRvrad arsen mamamTavars24 asaxelebs25.

QAqarTuli eklesiis warmomadgenlis mimarT, – wers e. metreveli, – patriarqis wodebis xmarebis sxva SemTxveva qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi ar gveguleba. ras unda niSnavdes am SemTxvevaSi `patriarqi~, es garkvevas Txoulobs26. patriarqze saubris dawyebamde, e. metreveli uaryofs e. maWavarianis Tvalsazriss anderZSi dasaxelebuli asaTis daviT I (944–955) kaTalikosTan identurobis Sesaxeb da dasZens: ra niSniT atarebda asaTi patriarqis tituls? `safiqrebelia, rom asaTi iyo taos yvelaze gavleniani mTavarepiskoposi anu mamamTavarTa mTavari. aseTebad... iTvlebodnen banas saepiskoposos mesaWeni. unda vifiqroT, rom asaT patriarqad wodebuli banas mamamTavarTa mTavari unda yofiliyo. es Tanamdeboba Semdgom daikava zaqaria banel-valaSkertelma, magram wyaroebSi is patriarqad ar iwodeba. es gvafiqrebinebs, rom baneli mamamTavrisaTvis patriarqis wodeba taoSi ar gavrcelebula~27. e.metrevelis sityviT, `gansxvavebuli varianti gvaqvs melqisedek kaTalikosis SemTxvevaSi: `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ melqisedeki Tavs warmogvidgens kaTalikos-patriarqis tituliT, e. i. Tavis ZiriTad tituls umatebs patriarqis titulsac. miuxedavad am gansxvavebisa, erTi saerTo niSani mainc akavSirebs am or qarTvel patriarqs: orive SemTxvevaSi patriarqis tituli daclilia realuri Sinaarsisagan da amitom arc asaxavda konstantinopolis sapatriarqos damokidebulebas taosa da qarTlis eklesiis mesaWeebisadmi~28. `orive SemTxvevaSi qarTuli eklesiis mesaWeebis titulaturaSi patriarqis gamoCena garkveuli qronologiuri monakveTiT ifargleba (X saukunis dasasruli da XI saukunis 30-iani wlebi) da amitom taosa Tu erTiani saqarTvelos bizantiasTan politikuri urTierTobis konteqstSi unda iqnas ganxiluli. unda vivaraudoT, rom `es is periodia, rodesac bizantiaSi Cndebian regionaluri patriarqebi~ (erT-erT aseTad e. metrevels bulgareTis sapatriarqos warmoSoba miaCnia. – v. g.). Semdeg e. metreveli dasZens: `ar aris gamoricxuli, rom am SemTxvevaSic, patriarqis titulis saSualebiT asaT patriarqic da melqisedek kaTalikos-patriarqic im eklesiis avtokefalias usvamdnen xazs, romlis saWeTmpyrobelnic isini iyvnen. amiT gansazRvravdnen Tavis damokidebulebas konstantinopolis sapatriarqos mimarT, rac imavdroulad bizantiasTan politikuri urTierTobis erT-erTi gamoxatuleba iyo. jerjerobiT am faqts sxva axsnas ver vuZebni~29.

e. metrevelis SeniSvniT, eWvs iwvevs v. silogavas mosazreba, TiTqos `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ realuradaa dadasturebuli melqisedek I-is `kaTalikoz-patriarqis~ tituliT moxsenieba30. miuxedavad imisa, rom melqisedek I-s aqtiuri urTierToba hqonda konstantinopolis patriarqTan da imperatorebisagan Zvirfasi saCuqrebic miiRo, ramac `gansazRvra melqisedekis oficialur titulaturaSi patriarqis damateba~31, melqisedekis `dawerilSi~ araferia Tqmuli imis Sesaxeb, rom 24 e. metrevelis Tanaxmad, anderZSi naxsenebi arseni, arseni ninowmidelia. e. metreveli, dasax. naSromi, gv. 172–173.

25 iqve, gv. 171–172. 26 iqve, gv. 175. 27 iqve, gv. 177. 28 iqve. 29 iqve, gv. 177–178. 30 iqve, gv. 178, Sen. 2. 31 iqve, gv. 180.

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man oficialurad miiRo patriarqis pativi bizantiaSi... `dawerilSi~ kaTalikos-patriarqis wodebiT `melqisedeki mxolod erTxel aris moxseniebuli (dokumentis dasawyisSi), rodesac `dawerilis~ avtori gvacnobs Tavis Tavs. `anderZis~ bolos darTul mefeTa damtkicebebSi melqisedeki mxolod kaTalikosad ixsenieba~32.

e. metrevelis Tanaxmad, aranakleb ucnauria is, rom kaTalikos-patriarqis tituliT Cvenamde moRweul werilobiT wyaroebSi ar ixseniebian melqisedekis memkvidre kaTalikosebi: ioane (1033–1045 ww.) da oqropiri (1045–1048 ww.)33 aseve sxvebic, vidre XIII s-is Suaxanebamde. 1260 wliT daTariRebuli kaxa Torelis mier rkonis monastrisaTvis micemuli `dawerilis~ mtkicebulobiT nawilSi nikoloz kaTalikosi Tavs msoflio patriarqTa Tanasworad Tvlis da Tavs `meeqvse patriarqs~ uwodebs. patriarqis titulis realuri Sinaarsis Semcveli damadasturebeli cnoba mxolod XIII s-is Suaxanebidan gvaqvs34.

saqarTveloSi patriarqis wodebis SemoRebis sakiTxze akad. e.metrevelis daskvna aseTia: `qristianuli eklesiis marTlmadideblur da kaTolikur eklesiebad gayofis Semdeg (1054), patriarqi mxolod aRmosavluri eklesiis umaRles mesveurs ewodeba. iqamde ki cneba `patriarqi~ ufro viwro mniSvnelobisa iyo da xSirad rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT romis imperiaSi episkoposis nacvlad ixmareboda. amitom, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom patriarqis titulis xmareba qarTveli mamamTavris (asaT patriarqi), Tu qarTlis eklesiebis mesaWis mimarT (melqisedeki) dasturdeba qristianuli eklesiis gayofamde, xolo eklesiebis gayofis Semdeg, rodesac cneba `patriarqma~ axali Sinaarsi SeiZina, es tituli qarTvel saeklesio moRvaweTa titulaturaSi ara Cans da mxolod ramdenime saukunis Semdeg (XV s.) mkvidrdeba (kaTalikos-patriarqi Sio)~35.

ra SeiZleba iTqvas prof. v. silogavas da akad. e. metrevelis zemomotanil mtkicebulebaTa Sesaxeb?

upirveles yovlisa, unda aRvniSno: jer erTi, kaTalikosis titulis miniWebis sakiTxSi asaT banelisa da melqiseked I-is erT konteqstSi ganxilva ar SeiZleba. melqisedekisagan gansxvavebiT, asaTi mxolod erTi saepiskoposos meTauri iyo. rac mTavaria, saqarTveloSi patriarqis titulis SemoRebis sakiTxi v. silogavasa da e. metrevels erTob gaubraloebuli saxiT aqvT warmodgenili. patriarqis tituls vin atarebda pirvelad – melqisedeki, nikoloz kaTalikosi (XIII s.) Tu Sio (XV s.)?

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis mier patriarqis titulis miRebis sakiTxi rogorc qarTuli eklesiis, ise, saerTod, saqarTvelos istoriis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani problemaTagania da misi erTi xelis dakvriT uaryofa ar SeiZleba. akad. e. metreveli erT sakiTxSi marTali brZandeba. `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ (melqisedekis `dawerili~), marTlac, araferia naTqvami melqisedek I-s patriarqis tituli oficialurad rom hqonda miniWebuli. aseTi cnoba, 32 iqve. 33 `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ moxseniebuli iovane da oqropiri, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, akad. n.berZeniSvilis mtkicebiT, erTi pirovneba iyo.

34 iqve, gv. 180–181. 35 iqve, gv. 181.

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rogorc iTqva, arc im drois saistorio wyaroebSi gvaqvs36, magram melqisedek I-s patriarqis titulis tarebis ufleba rom konstantinopolSi unda mieRo, es ueWvelad Cans. rogorc v. silogava wers, gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyrobels – melqisedeks, mis winamorbedTagan gansxvavebuli da ufro prestiJuli tituli esaWiroeboda. es qveynis saero mmarTvelis – bagrat III-is interesSic Sedioda.

konstantinopolis saimperatoro kars melqisedekis saTxovari 987 wlis wina xanaSi, misi erT-erTi pirveli vizitisas unda daekmayofilebina. konstantinopolSi melqisedek I-isaTvis boZebul patriarqis tituls, marTalia, msoflio saeklesio krebis mier dadastureba esaWiroeboda, magram amas xeli ar SeuSlia, melqisedek I-is Semdeg saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis taxtze asul ioane-oqropirisaTvis, raTa Tavi patriarqis tituliT moexsenebina (mxedvelobaSi maqvs parxalis warweraSi patriarqad misi moxsenieba). aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, patriarqis tituli XIII s-is Suaxanebze gacilebiT adre gvaqvs dadasturebuli naratiul wyarosa da epigrafikaSi37.

axla vnaxoT, melqisedek I-is mier patriarqis titulis miRebis Sesaxeb ra azrisaa b. lominaZe.

b. lominaZis sityviT, qarTuli eklesiis umaRlesi saWeTmpyroblis mier `patriarqis~ wodebulobis miRebis raime oficialur gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb cnoba Semonaxuli ar aris da arc aris mosalodneli, radgan maSin arsebuli praqtikis mixedviT, aseTi ram ar xdeboda. `patriarqis~ saxeliT SeiZleboda esargeblaT. amiT ar moxdeboda kanonis raime darRveva38. mxolod gvian Semovida wesad krebis gadawyvetilebiT patriarqis saxelis miReba39.

e. i. XI s-is damdegs (b. lominaZe gulisxmobs melqisedek I-is aRsaydrebis TariRad miRebul 1010 wels), roca melqisedek I-ma pirvelad, Tu, marTlac, miiRo patriarqis tituli, igi araviTar specialur dadgenilebas ar emyareboda?

b. lominaZes melqisedek I-is mier patriarqis titulis miRebis procesi ase aqvs warmodgenili: `patriarqis~ tituli mcxeTis sakaTalikosom, – wers b. lominaZe, – mas Semdeg daimkvidra, rac saqarTvelos eklesia gafarTovda da SeiZina berZnuli sapatriarqos garegnuli niSnebi, da, rogorc Cans, es ar iyo ucxo da sapretenzio arc bizantiis imperatorebisa da patriarqebisaTvis. melqisedek I, romelmac pirvelma isargebla am wodebiT, bizantiaSi imperatorebis karze: basilTan (970–1025)40, konstantinesTan (1025–1028) da romanozTan (1028–1034) miRebuli da dafasebuli pirovneba iyo, maTganve melqisedekma miiRo materialuri daxmareba da Sewirulobani mcxeTis sveticxovlis mSeneblobisaTvis, miiRo soflebi bizantiis teritoriebze da sxv.~41. 36 sakvirvelia, magram faqtia _ `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Sesul saistorio TxzulebebSi melqisedeki naxsenebi araa. igi mxolod `mcxeTis sabuTidan~ Setanil CanarTebSi ixsenieba.

37 Crdilo kavkasiaSi – inguSeTis sof. tyoba-eredis eklesiis warweraSi naTqvamia: `qriste, adide [yovlisa] aRmosavleTisa patriaqi melqisedek, amen~. silogava v., patriarqi X saukunis saqarTveloSi, gv. 303.

38 lominaZe b., saqarTvelos sapatriarqo..., gv. 96. 39 iqve. 40 b. lominaZes basil II-is gamefebis TariRad 970 weli aqvs miTiTebuli. 41 lominaZe b., dasax. naSromi, gv. 96.

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misive TqmiT, `saqarTvelos sapatriarqos daarseba daemTxva saqarTvelos politikur gaerTianebas X s-is dasasruls, roca Camoyalibda `qarTlis~ magier `yoveli saqarTvelo~, saqarTvelos kaTalikos- patriarqi `yoveli saqarTvelos~ eklesiuri gamgebeli iyo... qarTveli patriarqebis titulaturaSi gaCnda iseTive formula, rogorc qarTvel mefeTa titulaturaSi mamaTmTavari `aRmosavleTisa~42.

melqisedek I-is mier patriarqis titulis miRebis b. lominaZiseuli Tvalsazrisi gaiziara mitropolitma anania jafariZem. misi sityviTac, `...erTiani saqarTvelos samefoSi... saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sazRvrebs SigniT arsebuli ori sakaTalikososagan Seiqmna erTi sapatriarqo~43. amis Semdeg srulad imowmebs b. lominaZis naSromidan zemomotanil citatas da wers: `kaTalikos svimeonis gardacvalebis44 Semdeg bagrat III-m melqisedeki dasva saqarTvelos patriarqad. saqarTvelos patriarqad dadgomisTanave melqisedeki maSinve gaemgzavra konstantinopolSi saimperatoro karze basil II-sTan, Cans, imisTvis, rom konstantinopols ecno qarTuli eklesiis sapatriarqo Rirseba~45. meufe anania bolos dasZens: `bagrat III-m jer `patriarqad dasva~ melqisedek I, xolo Semdeg mimarTa konstantinopols, eRiarebina qarTuli eklesiis sapatriarqo Rirseba... aseT didmniSvnelovan movlenas – axali sapatriarqos daarsebas – ar SeiZleboda ar mohyoloda saerTaSoriso saeklesio rezonansi, bagratma izruna, rom rezonansi dadebiTi yofiliyo~46. `bagrat III-is dros saimperatoro kars ucnia, rogorc qarTuli eklesiis sapatriarqo Rirseba, aseve misi iurisdiqcia SavizRvispireTSi,... metic, konstantinopols saqarTvelos sapatriarqos centris sveticxovlis taZris restavraciisaTvis Seuwiravs mdidari monasteri da 105 sofeli~47.

rogorc b. lominaZe wers, XI s-is 20-ian wlebSi patriarqobis daweseba, `saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis mniSvnelovan gamarjvebad unda CaiTvalos~, radgan `patriarqoba gaerTianebul qarTul monarqias esaWiroeboda Tavisi sruli politikuri suverenitetis dasadastureblad saerTaSoriso asparezze~48, magram saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoriaSi momxdari es friad mniSvnelovani movlena (patriarqobis daweseba), zemodamowmebul mkvlevarTa naSromebSi gamokveTilad ar aris warmodgenili. patriarqis wodeba melqisedek I-s Tu saqarTveloSi mianiWes (Tanac, vin mianiWa bagrat III-m, Tu adgilobrivma saeklesio krebam?), konstantinopolis saimperatoro karisagan ratom moiTxovdnen mis dadasturebas da aRiarebas?

am metad mniSvnelovani problemis Sesaxeb, samwuxarod, Cveni gamoCenili mecnierebis (akad. iv. javaxiSviuli, akad. k. kekeliZe, akad. n.berZeniSvili da sxvani) naSromebSi veraferi mivakvlie. ise ki, dasmuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb sanam samecniero literaturas gavecnobodi, megona, rom 42 iqve, gv. 97. 43 jafariZe anania (mTavarepiskoposi), saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoria, t. II, Tb., 1998, gv. 170.

