Proyecto para las actuaciones ambientales en la explotación de la estación de esquí de Cerler...

7/23/2019 Proyecto para las actuaciones ambientales en la explotación de la estación de esquí de Cerler (Huesca)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/proyecto-para-las-actuaciones-ambientales-en-la-explotacion-de-la-estacion 1/76

Ijxwijlfegz ikdlgexicgz ge

ci gr~cfxijlúe hg ci gzxijlúe

hg gzywë hg Jgtcgt# "Bwgzji,%

Kiewgc @fzì Kfticgz

Kitxëegp

Ogdtgtf 4>99



l

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8% CFJICLPIJLÚE% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 98

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Ijxwijlfegz ikdlgexicgz ge ci gzxijlúe hg gzywë hg Jgtcgt# "Bwgzji,%

Kiewgc @fzì Kfticgz Kitxëegp 4

9% LEXTFHWJJLÚE \ HGZJTL^JLÚE HGC ^TF\GJXF%

9%9 Hgzjtl~jlúe hg ci ijxlvlhih%

Jgtcgt gz ci gzxijlúe kéz icxi hgc ^ltlegf itiafeìz% Zlxwihi ge gc viccg hg Dgeizywg icjiepi

cfz 4%?:> kgxtfz hg icxwti ge zw këxlji jlki hgc Aicclegtf# cf ywg ci jfevlgtxg ge ci gzxijlúe

~ltgeilji jfe ki|ft hgzelvgc gzywlidcg 9%9:> kgxtfz% Zwz ~lzxiz | tgkfexgz zg tg~itxge i cf

cithf hg hfz viccgz0 gc hg Jgtcgt | Ik~tlw% Gc gzxwhlf zg jgexti ~tlejl~ickgexg gc lk~ijxf ywg

g`gtjg ci gr~cfxijlúe gexftef ic gzywë ic~lef# ci ~tlejl~ic owgexg hg leatgzfz hgc _iccg hg

Dgeizywg ge ci ijxwiclhih%

9%4 Hgzjtl~jlúe hg ciz lezxicijlfegz%

I jfexlewijlúe zg hgzjtldge ciz leotigzxtwjxwtiz | zgtvljlfz ywg ~fzgg ci gzxijlúe hg gzywë hg

Jgtcgt# ge gc ~cief –leotigzxtwjxwtiz | zgtvljlfz‛ | ge gc iegrf e°9 –itjblvf ofxfatéoljf‛# zg

~wghge vgt cfz hgxiccgz atéoljfz jfttgz~fehlgexgz%

^lzxiz hg gzywë ic~lef%

?7 ~lzxiz ~iti gc gzywë ic~lef0 1 vgthgz# 9? ipwcgz# 47 tf`iz# 98 egatiz% 9 zefq~itm%

Xlgeg we xfxic hg 1? mlcúkgxtfz gzywlidcgz%

Tgkfexgz%

9< tgkfexgz0 4 xgcgzlcciz hg ? ~cipiz gkdtiaidcgz= 7 xgcgzlcciz hg 8 ~cipiz# xtgz hg

gccfz hgzgkdtiaidcgz= 4 xgcgzlcciz hg 4 ~cipiz= 8 xgcgzywëz= | ? jlexiz xtiez~ftxihftiz%

Gzxfz tgkfexgz xlgege wei ji~ijlhih ~iti xtiez~ftxit 4?%94> gzywlihftgz jihi bfti%

Leotigzxtwjxwti hg leelvijlúe%

:17 jiùfegz hg leelvijlúe# ywg ~wghge leelvit :1 mlcúkgxtfz hg ~lzxi% Kiz

leoftkijlúe ge gc iegrf e°8 –leoftkijlúe xìjelji‛# ge gc i~itxihf hg zlzxgki hg

leelvijlúe# "izë zg leelvi ge Jgtcgt# vgt vlhgf

bxx~0&&qqq%|fwxwdg%jfk&qixjb6v;Dqp_Pq^i_:Y ,%

Leotigzxtwjxwti gcìjxtlji%

Gextg ci leotigzxtwjxwti gcìjxtlji kéz hgzxijihi ~fhgkfz fdzgtvit ciz cëegiz hg

xgezlúe ~iti ci iclkgexijlúe hg cfz tgkfexgz# ciz ghloljijlfegz | jizgxiz hg zgtvljlfz%

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BwzVZwPaV3Q






Kiewgc @fzì Kfticgz Kitxëegp :

Kiywleitli | vgbëjwcfz%

Ci gzxijlúe ~fzgg vgbëjwcfz i jfkdwzxlúe ~iti cfz xtidi`fz hg kiexgelklgexf hg ciz

~lzxiz# zwz lezxicijlfegz# | vgbëjwcfz hg xtiez~ftxg ~iti zwz gk~cgihfz% Xikdlìe

~fzgge kiywleitli hg xtiez~ftxg ~iti gc ijjgzf ~ft cfz jiklefz hg zgtvljlf# | ijjgzf

i ciz lezxicijlfegz hg zgtvljlf# | kfxfzml% ^iti kiexgegt ci elgvg ge ~gtogjxiz

jfehljlfegz ci gzxijlúe hlz~feg hg kiywleitli ~lzielgvgz# f zefqjix# jw|iz

gz~gjloljijlfegz xìjeljiz zg lejcw|ge ge gc iegrf e°8 –leoftkijlúe xìjelji‛%

Ci kéywlei ~lzielgvgz f zefqjix ~fzgg we jidcg hg ijgtf hg jizl 9%>>> kgxtfz hg

cfealxwh "zg ioltki ge ~wexfz ol`fz ge cf icxf hg ciz ~lzxiz "jidtgzxiexg f qlejbz, ywg

lejft~ftie ciz kéywleiz ~gtklxg gc ijjgzf i jwicywlgt pfei hg ci gzxijlúe# ~gzg icatihf hg lejcleijlúe hg ci ~lzxi jfe gc ole hg tg~fegt elgvg f idtlt we étgi jgttihi ic

~ðdcljf% Zw ~tgjlf gz hg :?>%>>> ₣% Gzxi kéywlei tgiclpi ciz f~gtijlfegz hg tgkfexit

| grxgehgt ci elgvg hg oftki gywlxixlvi ~ft ci ~lzxi | otgzitci ~iti ywg ef grlzxie

zfjivfegz f lttgawcitlhihgz ge gc xgttgef% Zg tgiclpie xfhi ci efjbg% Gzxiz

f~gtijlfegz ~gtklxge xikdlìe icitait ci xgk~ftihi hg gzywë% Ciz pfeiz jfe kéz

iocwgejli hg ~ðdcljf zfe ge ciz ywg kéz zg lexgtvlgeg% Zg wxlclpi wei otgzi f tfhlccf hg

kgxic# ywg hg`i ci elgvg xfxickgexg ~ciejbihi zle eleawei xtipi%

Ghloljijlfegz | zgtvljlfz%

Gc tgzxiwtiexg+jiogxgtëi –Jfxi Hfz Klc‛ zg gejwgexti ge wef hg cfz ~wexfz

egwtécaljfz hg ci gzxijlúe i 4%>>> kgxtfz hg icxlxwh% Ge ìc zg hlz~feg hg jiogxgtëi |

tgzxiwtiexg zgco zgtvljg# klgextiz ywg ge zw grxgtlft zg ~wghg hlzotwxit hg wei

kiaeëolji xgttipi%

Gc tgzxiwtiexg jiogxgtëi –Ik~tlw‛ jwgexi jfe zgtvljlfz hg jiogxgtëi# tgzxiwtiexg zgco

zgtvljg# xgttipi zfcitlwk | ditdijfi ic iltg cldtg jfe wei ditdijfi ge zw xgttipi

zfcitlwk%

–Ci Jfccihgxi‛# ~wexf hg lexgtzgjjlúe gextg cfz zgjxftgz hg Jfxi 4%>>> | Ik~tlw# hg

jfklhi | dgdlhi jiclgexg%

Ci ewgvi jiogxgtëi ~ieftéklji –Tgkézjitf‛# zlxwihi i ~lg hg ~lzxiz# ge Jgtcgt 9%7>>#

hlz~feg hg jiogxgtëi | kgeð hgc hëi ~iti atw~fz%

Ci gzxijlúe jwgexi jfe vitliz ghloljijlfegz hg zgtvljlf | ghloljijlfegz iwrlclitgz%





Ijjgzfz | ~itmleaz%

Ci gzxijlúe hg gzywë hg Jgtcgt jwgexi jfe hfz ~wexfz hg ijjgzf i ~lzxiz# ikdfz jfe

~itmleaz ~iti kéz hg klc ~cipiz jihi wef%

Jgtcgt 9%7>> f jfkðekgexg hgefkleihf –Gc Kfclef‛ zg gejwgexti i ~lg hg ~lzxiz hg

Jgtcgt ~wgdcf% Gz gc ~tlkgt ijjgzf ywg cfz jclgexgz gejwgextie ic ccgait i ci gzxijlúe%

^fzgg we ik~clf ~itmlea#

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jclgexg gejfextité xfhf xl~f hg zgtvljlfz# "xiywlcciz# tgzxiwtiexg zgco zgtvljg# f gc

ìthëe hg elgvg,% ^wghg ijjghgtzg ge vgbëjwcf ~tf~lf# grlzxlgehf we ~itmlea ~iti zw

gzxijlfeiklgexf%

–Jfxi 4%>>>‛ ef gz we ~wexf hg ijjgzf i ci gzxijlúe hg gzywë# ~gtf gz wef hg zwz

~wexfz egwtécaljfz hfehg zg hlz~feg hg zgtvljlfz hg tgzxiwtiexg# jiogxgtëi# gzjwgci

hg gzywë# ~wexf hg ixgejlúe ic jclgexg | zgtvljlf kìhljf%

Ciz ~fdcijlfegz kéz jgtjieiz zfe Jgtcgt# Dgeizywg# Gtlzxg | Zibðe ywg zg ijjghg

hgzhg ci E+48>= | Gtgzwì# Tikizxwì# Zgzwì# Zfz# Jizxg`úe hg Zfz# Zie @wie hg ^cie#

Jbëi# Wtkgcci# _lcciefvi | Itizie ywg zg ijjghg hgzhg ci E+4?> ywg ~tfvlgeg hg ci

~tfvlejli hg Ccglhi "^fex hg Zwgtx,% îti xgegt wei tgogtgejli hg cfz xlgk~fz hg

ijjgzf hgzhg icawei hg gzxiz ~fdcijlfegz i ci gzxijlúe hg gzywë hg Jgtcgt0 Dgeizywg

< klewxfz= Jizxg`úe hg Zfz 47 klewxfz= Jbëi 4< klewxfz= Kfexiew| ?: klewxfz=

Zgzwì 44 klewxfz= | Zibðe 91 klewxfz%

Ge gc ~cief hg –gk~cipiklgexf‛ hgc iegrf e°:# zg ~wghge vgt jfe ki|ft hgxiccg%

9%: Jitijxgtëzxljiz eixwticgz hg ci pfei hg gzxwhlf%

_gagxijlúe tg~tgzgexixlvi hg ci pfei hg gzxwhlf%

îzxlpicgz# oftkijlfegz vgagxicgz hg acgtiz | tfywghfz% Oftkijlfegz hg kixfttic# |

~lefz# bi|ghfz | otfehfziz%

Bédlxixz tg~tgzgexixlvfz%

îzxfz hgezfz hg icxwti# ~tihfz zlcëjgfz hg ogzxwji gzmli# ~tihfz dizúolcfz hg ogzxwjiaiwxlgtl# ~tihfz ic~lefz | zwdic~lefz jicjitgfz# ~ghtgaicgz hg kfexiùi jfe

vgagxijlúe jizkfolxlji# oftkijlfegz hg kixfttic | ~izxfz blatfxwtdfzfz%





Oiwei jitijxgtëzxlji%

Kitkfxi# iclkfjbg# éawlci tgic# jbfvi ~lywlttfì# éawlci jwcgdtgti# ci ~gthlp ~ithlcci#

zittlfz# ciaitxlì ~ltgeilji# xg`fegz | aithwùiz# wtwaiccf# ywgdtiexibwgzfz%

Jiclhih eixwtic%

Kw| icxi% Ge gc jltjf hg Dizldì jfe gc jfthic ~ljf Dizldì+^wexi hg ci ^cgxi _gcci+^wexi

Ccghwti# gc ~tf~lf ldúe hg Dizldì# xiexf ~ft zwz jfkwelhihgz gz~gjëoljiz hg ocfti |

oiwei "icaweiz hg gcciz jixicfaihiz,# jfkf ~ft zw tgcgviejli ~ilzi`ëzxlji# kgtgjge ci

kéz icxi vicftijlúe hg jiclhih eixwtic%

Icxi% Gc jfthic Aicclegtf ‚ Jldfccìz + Dizldì# ikdiz cihgtiz diìz hgc xtikf kghlf icxf

hgc viccg hgc Diclgti%

Kghli+Icxi% Jfkf pfeiz hg jiclhih eixwtic kghli+icxi hgzxijie ciz cihgtiz hgc viccg

hgc Ik~tlw%

Kghli% Ciz pfeiz hg kgeft jiclhih eixwtic# jiclhih kghli# zg cfjiclpie gc viccg hg

Ik~tlw%

Jclkixfcfaëi%

Zw jclkixfcfaëi zg jitijxgtlpi ~ft ~tgzgexit wefz vicftgz hg ~tgjl~lxijlúe gcgvihfz#

jfejgextéehfzg cfz ~gtlfhfz kéz ccwvlfzfz ge ~tlkivgti | fxfùf# jfe ~tgzgejli hg

hëiz zfcgihfz ge levlgtef# jfe vlgexfz kfhgtihfz# | ~fjfz hëiz jicwtfzfz hwtiexg gc

vgtief% Tgz~gjxf i ciz ~tgjl~lxijlfegz ge oftki hg elgvg# i ~gzit hg ywg ciz ~tlkgtiz

egvihiz zg ~wghge ~tfhwjlt ge gc kgz hg zg~xlgkdtg# gz ge efvlgkdtg jwiehf ìzxiz

zg agegticlpie%

Tgclgvg%

Gc tgclgvg hg ci pfei hg gzxwhlf tgz~fehg i ~tfjgzfz clxfcúaljfz | acijlitgz# ywg

ijxwitfe lexgezikgexg i cf citaf hg xfhf gc ~gtlfhf jwixgteitlf# | ywg bie gzjwc~lhf

oftkiz ywg ~fzxgtlftkgexg bie zlhf# | zlawge zlgehf# kfhloljihiz | tgkfhgcihiz ~ft

~tfjgzfz ~gtlacijlicgz | ocwvlf+xfttgejlicgz ijxwicgz# hiehf wei kftofcfaëi xë~lji hg

pfeiz hg icxi kfexiùi%




Kiewgc @fzì Kfticgz Kitxëegp ?