44 svimeon kaTalikosis Sesaxeb zemoT vrclad visaubre da vaCvene igi 1010 wels kvlav cocxali rom iyo.

45 jafariZe anania (mTavarepiskoposi), dasax. naSromi, gv. 172. 46 iqve. 47 iqve, gv. 173–174. 48 lominaZe b., saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierToba VIII–XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi.

krebuli – saqarTvelo rusTavelis xanaSi, Tb., 1966, gv. 78–79.

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igi detalurad iyo Seswavlili da gamokvleuli. rac Seexeba zemodamowmebul mkvlevarTa Tvalsazrisebs, rogorc vnaxeT, v. silogava sayvedurs gamoTqvamda b. lominaZis mimarT patriarqobis dawesebas melqisedekis konstantinopolSi xSir diplomatiur vizitebTan ratom akavSirebs, patriarqis tituls TviT qarTveli mefeebi (am SemTxvevaSi daviT III da bagrat III) aniWebdneno. b. lominaZis da meufe ananias Tanaxmad, melqisedeks patriarqis tituli saqarTveloSi mianiWes, magram igi konstantinopolis patriarqs unda eRiarebina (akad. e. metrevelis Tvalsazrisze aq aRarafers vityvi).

marTlac, sainteresoa, vin mianiWa melqisedek I-s patriarqis wodeba – saqarTvelos saeklesio krebam Tu bagrat III-m? dabolos, ra roli Seasrula konstantinopolis sapatriarqom da konstantinopolis saimperatoro karma melqisedekisaTvis patriarqis titulis miniWebis saqmeSi? maT melqisedeks patriarqis tituli mianiWes Tu daudastures? iyo Tu ara savaldebulo saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiaSi momxdari es cvlileba msoflio saeklesio krebas daedasturebina, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es tituli melqisedeks basil II-sagan an konstantinopolis patriarqisagan hqonda naboZebi?

melqisedek kaTalikosisaTvis roca patriarqis titulis miniWebis Sesaxeb vsaubrobT, upirveles yovlisa, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas Zveli saeklesio tradicia da saerTaSoriso kanonikuri samarTlis normebi. aRniSnulTan erTad, qarTuli politikuri erTeulebis saero da saeklesio meTaurebi, im xanad, marTalia, bizantiis imperiisagan sruliad damoukidebelni iyvnen, magram, maT mainc bevri ram akavSirebdaT imperiis xelisuflebasTan. iyo sakiTxebi, romelTa gadawyveta bizantiis imperatoris, msoflio patriarqisa da msoflio saeklesio krebis prerogativas warmoadgenda.

yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, rogorc daviT III, ise bagrat III damoukidebeli qveynebis mbrZaneblebi iyvnen, magram isini (aseve bagrationTa samefo saxlis sxva warmomadgenlebi) bizantiis imperatorebisagan aramarto siamovnebiT Rebulobdnen bizantiur sakariskaco titulebs, aramed moiTxovdnen kidec maTgan titulebis miniWebas. marTalia, rogorc `kurapalatis~, ise sxva sakariskaco titulebs imperatorebi maTTvis sasurvel pirebs aZlevdnen da am gziT maT qveyanaze imperiis Zveli gavlenis aRdgenas, an gavlenis axlad damyarebas lamobdnen, magram faqti isaa, rom rogorc tao-klarjeTis bagrationebi, ise gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos araerTi mefe (sanam daviT IV aRmaSenebelma sabolood ar Tqva uari bizantiur titulze) bizantiur sakariskaco tituls atarebda (ix. qvemoT).

am mxriv sul sxva viTareba iyo saeklesio sferoSi. Tu msoflio saeklesio krebebis gadawyvetilebebis praqtikas gaviTvaliswinebT, bizantiis imperiis gareT arsebuli eklesiebis saWeTmpyroblebisTvisac ki, patriarqis titulis miniWeba msoflio saeklesio krebisa (gavixsenoT, konstantinopolis, aleqsandriis, antioqiisa da ierusalimis episkoposebs swored IV msoflio saeklesio krebam rom mianiWa patriarqebis titulebi) da msoflio patriarqis (konstantinopolis patriarqis) prerogativa iyo. ama Tu im qveynis saero xelisufals (mefes, erismTavars) aseTi ufleba ar hqonda. ase rom, banis eparqiis meTauri Tu marTla atarebda patriarqis tituls, igi, rogorc akad. e. metreveli wers, marTlac, Sinaarsisagan daclili iqneboda.

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axali sapatriarqos gaCena sxva patriarqebsac unda eRiarebinaT. rac mTavaria, bizantiis saimperatoro karisa da konstantinopolis patriarqis Tanxmobas – melqisedek I-s patriarqis tituli etarebina, msoflio saeklesio krebis mier misi dadastureba aklda. albaT, aRniSnuliT unda aixsnas, imave `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ melqisedeki qarTlis kaTalikosadac rom iwodeba.

amrigad, gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos eklesiis pirvelma saWeTmpyrobelma – kaTalikosma melqisedek I-ma, savaraudod, swored konstantinopolSi Tavisi erT-erTi pirveli vizitisas (daaxl. 987 wlamde, sanam daviT III basil II-is winaaRmdeg ajanyebul barda fokas miemxroboda) iTxova, misTvis patriarqis wodeba mieniWebinaT (am saqmis dadebiTad gadawyvetaSi imxanad qarTvelebisadmi imperatori Zmebis – basilisa da konstantines keTilganwyobamac garkveuli roli Seasrula). im droidan, rogorc b. lominaZe wers, saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelma – romis papis, konstantinopolis, aleqsandriis, antioqiisa da ierusalimis patriarqebis Semdeg meeqvse adgili daikava49. Tumca, saimperatoro karis (da SesaZloa, konstantinopolis patriarqis) mier melqisedek I-saTvis patriarqis wodebis miniWeba msoflio saeklesio krebis mier ar iyo dadasturebuli.

samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli miTiTebiT, XI s-is bizantiis imperiaSi konstantinopolis patriarqi miCneuli iyo `qristes cocxal gasulierebul saxed~50. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRmosavleTis patriarqTa Soris konstantinopolis patriarqis pirveloba mxolod Rirsebis saqme iyo da igi pirveli iyo TanasworTa Soris, bizantiuri saxelmwifo samarTliT da Camoyalibebuli kanonikuri tradiciiT, sxva patriarqebTan SedarebiT konstantinopolis patriarqs ufro meti uflebebi hqonda. Tu danarCeni patriarqebis iurisdiqcia mxolod maTdami daqvemdebarebuli sapatriarqos teritoriaze vrceldeboda da, saerTod, imperiis aRmosavleTi nawilis saeklesio cxovrebaSi maT mcire gavlena hqondaT, konstantinopolis patriarqs saxelmwifo samarTali saSualebas aZlevda sxva sapatriarqoebSi warmoqmnil uTanxmoebebSi Careuliyo51. saerTod, konstantinopolis patriarqi, rogorc imperiis dedaqalaqis eklesiis meTauri, saerTo saeklesio saqmeebSi didi uflebebiT sargeblobda.

konstantinopolis sapatriarqos avtoritetsa da siZlieres Semdegic ganapirobebda: XI s-is damdegisaTvis dasaxelebuli sapatriarqoebidan mxolod konstantinopolis sapatriarqo iyo is

49 879/880 wlebSi konstantinopolSi gamarTuli msoflio saeklesio krebis Semdeg qristianul eklesiaSi sabolood Camoyalibda marTlmadidebluri da kaTolikuri mimdinareobebi. amis Semdeg marTlmadideblur sapatriarqoTa monawileobiT msoflio saeklesio kreba aRar mouwveviaT (Каждан, А. П., Вселенские соборы. Краткий научно-атеистический словарь, М., 1969). ris gamoc, mravali sakiTxi – m. S. saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis meTaurisaTvis patriarqis titulis miniWeba, krebas ar daudasturebia.

lominaZe b., saqarTvelos sapatriarqo..., gv. 95. rogorc b. lominaZe wers, 1054 wels dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis eklesiebad gayofis Semdeg saqarTvelos eklesias Tu me-5 adgili eWira, da XVI s. dasasruls roca aRmosavleTis patriarqebma ruseTis eklesias me-5 adgili mianiWes, saqarTvelos ki me-6 (b. lominaZe, dasx. naSromi, gv. 95), maSin 1260 wels Sedgenil kaxa Torelis sabuTSi nikoloz kaTalikosi Tavs ratom acxadebs meeqvse patriarqad? ix. dawerili kaxa Torelisa, gv. 155.

50 Скабаланович Н., Византииское государство и церковь в ХI веке, С.-Петербург, 1884, gv. 362. 51 iqve, gv. 362–363.

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eklesia, romelmac ara Tu SeinarCuna Zveli eparqiebi, aramed gaafarTova (magaliTad, ruseTis moqcevis xarjze) kidec52.

* * *

roca X saukunis dasasrulisa da XI saukunis damdegis

saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyrobelTa statusze vsaubrobT, ar SeiZleba yuradRebis gareSe da auxsneli darCes – ras unda ganepirobebina is, parxalis taZris zemomotanil warweraSi iovane `qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa patriaqad~ rom ixsenieba.

rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, n. berZeniSvilma es iovane melqisedek I-is Semdeg saqarTvelos eklesiis saWeTmpyroblis taxtze asul ioane-oqropirad miiCnia (v. silogavas Tanaxmad, iovane daviT III kurapalatis – gard. 1001 w., Tanamedrove iyo). aRniSnulTan erTad, patriarqis tituli pirvelad radgan melqisedeks unda mieRo, parxalis taZris warweraSi iovane (igive ioane-oqropiri) patriarqad rom iwodeba, amaSi gasakviri araferia. magram ras niSnavs iovanes titulaturaSi `yovlisa aRmosavleTi~?

v. silogavas Tanaxmad, X–XI saukuneebSi `aRmosavleTad~ saqarTvelo iwodeboda (ix. zemoT) da iovanes zemomotanil titulaturaSi misi saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqoba igulisxmeba.

X–XI saukuneebSi saqarTvelo, marTlac, iwodeboda `aRmosavleTad~, magram parxalis warweraSi iovane radgan `qarTlisa da yovlisa aRmosavleTis patriarqadaa~ naxsenebi, gamodis, rom warweris Semsrulebeli iovanes `qarTlisa da yoveli saqarTvelos~ patriarqad Tvlida, rac cota ucnaurad Cans.

Cemi azriT, im garemoebam daviT III, Semdeg ki gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirveli sami mefe – bagrat III, giorgi I, bagrat IV TavianT bizantiur titulaturas msazRvrelad rom `yovlisa aRmosavleTs~ urTavdnen, saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqsac (am SemTxvevaSi ioane-oqropirs) garkveuli safuZveli misca, Tavisi Tavic `yovlisa aRmosavleTis~ patriarqad warmoedgina.

dasaxelebul mefeTa titulaturaSi Tu ras unda ganepirobebina aseTi wodebis gaCena, amis Sesaxeb Cems Tvalsazriss qvemoT warmovadgen. qarTveli politikosebis bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebis miRebis sakiTxs bizantiis aRmosavlur politikasTan kavSirSi ganvixilav.

52 iqve, gv. 404 da Semdegi. ara Tu patriarqis titulis dadastureba miiRo ruseTis eklesiam konstantinopolidan, ruseTis pirvelma mefem ivane mrisxanem mefobis dadasturebac konstantinopolis sapatriarqosagan moiTxova, ix. Голубинский Е., История русской церкви, т. II, М., 1900, gv. 845–846.

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Tavi XII. bizantiuri titulatura imperiis aRmosavlur

politikaSi

III saukunis 20-iani wlebidan axalwarmoqmnili sasanianTa iranisa da romis (SemdegSi bizantiis) metoqeoba amierkavkasiis qveynebSi gasabatoneblad, sasanianTa iranis gamarjvebiT damTavrda. 369 wels irani qarTlis samefos erT nawils, V s-is Suaxanebidan ki mTel qarTls daeufla. daaxl. 537 wels sasanianebma qarTlSi mefis xelisuflebac gaauqmes. iranis provinciad gadaqceul qveyanas iraneli moxele marzpani ganagebda. aseT viTarebaSic ki qarTlis didebulebi da bizantiis xelisufalni Seqmnil viTarebas ar Serigebian.

qarTlSi mefobis gauqmebidan arc ise didi xnis gasvlis Semdeg, daaxl. 555 wels, roca `ucalo iqmnes sparsni, maSin SeiTqunes yovelni erisTavni qarTlisani, zemoni da quemoni, da [bizantiis imperatorisagan]... iTxoves, raTa uCinos mefe naTesavTagan mefeTa qarTlisaTa... maSin keisarman aRasrula Txova maTi, da mosca mefed diswuli mirdatisi, vaxtangis Zisa, berZnis colisagan, romelsa erqua guaram, romeli mTavrobda klarjeTs da javaxeTs~1.

bizantiis imperatoris mxardaWeriT daaxl. 555 wels qarTlis erismTavris taxtze guaram I bagrationi avida. `amas guarams, – naTqvamia Zvel qarTul wyaroSi, – mosca keisarman kurapalatoba da warmogzavna mcxeTas~2.

qarTlSi adgilobrivi xelisuflebis aRdgena bizantiis imperatoris iustiniane I-is (527–565 ww.) mxardaWeriT moxda. qarTlSi iranelTa uSualo batonobis pirobebSi, marTalia, mefis xelisuflebis (e. i. farnavazianTa dinastiis) aRdgena ver moxerxda, qarTlis erismTavris taxti vaxtang gorgaslis asulis wulma daikava, magram mTavari is iyo, rom guaramis taxtze asvliT, adrefeodaluri qarTlis saxelmwifos aRdgena moxerxda3.

imperator iustiniane I-is mier sasanianTa gavlenaSi myofi qveynis mmarTvelisaTvis kurapalatis titulis miniWeba piradul xasiaTs atarebda da araviTar saerTaSoriso uflebriv safuZvels ar emyareboda4. es aqti bizantiis imperiis mxriv, misdami mtrulad ganwyobili sasanianTa saxelmwifos Sinaur saqmeebSi Careva iyo. Tavis mxriv, bizantiuri titulis mimRebi qarTlis erismTavrisaTvis bizantiis imperia mfarvel Zalad moiazreboda. bizantiis xelisufleba roca romelime qveynis (maT Soris qarTlis) xelisufals, misi ojaxis wevrs, 1 juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa, qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. I, Tb., 1955, gv. 217–218.

2 iqve, gv. 218. 3 goilaZe, v., VI saukuneSi qarTlis adgilobrivi saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis daTariRebisaTvis, `macne~, istoriis... seria, 1979 # 1, gv. 121–122.

4 Юзбашян К. Н., Армянские государства эпохи Багратидов и Византия IX–XI вв. М., 1988, gv. 89.

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an calkeul didebuls sakariskaco tituls aZlevda, am gziT am qveyanaSi bizantiuri orientaciis mqone jgufis Seqmnas cdilobda. igulisxmeboda, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Tavis xeldebul politikur moRvawes (an moRvaweebs) imperia saTanado samxedro ZaliTac unda daxmareboda. aRniSnuliT unda aixsnas 571 wels antiiranuli ajanyebis marcxis Semdeg guaram I-ma bagrationma da ajanyebulTa sxva Tavkacebma konstantinopols rom miaSures.

guaram I bagrationi probizantiuri orientaciis moRvawe iyo, amitom 589 wels igi kvlav bizantielTa mier organizebul antiiranul koalicias miemxro, magram es gamosvla kvlav marcxiT damTavrda. Tumca, amis Semdegac bizantiis xelisufalni iranis qveSevrdom qarTlSi gavlenis mosapoveblad Zalisxmevas ar iSurebdnen.

guaram I-is Zes qarTlis erismTavar stefanoz I-s, rogorc es mis mier agebuli mcxeTis jvris monastris warwerebidan Cans, patrikiosis bizantiuri sakariskaco tituli hqonda. amave taZris warwerebSi bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebiT ixseniebian stefanozis Zma demetre da farnavazianTa saxlis warmomadgeneli adarnerse (adarnase).

warweraSi naTqvamia: (warwerebi momaqvs qaragmebis gareSe). `ese juari qristesi aRxemarTa salocvelad stefanos patrikiosisa,

demetre Âpatosisa, adarnerse Âpatosisa sulTa da xorcTa maTTa meoxad da yovlisa momavlisa mcvelad~5.

igive pirebi imave bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebiT ixseniebian taZarze arsebul mosaxsenebel warwerebSic:

1. `juaro macxovrisao, stefanos qarTlisa patrikiosi Seiwyale~. 2. `wmidao gabriel mTavarangelozo, adarnerses Âpatossa meox eyav~. 3. `wmidao miqael mTavarangelozo, demetre Âpatossa meox xeyav~6. adarnase erismTavari mcxeTis jvris taZris warwerebSi, rogorc

vnaxeT, vipatosis bizantiuri tituliTaa moxseniebuli, magram Tu Zveli albaneli istorikosis movses kalankatvacis TxzulebaSi arsebul cnobas gaviTvaliswinebT, mas sxva bizantiuri titulebic hqonia. rogorc movsesi wers, `didad pativcemul iSxans~ `atrnerses... hromaelTa samefosagan sammagi pativi hqonda miRebuli~7. savaraudod, vipatosis Semdeg adarnases ufro maRali sakariskaco titulebi uboZes8, magram ra damsaxurebisaTvis, amis Sesaxeb movses kalankatvaci ara wers.

adarnase farnavazianis Zes – qarTlis erismTavars stefanos II-s hqonda Tu ara raime bizantiuri sakariskaco tituli, wyaroebidan ara Cans9, bizantiis saimperatoro kars misTvis rom romelime tituli eboZebina, es arc iyo mosalodneli. saqme isaa, rom qarTlis erismTavris 5 lapidaruli warwerebi, I, gv. 96. 6 iqve, gv. 160, 162, 164. qarTul samecniero literaturaSi adarnase vipatosi SecdomiTaa miCneuli stefanos I-is Zed, da aqedan gamomdinare, bagrationTa saxlis wevrad. am sakiTxze ix. v. goilaZe, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ erTi CanarTis cnobaTa realurobisaTvis. krebulSi – saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebis istoriis sakiTxebi, IX, Tb., 2008.

7 movses kalankatuaci, alvanTa qveynis istoria. Zveli somxuridan Targmna liana davlianiZe-tatiSvilma, Tb., 1985, gv. 91–92.

8 iv. javaxiSvilis varaudiT, vipatosis titulis miRebamde hqonda adarnases protospaTarisa da spaTarokandidatis titulebi. ix. misi, qarTuli paleografia, gv. 158.

9 mcxeTis jvris warwera masze gvauwyebs: `wmidao stefane, qobul-stefanosi Seiwyale~. ix. lapidaruli warwerebi, I, gv. 165.

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taxtze asvlidan axlo xanaSi, qarTlSi arabebi Semovidnen. igi arabebs ubrZolvelad danebda da maTTan e. w. `dacvis sigeli~ dado10.

arabTa saxalifos Camoyalibeba da arabTa dapyrobebis dasawyisi sasanianTa saxelmwifosaTvis katastrofis tolfasi aRmoCnda. Cqara man arseboba Sewyvita. bizantiis imperiam ki mokle xanSi dakarga: siria, finikia, palestina, aRmosavleTi somxeTi, egvipte, Crdilo SuamdinareTi. arabebma araerTxel scades konstantinopolis aReba. VII s-is SuaxanebSi Crdilo kavkasiaSi xazarTa Zlieri gaerTianeba Seiqmna. xazarTa kaganatma amierkavkasiaSi gasabatoneblad daiwyo brZola, ris gamoc sakmaod Sesustda qarTlis mimarT arabTa agresia. am fonze bizantiis imperias aRmosavluri politikis gaaqtiurebis saSualeba mieca. miuxedavad imisa, rom amierkavkasiis qveynebi oficialurad arabTa xeldebulebad iTvlebodnen, am qveynebis qristianuli mosaxleoba mainc probizantiuri orientaciis matareblad rCeboda. bizantielTa mxardaWeriT daaxl. 686 wels qarTlis erismTavris taxtze 628 wels imperator herakles Turqi mokavSireebis mier sikvdiliT dasjili stefanos I bagrationis STamomavali nerse I avida11. stefanos II farnavaziani iZulebuli gaxda, ojaxiT egrisSi gadasuliyo12.

qarTlis erismTavris taxtze asuli nerse I bagrationis saxlis zogierTi wevri jer kidev mis mier qarTlis taxtis dakavebamde atarebda bizantiur sakariskaco tituls. magaliTad, stefanos I-is Zes – guarams kurapalatis wodeba hqonda13. nerse I-is STamomavalTagan – varaz-bakurs apÁ patrikiosis, mis Zmas – arSuSas kurapalatis (abasTumnis eklesiis jvris kvarcxlbekis warweraSi igi patrikiosis tituliTaa moxseniebuli14) titulebi hqondaT miniWebuli. aseve kurapalatis tituli hqonda aSot I bagrations15. bagrationTa samefo saxlSi kurapalatis tituli memkvidreobiTi Cans. rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, am tituliT zogierTi ufliswuli ukve taxtze asvlamde iwodeboda.

saxalifoSi mimdinare feodalizaciis procesma, centraluri xelisuflebis krizisma da arabTa saxalifos rRvevam, qarTlis saerismTavroze arabTa batonoba Seasusta. VII s-is dasasrulidan istoriuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze araerTi didi senioria warmoiqmna. imave xanebSi daiwyo am politikur erTeulTa ekonomikuri aRorZineba, rac did sakulto mSeneblobebSic gamoixata. calkeuli erismTavrebi, mTavrebi (SemdegSi mefeebi) maT mier agebul taZrebze akveTineben bareliefebs, mosaxsenebel warwerebs (aseTebia: kavTisxevis, atenisa da samSvildis sionis taZrebi; eklesiebi: abasTumanSi, eredvSi, tbeTSi da sxva)16. am taZarTa da eklesiaTa zogierT warweraSi qtitorebi ukve bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebiT ixseniebian. erT-erTi aseTi axaldawinaurebuli da gandidebuli pirovnebaa Tavisi ojaxiT gamosaxuli axland. kaspis raionis sofel kavTisxevSi VII saukuniT

10 silagaZe b., arabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1991, gv. 56–65. 11 goilaZe v., ratom gadavida qarTlis erismTavari stefanoz II ojaxiT egrisSi? istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi, VIII, Tb., 2008.

12 iqve, gv. 85. 13 juanSeri, dasax. Txzuleba, gv. 252 (CanarTi). 14 lapidaruli warwerebi, I, gv. 103. 15 moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ, Satberdis krebuli X saukunisa. gamosacemad moamzades b.gigineiSvilma da el. giunaSvilma, Tb., 1979, gv. 327.

16 SoSiaSvili n., Sesavali. qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebis Seswavla-dacva. wignSi – lapidaruli warwerebi, I, gv. 39.

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daTariRebul kataulas stelaze. stelaze amokveTil warweraSi vinme grigoli vipatosis tituliT ixsenieba (araa gamoricxuli es grigoli bagrationTa an farnavazianTa saxlis wevri yofiliyo).

stelis warweraSi naTqvamia: `wmidao Tevdore da ilarion Seiwyale grigol Âpatosi~17. stelaze aseve gamoqandakebulia meore warCinebuli mamakaci

samstriqoniani warweriT18. grigol vipatosis survili taZris stelaze mTeli ojaxiT

warmodgeniliyo, misi ojaxis axaldawinaurebaze migvaniSnebs. vin iyo grigol vipatosi saistorio wyaroebSi, araviTari miTiTeba ara gvaqvs.

imave xanebSi qarTlSi didi safeodalos arsebobaze miuTiTebs usaneTis stela. masze, garda religiuri xasiaTis kompoziciisa, gamosaxulia wmida kvirikesa da angelozis win muxlmodrekili da xelebapyrobili warCinebuli (Tavisi SviliT), romelsac angelozi gvirgvins uwvdis19.

kavTisxevis warweraSi moxseniebul grigol vipatossa da usaneTis stelaze gamosaxul pirovnebas Tu adgilobriv, axaldawinaurebul didebulebad miviCnevT, maSin VIII s-is dasasrulis qarTlSi Seqmnili viTarebis aRwerisas `matiane qarTlisas~ avtoris miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom `iqmna simravle mTavarTa queyanasa qarTlisasa da Seeria brZola, iqmnes mter urTierTas~20, realur safuZvels iZens.

VIII saukunis dasasrulisa da IX saukunis damdegis qarTlSi bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebis mqone didebulebi rom mravlad iyvnen, es arabi avtoris iakubis (gard. daaxl. 905 w.) monacemebiT dasturdeba. rogorc iakubi wers, xalifa ar-raSidis (786–809 ww.) mier armeniis mmarTvelad dadgenilma xuzaima ibn xazim aT-Tamamim qarTlSi Seipyro patrikiosebi, mefeTa Svilebi da Tavebi mohkveTa21.

bizantiis saimperatoro karis cda qarTvel politikur moRvaweTaTvis bizantiuri titulebis miniWebiT qarTlSi myari dasayrdeni Seeqmna, marcxiT damTavrda. marTalia, arabTa sadamsjelo eqspediciebma qarTlsa da wanareTSi didi ajanyeba gamoiwvia, magram amas arabTa batonobis Secvla ar mohyolia. arabTa zewolis gamo qarTlis erismTavari aSot I kurapalati (bagrationi) iZulebuli Seiqna daaxl. 813 wels rezidencia Tbilisidan samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi – artanujSi gadaetana, da iq bizantiis imperiis sazRvarTan ufro axlos iwyo `axlad Seneba~ da mkvidri safuZveli Cauyara `qarTvelTa samefos~22. im droidan bizantiis saimperatoro karis politikurma urTierTobam qarTvelTa samefosTan axali niuansi SeiZina – ufro intensiuri xasiaTi miiRo.

`qarTvelTa samefo~ muslimebTan brZolaSi mokavSires saWiroebda, Tavis mxriv, muslimebTan mebrZoli bizantia `qarTvelTa samefos~ saxiT 17 lapidaruli warwerebi, I, gv. 120. 18 iqve, gv. 121. 19 iqve, gv. 39. 20 matiane qarTlisa, qarTlis cxovreba, I. gv. 250. 21 Якуби, «История». Перевод с арабского П. К. Жузе, Баку, 1927, gv. 12. akad. n. berZeniSvilis varaudiT, arabTa Semosvlisas qarTlSi Tvrameti damoukidebeli samTavro iyo. ix. misi, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi. wigni I, Tb., 1964, gv. 25. X s-is 80-ian wlebSi Sida qarTlSi – tbelebis sagvareuloSi saxel `patrikis~ damowmeba imis dasturad miaCndaT, IX–X s-ebSi tbelebi `patrikiosis~ tituls rom atarebdnen. SemdegSi es tituli sakuTar saxelad iqca. ix. lapidaruli warwerebi, I, gv. 60.

22 goilaZe v., biznatiis aRmosavluri politikis asaxva, gv. 71.

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mokavSires xedavda. bizantiasa da tao-klarjeTSi warmoqmnil politikur erTeulebs Soris aseTi urTierToba ucvleli darCa manam, sanam bizantias safrTxe emuqreboda23. bizantiasTan keTilmezobluri urTierTobisas aSot I-is zogierTma memkvidrem, marTalia, Tavisi samflobeloebis sazRvrebi samxreT-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT sakmaod ganavrco (mag. daviT III-m), magram im xanad tao-klarjeTis politikur erTeulTa urTierToba bizantiis imperiasTan partniorul principebs ar gascilebia. bizantiis saimperatoro karis mier tao-klarjeTis bagrationebisaTvis bizantiuri titulebis uxvad darigeba swored imaze migviTiTebs, saimperatoro kari am gziT amjerad saqarTvelos am kuTxeSi damkvidrebas rom cdilobda. imperiasTan es urTierTobaa asaxuli bagrationTa saxlis wevrebis titulaturaSi.

tao-klarjeTis bagrationTa bizantiuri sakariskaco pativebi iyo: patrikiosi, magistrosi, kurapalati. saimperatoro kari yvelaze uxvad kurapalatis pativs aniWebda. iyo SemTxveva, roca bizantiur sakariskaco tituls erTi sagvareulos ramdenime warmomadgeneli iRebda, an tituli Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda, ris Semdegac am sagvareulos warmomadgenels ama Tu im titulze memkvidreobiTi flobis survili uCndeboda24. ase magaliTad, bagrat IV erT sigelSi kurapalatad asaxelebs Tavis Zes – giorgis (SemdegSi – giorgi II 1072–1089 ww.). bagrat IV wers: `salocvelad mefobisa Cemisa da Svilisa Cemisa giorgi kurapalatisa~25. SemdegSi, giorgi II-is mefobaSi, aseve ukve kurapalatis tituli hqonda ufliswuls – daviTs (daviT IV aRmaSenebeli, 1089–1125 ww.). sabuTSi naTqvamia: `...samlocvelad mefobisa Cemisa da Zisa Cemisa daviT kurapalatisa...~26.

titulis memkvidreobiT gadasvlis SemTxvevaSic mas yovelTvis ufrosi Ze ar iRebda. tituli SeiZleboda erTi cnobili sagvareulos ramdenime wevrisTvis miecaT27.

sakariskaco titulebis misaniWeblad bizantiis imperatorebi sagangebo elCebs gzavnidnen Sesaferisi tanisamosiT, samkaulebiTa da saCuqrebiT. pativis miniWebis ceremoniali sazeimo viTarebaSi imarTeboda28.

tao-klarjeTis bagrationTa saxlis wevrebidan kurapalatis tituli aSot I kurapalatis (bagrationis) Semdeg misma SuaTana Zem bagratma miiRo. amis Semdeg, rogorc p. ingoroyva wers, ar yofila SemTxveva, aSot kurapalatis STamomavlebis romelime Taobas es xarisxi ar mieRo. bagrat I-is (826–876 ww.) Semdeg kurapalatis tituls atarebda misi Ze daviT I (876–886 ww.), Semdeg am daviTis Svili adarnase II qarTvelTa mefe (881–923 ww.), Semdeg misi ori Svili – jer aSot IV (923–954 ww.) da mere sumbat I (954–958 ww.). Semdeg, meeqvse TaobaSi – jer adarnase III (958–961 ww.), bagrat magistrosis, qarTvelTa mefis Svili, xolo mere sumbat I-is Svili – adarnase IV (961–983 ww.). Semdeg adarnase 23 kopaliani v., saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba. gv. 21–22. 24 TayaiSvili e., sumbat daviTis Zis qronika tao-klarjeTis bagrationTa Sesaxeb. wignSi – masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakveTi 27, Tb., 1949, gv. 43.