9%8 Jitijxgtëzxljiz hgkfatéoljizl | gjfeúkljiz%

Ci ghih kghli hg ci ~fdcijlúe hg cfz ~wgdcfz iogjxihfz hltgjxikgexg ~ft ci ijxlvlhih zfe0

Jizxg`úe hg Zfz "84#:,= Kfexiew| "8<#<,= Dgeizywg ":1#4,% Klgextiz ywg ci kghli ge Itiaúe

gz hg 84#<% Gc ëehljg hg gevg`gjlklgexf hg Kfexiew| "4<?#1,# | Jizxg`úe hg Zfz "9:>#2, gz

zw~gtlft ic hg Itiaúe "94>#8,% Ge ci jfk~fzljlúe ~ft ghihgz vgkfz ywg Dgeizywg "99#<', gz

ci ðelji ywg gzxé ~ft hgdi`f hgc ëehljg hg Itiaúe "49#7', ge ci bftywlcci hg ~fdcijlúe ki|ft

hg ?7 iùfz% Ge jikdlf Kfexiew| ":>#9', | Jizxg`úe hg Zfz "44#>', gzxée ~ft gejlki hg

gzxg ëehljg%

Dgeizywg bi zwotlhf we iwkgexf hg ~fdcijlúe hg 172 bidlxiexgz ge gc iùf 9<1> i 4>47

bidlxiexgz ge gc iùf 4>>>% Ge gc iùf 9<1> xgeëi 9997 welhihgz aieihgtiz ki|ftgz# klgextizywg ge gc iùf 4>>> ðeljikgexg xgeëi 27<% Zle gkditaf ge jwiexf i ~cipiz hg icfìklgexf bi

zwdlhf hg :799 "iùf 9<1>, i 1:47 "iùf 4>>>,% Xlgeg wei zw~gtoljlg hg 4::#4 mk4# | wei

hgezlhih hg <#8: ~gtzfeiz&mk4%

Jizxg`úe hg Zfz bi gr~gtlkgexihf we iwkgexf hg ~fdcijlúe hg 87< bidlxiexgz "9<1>, i ?>7

"4>>>,% Bie hlzklewlhf ciz welhihgz aieihgtiz ki|ftgz hg 9>77 "9<1>, i ?:4 "4>>>,% \ ciz

~cipiz hg icfìklgexf bie iwkgexihf hg :2< "9<1>, i 9::< "4>>>,% Xlgeg wei zw~gtoljlg hg

:9#77 mk4 | wei hgezlhih hg 48#<8 ~gtzfeiz&mk4%

Jbëi bi gr~gtlkgexihf we hgzjgezf hg ~fdcijlúe hg 928 bidlxiexgz "9<1>, i 994 "4>>>,%

Bie iwkgexihf ciz welhihgz aieihgtiz ki|ftgz hg 47> "9<1>, i 74? "4>>>,% \ ciz ~cipiz hg

icfìklgexf bie iwkgexihf hg ? "9<1>, i 4>8 "4>>>,% Xlgeg wei zw~gtoljlg hg 4?#9 mk4 |

wei hgezlhih hg :#21 ~gtzfeiz&mk4%

Kfexiew| bi gr~gtlkgexihf we hgzjgezf hg ~fdcijlúe hg ?>: bidlxiexgz "9<1>, i :>7

"4>>>,% Bie iwkgexihf ciz welhihgz aieihgtiz ki|ftgz hg 4:7? "9<1>, i 8>?1"4>>>,% \ ciz

~cipiz hg icfìklgexf bie iwkgexihf hg 7>7 "9<1>, i 98:< "4>>>,%

Zie @wie hg ^cie bi gr~gtlkgexihf we hgzjgezf hg ~fdcijlúe hg 8<? bidlxiexgz "9<1>, i

:>2 "4>>>,% Bie iwkgexihf ciz welhihgz aieihgtiz ki|ftgz hg 87> "9<1>, i 98:<"4>>>,% \

ciz ~cipiz hg icfìklgexf bie iwkgexihf hg 47 "9<1>, i 9?2 "4>>>,%

Zgzwì bi gr~gtlkgexihf we iwkgexf hg ~fdcijlúe hg 998 bidlxiexgz "9<1>, i 942 "4>>>,%

Bie iwkgexihf ciz welhihgz aieihgtiz ki|ftgz hg 87: "9<1>, i ?27"4>>>,% \ ciz ~cipiz hg





icf`iklgexf bie iwkgexihf hg 2> "9<1>, i 2<1 "4>>>,% Xlgeg wei zw~gtoljlg hg 7#:7 mk4 |

wei hgezlhih hg 44#?4 mk4%

Zibðe bi gr~gtlkgexihf we hgzjgezf hg ~fdcijlúe hg :1< bidlxiexgz "9<1>, i :>9 "4>>>,%

Bie hlzklewlhf ciz welhihgz aieihgtiz ki|ftgz hg 717> "9<1>, i <>? "4>>>,% \ ciz ~cipiz hg

icf`iklgexf bie iwkgexihf hg 91> "9<1>, i 9>?9 "4>>>,% Xlgeg wei zw~gtoljlg hg 1:#:? mk4

| wei hgezlhih hg 7#>4 ~gtzfeiz&mk4%

9%7 Hgzjtl~jlúe hgc ~tf|gjxf%

Zw fd`gxf gz lhgexloljit cfz lk~ijxfz | ~tf~fegt ciz ijxwijlfegz ywg zgie f~ftxweiz ~iti

aitiexlpit ci ~tfxgjjlúe hgc kghlf ikdlgexg ge ci gr~cfxijlúe hg ci ijxlvlhih ge ciz ~lzxi hg

gzywë hg Jgtcgt%

Gc ~tf|gjxf zg geofji hg oftki iwxúefki g lehg~gehlgexg# cf ywg zlaelolji ywg ef bi zlhf

tghijxihf di`f cfz lexgtgzgz hg eleawei gexlhih w ftaielzkf# | zg jitijxgtlpi ~ft wei

~tf~wgzxi ikdljlfzi ~iti ci lexgtvgejlúe ge ci pfei ywg ~wghi zgt wxlclpihi hg oftki

lexgatic ~ft cfz iagexgz lk~cljihfz% ^ft fxtf cihf# gc ~tf|gjxf jbfji hg otgexg jfe wei hg ciz

~tlejl~icgz owgexgz hg leatgzfz gjfeúkljfz hg xfhf gc Icxf Itiaúe# gc gzywë ic~lef | zw

gr~cfxijlúe xwtëzxlji% Zle gkditaf gzxi ijxlvlhih# welhi ic jikdlf jclkéxljf gzxi zlaeloljiehf

we owgtxg lk~ijxf i elvgc cfjic# "hgatihijlúe hgc ~ilzi`g# tgclgvg# vgagxijlúe# gxj%,# tgalfeic

"jfexikleijlúe hg iawiz# icxgtijlfegz hgc tgclgvg,# | acfdic "zl xgegkfz ge jwgexi ci

otialclhih hgc gexftef | ci lk~ftxiejli hg gzxg hgextf hg ci gzxtwjxwti agfatéolji hg Gz~iùi#

| zw gogjxf jizjihi,%

4% @WZXLOLJIJLÚE HGC ̂ TF\GJXF

Ci otialclhih hg cfz gjfzlzxgkiz# ciz gz~gjlgz hg kfexiùi# izë jfkf zw vwcegtidlclhih iexg ciz

~gtxwtdijlfegz bwkieiz | eixwticgz# ge ~itxljwcit iexg cfz jikdlfz ge gc wzf hg ci xlgtti | gc

jikdlf jclkéxljf kwehlic# efz fdclai i ik~clit cfz tgjwtzfz# izwklt ki|ftgz

tgz~fezidlclhihgz | ihf~xit kghlhiz ~iti ci lexgtvgejlúe | ci agzxlúe hg ci gr~cfxijlúe hg

gzxi ijxlvlhih% Gc ftlage hgc ~tfdcgki ic ywg zg ~tgxgehg hit zfcwjlúe zg gejwgexti ge0

Cfz lexgtgzgz zgjxftlicgz | ~tlvihfz=

Ci gzjizi jfejlgejli ~fcëxlji | zfjlic otgexg ci lk~ftxiejli hgc ~i~gc ywg `wgaie ciz

kfexiùiz=





Ci hloljwcxih ~iti vicftit gjfeúkljikgexg cf ywg zlaeloljie ciz kfexiùiz i elvgc

acfdic=

Cfz ~tfdcgkiz ~iti jfk~tgehgt ywg ciz kfexiùiz tgywlgtge we xtixiklgexf

hlogtgexg ~ft zw otialclhih# | cfz gogjxfz ge jizjihi ywg ~wghge agegtitzg ~ft ci

hgatihijlúe hg gzxiz étgiz=

Ci legrlzxgejli hg gzxtixgaliz hg agzxlúe i kghlf | citaf ~cipf otgexg gzxg xl~f hg

ijxlvlhihgz=

\ ci hgzjffthleijlúe | hlz~gtzlúe hg jfk~gxgejliz zfdtg ci agzxlúe hgc xgttlxftlf#

welhfz ic lexgtìz wtdieëzxljf | xwtëzxljf cfjic ywg zg jfexti~fege i ci jfezgtvijlúe

hgc kghlf ikdlgexg hg ci pfei%

Gc gexftef hg ci gzxijlúe hg gzywë hg Jgtcgt gz otéalc | kw| zlaeloljixlvf ~ft zw zleawcit

dgccgpi eixwtic% Gz we ~iti`g hg kfexiùi eixwtic# zicvi`g | ikdlgexickgexg zgezldcg ywg zg

geotgexi i wei ijxlvlhih cðhlji jfe kwjbfz lexgtgzgz gjfeúkljfz% Jwiehf ci elgvg gz

tgxltihi zg kwgzxtie ciz vgthihgtiz bgtlhiz hg ci kfexiùi% Zg ~tfhwjge ~ft ciz ~lcfeiz#

~fzxgz# tgkfexgz# xgehlhfz gcìjxtljfz# cfz jiùfegz hg elgvg itxloljlic# cfz hgz~gthljlfz |

fd`gxfz hg xfhiz ciz jcizgz idiehfeihfz ~ft cfz klcgz hg gzywlihftgz% ^ft fxtf cihf xikdlìe

zg hgdge ihi~xit ciz cihgtiz i ciz grlagejliz hg cfz gzywlihftgz# fdclaiehf i ywg ci

lejcleijlúe hg ci ~gehlgexg zgi kixgkéxljikgexg jfezxiexg% Gvlhgexgkgexg i ~fzxgtlftl zg

kwgzxti gc hgzizxtg0 ciz cihgtiz ~tfowehikgexg xtiezoftkihiz# jfccihfz lttgjfefjldcgz

kfhloljihfz ~iti ci lezxicijlúe hgc oleic hg tgkfexgz f gzjit~gz tfjfzfz hleiklxihfz ~iti

jfezgawlt cfz ~gtolcgz ihgjwihfz# bijge ywg ci kfexiùi zg jfevlgtxi ge we ~ilzi`g

owgtxgkgexg hgatihihf# | xtiezoftkihf lttgvgtzldcgkgexg ~ft ci kief bwkiei%

Cfz hiùfz ikdlgexicgz fjizlfeihfz ~ft ciz gzxijlfegz hg gzywë zfdtg cfz gjfzlzxgkiz hg

kghli | icxi kfexiùi zfe ativgz# ~gtkiegexgz g lttgvgtzldcgz# |i ywg ci ocfti | ci oiwei

iogjxihi ~ft cfz lk~ijxfz fjizlfeihfz hloëjlckgexg vwgcvg i tgjw~gtitzg% Cfz lk~ijxfz zfdtg

gc gexftef eixwtic hg geftkg otialclhih zfe htézxljfz | gz~gjxijwcitgz# xic | jfkf zg

kwgzxti ge gc tgzwcxihf hgc ieéclzlz hg tlgzafz# "vgt wdljijlúe hg tgkfexgz ge gc ~cief hg