25 sigeli bagrat mefisa opizas da mijnaZorel mamebisadmi. wignSi – qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, gv. 33.

26 sigeli giorgi mefisa mRvimisadmi. wignSi – qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, gv. 46.

27 Юзбашян К. Н., dasax. naSromi, gv. 88–90. 28 TayaiSvili e., dasax. naSromi, gv. 44.

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III-is Ze daviT III didi kurapalati (978 wlidan) taos mefe (gard. 1001 w.) da bolos bagrat III (gard. 1014 w.) gurgen mefeTa mefis Svili, afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefe29. rac Seexeba bagrationTa saxlis klarjeTis Stos, p. ingoroyvas Tanaxmad, aq mxolod ori piri atarebda kurapalatis xarisxs: gurgen I (gard. 891 w.) adarnase I-is Svili, aSot I didis SviliSvili da gurgen II, aSot kekelas Svili30.

aRniSnulis miuxedavad, Cven ar mogvepoveba sruli cnoba tao-klarjeTis bagrationTa bizantiuri sakariskaco pativebis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, konstantine porfirogeneti ramdenime bagrations ixseniebs iseTi bizantiuri pativebiT, romelnic qarTul wyaroebSi ar gvxvdeba. aseve, eklesiaTa warwerebSi da xelnawerebSi zogjer vpoulobT ama Tu im bagrationis bizantiur pativs, romelic matianeSi aRniSnuli ar aris31.

aSot I didis memkvidreTa zeobis xanaSi kvlav grZeldeboda Zveli tradicia da meti damsaxurebisaTvis saimperatoro kari, Sesabamisad, ufro maRali titulis boZebiT imadlierebda misTvis sasurvel pirovnebas. magaliTad, aSot I-is erT-erTi STamomavali, taos mefe daviT III, oSkis taZris saamSeneblo warweraSi Tu magistrosad iwodeba32, mas Semdeg rac man saimperatoro karis TxovniT, imperatorTa (basil II, konstantine VIII) winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli barda skliarosi daamarcxa, basil II-m mas kurapalatis tituli uboZa33. daviT mefis es axali tituli saTanadod aisaxa mis Tanadroul werilobiT Zeglebsa da epigrafikaSi34.

barda skliarosis damarcxebaSi Setanili didi wvlili basil II-m Tornike erisTavsac daufasa. Tornike erisTavs patrikiosis nacvlad svingelozis tituli uboZes35.

patrikiosis tituls atarebda XI saukuneSi moRvawe mesxi didebuli feris jojikis Ze. am tituliT igi oSkis taZris warweraSi ixsenieba36.

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi moRvawe bagrationTa saxlis warmomadgenlebTan mWidro urTierTobis Tanadroulad, bizantiis saimperatoro kari X saukunis bolo meoTxedidan (e. i. roca safuZveli Caeyara erTiani saqarTvelosaTvis brZolas), keTilmezobluri urTierTobisa da politikuri dasayrdenis gamonaxvas cdilobda saqarTvelos politikur speqtrSic. aRniSnulis dasturad unda miviCnioT is uxvi saCuqrebi da materialuri daxmareba, rac jer kidev axalgazrda imperatorebma – basil II-m da misma Zmam konstantine VIII-m, 29 iqve, gv. 43–44. 30 iqve, gv. 44. 31 iqve, gv. 43. 32 lapidaruli warwerebi, I, gv. 49–50. 33 lorTqifaniZe m., axali feodaluri samTavroebis warmoqmna. wignSi – saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, II, Tb., 1973, gv. 476.

34 daviT mesame pirvelad kurapalatis (ufro sworad `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatad~) tituliT 977 wels gadaweril e. w. `oSkis samoTxeze~ 979 wels darTul Tornike erisTavis anderZSi ixsenieba. ix. T. Jordania, qronikebi, I, gv. 108; Sdr., e. metreveli, narkvevebi aTonis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo keris istoriidan, Tb., 1996, gv. 10.

35 metreveli e., dasax. naSromi, gv. 10. T. Jordania, qronikebi, I, gv. 108. 36 lapidaruli warwerebi, I, gv. 52. giorgi kedrenes cnobiT, bakuriani, fevdate da ferisi iyvnen RviZli Zmebi, basil II-m isini patrikiosis xarisxSi aiyvana. ix. georgika, t. V, gv. 46.

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Semdeg ki imperatorma romanoz argirma mcxeTis sveticxovlis didi taZris mSeneblobisaTvis konstantinopolSi ramdenimejer Casul saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqs – melqisedek I-s gamouyves da uboZes37. bizantiis saimperatoro kari saqarTveloSi arsebul calkeul feodalur sagvareuloebis warmomadgenlebTanac rom poulobda saerTo enas, amis dasturad unda miviCnioT nikorwmidis eklesiis (ambrolauris r-ni) warweraSi niania erisTavis novelisimosis tituliT moxsenieba. niania erisTavma ra damsaxurebisaTvis miiRo aRniSnuli tituli, saistorio wyaroebSi amis Sesaxeb araviTari cnoba araa. warweris teqstSi ki naTqvamia: (warwera momaqvs qaragmebis gareSe).

`wmidao nikoloz mRdelTmTavaro, meox eqmen da mfarvel winaSe RmrTisa nianias, erisTavTa erisTavsa da novelisimoss38.

bizantiur sakariskaco titulebs bagrat III-is memkvidreebic Rebulobdnen. maT bizantiuri titulis miRebaze maSinac ki ar uTqvamT uari, roca `daviTis memkvidreobisaTvis~ bizantiasTan garTulebuli viTareba bizantia-saqarTvelos omSi gadaizarda. bagrat III-is Ze giorgi I (1014–1027 ww.) manglisis eklesiis warweraSi `yovlisa aRmosavleTis kurapalatad~ ixsenieba (ix. qvemoT). giorgi I-is Zis `afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefis~ – bagrat IV-is deda mariam dedofali bizantiis imperiasTan urTierTobis mowesrigebis mizniT, roca konstantinopolSi Cavida, man imperators TviTon sTxova, misi ZisaTvis kurapalatis tituli mieniWebiaT. `matiane qarTlisas~ avtori wers:

`dedofali mariam, deda bagratisa, afxazTa mefisa, warvida saberZneTad Ziebad mSvidobisa da erTobisa, da kualad Ziebad pativisa kurapalatobisa ZisaTvis TÂsisa, viTarca ars Cveuleba da wesi saxlisa maTisa... da berZenTa mefemac (igulisxmeba imperatori romanoz III argiri – 1028–1034 ww. – v. g.) `aRusrula yoveli saTxoveli sixaruliT: moscna ficni da simtkiceni erTobisa da siyvarulisaTÂs, dauwerna oqro-beWedni mosca pativi kurapalatobisa~39.

bagrat IV SemdegSi novelisimosis40 (XI s-is 40-ian wlebSi), bolos ki, 60-iani wlebidan sevastosis tituls atarebda41. aseve, bagrat IV-is Zis – afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefis giorgi II (1072–1089 ww.) titulaturaSi novelisimosis wodebas jer sevastosi cvlis, Semdeg kesarosi42. yvela am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc samecniero literaturaSia miTiTebuli, qarTvel mefeTa bizantiuri titulatura bizantiis imperiasTan arsebul urTierTobis formaze miuTiTebs43.

giorgi II-is Zis daviT IV aRmaSeneblis (1089–1125 ww.) zeobaSi bizantiis imperiasTan urTierTobis forma icvleba. zemodasaxelebuli 37 dawerili melqisedek kaTalikosisa..., gv. 22–31. 38 lapidaruli warwerebi, II (dasavleT saqarTvelos warwerebi), nakv. I (IX–XIII s.), Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada v. silogavam, Tb., 1980, gv. 101.

39 matiane qarTlisa, gv. 294. 40 bagrat IV novelisimosis tituliT alaverdis saxarebis minawerSi ixsenieba. masSi aRniSnulia: `mefobasa konstanti monomaxisa, antioqiis patriaqobasa petressa, da bagratis afxazTa mefis novelisimosisa samefos yofasa~ gadaiwera es xelnaweri. ix. e.metreveli, Savi mTis mwignobruli keriis istoriisaTvis XI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, filologiur-istoriuli Ziebani, I, Tb., 2007, gv. 91.

41 javaxiSvili iv. qarTveli eris istoria, II, gv. 328; lorTqifaniZe m., saqarTvelo XI s. bolosa da XII s. pirvel meoTxedSi, daviT IV aRmaSenebeli. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. III, Tb., 1979, gv. 255.

42 lorTqifaniZe m., dasax. naSromi, gv. 255. 43 iqve.

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sigelis cnobidan gamomdinare, mefe daviT IV-s jer kidev ufliswulobis dros hqonda miniWebuli kurapalatis bizantiuri tituli. Semdeg sevastosisa da panipersevastosis tituls flobda. magram gamefebis Semdeg am titulebze uari Tqva. XII s-is damdegs Sedgenil ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis `ZeglisweraSi~, sadac mis mamas, ukve taxtidan gadayenebul mefe giorgi II-s kesarosis maRali tituli aqvs, daviTi ixsenieba, rogorc `mefe afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa da kaxTa~44. es, asec iyo mosalodneli. daviT aRmaSeneblis, gansakuTrebiT Tamaris (1184–1213 ww.) droidan saqarTvelos samefo bizantiis imperiis metoqed gamodis, ufro metic, imperiis teritoriis garkveul nawilzec ki Tavis gavlenas amyarebs da aseT viTarebaSi bizantiurma sakariskaco titulebma saqarTvelos mefeebisaTvis mniSvneloba dakarga.

*

* * X–XII saukuneebSi saqarTvelosa da bizantiis imperias Soris

arsebuli urTierTobis warmosaCenad mniSvnelovania e. w. qarTul-bizantiuri monetebi.

saimperatoro karis winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli barda skliarosis damarcxebaSi Setanili didi wvlilisaTvis, rogorc iTqva, 979 wels daviT III-m saimperatoro karisagan magistrosis nacvlad kurapalatis tituli miiRo, rac mis mier moWril monetebze (napovnia 3 cali) aris asaxuli. monetis zurgze asomTavruliT qaragmiT aweria `kpti~ (kurapalati).

daviT III-is Semdeg kurapalatis tituls atarebdnen gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirveli mefeebi – bagrat III da giorgi I. bagrat IV-is gamefebis Semdeg, imperiasTan dapirispireba mowesrigda. 1028 wels konstantinopolSi mariam dedoflis vizitisas bagrat IV-s kurapalatis tituli uboZes. SemdegSi bagrat IV-m novelisimosis tituli miiRo. bizantiis imperatoris konstantine monomaqosis (1042–1053 ww.) monetebis mibaZviT moWril bagrat IV-is monetis Sublze aris vlaqernis wmida RvTismSoblis welzeviTi gamosaxuleba berZnuli zeweriliT `ΗΑΓΙΑ ΘΕΟΤΟΚΟC~ (e. i. `wmida RvTismSobeli~), xolo monetis zurgze aweria: `qriste, adide bagrat afxazTa mefe da novelisimosi~ (am tipis ori monetaa cnobili). mas Semdeg, rac bagrat IV-m sevastosis tituli miiRo, monetaze igi ukve am tituliTaa moxseniebuli.

bagrat IV-is Zes – giorgi II-s (1072–1089 ww.), rogorc iTqva, bizantiis saimperatoro karisagan novelisimosis, sevastosisa da kesarosis titulebi hqonda miRebuli, Sesabamisad, mis mier moWrili monetebic sam jgufad iyofa. pirveli jgufis monetebis Sublze vlaqernis RvTismSoblis welzeiTi gamosaxulebis Tavze aris Saravandedi sami varduliT da berZnuli warwera `deda RvTisa vlaqernisa~. monetis zurgze aweria: `qriste adide giorgi afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefe da novelisimosi~. meore da mesame jgufis monetebze giorgi II sevastosisa da kesarosis titulebiTaa moxseniebuli.

saqarTvelos mefeebidan bizantiur sakariskaco titulebs, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, bolos daviT IV aRmaSenebeli (1089–1125 ww.) atarebda, bizantiuri titulebis aRmniSvneli misi 6 monetaa napovni. monetaTa erT 44 lorTqifaniZe, m., mefe bagrat mesame, gv. 57.

106

jgufze fragmentulad SemorCenil qarTul zedwerilze `sevastosis~ an `panipersevastosis~ tituls varaudoben. emisiis TariRad 1085–1103 wlebi miaCniaT. mas Semdeg, rac daviT IV-m, saerTod, uari Tqva bizantiuri titulis tarebaze, es titulebi aRarc mis STamomavalTa mier moWril monetebze gvxvdeba (ganxiluli sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. kapanaZe d. qarTuli numizmatika, Tb., 1969; g. dundua, T. dundua, qarTuli numizmatika. I nawili, Tb., 2006; r. qebulaZe, daviT aRmaSeneblis bizantiurtituliani vercxlis monetebi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XXXIX-B, Tb., 1987; Р. Метревели, Византийско-грузинские отношения (ХI в.) в свете нумизматических материалов и титулярников грузинских царей. wignSi – r.metreveli, saistorio narkvevebi, Tb., 2009).

Tavi XIII. `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatis~ wodeba

saqarTvelos mefeTa titulaturaSi*

`yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatad~ erTiani saqarTvelos mxolod pirveli sami mefe ixsenieba. TviT es wodeba ki taos mefis – daviT III bagrationis karze SemuSavda. dasaxelebuli wodebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas TavisTavad ismis kiTxva: ram ganapiroba – bagrat III, giorgi I da bagrat IV Tavs rom `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatad~ acxadebdnen da bagrat IV-is memkvidreebma ratom Tqves uari aRniSnul wodebaze?

oSkis taZris saamSeneblo warweraSi daviT III magistrosis bizantiuri tituliT ixsenieba, xolo 993 wels Sesrulebul yalaboinis eklesiis saamSeneblo warweraSi kurapalatad45, magram ufro adre, – kerZod, 977 wels gadawerili `samoTxis~ krebulisadmi 979 wels Tornike erisTavis mier darTul anderZSi, daviT III `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatadaa~ dasaxelebuli46.

daviT III-is am wodebis raobiT akad. m. lorTqifaniZe dainteresda. 1973 wels gamocemul `saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebSi~ man Tu pirdapir miuTiTa: rogorc samarTlianad varaudoben, daviT III-is `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatis~ tituliT moxsenieba, mis xelSi bizantiis aRmosavleTis provinciebis nawilis gadasvlas ukavSirdeba-o47, 2002 wels bagrat III-sadmi miZRvnil monografiaSi, aseTi mkveTri daskvnisagan Tavi Seikava da aRniSna:L`garkveul interess iwvevs daviTis tituli `aRmosavleTis didi kurapalati~. rodis da ratom mieniWa mas es tituli da hqonda Tu ara am tituls raime realuri datvirTva. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom `aRmosavleTis did kurapalatad~ bagrat III-c iwodeba, magaliTad, kacxis taZris warweraSi. es tituli rom mxolod daviT taoels hqonoda, maSin SeiZleboda gvefiqra, rom is * saqarTvelos mefeTa titulaturas sxvadasxva dros gamokvlevebi miuZRvnes:Lv.kopalianma (`yovlisa aRmosavleTisa~ kurapalatis sakiTxisaTvis. `macne~ istoriis... seria, 1972, # 3), j. stefnaZem (XI–XII sukuneebis saqarTvelos mefeTa titulebis gagebisaTvis. Ziebani saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriidan. Tb., 1976).