–leotigzxtwjxwtiz | zgtvljlfz‛# | ciz –ofxfatioëiz‛ hg jihi wei hg ciz pfeiz jfttgz~fehlgexgz%

Gc ijxwic kfhgcf hg egafjlf gzxé iafxihf% Gc egafjlf hg ci elgvg ccgvihf i jidf ~ft

ITIKFE ge gzxfz ðcxlkfz iùfz# welhf i ciz ~fcëxljiz ikdlgexicgz hg cfz ~wgdcfz hgc




Kiewgc @fzì Kfticgz Kitxëegp <

gexftef# xlti ~lghtiz i zw ~tf~lf xgìhf ic kiexgegt we kfhgcf ywg jfextldw|g#

~tgjlzikgexg# i jicgexit gc ~ciegxi jfe gc iwkgexf hgc xtéoljf hg vgbëjwcfz hg gzywlihftgz%

Ci ~téjxlji hg gzxg hg~ftxg gzxé icgìhf hg ihi~xitzg ic kghlf# ~wgz ci oidtljijlúe hg elgvg

itxloljlic zw~feg ci jtgijlúe hg gkdiczgz | hg~úzlxfz hg iawi f jiwjgz eixwticgz#

jfehwjjlfegz gcìjxtljiz# xwdgtëiz# pieìz# gxj% Cfz jfzxgz# xiexf gjfeúkljfz jfkf

kghlfikdlgexicgz zg bijge ~tfatgzlvikgexg ki|ftgz# hg ci oftki bijli ciz ywg xlgehg gc

gzywë hgzittfccéehfzg kghliexg weiz jfehljlfegz itxloljlfziz | ihwcxgtihiz%

îti kltit hg kiexgegt ci ijxlvlhih gz egjgzitlf we jfk~tfklzf oltkg | tgiclpit

gzxtixgaliz ~tf|gjxihiz ~iti kiexgegtzg i citaf ~cipf% Gz egjgzitlf gk~tgehgt kghlhiz

ywg jfextldw|ie i kiexgegt gc ~ixtlkfelf ~ilzi`ëzxljf | ci tlywgpi hg ci dlfzogti hg ci pfei

iogjxihi ~iti aitiexlpit gc owxwtf gjfeúkljf+zfjlic acfdic hgc _iccg hg Dgeizywg | hg ci

~tf~li ijxlvlhih hg gr~cfxijlúe%

4%9 Zfzxgeldlclhih hgc kfhgcf | jikdlf jclkéxljf%

Gc kfhgcf ijxwic hg gr~cfxijlúe hg ciz ~lzxiz hg gzywë gzxé icgìhf hg cfz jtlxgtlfz hg

jfexgejlúe | zfzxgeldlclhihll% Ci lextfhwjjlúe hg ijjlfegz ~iti ci jfezgtvijlúe hg ci

dlfhlvgtzlhih# hg cfz tgjwtzfz bëhtljfz | hgc zwgcf# izë jfkf ci ~iclijlúe hgc jikdlf jclkéxljf#gz lei~cipidcg | hgdg gogjxwitzg jfe ci ki|ft jgcgtlhih ~fzldcg%

Ci xgk~gtixwti kwehlic hgc ~ciegxi bi iwkgexihf hgzhg oleicgz hgc zlacf RLR# >#4 °J ~ft

hgjgelf# | ci ~tlkivgti zg bi icitaihf hg 9 i 8 hëiz ~ft hgjgelf ge cfz ðcxlkfz jwitgexi

iùfz% Ge icxlxwhgz ~ft hgdi`f hg cfz 4%7>> kgxtfz# cfz gogjxfz hgc jicgexiklgexf zgtée ge cfz

~túrlkfz hgjgelfz kw| lk~ftxiexgz# xtihwjlìehfzg ge wei owzlúe kéz té~lhi# zfdtg xfhf ge

~tlkivgti# | ge wei kgeft ~gtzlzxgejli hg ci elgvg% Gc gz~gzft kghlf hgc kiexf elvic zg

tghwjltëi hg we kgxtf i ?> jk% Jfe gzxf ge ciz gzxijlfegz zlxwihiz ~ft gejlki hg cfz 4%>>>

k# zg ~tfhwjlté wei hlzklewjlúe efxidcg hg cfz hëiz hg elgvglll%

Jfe ci zwdlhi hg zúcf hfz atihfz ~wghg ~gthgtzg# gextg hljlgkdtg | idtlc# we kgz hg

ijxlvlhih# ~ft oicxi hg elgvg% Gzxg bgjbf iogjxité hg oftki efxidcg ci ijxlvlhih hgzittfccihi

~ft ci gzxijlúe hg gzywë%

Ciz ~tgjl~lxijlfegz ge oftki hg elgvg zgtée jihi vgp kéz gzjiziz# lttgawcitgz g

lk~tghgjldcgz# lejtgkgexf ge gc tlgzaf hg icwhgz%




Kiewgc @fzì Kfticgz Kitxëegp 9>

Gc jikdlf jclkéxljf hgz~cipité ciz ~lzxiz hg gzywë i pfeiz hg ki|ft icxlxwh # jfejgextihf

cfz lk~ijxfz ikdlgexicgz ge gz~ijlfz jihi vgp kéz gzjizfz | gjfcúaljikgexg zgezldcgz% Gc

jfzxg gjfeúkljf hgc jikdlf jclkéxljf zfdtg gc zgjxft xwtëzxljf ~fhtëi izjgehgt

jfezlhgtidcgkgexg ~iti jfezgawlt ciz jfehljlfegz ú~xlkiz ~iti gc gzywë ic~lef# | bidtëi ywg

zwkit gc jfzxg gjfeúkljf hg cfz icwhgz# jw|i otgjwgejli zg lejtgkgexitëi ge iùfz

grjg~jlfeicgz hg atiehgz ~tgjl~lxijlfegz hg elgvg%

4%4 Iz~gjxfz zfjlf+gjfeúkljfz%

Ci gzxijlúe hg gzywë hg Jgtcgt i~ftxi we hgzittfccf xwtëzxljf ge ci pfei hgc _iccg hg

Dgeizywg% Ci jtgijlúe hg ~wgzxfz hg xtidi`fz hltgjxfz g lehltgjxfz# bi kg`ftihf ciz

jfkweljijlfegz# izë jfkf ci ~fxgejlijlúe hg cfz zgtvljlfz | gc xwtlzkf ge agegtic% Zle

gkditaf zg fdzgtvie wei zgtlg hg iz~gjxfz ywg iogjxie hltgjxi f lehltgjxikgexg ci

zfzxgeldlclhih hgc kghlf hfehg zg ccgvi i jidf ci gr~cfxijlúe hg gzxi ijxlvlhih%

Zg ~tfhwjg we otgjwgexg lejwk~clklgexf hg ci cgalzcijlúe ikdlgexic | wtdieëzxlji "ge ci

jicloljijlúe hg xgttgefz | gc fthgeiklgexf wtdieëzxljf hg ciz ~fdcijlfegz iogjxihiz,# ~ft

~itxg hg ciz Ihklelzxtijlfegz cfjicgz | iwxfeúkljiz ywg bijge ~tgzlfegz ~iti jghgt iexg

lexgtgzgz gjfeúkljfz% Oicxi we ~ciegiklgexf wtdieëzxljf hg ciz ~fdcijlfegz iogjxihiz ~ft ciijxlvlhih ~iti gc fthgeiklgexf wtdief | cfz gexftefz otgexg gc iwag hg ci ~tfkfjlúe

lekfdlclitli% Ci vgtxgdtijlúe hgc xgttlxftlf bi ~tfvfjihf we kfhgcf wtdieëzxljf

lezfzxgeldcg% Ci ~tfkfjlúe wtdieëzxlji ccgvi zfcf xgk~ftickgexg ~fdcijlúe i cfz cwaitgz

hfehg f~gti# gzgejlickgexg hg kief hg fdti gklatiexg# ywg zg ywghi ge gc cwait hg oftki

xgk~ftic# zle lejlhlt i~geiz ge gc jtgjlklgexf hg ci ~fdcijlúe% Ci ~fdcijlúe hg hgtgjbf

"gk~ihtfeihi ge ciz pfeiz hg xwtlzkf kizlvf gz kw| zw~gtlft i ci hg bgjbf "ci ywg vlvg

:?7 hëiz ic iùf,% Ci ~fdcijlúe ocwjxwiexg grlag lhìexljfz zgtvljlfz ywg iywgccfz hlzotwxihfz

~ft cfz hg hgtgjbf# ~gtf jfe ci hlogtgejli ywg zw gzxiejli ge gc ~wgdcf gz kw| tghwjlhi% Gzxf

fdclai i cfz i|wexiklgexfz i hgzftdlxit zwz ~tgzw~wgzxfz zle bijgt cf ~tf~lf jfe cfz

leatgzfz# "zgtvljlfz hg dizwtiz# ~fcljëi kweljl~ic | kiexgelklgexf hg ciz lezxicijlfegz hg cwp

f iawi,% I jikdlf zg bi gejfextihf jfe ~tfdcgkiz i ci bfti hg jfdtit lk~wgzxfz ic

tgz~gjxf# ~ft ciz ywg`iz hg cfz iogjxihfz# ihwjlgehf gzxfz ywg ef vlvge ge ci cfjiclhih

hwtiexg xfhf gc iùf% Gc kfhgcf hg hgzittfccf dizihf ge ci jfezxtwjjlúe iawhlpi ci

hgzvgtxgdtijlúe hgc xgttlxftlf% Gzxg kfhgcf ccgvi ge ci pfei i ofjiclpit atiehgz levgtzlfegz





~ðdcljiz | ~tlvihiz ge xftef i ci gzxijlúe hg gzywë | xlgege we tgzwcxihf hgoljlgexg i ci bfti

hg ol`it ~fdcijlúe ge gc xgttlxftlf%

Ci kizloljijlúe bwkiei hg jitéjxgt xgk~ftic# "xwtlzkf kizlvf,# ge tgcijlúe i ci ~téjxlji hgc

gzywë ic~lef# bie ijittgihf ge gc _iccg ~tfdcgkiz jfkf ci ~ìthlhi hg jiclhih hg vlhi#

hgatihijlúe ikdlgexic | ~ilzi`ëzxlji# ativgz zlxwijlfegz hg jfexikleijlúe ~ft xtéoljf

~gzihf# | ge fxtfz cwaitgz ci lk~ciexijlúe hg lezxicijlfegz xwtëzxljiz bi agegtihf hgxgtlftf

i vgjgz lttgvgtzldcg hg gexftefz otéalcgz% Gc xwtlzkf kizlvf ef gz wei vgthihgti i~wgzxi hg

owxwtf hihi zw oicxi hg zfzxgelklgexf xgk~ftic% Gc i~tfvgjbiklgexf kizlvf hg cfz tgjwtzfz

zw~feg zw hgatihijlúe# ge we xlgk~f vitlidcg hg~gehlgehf hg cfz iùfz ~izihfz | gc elvgc hg

hgzittfccf% Gc xwtlzkf kizlvf ef jfezlawg grxgehgt ci xgk~ftihi% Ci i~wgzxi

grjcwzlvikgexg ~ft gc xwtlzkf levgteic zw~feg tgewejlit i ci ~fzljlúe vgexi`fzi hg kgtjihf

hg ci ywg hlz~feg gc xwtlzkf zfzxgeldcg | zijtloljit gc jtgjlgexg iwkgexf hgc xwtlzkf ge