45 lapidaruli warwerebi, I, gv. 269. 46 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba (A koleqcia), t. IV, Tb., 1954, gv. 186–187; Sdr., georgika, t. V, gv. 38–39. am teqstSi daviT III-is titulad mxolod `kurapalatia~ miTiTebuli.

47 lorTqifaniZe m., axali feodaluri samTavroebis warmoqmna, gv. 477.

107

`zemoni qveynebis~ boZebasTan dakavSirebiT mieniWa, magram bagrat III-ze amas ver vityviT, radgan man es `zemoni qveyanani~ ver miiRo. amitom SeiZleba gamarTlebulia mosazreba, rom am tituls ar hqonda iuridiuli datvirTva, Tumca, arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom saimperatoro kari, romelmac, marTalia, ar daTmo daviT kurapalatis memkvidreoba, cdilobda, saqarTvelos mefe bagratTan kargi urTierToba hqonoda da ar iyo imis winaaRmdegi, rom mas `aRmosavleTis didi kurapalatis~ wodeba hqonoda, marTlac, yovelgvari iuridiuli datvirTvis gareSe48.

rogorc vxedavT, m. lorTqifaniZe ar gamoricxavs bagrat III-s `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa didi kurapalatis~ tituli saimperatoro karisagan mieRo. magram, radgan amis damadasturebeli araviTari sabuTi ar gvaqvs, aseTi Tvalsazrisis gaziareba Znelia.

daviT III-is `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa did kurapalatad~ moxsenieba, marTlac, mis mier `zemoni qveyananis~ mflobelobas unda davukavSiroT, magram msgavsi tituliT erTiani saqarTvelos mefeebis (bagrat III, giorgi I, bagrat IV) moxsenieba cota ucnaurad Cans. jer kidev 1932 wels, roca akad. n. berZeniSvili manglisis sionis im warweras Seexo, romelSic giorgi mefe `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatadaa~ dasaxelebuli, aRniSna: `sainteresoa rodis miiRes qarTvelma bagrationebma `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa~ kurapalatis tituli. X s-nis kurapalatebi Cveulebriv martivad kurapalatebad iwodebian~-o49.

im xanad, `samoTxis~ krebulisadmi darTuli Tornike erisTavis zemodasaxelebuli anderZi, romelSic daviT III `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatad~ iwodeba, rogorc Cans, akad. n. berZeniSvilisaTvis ucnobi iyo. rac mTavaria, man ar scada am titulis warmoSobis mizezze azri gamoeTqva.

1969 wels gamoqveynebul monografiaSi prof. v. kopaliani CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxsac Seexo. misi SeniSvniT, `bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierTobis Sesaxeb msjelobis dros yuradRebas ipyrobs zogierTi qarTuli wyaros cnoba, sadac saqarTvelos mefeebi `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa~ kurapalatad ixseniebian~... amasTanave, – dasZens v. kopaliani, – qarTuli naratiuli Zeglebi pirdapir miuTiTeben, rom bagrat III-s da bagrat IV-s mxolod kurapalatoba uboZa keisarma... zemoaRniSnulis gamo safiqrebelia, rom XI saukunis zogierT wyaroSi qarTveli mefeebis `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatad~ xseneba SemTxveviTia da ara bizantiis keisriseuli. anda, sityvebi: `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa~ xom ar aris identuri `yovlisa saqarTvelos~50.

mas Semdeg, rac barda skliarosze gamarjvebaSi gaweuli wvlilisaTvis daviT III bagrationma bizantiis imperatorisagan `zemoni qveyanani~ miiRo, Tavis Tanamedrove im moRvaweTa Soris, romelnic kurapalatis bizantiur tituls atarebdnen, igi, marTlac, gamorCeuli figura iyo, da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tornike erisTavma daviT III-s samarTlianad uwoda `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalati~, magram, rogorc v. kopaliani wers, isic unda iTqvas, es tituli daviT III-s imperiisagan ar hqonda naboZebi, Tanac, kurapalatis tituli iseT farTo Sinaarss ar gulisxmobda, rogoradac daviT III `samoTxisadmi~ darTul Tornike erisTavis `anderZSi~ ixsenieba. 48 lorTqifaniZe m., mefe bagrat mesame, gv. 20. 49 berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, I, gv. 28. 50 kopaliani v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 177–179, Sen. 147.

108

taos mefis daviT III bagrationis Semdeg `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatad~ (an `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa did kurapalatad~) radgan erTiani saqarTvelos mxolod pirveli sami mefe (bagrat III, giorgi I da bagrat IV) iwodebian da aseTi tituli maT, iseve rogorc daviT III-s bizantiis xelisufalTagan ar hqondaT miniWebuli, es, marTlac, imis maCveneblad unda miviCnioT, maTi Tanadrouli saqarTvelos sazogadoeba dasaxelebul titulSi gansakuTrebul Sinaarss debda.

ase rom, tituli – `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa didi kurapalati~ (`yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalati~) daviT III taoelis karze TviT Tornike erisTavis mier SemuSavebuli wodeba iyo51 da, unda iTqvas, rom igi realurad asaxavda im mdgomareobas, rac daviT III-m qveynis aRmSeneblobiT saqmeSi da bizantiisagan `zemoni qveyananis~ miRebis Semdeg mezobel (ZiriTadad kurapalatis titulis matarebel qarTvel da somex) mmarTvelTa Soris daikava52, magram imave tituliT gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mxolod pirveli sami mefe rom moixsenieba, ara mgonia amiT maT `yoveli saqarTvelos~ mefed Tavis warmoCena ndomebodaT.

qvemoT vnaxoT – sad ixseniebian bagrat III, giorgi I da bagrat IV `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatebad~.

`yovlisa aRmosavleTisa did kurapalatad~ gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirveli mefe bagrat III 1010–1014 wlebiT daTariRebul kacxis eklesiis (axlandeli WiaTuris r-ni) warweraSi ixsenieba.

warweraSi naTqvamia: `† wmidao samebao adide Sen mier damyarebuli bagrat afxazTa [da]

qarTvelTa mefe, tao(Á)sa, da ranTa, kaxTa da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa didi kurapalati~53.

warweraSi mefe bagrat III radgan taos, ranisa da kaxeTis mflobeladac aris warmodgenili, v. silogavas Tanaxmad, es imas niSnavs, warweris amokveTisas mas kaxeTic SemoerTebuli (1010 w.) rom hqonda54, magram ratom iwodeba bagrat III `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa did kurapalatad~, amis Sesaxeb araferi uTqvams.

gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirveli mefe bagrat III, daviT III-is Svilobili iyo da igi daviTis samflobeloTa (imier tao da `zemoni qveyanani~) memkvidredac iTvleboda. aqedan gamomdinare, bagrat III-s daviT III-s titulzec SeiZleboda pretenzia hqonoda, magram mas Semdeg, rac 1001 wels (am wels daviT III gardaicvala) basil II daviTis mTel samflobelos daeufla, xolo bagrat III-m basil meorisagan mxolod kurapalatis tituli miiRo55, naTeli gaxda, bizantiis saimperatoro kari mas daviT III-is memkvidred ar miiCnevda. amitom, amis Semdeg – daaxl. 1010/1014 wlebSi amokveTil kacxis eklesiis saamSeneblo warweraSi bagrat III saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebTan erTad Tavs taos mflobeladac 51 anderZis ukanaskneli furceli gankuTvnilia barda skliarosze gamarjvebulTa

sadideblad da salocvelad, pirvel rigSi daviT kurapalatisa, rogorc brZeni mmarTvelisa da marTlmadidebelTa Tvalisa, romlis moRvaweobis asparezi marto taoTi an saqarTveloTi ar ifargleba. e. metreveli, narkvevebi aTonis..., gv. 12.

52 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, II, gv. 128. 53 lapidaruli warwerebi, II, gv. 56. 54 iqve. 55 imier taoSi Camosulma basil II-m bagrat III-s Tu kurapalatis tituli uboZa, bagratis mamas gurgen mefes magistrosis tituli misca. sumbat daviTis Zis sityviT, basil II ase imitom moiqca, raTa `mter eyvna erTmaneTisa mimarT mama-Zeni ese~, magram `gurgen WeSmariti da marTali iyo da vera aRZra guli misi zakviTa~. ix. sumbat daviTis Ze, gv. 382.

109

rom acxadebs da `yovlisa aRmosavalisa did kurapalatad~ iwodeba, gana es TviT taZris maSenebelTa Semoqmedebad unda CavTvaloT?

dasaxelebuli warwera radgan erTaderTi SemTxveva araa da bagrat III aseve `yovlisa aRmosavleTis kurapalatad~ iwodeba cageris macxovris xatis warweraSi56 (m. lorTqifaniZis varaudiT, es xati 1001 wlis Semdgomaa Seqmnili57), unda vivaraudoT, rom Tanamedroveni bagrat III-s aseTi tituliT SemTxveviT ar mimarTavdnen. misi oficialuri tituli, marTalia, kurapalati iyo (asea moxseniebuli igi – nikorwmidis, xcisis, quTaisis bagratis taZrebis warwerebSi58), magram Tuki vinme mas `yovlisa aRmosavleTis did kurapalatad~ moixseniebda, igi winaaRmdegi ar iyo.

bagrat III-is Semdeg `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatad~, rogorc iTqva, manglisis eklesiis erT warweraSi bagrat III-is Ze giorgi I

ixsenieba. warweraSi naTqvamia: `mfbsa RTvdmy...isa g∼i y∼lisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatisa...~59 (`mefobasa RvTivdamyarebulisa giorgi yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatisa~).

giorgi I-is Semdeg `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatad~ giorgi II-is Ze bagrat IV `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ ixsenieba. saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi melqisedek I mas mimarTavs:

`Zliero bagrat afxazTa mefeo, da... yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalato...~60. TviT bagrat mefe roca am sabuTs amtkicebs, wers: `me bagrats... afxazTa mefesa da kurapalatsa ÃeliTa CemiTa damimtkicebia~61.

rogorc vnaxeT, v. kopalianma SesaZleblad CaTvala wodeba `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa~ [kurapalati], `yoveli saqarTvelos~ identuri cneba yofiliyo, magram radgan zemodasaxelebul mefeTa oficialuri wodeba iyo – `mefe afxazTa, qarTvelTa, ranTa, kaxTa, kurapalati~62, Tanac wodeba `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalati~ `keisruli araa~ da igi daviT III-is samefo karze Cans SemuSavebuli, cxadia, dasaxelebul wodebaSi daviT III-is sxva damsaxurebasTan erTad misi `zemoni qveyananis~ mflobeloba igulisxmeba. rogorc m. lorTqifaniZe wers, daviT III-is `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatis~ tituliT moxsenieba, mis xelSi bizantiis aRmosavleTis provinciebis nawilis gadasvlas ukavSirdeba.

`yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatis~ Sinaarsi rom ase unda gavigoT, es kacxis eklesiis warweraSi saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebTan erTad ukve bizantiis mier mitacebuli – `taoÁs~ mflobelad bagrat III-is gamocxadeba mowmobs. aRniSnuli tituliT bagrat III, giorgi I da bagrat IV roca taos mefis daviT III-is memkvidreobaze acxadebdnen pretenzias, isini amiT, ra Tqma unda, TavianTi Tanadrouli saqarTvelos sazogadoebis saerTo azrs gamoxatavdnen.

`mcxeTis sabuTis~ damtkicebisas bagrat IV-m aRniSna: `me bagrats afxazTa mefesa da kurapalats ÃeliTa CemiTa damimtkicebia~-o (es ar iyo 56 lorTqifaniZe m., mefe bagrat mesame, gv. 54. 57 iqve. 58 lapidaruli warwerebi, II, gv. 53–54 (bagratis taZris saamSeneblo warwerebi); iqve, gv. 55 (nikorwmidis eklesiaze bagrat mefis warwera); xcisis warweris teqsti ix. m.lorTqifaniZis dasax. naSromi, gv. 51–52. sumbatTanaa `bagrat afxazTa mefe, kurapalati didi~ (gv. 382).

59 berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, I, gv. 28. 60 dawerili melqisedek kaTalikosisa..., gv. 30. 61 iqve. 62 lorTqifaniZe m., mefe bagrat mesame, gv. 56.

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bagrat IV-is sruli tituli), magram, imave sabuTSi igi rom `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatad~ iyo dasaxelebuli, es misTvis srulad misaRebi iyo.

roca bagrat IV-is titulaturaze vsaubrobT, ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa novelisimosad~ misi moxseniebis faqtic. e. i. kurapalatis titulis Semdeg roca man bizantiis saimperatoro karisagan novelisimosis wodeba miiRo, saistorio sabuTebSi misi tituli `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalati~, `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa novelisimosiT~ Seicvala. am ukanaskneli tituliT igi iwodeba 1057/1058 wels gacemul sigelSi mRvimis lavrisadmi63. sainteresoa is, rom bagrat IV-s amave tituliT moixseniebs baRvaSTa feodaluri saxlis cnobili warmomadgeneli ivane bizantiidan dabrunebis Semdeg. kacxis monastrisaTvis Sewirul erT xelnawerSi aRniSnulia: `ese anderZi me, ivane proedrosman, Zeman liparitis[man] erisTavTa erisTavman, proedrosisa da protoarxonisaman, davwere mas Jamsa odes... Zlierman afxazTa da qarTuelTa mefeman da yovlisa aRmosavleTisa novelisimosman konstantinopoliT momiyvanes da moved kacxs~. iqve, arsebuli ivanes ymebis minaweridan Cans, rom roca `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa novelisimosma~ bagrat IV-m ivane da liparit erisTavT-erisTavebi kacxs moiyvana, 1059 wlis 11 aprili yofila64.

saqarTveloSi dabrunebuli ivane liparitis Ze bagrat mefem spasalarad daadgina. amis Semdeg igi `hmonebda erTgulebiT~ mefesa65.

amrigad, gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirvel sam mefes: bagrat III-s, giorgi I-sa da bagrat IV-s maTi Tanamedrove qarTvelebi rom `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalats~ (bagrat IV-s damatebiT `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa novelisimoss~) uwodebdnen, amiT TviT es mefeebi da maTi Tanadrouli qarTveli sazogadoeba daviT III-is memkvidreobaze acxadebdnen pretenzias. swored aseTi pretenziis Sedegi iyo giorgi I-is mefobaSi (1014–1027 ww.) sisxlismRvreli omi bizantiis imperiasTan, rac samxreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelos aoxrebiT damTavrda~66.

rogorc samecniero literaturaSia miTiTebuli, XI saukunis 70-iani wlebis damdegidan bizantiis imperiis politikuri viTareba ise wavida, rom igi iZulebuli gaxda saqarTvelos mimarT yovelgvar daTmobaze wasuliyo. 1071 wels manaskertTan Turq-selCukebTan brZolaSi bizantiis imperatoris romanoz diogenis marcxi `bizantiisaTvis mzis dabnelebis dasawyiss~ warmoadgenda67. bizantieli avtori, – wers v. kopaliani, – nikifore vrieniosi (gard. 1136 w.) samarTlianad SeniSnavs, rom manaskertis brZolas ara marto TviT Seewira romanoz diogeni, aramed man romis saxelmwifoc Tan gadaiyola68. miuxedavad imisa, rom romanoz diogenis Semdeg bizantiis saimperatoro taxtze asuli oci wlis mixeil duka bagrat IV-is siZe iyo, – dasZens v. kopaliani, – saqarTvelos mTavrobam mainc isargebla Seqmnili viTarebiT da daiwyo Tavis miwa-wyalze SemoWrili bizantielebis gandevna69. 63 qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, gv. 37. 64 javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, II. gv. 150. 65 matiane qarTlisa, qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 305. 66 iqve, gv. 284–285. goilaZe v., bizantiis aRmosavluri politikis asaxva..., gv. 117–119. 67 kopaliani v. dasax. naSromi, gv. 279. 68 iqve. 69 iqve, gv. 280.