~tlkivgti | fxfùf# ~ft ci xgk~ftihi levgteic% Hgdg iùihltzg ywg gc ~ðdcljf f wzwitlfz ywg

ijjghge i ciz ~lzxiz zwgcg zgt ~fjf tgz~gxwfzf jfe gc kghlf ikdlgexg# i hlogtgejli hg fxtf

xl~f hg xwtlzxi ywg ~téjxlji we hg~ftxg kgefz iatgzlvf jfe gc gexftef | kéz zfzxgeldcg i

citaf ~cipf%

Zg ~tfhwjg wei gz~gjwcijlúe wtdieëzxlji | iwkgexf hg cfz ~tgjlfz# zfdtg xfhf hg ci

vlvlgehi% Gzxi zg bijg leijjgzldcg ~iti ci agexg hgc gexftef tgickgexg lexgtgzihi ge

izgexitzg% Fxtf ~tfdcgki gz ywg gc dgegoljlf wtdieëzxljf ef tgjig ge ciz ~fdcijlfegz cfjicgz#

zlef ywg kitjbi cg`fz hg ciz pfeiz hfehg zg jfezxtw|g% Grlzxg wei ativg hloljwcxih hg ijjgzf

i ci vlvlgehi hgdlhf i ci tgvicftlpijlúe gz~gjwcixlvi hgc zwgcf# | i cfz zfdtgjfzxgz hg ci

jfezxtwjjlúe%

Jfkf tgzwcxihf zg ~tfhwjg wei ~ìthlhi hg jiclhih hg vlhi% Gc xwtlzkf kizlvf ijidigk~gftiehf ci jiclhih hg vlhi hg ci ~fdcijlúe cfjic% Ciz atiehgz gk~tgziz hg bfzxgcgtëi#

jfe atiehgz gzxtixgaliz hg kitmgxlea | atie ~fhgt hg egafjlijlúe# ~wghge tgjfehwjlt ci

hgkiehi | gclkleit ci jfk~gxgejli# hg kiegti ywg gc ~gywgùf egafjlf oiklclit ef xlgeg

cwait%

Zg ~tfhwjg wei atie hgkiehi hg leotigzxtwjxwtiz | zgtvljlfz% Ywg gc viccg zg bi|i

jfevgtxlhf ge cwait hg ixtijjlúe xwtëzxlji hgtlvihi hg ciz ~lzxiz hg gzywë# bi ~tfvfjihf wei

ki|ft hgkiehi hg leotigzxtwjxwtiz hg jfkweljijlúe "jittgxgtiz,# | zgtvljlfz "bfxgcgz |

vlvlgehiz hg zgawehi tgzlhgejli,% Gc zgjxft zgtvljlfz hg ci pfei bi ~tfvfjihf we iwkgexf hg





ci ~tfhwjjlúe | hlzxtldwjlúe hg gegtaëi# jfe atiehgz hgzgywlcldtlfz ge ci wxlclpijlúe hg cfz

tgjwtzfz%

Zg ~tgjlzi wei gvicwijlúe hg cfz vgthihgtfz dgegoljlfz | ~gt`wljlfz hg ci ijxlvlhih zfdtg gc

kghlf ikdlgexg% Hgzhg cfz ftaielzkfz | gexlhihgz ~ðdcljiz# ef zg gvicðie cfz gogjxfz i

citaf ~cipf# ef zg vicftie ciz jfezgjwgejliz ~ft hgxgtlftf hgc ~ciegxi# gc gogjxf hgc jikdlf

jclkéxljf zfdtg gzxi ijxlvlhih# izë jfkf gc iwkgexf hg ciz xgk~gtixwtiz | jfkf tgzwcxihf ci

leotigzxtwjxwti ywg zgtëi egjgzitli ~iti aitiexlpit ci vlidlclhih hg ci lezxicijlúe%

4%: Iz~gjxfz ̀ wtëhljf+ihklelzxtixlvfz%

Ge gc Iegrf e°: –Jfezlhgtijlfegz ~tgvliz‛# zg jfejtgxi ci zlxwijlúe hgc kitjf `wtëhljf+

ihklelzxtixlvf ijxwic# | jfkf gzxg iogjxi i ciz ~fcëxljiz gk~tgehlhiz ge xftef i ci

~tfxgjjlúe hgc kghlf ikdlgexg ccgvihiz i jidf ge ci pfei%

4%8 Iogjxijlúe i xgtjgtfz%

Jiklefz vgjleicgz# jiùihiz f ijjgzfz i pfeiz ocwvlicgz zg vge ijfxihfz ~ft ci ~tlvixlpijlúe

hg jik~fz lexgtkghlfz hg ci gzxijlúe hg gzywë ~felgehf lk~ghlkgexfz i cfz aieihgtfz

~iti g`gtjgt zwz hgtgjbfz iejgzxticgz hg ~izxf "tgkfexgz# hgxgtlftf hgc kiexf vgagxic#gxj%,%

:% IAGEXGZ LK^CLJIHFZ%

:%9 Atw~f Itikúe%

Atw~f ITIKÚE# "Kfexiùiz hg Itiaúe,% ^tf~lgxitli hg ci gzxijlúe hg gzywë hg Jgtcgt% Jfe

we 7>' hg ~itxljl~ijlúe hgc Afdlgtef hg Itiaúe g Ldgtji`i%

:%4 I|wexiklgexfz%

Dgeizywg "ywg agzxlfei xikdlìe Jgtcgt,% Gtlzxg# Zibðe Gtgzwì# Tikizxwì# Zgzwì# Zfz#

Jizxg`úe hg Zfz# Kfexiew|# Zie @wie hg ^cie# Jbëi# Wtkgcci# _lcciefvi | Itizie%

:%: Afdlgtef Itiaúe%

Xlgeg ciz jfk~gxgejliz kghlfikdlgexicgz zfdtg ciz ijxwijlfegz ge ci pfei iogjxihi%

Ihgkéz xic | jfkf zg bi lehljihf xlgeg ~itxljl~ijlúe | tg~tgzgexijlúe hltgjxi zfdtg

ITIKÚE "| hg oftki grxtifoljlic xikdlìe ic tgvìz,%




Kiewgc @fzì Kfticgz Kitxëegp 9:

:%8 Pfeiz eixwticgz ~tfxgalhiz%

^itxg hg ciz lezxicijlfegz zg lextfhwjge ge gc hfklelf hgc ^itywg Eixwtic ^fzgxz+Kicihgxi |

hg zw Étgi hg Leocwgejli% Gzxg gz wef hg cfz ~tlejl~icgz gz~ijlfz eixwticgz ~tfxgalhfz

iogjxihfz ~ft ci ijxlvlhih% Zw grxgezlúe icjiepi ciz ::%88> bi# jfe wei Pfei ^gtloìtlji hg

^tfxgjjlúe hg 7%4<> bi# | jfk~tgehg cfz xìtklefz kweljl~icgz hg Alzxiëe# Zie @wie hg ^cie#

Zibðe# Dgeizywg | Kfexiew|% Gz~ijlfz hg tgcixlvi grxgezlúe# ~fjf xtiezoftkihfz ~ft ci

gr~cfxijlúe | fjw~ijlúe bwkiei# ywg ~fzgge vicftgz gjfcúaljfz# gzxìxljfz# ghwjixlvfz |

jlgexëoljfz jw|i jfezgtvijlúe kgtgjg ixgejlúe ~tgogtgexg | ~wghg jfk~ixldlclpitzg jfe ciz

ijxlvlhihgz bwkieiz i xtivìz hg we wzf gywlcldtihf | zfzxgeldcg hg cfz tgjwtzfz% Hgjcitijlúe

~ft Cg| hg Jftxgz hg Itiaúe# ~tgvli i~tfdijlúe hgc ^FTE%

Kfewkgexfz eixwticgz hg cfz acijlitgz ~ltgeiljfz# gz~ijlfz ~tfxgalhfz ~ft ci Cg| 4&9<<> |

hgclklxihfz ~ft gc Hgjtgxf 419&4>>4 gzxidcgjlìehfzg xikdlìe weiz pfeiz ~gtloìtljiz hg

~tfxgjjlúe%

Pfeiz hg gz~gjlic ~tfxgjjlúe ~iti ciz ivgz jfeoftkg ci Hltgjxlvi <4&8:&JGG "hgzlaeijlúe hg

ciz pfeiz,# | ci Hltgjxlvi 1<&8><&JGG "gzxidcgjlklgexf hg fd`gxlvfz ~iti ci ~tfxgjjlúe,% Zfe

agzxlfeihiz ~ft ci Tgh Eixwti 4>>># iogjxiehf0 Ci pfei gz~gjlic ~tfxgjjlúe ~iti ciz ivgz hg

^fzgxz+ Kicihgxi "GZ>>>>98<,%

Cwaitgz hg lk~ftxiejli Jfkwelxitli "CLJ,% Zfe pfeiz gz~gjlicgz hg jfezgtvijlúe

agzxlfeihiz ~ft ci Tgh Eixwti 4>>> i ~itxlt hg ci Hltgjxlvi <4&8:&JGG ~iti jfezgtvit cfz

bédlxixz eixwticgz# ci oiwei | ocfti zlcvgzxtg% Ci pfei zg vg iogjxihi ~ft gc CLJ hg ^fzgxz ‚

Kicihgxi "GZ>>>>98<,% Jfe wei zw~gtoljlg hg ::%:81 Bi# ge cfz kweljl~lfz hg Zibðe#

Dgeizywg | Kfexiew|% Xikdlìe gc CLJ hg Tëf Ìzgti "GZ489>>8?, ywg iditji wei zw~gtoljlg

hg 9%17< Bi ge cfz kweljl~lfz lejcwlhfz ge gc ^tf|gjxf hg Dgeizywg# Jizxg`úe hg Zfz# Jbëi#

Zibðe# Zgzwì | _lcciefvi% \ gc ðcxlkf gc CLJ hg ci Zlgtti hg Jbëi | Jfeafzxf hg Zglti

"GZ489>>7?,# jfe wei zw~gtoljlg xfxic hg 2%??1 Bi iogjxiehf cfz kweljl~lfz fd`gxf hg

gzxwhlf hg Jbëi# Zibðe# Zie @wie hg ^cie | _lcciefvi%

Étgiz eixwticgz zleawcitgz lejcwlhiz ge ci Tgh Eixwti 4>>> ~iti hit jfeoftklhih i ci Cg|

?&9<<2% Ge ci pfei i gzxwhlf gejfextikfz gc itgi eixwtic zleawcit hgc Icxf Ìzgti ywg

jfk~tgehg cfz xgttgefz hgc CLJ hgc Tëf Gzgti# ge cfz xìtklefz kweljl~icgz hg Dgeizywg |

Zibðe# jfe wei zw~gtoljlg hg 9%>1? Bi%





:%7 Dgegoljlitlfz%

Cfz dgegoljlitlfz hgc ^cie hg ijxwijlúe ywg zg ~tf|gjxi zfe ciz ~fdcijlfegz hg cfz

ictghghftgz ~ft wei kg`ft agzxlúe | gr~cfxijlúe hg ci ijxlvlhih# we gexftef ge kg`ftgz

jfehljlfegz kghlf ikdlgexicgz% \ ~ft jfezlawlgexg cfz jlwhihiefz# vlzlxiexgz | xwtlzxiz ywg

zg dgegoljlitie hg wei kg`fti hg ci jiclhih hg vlhi ge gzxg ~iti`g eixwtic%

Cfz gjfzlzxgkiz iogjxihfz ~ft ci ~tf~li ijxlvlhih# fdxgelìehfzg wei kg`ft lexgatijlúe hg

gzxi | cfz tgjwtzfz eixwticgz hg ci pfei%

8% CFJICLPIJLÚE%

Ci gzxijlúe hg gzywë hg Jgtcgt zg wdlji ge gc Icxf ~ltlegf Itiafeìz ge gc grxtgkf eftgzxg hgci ~tfvlejli hg Bwgzji "Jfkitji hg ci Tldiaftpi,%

Zw ijxlvlhih hg gr~cfxijlúe iogjxi i cfz viccgz hg Jgtcgt | Ik~tlw# izë jfkf cfz kweljl~lfz hg

Dgeizywg# Jgtcgt# Gtlzxg# Zibðe Gtgzwì# Tikizxwì# Zgzwì# Zfz# Jizxg`úe hg Zfz# Kfexiew|#

Zie @wie hg ^cie# Jbëi# Wtkgcci# _lcciefvi | Itizie# "vgt ~cief hg –zlxwijlúe‛,%

7% KITJF CGAIC I^CLJIDCG

Ge gc Iegrf e°:# –jfezlhgtijlfegz ~tgvliz‛ zg bie lextfhwjlhf wei zgtlg hg iz~gjxfz ywg zfe

lk~ftxiexgz ~iti ihvgtxlt ci zlxwijlúe cgaic grlzxgexg ge ci ijxwiclhih otgexg ciz gzxijlfegz

hg gzywë ge ci pfei hg icxi kfexiùi | ciz lexgtijjlfegz jfe ci ~tf~lghih# | ciz

ihklelzxtijlfegz cfjicgz | iwxfeúklji tgz~gjxlvikgexg% Gzxi leoftkijlúe zg bi lextfhwjlhf

ëexgatikgexg hg cfz hfjwkgexfz hg Tghkfexiùiz hgzjtlxfz ge gc ji~ëxwcf hg –tgogtgejliz‛%

I jfexlewijlúe zg tgcijlfei ci eftkixlvi hg i~cljijlúe i ci ijxlvlhih fd`gxf hgc ~tf|gjxf%

Gwtf~gi%

Hltgjxlvi <4&8:&JGG# hg 49 hg ki|f# tgcixlvi i ci Jfezgtvijlúe hg cfz Bédlxix Eixwticgz | hg

ci Oiwei | Ocfti Zlcvgzxtgzlv%

LEZXTWKGEXF hg Tixloljijlúe hgc Jfevgelf Gwtf~gf hgc ^ilzi`g "eðkgtf 91? hgc Jfezg`f hg

Gwtf~i,# bgjbf ge Ocftgejli gc 4> hg fjxwdtg hg 4>>>% D%F%I% e° :7# hg 92&>:&9<<8%

Gzxixic%

Hgjtgxf 4898&9<?9# hg :> hg efvlgkdtg# ~ft gc ywg zg i~twgdi gc tgacikgexf hg ijxlvlhihgz

kfcgzxiz# lezicwdtgz# efjlviz | ~gclatfziz DFG 4<4# hg >1+94+?9%





Itxëjwcf 9:>%4 hg ci Jfezxlxwjlúe Gz~iùfci "9<1<,v%

Tgic Hgjtgxf 99:9&9<22# hg :> hg zg~xlgkdtg# ~ft gc ywg zg i~twgdi gc tgacikgexf ~iti ci

g`gjwjlúe hgc tgic hgjtgxf cgalzcixlvf 9:>4&9<2?# hg 42 hg `welf# hg gvicwijlúe hg lk~ijxf

ikdlgexic%

TGIC HGJTGXF+CG\ <&4>>># hg ? hg fjxwdtg# hg kfhloljijlúe hgc Tgic Hgjtgxf cgalzcixlvf