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amis Semdeg ufro ukeTesobisaken Semobrunda saqarTvelosTvis bizantiaSi Seqmnili rTuli viTareba. Zveli qarTveli avtoris cnobiT, daaxl. 1072/1073 wels, roca saqarTvelos mefe giorgi II banaSi imyofeboda, `...mun movida winaSe maTsa zorvari aRmosavalisa grigol bakurianis Ze, romelsa hqondes olTisni, da karnu-qalaqi, da kari, da didad ganixares da ganisuenes. da mosca giorgi mefesa karis cixe-qalaqi da misi mimdgomi queyana, da ganiyarnes~70.

marTalia, es miwebi mcire xnis Semdeg, droebiT Turq-selCukebma daipyres, magram aRmavlobis gzaze mdgar qarTul saxelmwifos misi xelaxla dabruneba aRar gaWirvebia. grigol bakurianis Zis mier saqarTvelos mefisaTvis dasaxelebuli teritoriebis gadacemis Semdeg saqarTvelos mefeebis titulaturaSi wodeba – `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalati~ aRar Cans. rogorc zemoT iTqva, giorgi II-is Zem – daviT IV aRmaSenebelma saerTod uari Tqva bizantiur sakariskaco wodebaze. daviT IV-dan mokidebuli saqarTvelos siZlieris xanaSi saqarTvelos mefeebs arc bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebi ainteresebdaT da aRarc `daviT III-is memkvidreobaze~ acxadebdnen pretenzias. karga xani iyo, rac es problema saqarTvelom Tavis sasargeblod gadawyvita.

kurapalatis (es tituli, rogorc vnaxeT, giorgi II-s ufliswulobisas hqonda), novelisimosis, savastosisa da kesarosis bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebis mqone giorgi II, rogorc cnobilia, 1089 wels taxtidan gadadga da taxtze misi 16 wlis Ze daviT IV avida. amis Semdeg 1104 wels daviT IV-is mier mowveul ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis ZeglisweraSi giorgi II `keTil msaxur, RmrTiv-dacul mefeTa-mefed, yovlisa aRmosavalisa da dasavalisa kesarosad~ ixsenieba71.

rogorc vxedavT, dasaxelebul titulSi aRar gamosWvivis pretenzia daviT III-is memkvidreobaze. giorgi II-is wodebaSi mxolod mis dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mefeTa mefobaze (?) da kesarosobazea xazgasma.

daviT V ulus mefobaSi (1259–1270 ww.) kvlav iCina Tavi Zveli titulis erTma nawilma `yovlisa~, mxolod ufro farTo SinaarsiT. amjerad igi iseve, rogorc giorgi II-is SemTxvevaSi, aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos Sesabamis terminadaa naxmari. axlandeli ninowmidis raionSi, saRamos tbasTan mdebare nasoflaris eklesiis warweraSi (es warwera 1946 wels Camoitanes TbilisSi) aRniSnulia: `adiden da daamyaren yovlisa aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTisa TÂTmpyrobeli mefeTa mefe daviT~72.

70 cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi, qarTlis cxovreba, I, gv. 318; kopaliani v., dasax. naSromi, gv. 284.

71 [ZeglisweraÁ ruis-urbnisis krebisaÁ], qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. III, saeklesio sakanonmdeblo Zeglebi (XI–XIX ss.), teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1970, gv. 125. sainteresoa giorgi III-is tituli. ioane samTavnelis 1168 wlis warweraSi: `Zlieri da uZleveli, RmrTivgÂrgvnosani, yovlisa aRmosavleTisa mefeTa mefe~. ix. v. silogava, momarTvis obieqti mcxeTis jvris stefanos patrikiosis warweraSi. Jurnali – qarTvelologia, 2008, # 9, gv. 67.

72 oTxmezuri g., XII–XIII saukuneebis mijnis qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebi rogorc saistorio wyaro, Tb., 1981, gv. 35.

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saerTo daskvnebi

vaxtang gorgaslis mier agebuli sveticxovlis bazilikuri tipis taZari, rogorc qarTlis kaTalikosTa rezidencia, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi emsaxura saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesias. X s-is dasasruls misi `garSemo stoani da bWeni~ imdenad `daqceuli~ yofila, rom axlis ageba gamxdara saWiro. magram, im drois saqarTveloSi `aRaravin iyo mwe aRSenebad da arcara-vis edva aRSeneba misi~. amitom melqisedek kaTalikosi bizantiis saimperatoro karze Cavida da `miuTxra yoveli SeuZlebloba qarTvelTa~, raTa axali taZari aegoT. imperatorma basil II-m (976–1025 ww.) daakmayofila melqisedek I-is Txovna da sxva mraval Zvirfas saeklesio nivTebTan erTad, uboZa kestoris 105 sofliani monastris Semosavali. kaTalikoss saCuqrebi uboZa basilis umcrosma Zmam – konstantinemac. mcxeTaSi dabrunebulma melqisedekma daiwyo sveticxovlis taZris axlad Seneba.

es yvelaferi Cven melqisedek kaTalikosis mier 1020 wels taZrisadmi moxsenebuli `dawerilidan~ (es Zegli `mcxeTis sabuTadac~ iwodeba) viciT. am sabuTze dayrdnobiT, mkvlevarTa nawili (T. Jordania, g. CubinaSvili, n. severovi) sveticxovlis mSeneblobis damTavrebis TariRad 1020 wels Tvlida (am bolo dros aseTive azrisaa z. jamburia).

`dawerilis~ gacnobisas iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, TiTqos 1020 wlisaTvis taZari karga xnis agebuli iyo. melqisedeki ZiriTadad im mravalricxovani nivTebisa da soflebis Sesaxeb moaxsenebs, romlebic mas uboZes, an droTa ganmavlobaSi TviTon SeiZina. ivaraudeba, rom taZris mSeneblobis dasrulebis Semdeg melqisedeki mis gamdidrebasa da Semkobaze zrunavda.

melqisedekis Semdgomma kaTalikosma ioanem (oqropirma) `dawerili~ ganaaxla da igi Tavisi Tanamedrove politikuri moRvaweebis (bagrat IV, kÂrike mefe) da sasuliero pirebis xelmoweriT daamtkica. ganaxlebul sabuTSi, radgan bizantiis imperatoris romanoz III argiris (1028–1034 ww.) mier naboZebi nivTebis Sesaxebacaa miTiTeba, jer kidev mari brosem da d. CubinaSvilma `dawerilis~ Sedgenis drod 1028 wlis Semdgomi xana ivaraudes. 1930 wels akad. n. berZeniSvilma `dawerili~ vrcel gamokvlevaSi gaaanaliza da dedniseuli 1020 weli 1029 wliT Secvala. SemdegSi (1942 w.), im faqtze dayrdnobiT, rom `dawerilSi~ kaxeT-hereTis mefe araa naxsenebi (gulisxmoben, rom es mxare 1010–1014 wlebSi bagrat III-s SemoerTebuli hqonda), istorikosma l. musxeliSvilma 1010 weli sveticxovlis mSeneblobis dawyebis, xolo 1029 weli dasrulebis TariRad miiCnia. am TariRebis sisworeze miuTiTes 1946 wels g. CubinaSvilma da n. severovma. imave wels es TariRebi akad. s. janaSiam `saqarTvelos istoriis~ saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi Seitana, ris Semdegac damkvidrda qarTul mecnierebaSi.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, miiCneva, rom basil II-m da konstantinem is mravalricxovani saboZvrebi, romelTa Sesaxeb `dawerilSia~ saubari, sveticxovlis asaSeneblad 1010 wlis Semdgom xanaSi gaiRes. magram, aseTi daskvna saeWvo gaxdeba, Tu im drois bizantia-saqarTvelos urTierTobasa da TviT bizantiaSi arsebul viTarebas gaviTvaliswinebT.

1010 wlisaTvis bizantiasa da saqarTvelos Soris, marTalia, jer kidev ar iyo saomari moqmedeba dawyebuli, Tumca, arc iseTi megobruli urTierToba iyo, rom basil II-sa da mis Zmas konstantine VIII-s Zvirfas saeklesio nivTebTan erTad melqisedekisaTvis 105 sofliani monasteri

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eboZebinaT. mas Semdeg, rac 987 wels daviT III-m basil II-is winaaRmdeg ajanyebul barda fokas dauWira mxari, basil II-is keTili ganwyoba qarTvelebis mimarT mtrobiT Seicvala. 1001 wels qarTvelebsa da basil II-is laSqars Soris pirveli Setakeba moxda. amis Semdeg basil II-s araviTari survili ar eqneboda, melqisedekisaTvis mdidruli saboZvrebi mieca, miT umetes 986 wlidan basil II dasavleTSi (1018 wlamde) ganuwyvetel da mZime samxedro operaciebs awarmoebda, rac imperias Zalian Zviri ujdeboda. mTavari ki isaa, rom 985 wlidan basil II-m umcrosi Zma konstantine saxelmwifos mmarTvelobas CamoaSora, amitom ivaraudeba, rom 1010–1025 wlebSi melqisedeki konstantinesagan saboZvrebs ver miiRebda.

bizantiis imperatorTa mier naboZebi nivTebis CamoTvlisas melqisedeki `kostanti da basil berZenTa mefeebs~ radgan erTad asaxelebs, ivaraudeba, rom maT melqisedeki erTad Sexvda. aseTi dro ki barda skliarosis damarcxebis (979 w.) Semdgomi xana iyo, roca `romanoz II-is Zeebma daiwyes mefoba da saqmeebis gaZRola~ (iahia antioqieli. XI s.).

barda skliarosis ajanyebis Caqrobis saqmeSi gadamwyveti roli taos mefem daviT III-m Seasrula, ris sazRauradac man imperiisagan `zemoni qveyanani~ miiRo. imperatori Zmebis madliereba daviT III-isa da qarTvelebisadmi mxolod `zemoni qveyananis~ daTmobiT ar gamoixata. rogorc oSkis taZarze arsebuli warwera gvauwyebs, maTi safasiT `gansrulebul iqna meored daburviT taZari ese~. warweraSi `gÂrgÂnosani mefeni~ `basili da kostanti~ erTad ixseniebian, rac imis dasturad unda iqnas miCneuli, oSkis taZris gansasruleblad saTanado safasi imperatorma Zmebma barda skliarosis damarcxebis Semdgom axlo xanSi rom gaiRes. msgavs viTarebasTan unda gvqondes saqme `dawerilSic~, sadac basil II-sa da konstantines melqisedeki erTad asaxelebs. barda skliarosis damarcxebidan (979 w.) barda fokas ajanyebamde (987 w.) bizantiis saimperatoro kars saqarTvelosTan yvelaze axlo urTierToba hqonda. 979 wlidan 985 wlamde orive Zma saqveyno saqmeebs erTad ganagebda, Tumca, basil II-s konstantinesTan SedarebiT meti Zalaufleba hqonda.

taos samefosTan damyarebuli megobruli urTierTobis Semdeg bizantiis saimperatoro karis mier sveticxovlis taZris axlad asagebad 105 sofliani monastris Sewirva, amjerad ukve saqarTvelosTan dasaaxloveblad imperiisaTvis saukeTeso saSualeba iyo. swored aseTi keTilmezobluri urTierTobis xanaSi (979–985 ww.) unda Sexvedroda melqisedek kaTalikosi imperator Zmebs konstantinopolSi (985 wels basil II-m konstantine mmarTvelobas CamoaSora) da maTgan saboZvrebi mieRo. im dros unda mieRo (an imperiis eklesias daedasturebina saqarTvelos eklesiis gadawyvetileba) melqisedek I-s kaTalikos-patriarqis tituli, X s-is 80-iani wlebis damdegs – daaxl. 982 wels ki sveticxovlis axali taZris mSenebloba daewyo*. * rogorc zemoT araerTxel aRvniSne, sveticxovlis taZris `axlad Seneba~ melqisedek I-s 982 wels imperator basili II-is mier misTvis kestoris monastris Semosavlis gadacemis Semdeg unda daewyo, magram sad mdebareobda kestoris monasteri, ver mivakvlie. kestoris monastris sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa is, rom swored 982 wlis brZanebiT, basil II-m da konstantine VIII-m ufleba darTes qarTvel berebs, moeZebnaT da SeeerTebinaT kolvus monastris kuTvnili yvela mamuli (ix. ivironis aqtebi, I, daarsebidan XI saukunis Sua wlebamde, I, Tb., 2008, gv. 48). kolvu ivironis monastris domeni iyo, amitom aRniSnul faqts kavSiri xom ar aqvs `mcxeTis sabuTSi~ arsebul kestoris monastris cnobasTan, jerjerobiT ucnobia.

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imperiis mmarTvelobaSi Zmebis monawileobis Sesaxeb saTanado warmodgenas gviqmnis maT mier gamoSvebuli monetebi. Zmebis erTad mmarTvelobisas gamoSvebul oqros nomismis Sublze orive Zmis welzeiTi gamosaxulebaa pirdapir. marcxnivaa wveriani basil II, marjvniv – konstantine VIII. basili loroniT, konstantine wamosasxamiT. q.xersonesSi moWril spilenZis monetis Sublze mxolod basil II-is gamosaxulebaa, rac imis dasturia, konstantine imperiis marTvaSi rom aRar monawileobda. samagierod, 1025 wlis Semdeg gamoSvebul konstantine VIII-s oqros monetis Sublze konstantines wveriani gamosaxulebaa Tavze TvaliTa da jvriT Semkobili gvirgviniT, Semosilia loroniT. monetaze warweraa – `imperatori konstantine~.

`dawerilSi~ sveticxolis Sesaxeb arsebuli cnobebi rom 1010 wlamde xanas ekuTvnis, amis Sesaxeb prof. s. kakabaZem jer kidev 1928 wels miuTiTa. saurmag kakabaZis Tanaxmad ki, `dawerilSi~ sityva `naboZvari~ (`пожалованное~) radgan upiro formiTaa naxmari, is saboZvrebi, romlebzec teqstSia saubari, melqisedeks ki ara, mis erT-erT winamorbed kaTalikoss unda mieRo. sxvaTa Soris, n. berZeniSvilic ar gamoricxavda taZris Seneba kaTalikosad melqisedekis dajdomamde daewyoT da mis dros mxolod daesrulebinaT.

979–985 wlebSi Zmebis erTad mmarTveloba da maT mier melqisedek I-saTvis saboZvrebis erTad micema imas niSnavs, qarTlis sakaTalikoso taxti melqisedeks 985 wlis wina xanidan rom ekava.

gamoTqmul Tvalsazriss Semdegi adasturebs: Tbilisis amirebis jafarinTa dinastiis warmomadgenlis – ali ben jafaris mier 996/997 wels moWril Tbilisur dramaze radgan am monetis moWramde xuTi wliT adre – 991 wels gadayenebuli xalifa at-tais saxeli ixsenieba, askvnian, rom ali ben jafari xalifa at-tais uzenaesobas aRiarebda da maTi politikuri urTierToba at-tais xalifobisas unda dawyebuliyo. Sesabamisad, ali ben jafarisac Tbilisis amiras taxti 991 wlis wina xanaSi unda daekavebina da melqisedek kaTalikossac 991 wlis wina xanaSi unda miemarTa misTvis, raTa mcxeTis mosaxleoba saamiro gadasaxadisagan gaeTavisuflebina. XI s-is damdegidan mcxeTaze ukve bagrat III-is xelisufleba vrceldeboda, Sesabamisad, im dros daudastura man melqisedek kaTalikoss mcxeTis yofili mamulebis Seuvaloba.

melqisedek kaTalikosis aRsaydrebis TariRad radgan X s-is 80-iani wlebis damdegi Canda, saWiro gaxda, 980 wlidan 1010 wlamde (e. i. melqisedek I-is winamorbedi) qarTlis kaTalikosebad miCneuli pirebis: ilarionis, ioanes (oqropiris) da svimon III-is Sesaxeb arsebuli masalis gadamowmeba. `sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikosis~ moRvaweobis drois dadgenisas, XI s-is pirvel naxevarSi moRvawe giorgi mTawmidelisa da xaxulis lavraSi moRvawe zogierTi piris biografiis sakiTxis ganxilvac momixda.

melqisedek I-is winamorbed kaTalikosebad miCneuli pirebis Sesaxeb cnoba 1270 wels gadaweril Sio mRvimis xelnawerSia (igi 1172 wlis xelnaweridanaa aRebuli). masSi iovane-oqropiri da svimoni `aRmosavlel patriarqebad~ arian dasaxelebulni. melqisedek I-is winamorbedi kaTalikosebis `patriarqis~ tituliT moxsenieba am xelnaweris cnobebis sandoobas eWvqveS ayenebda, razec jer kidev 1928 wels miuTiTa s. kakabaZem. n. berZeniSvilis Tanaxmad ki, `SiomRvimis XIII s. gadaweril xelnawerSi daculi kaTalikosTa sia, yvela sadao xasiaTis mowmobebia da TviT moiTxoven Seswavla-daTariRebas~. rogorc gairkva, SiomRvimis

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xelnawerSi melqisedek I-is winamorbed kaTalikosebad dasaxelebuli pirebidan: ilarioni (`mamamTavari ilarioni~) radgan igive ilarion iSxnelia (igi iSxnis episkoposad Cans 1002 da 1033 wlebSi), ioane-oqropirs melqisedek I-is Semdeg epyra saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis taxti (amitom mas `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa patriarqis~ titulic SeiZleboda etarebina), gamodis, rom melqisedek I-is winamorbedi kaTalikosebidan mxolod svimon III-is Sesaxeb gvaqvs utyuari cnobebi.

afxazeT-qarTlis kaTalikoss svimon III-s daaxl. 980 wels qarTlis kaTalikosis arsen II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg unda daekavebina sakaTalikoso taxti. igia saeklesio muzeumis # 86 xelnawerSi qarTlis kaTalikosad dasaxelebuli `sÂmioni~. es svimioni da giorgi mTawmidelis anderZidan cnobili `sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikosi~ identuri pirebi arian. 980 wels roca bagrat III qarTlSi gamefda, feodalur da saeklesio opoziciasTan sabrZolvelad, raTa saTanado dasayrdeni saeklesio wreebSic hyoloda, daaxl. 982 wels qarTlis sakaTalikoso taxtze Tavisi `gazrdili~ melqisedeki dasva. im droidan svimon III-s mxolod afxazeTis kaTalikosis saxeli SerCa da quTaisSi imyofeboda. magram arc iq dascalda mas didxans moRvaweoba. im dros afxazeTis usinaTlo mefe, bagrat III-is biZa – Teodosi ukve taoSi daviT III-is karze imyofeboda. bagrat III-is surviliT, rogorc Cans, svimon III iZulebuli gaxda, taoSi gadasuliyo. 1001 wels, roca daviT III-is samefo karma arseboba Sewyvita, ise, rogorc giorgi mTawmidelis biZebma (`giorgi mwerali~ da saba), svimon III-mac xaxulis lavraSi gadainacvla. daviT III-is karze da xaxulSi moRvaweobisas svimon III nominalurad iwodeboda afxazeTis kaTalikosad. aRniSnuliT unda aixsnas, 1003 wels bagratis taZris kurTxevisas igi saxelis gareSe rom ixsenieba, xolo 1033 wels `dawerilis~ damtkicebisas Tavs `reca saxeliT kaTalikoss~ uwodebs. swored xaxulis lavraSi Sexvda `sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikoss~ axalgazrda giorgi [mTawmideli] 1019 wels. giorgis mis gverdiT moRvaweoba uxdeboda 1034–1036 wlebSic. SemdegSi giorgi mTawmidelma `sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikosi~, imave lavraSi moRvawe dimitrisTan erTad, Tavis `gamzrdelTa~ Soris daasaxela.

svimon III-is gardacvalebis Semdeg afxazeTis sakaTalikoso kaTedra rom moiSala da uSualod qarTlis kaTalikoss daeqvemdebara, es 1104 wlis ruis-urbnisis `ZeglisdebiT~ dasturdeba. masSi mxolod sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqi iovane ixsenieba. XI–XII saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi calke sakaTalikoso ar arsebobda. mas Semdeg ki, rac dasavleT saqarTveloSi sakaTalikoso Seiqmna (?) (varaudoben XIII s-is 70-ian wlebs), afxazeTis kaTalikosis uflebebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos kaTalikosTan SedarebiT SezRuduli iyo (n.berZeniSvili), rac mas XIII s-is Semdegac `reca kaTalikosis~ pirobebSi ayenebda. dasavleT saqarTvelos sakaTalikoso taxtze mjdomi pirebis uflebebi imdenad SezRuduli iyo, rom maTi saxelebi istoriam ar Semoinaxa.

giorgi mTawmidelma `sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikosi~ rom Tavis `gamzrdelTa~ Soris daasaxela, SemTxveviTi ar iyo. svimeoni Tavisi droisaTvis didad ganaTlebuli pirovneba da saeklesio literaturis kargi mcodne unda yofiliyo. igi avtoria `qarTuli liturgikis unikaluri Zeglis~ _ `wmida JamiswirvaTa samRvdelTmoZRvro sawiravisa~ (k. kekeliZe).

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axalcixuri tyavis saxarebis minawerSi dasaxelebuli pirebidan: `sÂmeon afxazeTisa kaTalikosi~, rogorc iTqva, igive svimon III-a; `giorgi glaxaki~ (`giorgi xucesmonazoni~) giorgi mTawmideli, teqstis gadamweri da teqstze minawerebis Semsrulebeli saba, giorgi mTawmidelis mamis Zma – xaxulis monasterSi moRvawe sabaa. xolo giorgi mTawmidelis mier aseve Tavis `gamzrdelad~ dasaxelebuli dimitri, xaxulis lavraSi moRvawe is `demetrea~, romelmac Georg-28 xelnaweris minaweris Tanaxmad, `Rrma siberis~ gamo xaxulSi gadawerili oTxTavis ierusalimSi Catana ver SeZlo. jvris monastris mSeneblobis dasrulebisas (XI s-is 40-iani wlebi), cocxali yofila basili bagratis Ze, romelic imave Georg-28 xelnaweris minawerSi demetresTan erTad ixsenieba.

xaxulis lavraSi moRvawe anton mnaTe da `dawerilSi~ melqisedek kaTalikosis mier Tavisi dedis Zmad dasaxelebuli antoni, erTi da igive pirovneba unda iyos. rogorc Cans, swored anton mnaTem Sewira sveticxovlis biblioTekas sxvadasxva xelnaweri wignebi, romelTa nawili, albaT, TviT anton mnaTes mier iyo gadawerili. ufro gvian Sedgenil `katalogSi~ igi xom XI s-Si moRvawe mTargmnelTa Sorisaa dasaxelebuli.

mas Semdeg, rac yuradReba mivaqcie breTis sawinamZRvro jvris warweras [masSi bagrat III, misi mama – mefeTa mefe gurgeni da dedofali marTa (es ukanaskneli gardacvlilad) ixseniebian], aRmoCnda, rom ar cdeboda akad. k. kekeliZe, roca qarTul saistorio tradiciaze (anton I kaTalikosi, ioane bagrationi, platon ioseliani) dayrdnobiT, basili bagratis Ze bagrat III-is Zed miiCnia. Tavis TanamedroveTa mier `Cveni qveynis ganmanaTleblad~, `moZRvrad~, `RmerTSemosilad~, `msgavsebiTa da RirsebiT wmidaTa mociqulTa sworad~ saxeldebuli basili bagratis Ze, XI s-is pirvel naxevarSi xaxulis lavraSi moRvawe erT-erTi gamorCeuli literatori (mTargmneli) unda yofiliyo. igi da misi da (feris jojikis Zis meuRle) bagrat III-s, rogorc Cans, pirveli meuRlisagan – marTasagan SeeZina. marTa dedofali, breTis sawinamZRvro jvris warweridan gamomdinare, X s-is 90-iani wlebis dasasruls ukve gardacvlili Cans. giorgi I 998 wels bagrat III-s, rogorc Cans, meore meuRlisagan SeeZina.

bagrationTa saxlis warmomadgenelma – basili bagratis Zem warmatebiT iRvawa sasuliero da literaturul asparezze da TanamedroveTa Soris didi saxeli moixveWa. rogorc samecniero literaturaSia miTiTebuli (e. metreveli), basilis mamis saxeliT moxsenieba mis warCinebulobaze miuTiTebs. ar dasturdeba gamoTqmuli varaudi (k. kekeliZe, e. metreveli) basili bagratis Zis aTonis mTaze moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.

bagrat III-is Svilebad basili bagratis Zisa da ferisis meuRlis miCnevis Semdeg naTeli gaxda, giorgi I-Tan erTad, feris jojikis Zis (e. i. giorgi I-is dis qmris) ojaxis wevrebi TavgamodebiT ratom ibrZodnen basil II-is winaaRmdeg. savaraudoa, rom swored giorgi I-Tan axlo naTesaobis gamo dasaja basil II-m 1022 wels sikvdiliT ajanyebulTa Tavkacebidan mxolod feris jojikis Ze, misi ojaxi ki taodan 12 wliT konstantinopolSi gaasaxla.

ise, rogorc bagratisa da gelaTis taZrebi, sveticxovelic, albaT, 20 weli Sendeboda da XI s-is damdegisaTvis (daaxl. 1002 weli) dasrulda. taZris mSeneblobis dawyebisas melqisedeki Tu axalgazrda iyo, arsukiZe Suaxans miRweuli unda yofiliyo. savaraudod, mas taoSi ramdenime eklesia unda hqonoda agebuli.

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`dawerilis~ cnobebidan gamomdinare, taZris mSeneblobis dasrulebis Semdeg melqisedek kaTalikosis ZalisxmeviT sveticxoveli im drois saqarTveloSi erT-erTi umdidresi taZari gaxda. melqisedekma Seqmna mdidari biblioTeka. misive iniciativiT sveticxovelTan aages sxvadasxva nagebobebi.

`wmida dedaqalaqis~ saamiro gadasaxadisagan ganTavisuflebiT, sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis saqmeSi garkveuli wvlili Tbilisis arabma (muslimma) amiram ali ben jafarmac Seitana.

konstantinopolSi melqisedek kaTalikosisaTvis patriarqis titulis miniWeba `saqarTvelos centraluri xelisuflebis mniSvnelovani gamarjveba~ iyo. `patriarqoba gaerTianebul qarTul monarqias saerTaSoriso asparezze Tavisi sruli politikuri suverenitetis dasadastureblad esaWiroeboda~ (b. lominaZe). es tituli melqisedek I-s konstantinopolis patriarqisagan Tavisi erT-erTi pirveli vizitisas, 985 wlamde unda mieRo. sakiTxis dadebiTad gadaWraSi, savaraudod, im xanad qarTvelebisadmi imperatori Zmebis – basilisa da konstantines keTilganwyobamac Seasrula. im droidan saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis saWeTmpyroblebma romis papis, konstantinopolis, aleqsandriis, antioqiisa da ierusalimis patriarqebis Semdeg meeqvse adgili daikaves (b. lominaZe). saimperatoro karis TanxmobiT, konstantinopolis patriarqis mier melqisedek I-saTvis patriarqis titulis miniWeba msoflio saeklesio krebis mier ar iyo dadasturebuli.

qarTvel politikosebs bizantiasTan kavSiri muslimebTan brZolebSi mxardasaWerad sWirdebodaT, bizantiis saimperatoro kari ki qarTveli politikuri moRvaweebisaTvis bizantiuri titulebis miniWebiT, qarTlSi (saqarTveloSi) myari dasayrdenis Seqmnasa da Zveli gavlenis aRdgenas cdilobda. am mizniT aniWebdnen bagrationTa samefo saxlis wevrebsa da calkeul didebulebs: kurapalatis, vipatosis, novelisimosis, sevastosisa da sxva titulebs.

saqarTvelos mefeebs `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa didi kurapalatis~ tituli bizantiis saimperatoro karisagan ar hqondaT miniWebuli. am tituliT pirvelad taos mefe daviT III 979 wels krebul `samoTxisadmi~ Tornike erisTavis SekveTiT darTul anderZ-mosaxsenebelSi ixsenieba. es tituli TviT Tornike erisTavis mier iyo SemuSavebuli da realurad asaxavda im viTarebas, rac daviT III-m basil II-sagan `zemoni qveyananis~ miRebis Semdeg mezobel (ZiriTadad kurapalatis titulis matarebel qarTvel da somex) mmarTvelTa Soris daikava.

daviT III-is Semdegdroindel wyaroebSi `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatad~ mxolod gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos pirveli sami mefe (bagrat III, giorgi I, bagrat IV) ixsenieba (amasTan bagrat IV damatebiT `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa novelisimosad~ iwodeba). dasaxelebul mefeTa aseTi tituliT moxseniebiT, maTi Tanadrouli qarTveli sazogadoeba daviT III-is memkvidreobaze acxadebda pretenzias (aseTi pretenziis Sedegi iyo 1021–1023, 1028 wlebSi bizantia-saqarTvelos omebi). mas Semdeg, rac bizantiis laSqarma manaskertTan brZolaSi Turq-selCukebTan marcxi ganicada, xolo 1072/1073 wels mefe giorgi II-s grigol bakurianis Zem bizantiis mflobelobaSi myofi zogi provincia gadasca, saqarTvelos `daviTis memkvidreobis~ dabruneba aRar gasWirvebia. amis Semdeg saqarTvelos mefeebi `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatis~ tituliT aRar ixseniebian. 1104 wlis Semdeg daviT IV aRmaSenebelma saerTod uari Tqva adre misTvis miniWebul bizantiur titulebze.