9:>4&9<2?# hg 42 hg `welf# hg Gvicwijlúe hg Lk~ijxf Ikdlgexic% "DFG e° 489 hg 1 hg

fjxwdtg hg 4>>>,

Cg| ?&4>>9# hg 2 hg ki|f# hg kfhloljijlúe hgc tgic hgjtgxf cgalzcixlvf 9:>4&9<2?# hg 42 hg

`welf# hg gvicwijlúe hg lk~ijxf ikdlgexic%

Cg| 8:&4>>: hgtfai ci Cg| hg Kfexgz hg 9<71 | gzxidcgjg gc ewgvf tìalkge ~iti gzxiz

pfeizvl%

Cg| 2&4>>1 hg 42 hg ki|f# hg Zwgcfvll%

Cg| 84&4>>1# hg îxtlkfelf Eixwtic | Dlfhlvgtzlhih%

Cg| 87&4>>1# hg 9: hg hljlgkdtg# ~iti gc Hgzittfccf Zfzxgeldcg hgc Kghlf Twtic%

Iwxfeúklji%

CG\ 2&9<<8# hg 42 hg zg~xlgkdtg# hg kfhloljijlúe hg ci Cg| :&9<<8# hg 4: hg `welf# hg

jtgijlúe hgc îtywg ^fzgxz+Kicihgxi% DFI e° 94> hg 1&9>&<8%

Hgjtgxf 87&9<<8# hg 8 hg kitpf# hg ci Hl~wxijlúe Agegtic hg Itiaúe# hg gvicwijlúe hg

lk~ijxf ikdlgexic%

Hgjtgxf 992&9<<1# hg 2 hg `wclf# hgc Afdlgtef hg Itiaúe# ~ft gc ywg zg hgzlaei i ci hltgjjlúe

agegtic hg jiclhih ikdlgexic hgc hg~itxikgexf hg iatljwcxwti | kghlf ikdlgexg# útaief

jfk~gxgexg ~iti gc tgalzxtf hg gk~tgziz ywg zg ihblgtie jfe jitéjxgt vfcwexitlf i we

zlzxgki jfkwelxitlf hg agzxlúe | iwhlxftli ikdlgexicgz # DFI 2:# hg 92+>1+<1%

Cg| ?&9<<2# hg 9< hg ki|f# hg Gz~ijlfz Eixwticgz ^tfxgalhfz hg Itiaúe%

HGJTGXF 11&4>>># hg 99 hg idtlc# hgc Afdlgtef hg Itiaúe# ~ft gc ywg zg leljli gc

~tfjghlklgexf hg i~tfdijlúe hgc ^cie hg Fthgeijlúe hg cfz Tgjwtzfz Eixwticgz hgc îtywg

Eixwtic ^fzgxz+Kicihgxi | hg zw Étgi hg Leocwgejli Zfjlfgjfeúklji% DFI e° 7> hg

42&>8&>>%HGJTGXF 9&4>>?# hg 9> hg gegtf# hgc Afdlgtef hg Itiaúe# ~ft gc ywg zg kfhlolji

gc ^cie hg Fthgeijlúe hg cfz Tgjwtzfz Eixwticgz hgc îtywg Eixwtic hg ^fzgxz+Kicihgxi | zw

Étgi hg Leocwgejli Zfjlf+gjfeúklji# i~tfdihf ~ft Hgjtgxf 982&4>>7# hg 4? hg `wclf# hgc

Afdlgtef hg Itiaúe%




Kiewgc @fzì Kfticgz Kitxëegp 9?

HGJTGXF 984&4>>># hg 99 hg `wclf# hgc Afdlgtef hg Itiaúe# ~ft gc ywg zg tgawci ci ijik~ihi

hg icxi kfexiùi ge gc îtywg Eixwtic ^fzgxz+Kicihgxi% DFI e° 2< hg 4?&>1&>>% Eftki

hgtfaihi ~ft Hgjtgxf 982&4>>7 hg 4? hg `wclf# ge DFI e° <8# hg >7&>2&4>>7% Ole hg

vlagejli0 7&>2&4>>7

FTHGE hg 49 hg fjxwdtg hg 4>>4# hgc Hg~itxikgexf hg Kghlf Ikdlgexg# ~ft ci ywg zg

~tfjghg i ci i~tfdijlúe leljlic hgc ^cie hg Fthgeijlúe hg cfz Tgjwtzfz Eixwticgz hgc îtywg

Eixwtic ^fzgxz+Kicihgxi | hg zw étgi hg leocwgejli zfjlfgjfeúklji | zg zfkgxge i

leoftkijlúe ~ðdclji gc jlxihf ~cie | ci hgjcitijlúe hg xtgz étgiz eixwticgz zleawcitgz ~tgvlzxiz

ge gc klzkf% DFI e° 9:: hg 99&99&>4%

Cg| 2&4>>8# hg 4> hg hljlgkdtg# hg kghlhiz wtagexgz ge kixgtli hg kghlf ikdlgexg%

HGJTGXF 982&4>>7# hg 4? hg `wclf# hgc Afdlgtef hg Itiaúe# ~ft gc ywg zg i~twgdi

hgolelxlvikgexg gc ^cie hg Fthgeijlúe hg cfz Tgjwtzfz Eixwticgz hgc îtywg Eixwtic hg

^fzgxz+Kicihgxi | zw Étgi hg Leocwgejli Zfjlfgjfeúklji% DFI e° <8 hg 7&>2&>7%

?% KGXFHFCFAËI HG IEICLZLZ G LEXGT_GEJLÚE%

?%9 Iz~gjxfz jiwziexgz%

Ge ~tlkgt cwait ~tfjghgtefz i lhgexloljit cfz iz~gjxfz% Cfz iz~gjxfz zfe ciz jiwziz# júkf ciijxlvlhih lexgtijxði jfe gc kghlf | agegti ge jwiexf i gklzlfegz# vgtxlhfz# tgzlhwfz# twlhf#

jfezwkfz# gxjvlll% Zg bi jcizloljihf zgaðe xl~fcfaëi hgc iz~gjxf0 iz~gjxfz ikdlgexicgz=

iz~gjxfz zfjlfgjfeúkljfz= | iz~gjxfz `wtëhljf+ihklelzxtixlvfz%

?%4 Cfz oijxftgz jiwziexgz%

Zfe cfz gcgkgexfz ywg hie ftlage ic iz~gjxf jiwziexg0 ~lzxiz hg gzywë# ~cixioftkiz hg

bftklaúe# cëegi hg jiùfegz | dicziz# jiklefz hg zgtvljlf# jittgxgtiz hg ijjgzf# tgkfexgz#

ghloljijlfegz# cëegiz gcìjxtljiz# zlzxgki iexl+icwhgz# i~itjiklgexfz# xwdgtëiz | jieiclpijlúe

hg zgtvljlfz# kéywlei ~lzi+elgvg f zefqjix# kiywleitli | vgbëjwcfz hg zgtvljlf f

kiexgelklgexf# f cfz vgbëjwcfz hg cfz wzwitlfz%

?%: Lk~ijxfz%

Cfz lk~ijxfz zfe gc gogjxf# jfezgjwgejliz% Zg lhgexloljitée cfz lk~ijxfz# jcizloljéehfcfz

zgaðe zw ftlage ge ikdlgexicgz "oëzljfz f iextú~ljfz,# zfjlfgjfeúkljfz f `wtëhljf





ihklelzxtixlvfz# xic | jfkf zg ~tfjghgté xikdlìe i ci jcizloljijlúe hg cfz iz~gjxfz

jiwziexgz%

i% Cfz lk~ijxfz ikdlgexicgz zg ieiclpitée zgaðe i ywì kghlf ~tfhwpji ci icxgtijlúe0

iltg & ixkúzogti= xlgtti & zwgcf & tgclgvg= oiwei= ocfti & vgagxijlúe= iawi & zlzxgki

blhtfcúaljf= ~ilzi`g# | tgjwtzfz eixwticgz%

d% Cfz lk~ijxfz zfjlf+gjfeúkljfz zg ieiclpitée zgaðe cfz iz~gjxfz jiwziexgz

vlejwciexgz hg ci tgcijlúe hgc i~itxihf –?%9% Iz~gjxfz jiwziexgz‛ zgaðe cf

hgzittfccihf ge i~itxihf –4%:% Iz~gjxfz zfjlfgjfeúkljfz‛%

j% \ cfz lk~ijxfz `wtëhljf+ihklelzxtixlvfz zg ieiclpitée zlawlgehf ciz ~tgklziz hgc

i~itxihf –4%8% Iz~gjxfz `wtëhljf+ihklelzxtixlvfz‛%

?%8 Gvicwijlúe jwiclxixlvi hg cfz lk~ijxfz ikdlgexicgz%

Ge ci gvicwijlúe zg ieiclpie cfz lk~ijxfz hg jitéjxgt egaixlvf# iywgccfz ywg zw~fege ci

hgatihijlúe hg ci pfei i gzxwhlf% Ci vicftijlúe hg jihi wef hg cfz lk~ijxfz tgzwcxiexgz zg

jicjwcité jfe gc ~tfhwjxf hg cfz zlawlgexgz oijxftgz%

Lexgezlhih% Zgaðe ci hgzxtwjjlúe hgc kghlf zgi xfxic# icxi# kghli f di`i%

Grxgezlúe% Zgaðe iogjxg i we cwait kw| jfejtgxf "~wexwic,# i wei pfei icaf ki|ft "~itjlic,#

i wei atie ~itxg hgc kghlf "grxtgki,# i xfhf "xfxic,# f ge we cwait jtëxljf%

Kfkgexf% Cixgexg zl zg kielolgzxi ic jidf hg we xlgk~f "jfexikleijlúe hg zwgcfz# ~ft

g`gk~cf,# lekghlixfz# f jtëxljfz%

^gtzlzxgejli% Owaip zl hwti kgefz hg 9 iùf= zl hwti gextg 9 | : iùfz gz xgk~ftic= ~gtxleip zl

hwti hg 8 i 9> iùfz= | ~gtkiegexg zl gz ~iti zlgk~tg%

Tgjw~gtijlúe% Zgaðe zgi kéz f kgefz oéjlc hg tg~itit hlzxleawlkfz lttgjw~gtidcgz#

tgvgtzldcgz# klxlaidcgz# | tgjw~gtidcgz%

^gtlfhljlhih% Zl gz jfexlewf# hlzjfexlewf f ~gtlúhljf&lttgawcit%

Fxtf ~itékgxtf ywg zgté xgelhf ge jwgexi zgté ci zwki hg cfz gogjxfz# gvicwiehf zl ~wghg

grlzxlt we gogjxf hg zlegtali gextg lk~ijxfz% ^iti jicjwcit gc tgzwcxihf hg ci vicftijlúe zg

tgzwkg cfz jécjwcfz ge ci zlawlgexg xidci0





îtékgxtfz îtékgxtfz

Efkdtg _icft Tgzwcxihf Efkdtg _icft Tgzwcxihf

Lexgezlhih 8 Xfxic ^gtzlzxgejli 8 ^gtkiegexg

: Icxi : ^gtxleip

4 Kghli 4 Xgk~ftic9 Diì 9 Owaip

Grxgezlúe 7 Jtëxlji Tgjw~gtijlúe 8 Lttgjw~gtidcg

8 Xfxic : Tgvgtzldcg

: Grxtgki 4 Klxlaidcg

4 îtjlic 9 Tgjw~gtidcg

9 ^wexwic Jfexlewlhih : Jfexlewf

Kfkgexf : Jtëxljf 4 Hlzjfexlewf

4 Lekghlixf 9 ^gtlúhljf &Lttgawcit9 Cixgexg

_icftijlúe

' Xfx% _icft Tgzwcxihf

97' > ‚ 8:4 CG_G

:>' 8:: + 2?8 ZG_GTF

7>' <?7 + 988> ATI_G

5 7>' 9889 ‚ 422> JTËXLJF

Ge gc ~tfjgzf hg gvicwijlúe ccgvihf i jidf ge gc i~itxihf –1% Ieéclzlz hg tlgzafz‛# zg

vicftitée jihi wef hg cfz lk~ijxfz tgzwcxiexgz# ge ~tlkgt cwait ~tgvlf i ci lk~ciexijlúe hg

ciz ijxwijlfegz ~tf~wgzxiz# | hgz~wìz zg tgiclpité wei vicftijlúe gzxlkihi jfe ci

lk~ciexijlúe hg hljbiz ijxwijlfegz%

?%7 Gzxwhlf hg ijxwijlfegz | gzxtixgaliz%

Zg lehljitée ciz ijxwijlfegz | gzxtixgaliz ~tgvlzxiz ~iti tghwjlt# gclkleit f jfk~gezit cfz

lk~ijxfz ikdlgexicgz egaixlvfz zlaeloljixlvfz# izë jfkf ~iti ixgewit f zw~tlklt cfz gogjxfz

egaixlvfz hg ci ijxlvlhih ge jwiexf i zw gr~cfxijlúe | wdljijlúe# jwiexf i cfz

~tfjghlklgexfz hg iexljfexikleijlúe# hg~wtijlúe | hlz~fzlxlvfz ageìtljfz hg ~tfxgjjlúe ic

kghlf ikdlgexg% Zg ~tlftlpitie ciz ijxwijlfegz zfdtg cfz lk~ijxfz jfe wei vicftijlúe

zgvgti# ativg | ~tlejl~ickgexg zfdtg ciz jtëxljiz% Zg hlogtgejlitie ciz ijxwijlfegz ageìtljiz

ge xfhi ci gr~cfxijlúe# | ciz ijxwijlfegz gz~gjëoljiz hgxiccihiz ~iti jihi pfei iogjxihi ~ft

we lk~ijxf jfejtgxf%

Ge dizg ic tgzwcxihf hg ci vicftijlúe hg cfz lk~ijxfz hgc i~itxihf –1% Ieéclzlz hg tlgzafz‛# zg

~tlftlpitée ciz ijxwijlfegz ~iti tgzfcvgt cfz lk~ijxfz jfe wei ki|ft vicftijlúe%




Kiewgc @fzì Kfticgz Kitxëegp 9<

Ciz gzxtixgaliz hg ijxwijlúe zgawltée wei ~tlftlpijlúe hgzjgehgexg0 hg oftki ywg

~tgvicgjgté ci ~tgvgejlúelr# zg zgawlté jfe ci klxlaijlúe&tghwjjlúer# gc jfextfcrl# | oleickgexg

ci tgzxiwtijlúerll f kghlhiz jfk~gezixftliz% Ge ci ~tlftlpijlúe xikdlìe zgté lk~ftxiexg gc

~cipf lehljihf# ~tgvicgjlgehf ciz ywg zg g`gjwxitée i jftxf ~cipf# hgz~wìz ci hg kghlf ~cipf

| ~ft ðcxlkf ciz hg citaf ~cipf%

?%? Hgclklxijlúe%

Zg ~tfjghg i ci hgclklxijlúe hg ciz pfeiz hfehg zg ~tgvìe tgiclpit ijxwijlfegz# ~iti ywg zg

~wghie wdljit ge ci gr~cfxijlúe | xikdlìe ge cfz ~ciefz hg oftki atéolji% ^ft we cihf

xgegkfz ci pfei lexgtlft# pfei hg iogjxijlúe hltgjxi hg ci ijxlvlhih hgzittfccihi ~ft ci

gzxijlúe hg gzywë% Zg hlvlhg ge hlogtgexgz étgiz ~iti ijfxit | jcizloljit ciz owxwtiz

ijxwijlfegz g lexgtvgejlfegz% Gzxiz étgiz zg hgolege atéoljikgexg ge gc ~cief –hgclklxijlúe

hg ciz pfeiz | étgiz‛# | ge gc iegrf e°9# –itjblvf ofxfatéoljf‛# ~wghge vgtzg ciz

jitijxgtëzxljiz hg jihi wei hg gzxiz%

Itgi 9# Jgtcgt%

Itgi 4# Ik~tlw%

Itgi :# Dizldì%

Étgi 8# Jfawcci%

Ci pfei grxgtlft gz ci pfei owgti hgc ékdlxf hg ci gzxijlúe hg gzywë# ~gtf jw|i lexgtvgejlúe

gz jcivg ~iti ci kg`fti hg ci zfzxgeldlclhih | ci zgawtlhih kghlf ikdlgexic hg ci ijxlvlhih hg

gr~cfxijlúe g`gtjlhi ~ft ciz lezxicijlfegz hg ci gzxijlúe%

1% IEICLZLZ HG TLGZAFZ

Efz ~gtklxlté ihvgtxlt ci icxgtijlúe hgc kghlf ~tfhwjxf hg ci gr~cfxijlúe hg ciz ~lzxiz hg

gzywë hg Jgtcgt% Hg cfz lk~ijxfz ikdlgexicgz zg tgiclpité wei gvicwijlúe jwiexlxixlvi | hg cfz

lk~ijxfz zfjlf+gjfeúkljfz | `wtëhljf+ihklelzxtixlvfz# ci gvicwijlúe zg tgiclpité hg oftki

jwiclxixlvi%





^tgvlf lk~ciexijlúe ijxwijlfegz%

Ge dizg ic hliaeúzxljf | gc ieéclzlz ~tgclkleit zg ~tfjghg i ci gvicwijlúe hgc lk~ijxf ikdlgexic ~tgvlf lk~ciexijlúe hg ciz ijxwijlfegz ~tgvlzxiz ge gc

i~itxihf –2% Ijxwijlfegz | gzxtixgaliz hg agzxlúe‛%

Lk~ijxf

Iz~gjxfz jiwziexgz Oijxftgz jiwziexgz

Gvicwijlúe _icftijlúelk~ijxfJúh% Xl~f Hgzjtl~jlúe Le Gr Kf ^g Tg Jf

O>9 Iltg &ixkúzogti Jfexikleijlúeixkfzoìtlji% Gklzlfegz hg jfkdwzxldcgz% _gbëjwcfz | kiywleitli ywg ijjghge i cizlezxicijlfegz% Kiywleitli hg leelvijlúe% : 7 4 8 : : ATI_G

O>4 Xlgtti &zwgcf &tgclgvg

Kfhloljijlúe hgctgclgvg# cizcihgtiz | zwzoftkiz%

Kfvlklgexf hg xlgttiz%Ihgjwijlúe xgttgef%Lezxicijlúe & Kiexgelklgexf leotigzxtwjxwtiz%Lezxicijlúe kghlfz hg ~tfxgjjlúe & jfexgejlúe%

Cëegiz gcìjxtljiz# kiywleitli hgkiexgelklgexf# vëiz hg ijjgzf# vëiz hgzgtvljlf# zlzxgkiz iexl+icwhgz | jftxi+vlgexfz# ghloljijlfegz# tgkfexgz# ~lzxiz hggzywë | i~itjiklgexfz%

8 7 4 8 8 : JTËXLJF

O>: Gtfzlúe hgc zwgcf% Ihgjwijlúe xgttgef%Lezxicijlúe & Kiexgelklgexf leotigzxtwjxwtiz%Xtéoljf vgbëjwcfz & kiywleitli%Xtéoljf bwkief kizlvf%

Jittgxgtiz hg ijjgzf# jiklefz hg zgtvljlf#tgkfexgz# ~cixioftkiz# ghloljijlfegz#cëegiz gcìjxtljiz# i~itjiklgexfz#kiywleitli | vgbëjwcfz%

: 7 4 8 : : ATI_G

O99 Jfexikleijlúehgc zwgcf

Tgzlhwfz ~gclatfzfz "ijglxgz# cfhfz | oieafz,%Tgzlhwfz wtdiefz "~cézxljfz# kixgtli ftaéelji#cixiz# gxj%,Tgzlhwfz legtxgz "gzjfkdtfz,%

^lzxiz hg gzywë# ghloljijlfegz#i~itjiklgexfz# kiywleitli | vgbëjwcfz%

8 7 9 : : 4 CG_G

O>< Oiwei Jfexikleijlúeijðzxlji%

Xtéoljf vgbëjwcfz & kiywleitli%Xtéoljf bwkief kizlvf%Twlhfz leotigzxtwjxwtiz%

Kiywleitli | vgbëjwcfz hg zgtvljlfz fkiexgelklgexf# vgbëjwcfz wzwitlfz#kiywleitli ~lzi+elgvgz f zefqjix#

tgkfexihftgz# ghloljijlfegz# cëegizgcìjxtljiz# | kiywleitli hg dfkdgf%

4 7 : 8 4 : ZG_GTF

O>8 Hgxfeijlfegz% ^lzxiz hg gzywë# zlzxgki iexl+icwhgz% 8 7 : 4 : 9 CG_G

O>7 ^gtxwtdijlúe hg cioiwei%

Lcwkleijlúe itxloljlic% Kéywlei ~lzi+elgvgz# | ~lzxiz hg gzywë% : 7 : 4 4 4 CG_G

O9> Gclkleijlúe oëzljigjfzlzxgkiz hgoiwei%

Gogjxf dittgti% Jiklefz hg zgtvljlf# jittgxgtiz hg ijjgzf#ghloljijlfegz# i~itjiklgexfz# kiywleitli |vgbëjwcfz%

: 7 4 8 : : ATI_G





Lk~ijxf

Iz~gjxfz jiwziexgz Oijxftgz jiwziexgz

Gvicwijlúe _icftijlúelk~ijxfJúh% Xl~f Hgzjtl~jlúe Le Gr Kf ^g Tg Jf

O9? Oiwei Iogjxijlúe oiweihfkìzxlji"aieihf vijwef,%

Gclkleijlúe leotigzxtwjxwtiz aieihgtiz%Xtéoljf vgbëjwcfz & kiywleitli%Xtéoljf bwkief kizlvf%Gogjxfz lk~ijxfz O>9# O9<# O99%

Kiywleitli | vgbëjwcfz# ghloljijlfegz#jittgxgtiz hg ijjgzf | jiklefz hg zgtvljlf#~lzxiz hg gzywë%

4 : 4 : : : CG_G

O91 Iogjxijlúe oiwei~lzjëjfci%

Jfexikleijlúe hgc iawi%Agegtijlúe hg tgzlhwfz ~gclatfzfz# wtdiefz#legtxgz%

Kiywleitli | vgbëjwcfz# ~lzxiz hg gzywë#xwdgtëiz | jieiclpijlúe hg zgtvljlfz

4 7 4 : 8 4 ZG_GTF

O92 Iogjxijlúe i ivgz% Lezxicijlúe & kiexgelklgexf leotigzxtwjxwtiz"jfehwjjlfegz iìtgiz hg xgezlúe | jidcgihfztgkfexgz,%

Tgkfexgz# cëegiz gcìjxtljiz iìtgiz% 4 4 4 8 8 : CG_G

O>1 Ocfti &vgagxijlúe

Hgewhijlúevgagxic%

^fhi# jftxg# gclkleijlúe kizi vgagxic f cgùfzi% Tgkfexgz# cëegiz gcìjxtljiz# ~cixioftkiz#jiklefz hg ijjgzfz%

4 : 4 8 8 4 CG_G

O9< ^ìthlhi hgjwdlgtxi vgagxic%

Ihgjwijlúe xgttgef%Kfvlklgexf hg xlgttiz%Tgvgagxijlúe legoljip%

^lzxiz hg gzywë# jiklefz hg zgtvljlf#jittgxgtiz hg ijjgzf# ghloljijlfegz#i~itjiklgexfz%

: : 7 : : 4 ZG_GTF

O94 Iawi Jfexikleijlúe hgiawizzwdxgttéegiz%

Agegtijlúe tgzlhwfz ~gclatfzfz "~tfhwjxfzywëkljfz,%_gtxlhfz hg cëywlhfz hg vgbëjwcfz | kiywleitli%_gtxlhf hg jcftwtf zúhljf%_gtxlhf hg iawiz egatiz f ogjicgz%

Cëegi hg jiùfegz | dicziz# kiywleitli |vgbëjwcfz# jittgxgtiz hg ijjgzf#i~itjiklgexfz# ghloljijlfegz# xwdgtëi |jieiclpijlúe hg zgtvljlfz%

8 7 4 8 8 9 ZG_GTF

O4> Kfhloljijlfegz hgcfz tgjwtzfzbëhtljfzzw~gtoljlicgz | zwzjiwjgz%

Lezxicijlúe & kiexgelklgexf leotigzxtwjxwtiz%Jfezwkf hg iawi%

Cëegi hg jiùfegz | dicziz# xwdgtëiz |jieiclpijlúe hg zgtvljlfz%

4 7 4 : : : ZG_GTF

O>? ^ilzi`g Hgzgzxidlclpijlúe| ~gtxwtdijlúe~ilzi`ëzxlji%

Kfvlklgexf hg xlgttiz%Ihgjwijlúe xgttgef%

^lzxiz hg gzywë# jiklefz hg zgtvljlf#jittgxgtiz hg ijjgzf# i~itjiklgexfz%

: 7 : 8 : : JTËXLJF

O98 Tgjwtzfzeixwticgz

Icxgtijlúe |iafxiklgexf hgtgjwtzfzeixwticgz%

Jfezwkf gegtaìxljf% Tgkfexgz# cëegi hg jiùfegz | dicziz#ghloljijlfegz# cëegiz gcìjxtljiz# kiywleitli| vgbëjwcfz%

8 8 : : : 4 ATI_G

O9: Jfezwkf iawi Cëegi hg jiùfegz | dicziz# ghloljijlfegz#xwdgtëi | jieiclpijlúe hg zgtvljlfz%

8 7 : : : 4 ATI_G





Lk~ijxf

Iz~gjxfz jiwziexgz_icftijlúe

lk~ijxfJúh% Xl~f Hgzjtl~jlúe

O47 Zfjlf ‚ gjfeúkljfz

Tgfthgeijlúe wtdiei | jtgjlklgexfwtdief%

Jtgjlklgexf hg cfz kweljl~lfz iogjxihfz%Iwkgexf ~fdcijlúe%Tgjicloljijlfegz wtdieëzxljiz%Jfezxtwjjlúe hgzgeotgeihi%

ATI_G

O41 Lk~ijxfz zfdtg cfz oijxftgzzfjlfgjfeúkljfz%

^ìthlhi hg jiclhih hg vlhi%Hgz~fdcijlúe%Gcgvihi jfejgextijlúe gz~ijlic | xgk~ftic hg ~gtzfeiz%