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TanamedroveTa mier zemodasaxelebuli mefeebis `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatad~ moxseniebam zogierT saeklesio moRvawes (magaliTad, kaTalikos ioane-oqropirs) garkveuli safuZveli misca Tavisi titulisaTvis `yovlisa aRmosavleTi~ daerTo.

Tu `dawerilis~ XII s-is nusxis (romelic gadakeTebuli da damaxinjebulia) cnobebidan gamomdinare, sveticxovlis taZari axlad aSenebas ar saWiroebda, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ Teimuraziseul nusxaSi `dawerilidan~ Setanil fragmentSi arsebuli cnobiT, sveticxovlis taZris `garSemo stoani da bWeni~ daqceuli yofila da axlis ageba iyo saWiro. am ukanasknels eTanxmeba TviT taZris kedelze arsebuli is warwera, romelSic melqisedekis mier taZris `meored aRSenebaze~ aris miTiTeba. qarTvel mecnierTa didi nawilic (l. musxeliSvili, n. severovi, g. CubinaSvili, v. beriZe, n. andRulaZe da sxvani) im azrisa arian, rom melqisedek I-ma taZari axlad aago.

1020 wels, roca melaqisedek kaTalikosma Tavisi Rvawlis Sesaxeb `daweriliT~ mcxeTis saydars moaxsena, giorgi I-s `daviTis memkvidreoba~ ukve dabrunebuli hqonda, Tumca bizantia-saqarTvelos omi jer kidev ar iyo dawyebuli (basil II didi laSqriT saqarTveloSi 1021 wels Semovida). amitom, savaraudoa, `dawerilis~ SesavalSi iyo saubari sveticxovlis mSeneblobis saqmeSi bizantiis saimperatoro karis Rvawlze, magram, mas Semdeg, rac basil II-m da konstantine VIII-m saqarTvelos mimarT moimoqmedes, rogorc Cans, ioane-oqropiris mier sabuTis xelaxla damtkicebisas `dawerili~ gadakeTebuli iqna. arc `dawerilsa~ da arc im drois saistorio wyaroebSi sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis saqmeSi basil II-is damsaxurebaze miTiTeba aRaraa. gamoricxuli araa, rom saqarTvelosTan urTierTobis gauaresebis gamo, basil II-s melqisedek kaTalikosisaTvis kestoris monastris Semosavali CamoerTva.

P. S. am monografiaze muSaobis damTavrebis Semdegac Tvalwin medga

sveticxovlis taZris Crdilo fasadze amotvifruli is ori bareliefi, romlis Sesaxeb b-ni k. gamsaxurdia `didostatis marjvenaSi~ ase mogviTxrobs: diliT adre taZris Crdilo kedelze midgmul xaraCoze asulma mweralma gonioTi xelSi gamosaxuli arsukiZis marjvenis `Soriaxlos~ [dainaxa] `ucnauri qandaki ori kacisa~. `erTi, – wers b. konstantine, – uwveruli Wabukia qarTul CoxaSi morTuli, xolo meores, saxedaRrejil moxucs, piri daubCenia vaglaxad. iranuli samosi acvia da gulborotebis ieri gadahkravs saxeze~1.

xaraCoebidan Camosul b. konstantines sveticxovlis moxucma meTvalyurem uTxra: `es uwveruli – konstantine arsakiZea, xolo CaquCiani moxuci – misi ostati farsman sparsia~2.

sveticxovlis meTvalyuris, ufro sworad, b-n k. gamsaxurdias miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom sveticxovlis Crdilo kedelze gamokveTili ori `qandakidan~, erTi – `saxedaRrejili moxuci~, TiTqos, farsman 1 gamsaxurdia k., didostatis marjvena, Tb., 1953, gv. 11. 2 iqve.

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sparsia, ra Tqma unda, istoriul realobas ar asaxavs3. taZris Crdilo kedelze gamokveTili xanSiSesuli istoriuli piri konstantinem sakuTari fantaziiT Seqmnil gamogonil literaturul personaJTan – farsman sparsTan gaaigiva. kedelze xanSiSesuli da axalgazrda (ufro sworad, wveriani da uwvero) mamakacTa bareliefebis amokveTa, cxadia, garkveul istoriul realobis asaxvaa, magram, kerZod, vin arian masze gamosaxulni, sveticxovlis Semswavlel mkvlevarTagan dRemde aravin dainteresebula.

dasmul sakiTxSi ukeT gasarkvevad mcxeTaSi Cavedi da taZris Crdilo kedelze amokveTili bareliefebi kidev erTxel movinaxule, magram specialuri teqnikis gareSe am pirovnebaTa saxeebi da Cacmuloba ver gavarCie.

sveticxovlis Crdilo kedelze arsebul bareliefebze gamosaxul pirovnebaTa Sesaxeb verc taZarSi mosamsaxure sasuliero pirebma momces saTanado ganmarteba. erTma qalbatonma, romelmac eqskursiamZRolad da mcxeTis muzeumis TanamSromlad warmomidgina Tavi, miTxra, rom bareliefebze taZris mSeneblobaSi monawile monebi arian gamosaxulni (es eqskursiamZRoli sveticxovlis damTvaliereblebs, albaT, ase acnobs bareliefebze gamoqandakebul pirovnebebs).

TbilisSi dabrunebis Semdeg gavecani qarTul taZrebze arsebul bareliefTa Sesaxeb q-n naTela aladaSvilis gamokvlevas. misi sityviT, `X saukunis manZilze Zlier gaizarda figuruli qandakebis roli xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglis gaformebaSi~. `oSkis taZris (X s-is meore naxevari) qandakebaSi gadadgmulia mniSvnelovani nabiji gamosaxulebis plastikur formaSi gadmocemis TvalsazrisiT. amaze naTlad metyvelebs samxreTis fasadze moTavsebul istoriul pirTa saxeebi. aq warmodgenili arian oSkis taZris aRmSeneblebi: bagrat erisTavT-erisTavis da daviT magistrosis... mwyobri, moxdenili figurebi, romelTa simaRle adamianis naturalur zomas uaxlovdeba~4.

dasaxelebul gamokvlevaSi saTanadodaa gaanalizebuli qarTuli taZrebis kedlebze arsebuli bareliefebi, magram, samwuxarod, sveticxovlis bareliefebze araferia naTqvami. magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi Cveulebrivi iyo, taZris kedelze, misi qtitoris (an qtitorebis) gamosaxva (rogorc vnaxeT, asea oSkis taZarzec). qtitori (berZ. κtηtωρ, mesakuTre, damfuZnebeli, Semqmneli) ki is pirovnebaa, romlis xarjiTac Sendeba an xelaxla irTveba eklesia an raime nageboba, maSin im didi Senawiris (mxedvelobaSi maqvs kestoris monastris Semosavali) gamo, romelic basil II-m da konstantine VIII-m sveticxovlis taZris axlad asagebad gaiRes, taZris arqiteqtori arsukiZe valdebulic iyo sveticxovlis taZris kedelze imperatori Zmebis bareliefebi gamoekveTa.

sveticxovlis taZris Crdilo kedelze arsebul or bareliefze basil II da konstantine VIII rom unda iyos gamokveTili, am mxriv Cemi mosazreba xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtors daviT xoStarias gavacani. b-n 3 prof. nodar lomourma CemTan saubarSi ganacxada: Cveni gamoCenili xelovnebaTmcodneebi (g. CubinaSvili, S. amiranaSvili, v. beriZe, v. cincaZe) b. konstantines aseT interpretacias rom ar iziarebdnen vici, magram maT aseTi azris uarsayofad arc araferi daubeWdiaTo. igive damidastura xelovnebaTmcodne dimitri TumaniSvilma.

4 aladaSvili n., qandakeba Zvel saqarTveloSi (V–XI saukuneebi), sabWoTa xelovneba, 1974, # 7, gv. 101.

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daviTs araerTi gamokvleva aqvs miZRvnili sveticxovlis taZrisadmi da mas Cemi Tvalsazrisi saintereso eCvena. amis Semdeg CemTvis isev problemad rCeboda, ra saerTo hqonda basil II-isa da konstantine VIII-is mier imperiis erTad mmarTvelobis dros emisirebul monetaze arsebul maT Cacmulobas taZris bareliefebze gamoqandakebul pirTa CacmulobasTan. am mxriv daxmarebisaTvis mivmarTe saqarTvelos muzeumis numizmatikis ganyofilebis TanamSromels, q-n maia patariZes. misi TxovniT, xelnawerTa erovnuli centris direqtorma, b-ma buba kudavam mogvawoda CvenTvis saintereso bareliefebis foto masala. rogorc gairkva, monetaze arsebul basil II-isa da konstantine VIII-is Cacmulobas saerTo araferi aqvs taZris bareliefebze gamosaxul pirTa CacmulobasTan. erTad-erTi, rac monetaze gamosaxul imperatori Zmebis portretebs taZris bareliefebze gamokveTil pirebTan amsgavsebs, es maTi wveriT da uwverod gamosaxvaa. konstantine radgan sul raRac 2/3 wliT umcrosi iyo ufros Zmaze5, amitom vfiqrob, rogorc monetebze, ise sveticxovlis taZris bareliefebze wveriT da uwverod maTi gamosaxva simboluria da, es detali sakmao xelmosakidia imis samtkiceblad, taZris kedelze imperatori Zmebi rom arian gamosaxulni. iseve, rogorc monetaa maTi erTad mmarTvelobisas moWrili, bareliefebic maTi erTad mmarTvelobisas (979–985 ww.) gaRebuli Sewirulobis asaxvas warmoadgens.

rac Seexeba maT samoss, b-ni konstantines miTiTeba `uwveruli~ Wabuki rom `qarTul CoxaSia morTuli~, ramdenad misaRebia zemoTqmulis Semdeg, ar vici – bareliefis amomkveTi ratom warmoadgenda umcros Zmas qarTul CoxaSi? is ki unda aRvniSno, b-ni konstantines mosazreba `moxucs rom iranuli samosi acvia|~, sayuradReboa.

roca sveticxovlis taZris Crdilo kedlis bareliefebze gamoqandakebul pirTa samosze vsaubrobT, ismis kiTxva, imperatori Zmebi skaramangiT xom ar arian Semosilni?

Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonSi arsebuli ganmartebiT, skaramangi mosasxamia6, magram igi didebulTa samosic iyo. skaramangi, rogorc vnaxeT, `mcxeTis sabuTSic~ ixsenieba – melqisedek I-s igi bagrat III-m uboZa. albaT, am samosiT dadioda melqisedeki da, aseve, im droindeli ara erTi moRvawe. samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli miTiTebiT, `skaramangs (berZnulad skaramangioni – σκαραμαγγιον) IX saukuneSi bizantiis imperatorebi da maRali Tanamdebobis pirebi, gansakuTrebiT ki samxedroebi, atarebdnen da mas yvela samosTan SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWebdnen. es samosi aRmosavlur (SesaZloa, sparsul) warmoSobisad iTvleba da IX s-Si jer kidev ar iyo raime Tanamdebobis mqone piris sapatio samosad dadgenili, yvela sakuTars atarebda. saimperatoro karis TerZebi amzadebdnen sxvadasxva feris skaramangionebs saCuqrebad `barbarosTa mTavrebisaTvis~7. bizantiis saimperatoro karis saxelosnoebSi damzadebuli aseTi skaramangebi, albaT, mravlad iyo X saukunis saqarTveloSic.

yovelive zemoTqmuli ramdenad damajerebelia imis dasamtkiceblad, sveticxovlis taZris Crdilo kedelze gamokveTil or bareliefze rom taZris qtitorebi – imperatori Zmebi: basil II da konstantine VIII arian 5 Михаил Пселл, dasax. Txz., gv. 18; goilaZe v., giorgi mTawmidelidan momdinare erTi cnoba..., gv. 34.

6 abulaZe i., Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb., 1973, gv. 399. 7 CofikaSvili n., qarTuli kostumi (VI–XIV ss.), Tb., 1964, gv. 15–16. samwuxarod, q-ni nino CofikaSvili ar aanalizebs sveticxovlis taZris bareliefebze gamokveTil pirTa Cacmulobas.

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gamoqandakebulni, saqmis erTi mxarea8, ise ki, rogorc aRvniSne, radgan taZris kedlebze qtitorTa gamosaxva Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo, sveticxovlis kedelze basil II-isa da konstantine VIII-is bareliefebis gamosaxva uCveulod ar unda mogveCvenos. rac mTavaria, Cveni xelovnebaTmcodneebi, albaT, am striqonebis wakiTxvis Semdeg dainteresdebian da sveticxovlis aRniSnul bareliefTa Sesaxeb YTavianT Tvalsazriss gamoaqveyneben.

S i n a a r s i gv. winasityvaoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Tavi I. sveticxovlis taZris mSeneblobis dawyebisas arsebuli

istoriuli viTareba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Tavi II. saqarTvelos kaTalikosebi X s-is 80-iani wlebidan

1010 wlamde problemis Seswavlis mdgomareoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ilarioni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ioane IV oqropiri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 svimon III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Tavi III. XI–XII saukuneebSi afxazeTis sakaTalikosos

arsebobis sakiTxi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Tavi IV. axalcixuri saxarebis minawerebSi dasaxelebuli sabasi da `glaxaki giorgis~ (giorgi xucesmonazonis) vinaobisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Tavi V. romel xelnawers daurTo giorgi mTawmidelma Tavisi cnobili anderZi? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Tavi VI. arsen II qarTlis kaTalikosi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Tavi VII. sveticxovlis taZari aRadgines Tu axali aages? . . . . 48 Tavi VIII. rodis da visi safasiT aigo sveticxoveli . . . . . . . . . 52 Tavi IX. qarTvel moRvaweTa xaxuluri wre XI s-is pirvel

naxevarSi xaxulis lavra. giorgi mTawmideli xaxulSi . . . . . . . . . . 63 dimitri (demetre) monazoni. aTonis mTaze basili bagratis Zis moRvaweobis sakiTxi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 anton mnaTe. sveticxovlis taZris biblioTeka . . . . . . . . 73

Tavi X. basili bagratis Zis pirovneba da warmomavloba . . . . 77 Tavi XI. `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa patriarqis~ titulis

raobisaTvis. melqisedek kaTalikosisaTvis patriarqis wodebis miniWebis problema . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

8 rac Seexeba sveticxovlis bareliefTa amokveTis dros, specialistebi ar gamoricxaven, bareliefi X saukunisa iyos.

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123

Tavi XII. bizantiuri titulatura imperiis aRmosavlur

politikaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Tavi XIII. `yovlisa aRmosavleTisa kurapalatis~ wodeba saqarTvelos mefeTa titulaturaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

saerTo daskvnebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 P. S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118