Hgkiehi hg leotigzxtwjxwtiz | zgtvljlfz%

ZG_GTF

O4< Lk~ijxfz zfdtg gc gk~cgf | ci tgexi% Iwkgexf zgjxft zgtvljlfz%Idiehfef aieihgtëi | ci iatljwcxwti%

CG_G

O:> @wtëhljf ‚ Ihklelzxtixlvf

Hgzgywlcldtlf gextg kghlf ikdlgexg | ciijxlvlhih gjfeúklji & wtdieëzxlji%

I~cljijlúe cgalzcijlúe | tgawcijlúe i kghlhi ijxlvlhih ~tlvihi%Ji~xwti hgc tgawcihft "vgt i~itxihf –4%8‛,% Étgiz hg Icxi Kfexiùi Hgz~tfxgalhiz%

JTËXLJF

Ge gc iegrf e°7 zg tgiclpi ci –Hgzjtl~jlúe hg cfz lk~ijxfz lhgexloljihfz ge gc ~tfjgzf hg gvicwijlúe‛

Jfe ci lk~ciexijlúe ijxwijlfegz%

Ge dizg i ci xidci hgc ~wexf iexgtlft# zg ~tfjghg i gvicwit cfz lk~ijxfz hg ewgvf xtiz ci gzxlkijlúe hgc tgzwcxihf hg ci lk~ciexijlúe hg ciz ijxwijlfegz

~tf~wgzxiz%

Lk~ijxf Gvicwijlúe _icftijlúelk~ijxfJúh% Xl~f Hgzjtl~jlúe Le Gr Kf ^g Tg Jf

O>9 Iltg &ixkúzogti

Jfexikleijlúe ixkfzoìtlji% 4 4 4 8 : : CG_G

O>4 Xlgtti &zwgcf &tgclgvg

Kfhloljijlúe hgc tgclgvg# ciz cihgtiz | zwz oftkiz% : : 4 : 8 : ZG_GTF

O>: Gtfzlúe hgc zwgcf% 4 : 4 8 : : ZG_GTF

O99 Jfexikleijlúe hgc zwgcf 8 7 9 : : 4 CG_G





Lk~ijxf Gvicwijlúe _icftijlúelk~ijxfJúh% Xl~f Hgzjtl~jlúe Le Gr Kf ^g Tg Jf

O>< Oiwei Jfexikleijlúe ijðzxlji 4 : : 8 4 : CG_G

O>8 8 7 : 4 : 9 CG_G

O>7 ^gtxwtdijlúe hg ci oiwei% : 7 : 4 4 4 CG_G

O9> Gclkleijlúe oëzlji gjfzlzxgkiz hg oiwei% 4 : 4 8 : : ZG_GTF

O9? Iogjxijlúe oiwei hfkìzxlji "aieihf vijwef, 4 : 4 : : : CG_G

O91 Iogjxijlúe oiwei ~lzjëjfci 4 : 4 : 8 4 CG_G

O92 Iogjxijlúe i ivgz 4 4 4 8 8 : CG_G

O>1 Ocfti &vgagxijlúe

Hgewhijlúe vgagxic% 4 : 4 8 8 4 CG_G

O9< ^ìthlhi hg jwdlgtxi vgagxic 4 : : : : 4 CG_G

O94 Iawi Jfexikleijlúe hg iawiz zwdxgttéegiz% : : 4 8 8 9 CG_G

O4> Kfhloljijlfegz hg cfz tgjwtzfz bëhtljfz zw~gtoljlicgz | zwz jiwjgz% 4 : 4 : : : CG_G

O>? ^ilzi`g Hgzgzxidlclpijlúe | ~gtxwtdijlúe ~ilzi`ëzxlji% 4 : 4 : 9 : CG_G

O98 Tgjwtzfzeixwticgz

Icxgtijlúe | iafxiklgexf hg tgjwtzfz eixwticgz% 8 : 4 : : 4 ZG_GTF

O9: 8 : : : 4 4 ZG_GTF

Lk~ijxf _icftijlúelk~ijxfJúh% Xl~f Hgzjtl~jlúe

O47 Zfjlf ‚ gjfeúkljfz

Tgfthgeijlúe wtdiei | jtgjlklgexf wtdief% ZG_GTF

O41 Lk~ijxfz zfdtg cfz oijxftgz zfjlicgz% ZG_GTF

O4< Lk~ijxfz zfdtg gc gk~cgf | ci tgexi% ZG_GTF

O:> @wtëhljf ‚ Ihklelzxtixlvf

Hgzgywlcldtlf gextg kghlf ikdlgexg | ci ijxlvlhih gjfeúklji & wtdieëzxlji% ZG_GTF





2% IJXWIJLFEGZ \ GZXTIXGALIZ%

Hihi ci lk~cljijlúe hgc ^tf|gjxf jfe ci pfei | gc jfk~tfklzf jfe gc kghlf ikdlgexg# zg bie gzxwhlihf gzxiz ijxwijlfegz hg oftki ikdljlfzi# | hgzhg

wei ~gtz~gjxlvi iwxúefki g lehg~gehlgexg jw|i tg~gtjwzlúe lk~cljité ci ~itxljl~ijlúe hg cfz iagexgz lk~cljihfz "ITIKÚE# gc Afdlgtef hg Itiaúe#

cfz I|wexiklgexf | cfz jlwhihiefz hg cfz ~wgdcfz hg ictghghft# cfz wzwitlfz hg ciz ~lzxiz | cfz xwtlzxiz,# zgaðe jfttgz~fehi%

2%9 Ijxwijlfegz hg agzxlúe%

Jfh% Ijxwijlúe Útaiefz tgz~fezidcgz

Z>9 ^tfatiki hg vlalciejli ikdlgexic% ITIKÚE & Afdlgtef Itiaúe & I|wexiklgexfz

Z>: ^cie hg iwxf~tfxgjjlúe & gkgtagejliz% ITIKÚE & Afdlgtef Itiaúe & I|wexiklgexfzZ>8 Kiewic hg dwgeiz ~téjxljiz ikdlgexicgz% ITIKÚE

Z>7 Oftkijlúe g lezxtwjjlúe f~gtitlfz | xtidi`ihftgz hg ci lezxicijlúe% ITIKÚEZ>? Leoftkijlúe | jfejlgejlijlúe hg cfz wzwitlfz% ITIKÚE

Z>2 Lk~ciexit we zlzxgki hg xtiez~ftxg jfcgjxlvf% ITIKÚE & Afdlgtef ItiaúeZ>< Agzxlúe hg tgzlhwfz% ITIKÚE & Afdlgtef Itiaúe & I|wexiklgexfz

Z9> Agzxlúe hgc iawi% ITIKÚE & Afdlgtef Itiaúe & I|wexiklgexfz

Z99 Ijjlfegz hg iwxfjfejlgejlijlúe hg cfz wzwitlfz% ITIKÚEZ:1 Agzxlúe hg ci kiywleitli | vgbëjwcfz hg zgtvljlf% ITIKÚEZ8< Gvicwijlúe ikdlgexic gzxtixìalji% Afdlgtef hg Itiaúe

2%4 Ijxwijlfegz gz~gjëoljiz zfdtg lk~ijxfz jtëxljfz%

Jfh% Kfhloljijlúe tgclgvg# ciz cihgtiz | zwz oftkiz "O>4,% Gzxtixgali Útaiefz tgz~fezidcgz ^cipf ^tlftlpijlúe^trlll Jfrlv Klrv Tzrvl

Z9: Clklxit cfz ijjgzfz hg vgbëjwcfz | kiywleitli "Z>2, R ITIKÚE & Afdlgtef Itiaúe & I|wexiklgexfz Jftxf 9Z98 Tghwjlt vëiz hg ijjgzf "Z>2, R ITIKÚE & Afdlgtef Itiaúe & I|wexiklgexfz Jftxf 9

Z94 Kiexgelklgexf clklxijlúe grxgezlúe hfklelf gzywë hgextf hg ci bwgccigrlzxgexg%

R ITIKÚE Jftxf 4

Z97 Tgzxiwtijlúe vëiz hg ijjgzf | zgtvljlf ywg zgtée lewxlclpihiz% R ITIKÚE & Afdlgtef Itiaúe Kghlf 8





Jfh% Kfhloljijlúe tgclgvg# ciz cihgtiz | zwz oftkiz "O>4,%Gzxtixgali

Útaiefz tgz~fezidcgz ^cipf ^tlftlpijlúe^trvll

Jfrvlll

Klrlr Tzrr

Z9? Tgawcit lk~ijxfz zfdtg pfeiz eixwticgz ~tfxgalhiz f hg jiclhih eixwticicxi f kw| icxi "–9%:‛ | –:%8‛,%

R Afdlgtef Itiaúe Jftxf 9

Jfh% Hgzgzxidlclpijlúe | ~gtxwtdijlúe ~ilzi`ëzxlji "O>?,% Gzxtixgali Útaiefz tgz~fezidcgz ^cipf ^tlftlpijlúe^t Jf Kl Tz

Z91 Gexgttiklgexf hg cëegiz iìtgiz% R Afdlgtef Itiaúe & ITIKÚE Jftxf 9Z92 Tgzxiwtijlúe | tgjw~gtijlúe ~ilzi`ëzxlji% R ITIKÚE Jftxf 8

Z4> Tgoftgzxijlúe% R ITIKFE Kghlf 8

Jfh%Hgzgywlcldtlf gextg kghlf ikdlgexg | ci ijxlvlhih gjfeúklji

wtdieëzxlji "O:>,%Gzxtixgali

Útaiefz tgz~fezidcgz ^cipf ^tlftlpijlúe^t Jf Kl Tz

Z49 Ihgjwit cfz ̂ FWK ~iti ~tfxgagt gc kghlf ikdlgexg% R I|wexiklgexfz & Afdlgtef Itiaúe Jftxf 9

Z44 I~tfdit wei Cg| ~iti ci ̂ tfxgjjlúe hgc gexftef hg Icxi Kfexiùi% R Afdlgtef Itiaúe Kghlf 9Z4: Gzxidcgjgt Gjfxiziz ~iti ci ijxlvlhih gjfeúklji ywg iatghi gc kghlf ikdlgexg% R I|wexiklgexfz & Afdlgtef Itiaúe Jftxf 9

2%: Ijxwijlfegz gz~gjëoljiz zfdtg lk~ijxfz ativgz%

Jfh% Jfexikleijlúe ixkfzoìtlji "O>9,% Gzxtixgali Útaiefz tgz~fezidcgz ^cipf ^tlftlpijlúe^t Jf Kl Tz

Z47 Clklxit cfz ijjgzfz hg vgbëjwcfz | kiywleitli "Z>2,% R ITIKÚE & Afdlgtef Itiaúe Jftxf 9

Z74 Agzxlúe hgc ~itywg hg kiywleitli | vgbëjwcfz hg zgtvljlf "Z:1, R ITIKÚE Jftxf 9Z:7 Hlzgùit ~tfjgzfz gjf+tgz~fezidcgz hg xtidi`f jfe kiywleitli% R ITIKÚE Jftxf :

Z48 Tgefvijlúe hgc ~itywg hg kiywleitli# | wxlclpijlúe hg vgbëjwcfz lehwzxtlicgz gcìjxtljfzrrl% R ITIKÚE Kghlf :

Jfh% Gtfzlúe hgc zwgcf "O>:,% Gzxtixgali Útaiefz tgz~fezidcgz ^cipf ^tlftlpijlúe^t Jf Kl Tz

Z4? Ijxlvlhihgz hg jfextfc hg gtfzlúe% R R ITIKÚE & Afdlgtef Itiaúe Jftxf 9

Z41 Jfezgtvijlúe pfeiz eixwticgz ~tfxgalhiz f hg jiclhih eixwtic icxi f kw| icxi "–9%:‛ | –:%8‛,% R ITIKÚE & Afdlgtef Itiaúe Jftxf :Z42 Tgvgagxijlúe% R ITIKÚE Kghlf 8





Jfh% Gclkleijlúe oëzlji gjfzlzxgkiz hg oiwei "O9>,% Gzxtixgali Útaiefz tgz~fezidcgz ^cipf ^tlftlpijlúe^t Jf Kl Tz

Z4< ^tfxgjjlúe hg ciz ~téjxljiz hg vlhi zlcvgzxtg% R ITIKÚE & Afdlgtef Itiaúe Jftxf 4Z:> Jik~iùi hg ~tgzgtvijlúe | ~tfkfjlúe hg gz~gjlgz ge ~gclatf hg grxlejlúe hg ci kfexiùi% R R ITIKÚE & Afdlgtef Itiaúe Kghlf :

Jfh% Iafxiklgexf tgjwtzfz eixwticgz "O98 | O97,% Gzxtixgali Útaiefz tgz~fezidcgz ^cipf ^tlftlpijlúe^t Jf Kl Tz

Z:? Wxlclpijlúe hg owgexgz gegtaëi tgefvidcgz f icxgteixlviz "zlzxgki agfxìtkljf,% R ITIKÚE & Afdlgtef Itiaúe &I|wexiklgexfz

Kghlf 9

Z:4 Tghwjjlúe jfkdwzxldcg% R ITIKÚE Jftxf :Z:: Tghwjjlúe gegtaëi tgcijlfeihi jfe gc iawi hg dfkdgf% R ITIKÚE Jftxf :

Z:8 Tghwjjlúe gegtaëi gcìjxtlji% R ITIKÚE Jftxf :

Jfh% Tgfthgeijlúe wtdiei | jtgjlklgexf wtdief "O4?,% Gzxtixgali Útaiefz tgz~fezidcgz ^cipf ^tlftlpijlúe^t Jf Kl Tz

Z:2 Jfezgtvijlúe hg jiklefz | vëiz ~gjwitliz% R I|wexiklgexfz Kghlf :

2%8 Ijxwijlfegz gz~gjëoljiz zfdtg lk~ijxfz zgvgtfz%

Jfh% Jfexikleijlúe ijðzxlji "O><,% Gzxtixgali Útaiefz tgz~fezidcgz ^cipf ^tlftlpijlúe^t Jf Kl Tz

Z:< Kiexgelklgexf hg ci kiywleitli | vgbëjwcfz hg zgtvljlf "Z:1, R ITIKÚE Jftxf 4

Jfh% Iogjxijlúe oiwei ~lzjëjfci "O91,% Gzxtixgali Útaiefz tgz~fezidcgz ^cipf ^tlftlpijlúe^t Jf Kl Tz

Z8> Htgei`g zw~gtoljlic ywg lk~lhi gc ~izf hg cfz vgtxlhfz ic jwtzf blhtfcúaljf% R ITIKÚE & Afdlgtef Itiaúe Jftxf 9

Jfh% ^ìthlhi jwdlgtxi vgagxic "O9<,% Gzxtixgali Útaiefz tgz~fezidcgz ^cipf ^tlftlpijlúe^t Jf Kl Tz

Z89 Jwdtlklgexf hg pfeiz jfe kixgtlic ilzciexg% R ITIKÚE Jftxf 9

Z8: Oijlclxit gc ~izxf hg aieihf ge cfz ~tihfz% R ITIKÚE & I|wexiklgexfz Jftxf 9Z84 Tgvgagxijlúe "zlgkdti,% R ITIKÚE Kghlf :





Jfh% Jfexikleijlúe iawiz zwdxgttéegiz "O94,% Gzxtixgali Útaiefz tgz~fezidcgz ^cipf ^tlftlpijlúe^t Jf Kl Tz

Z8? Lk~gtkgidlclpijlúe | hgclklxijlúe étgiz hg f~gtijlúe hg clk~lgpi% R ITIKÚE Jftxf 9Z88 Agzxlúe hg tgzlhwfz "Z><,% R R ITIKÚE & Afdlgtef Itiaúe &

I|wexiklgexfzJftxf 4

Z87 Agzxlúe hgc iawi "Z9>,% R R ITIKÚE & Afdlgtef Itiaúe &I|wexiklgexfz

Kghlf 4

Jfh% Kfhloljijlúe hg cfz tgjwtzfz bëhtljfz | zwz jiwjgz "O4>,% Gzxtixgali Útaiefz tgz~fezidcgz ^cipf ^tlftlpijlúe^t Jf Kl Tz

Z81 Tgawcijlúe hg cfz tgjwtzfz bëhtljfz | zwz jiwjgz% R R Afdlgtef hg Itiaúe Jftxf 9Z82 Agzxlúe hgc iawi "Z9>,% R R ITIKÚE & Afdlgtef Itiaúe &

I|wexiklgexfzKghlf 4

Jfh% Lk~ijxf zfdtg cfz oijxftgz zfjlfgjfeúkljfz "O41,% Gzxtixgali Útaiefz tgz~fezidcgz ^cipf ^tlftlpijlúe^t Jf Kl Tz

Z79 ^fcëxljiz gz~gjëoljiz ~iti cfz xgttlxftlfz hg kfexiùi% R Afdlgtef Itiaúe Jftxf 9

Z7> Ftaielpijlúe hg ci leoftkijlúe | cfz tgjwtzfz hg ciz hlzxlexiz Ihklelzxtijlfegz% R I|wexiklgexf & Afdlgtef Itiaúe Jftxf :

Ge gc iegrf e°7 zg tgiclpi ci –Hgzjtl~jlúe hg ciz ijxwijlfegz ~tf~wgzxiz‛





<% ^CIELOLJIJLÚE AGZXLÚE IKDLGEXIC

^iti hit tgz~wgzxi i ciz egjgzlhihgz kielolgzxiz ge ci pfei gexftef ic kghlf ikdlgexg zg

~tf|gjxi gzxg ~cie hg ijxwijlúe ge gc jwic zg gzxidcgjge cfz fd`gxlvfz | kgxiz ~tfkwcaihiz#

ciz ijxwijlfegz i gk~tgehgt | ciz gzxtixgaliz i zgawlt# izlaeiehf cfz útaiefz tgz~fezidcgz# |

cfz ~cipfz gzxlkihfz hg g`gjwjlúe ~iti cfatit cfz tgzwcxihfz gz~gtihfz%

Ci ~cieloljijlúe zg hgzittfccité i ~itxlt hgc tgzwcxihf hg ci gvicwijlúe hgc lk~ijxf ikdlgexic#

wei vgp lk~ciexihiz ciz ijxwijlfegz ~tf~wgzxiz ge gc ji~ëxwcf –2% Ijxwijlfegz | gzxtixgaliz‛#

~iti tghwjlt# gclkleit f jfk~gezit cfz lk~ijxfz ikdlgexicgz egaixlvfz zlaeloljixlvfz% Ge

gzxg ji~ëxwcf# zg ~ciexgi gc ^cie hg agzxlúe ikdlgexic ywg hgdg hit wei zfcwjlúe lexgatihi i

cfz ~tfdcgkiz lhgexloljihfz ge gc ji~ëxwcf –1% Ieéclzlz hg tlgzafz‛% Ci ~cieloljijlúe hg ci

agzxlúe ikdlgexic ~gtklxlté jfk~tfdit ci lk~ciexijlúe hg ciz ijxwijlfegz= ~tf~ftjlfeité

leoftkijlúe ~iti ci vgtloljijlúe hg cfz lk~ijxfz= ~gtklxlté gc jfextfc hg cfz lk~ijxfz jw|i

vicftijlúe zg kiexgeai ge ZGT_GTI# ATI_G F JTËXLJI= | zg ~tfatikité# tgalzxtité |

agzxlfeité xfhi ci leoftkijlúe ge kixgtli ikdlgexic ge tgcijlúe i ciz ijxwijlfegz hgc

~tf|gjxf% Ge gc i~itxihf –2%9% Ijxwijlfegz hg agzxlúe‛# zg hgolege ciz ijxwijlfegz hg agzxlúe

gz~gjëoljiz ~iti ci ~cieloljijlúe ikdlgexic%

<%9 Ftaielpijlúe%

Ci agzxlúe hg ci ijxlvlhih hg gr~cfxijlúe hg ciz ~lzxiz zgté ccgvihi i jidf ~ft gc kérlkf

tgz~fezidcg hg ITIKÚE# ywlìe hgcgaité ciz owejlfegz ge kixgtli hg kghlf ikdlgexg ge we

útaief jtgihf i gzxfz kgegzxgtgz%

I zw vgp hgzhg gc Afdlgtef hg Itiaúe zg jfextfcité ci ijxlvlhih xwtëzxlji hgtlvihi hg ci

ijxlvlhih hg ci gzxijlúe hg gzywë ~iti itkfelpitci jfe gc jwtzf eftkic hg ci vlhi zfjlic |

gjfeúklji hg ci pfei | klelklpit cfz lk~ijxfz zfjlf+gjfeúkljfz | `wtëhljf+ihklelzxtixlvfz

lehljihfz ge gc ji~ëxwcf –1% Ieéclzlz hg tlgzafz‛%

Grlzxlté wei jffthleijlúe gextg cfz útaiefz jfe jfk~gxgejliz ge kixgtli hg kghlf

ikdlgexg hg cfz hlzxlexfz I|wexiklgexfz hg cfz ~wgdcfz hg cfz ictghghftgz# | jfe gc útaief

jfe tgz~fezidlclhihgz ge kghlf ikdlgexg hg ITIKÚE%

Ftaielpijlúe ge kixgtli hg kghlf ikdlgexg% Hghljijlúe hg klgkdtfz hgc ~gtzfeic hg

oftki grjcwzlvi# | jfe tgz~fezidlclhihgz ge ci agzxlúe hgc kghlf ikdlgexg ge ci gk~tgzi





ITIKÚE% Gzxidcgjgt ge cfz I|wexiklgexfz wei olawti ywg xgeai tgz~fezidlclhihgz |

jfk~gxgejliz ge Kghlf Ikdlgexg ywg i zw vgp hgdgté jffthleitzg jfe gc tgz~fezidcg hg

ITIKÚE ~iti aitiexlpit gc kghlf ikdlgexg hgc gexftef% Ci ftaielpijlúe# ~wgzxi ge vicft |

agzxlúe ge jfkðe hg cfz tgjwtzfz | ci leoftkijlúe i~f|éehfzg ge tghgz jfkitjicgz ~wghg

jfextldwlt i wei kg`ft jiclhih | f~xlklpijlúe hgc ~tfhwjxf xwtëzxljf gvlxiehf ci kizloljijlúe

| ci gzxijlfeiclpijlúe%

<%4 Zfzxgeldlclhih%

Ci ijjlúe jfe`wexi hgc hgz~fdciklgexf | ciz ativgz iatgzlfegz ikdlgexicgz ~tf~ljlihiz ~ft

gc kfhgcf gjfeúkljf lk~gtiexg# gzxé icgìhf hg jtlxgtlfz hg jfexgejlúe | zfzxgeldlclhih%

Ge gc ji~ëxwcf –4% @wzxloljijlúe hgc ^tf|gjxf‛# zg lhgexloljie ~ftkgeftlpihikgexg cfz

iz~gjxfz egaixlvfz zfjlfgjfeúkljfz# i xgtjgtfz | gexftef i ci zfzxgeldlclhih# ywg ywghie

ieiclpihfz | vicftihfz ge gc ji~ëxwcf –1% Ieéclzlz hg tlgzafz‛# `wexf jfe cfz iz~gjxfz

ikdlgexicgz% Ge gc ji~ëxwcf –2% Ijxwijlfegz | gzxtixgaliz‛ zg bie jfexgk~cihf ge ciz

ijxwijlfegz xfhfz gzxfz iz~gjxfz hg oftki lexgatihi# ~tlftlpéehfcf zgaðe gc tgzwcxihf

fdxgelhf ge ci gvicwijlúe | gzxidcgjlgehf wei ~tlftlpijlúe hg ciz ijxwijlfegz oleicgz

~tf~wgzxiz%

9>% TGOGTGEJLIZ%

9>%9 Cldtfz# kiewicgz g leoftkgz%

^fclj| Zxwhlgz @fwteic# vfc%:4# e°:# 4>>8% Lz atggegt qblxgt6 ^gtoftkiejg fo qgzxgte zml

itgiz% @ftag Tlvlgti | ^ghtf hg Cgúe%

^fclj| Zxwhlgz @fwteic# vfc%:8# e°4# 4>>?% Lz Atggegt Qblxgt \gx6 Xbg Zwzxileidcg Zcf~gz

^tfatik% @ftag Tlvgti# ^ghtf hg Cgúe# | Jitcfz Mfgtdgt%

Kgzwtgz jfttgjxftgz hg c“lk~ijxg ikdlgexic ge ~lzxgz h“gzywë% @fthl Hgw ^wìc%

Hfjwkgexf hg tgjfkgehijlfegz ~iti ci jfezgtvijlúe hg ciz kfexiùiz gz~iùfciz%

TghKfexiùiz# qqq%tghkfexieiz%fta%

qqq%kghlf+ikdlgexg%leof# –~ltlegf itiafeìz fjjlhgexic0 gzywë | ~tfxgjjlúe hg ci kfexiùi‛%

98 hg hljlgkdtg hg 4>>8%

îlzi`gz hg icxi kfexiùi0 ¶~lzxiz hg gzywë f hgzittfccf zfzxgeldcg6 Dgafùi Icvitgp+Oitlpf#L^^VJZLJ# | Ogteiehf Olagltghf ‚ JLXIVHAI%

http://www.redmontanas.org/

http://www.medio-ambiente.info/







Kiewgc @fzì Kfticgz Kitxëegp :>

Ciz gzxijlfegz hg gzywë ge ci jfthlccgti jiexédtlji% Otiejlzjf Ogf îttiehf% Hg~itxikgexf hg

Agfatioëi% Welvgtzlhih Iwxúefki hg Kihtlh% Levgzxlaijlfegz Agfatéoljiz# e° 8> "4>>?, ~~

99<+9:<# LZZE0 >49:+8?9<

Cwlz Jiejgt ^fkit | Ogteiehf ^gtgp Jidgccf% Itgi hg Agfatioli Olzlji% Welvgtzlhih hg @ige%Hg~itxikgexf hg Agfatioli | Fthgeijlúe hgc Xgttlxftlf% Welvgtzlhih hg Pitiafpi% –Gc

lk~ijxf ikdlgexic hg ciz ~lzxiz hg gzywë ge cfz hfklelfz zw~tioftgzxicgz0 jikdlfz ge cfz

~ilzi`gz twticgz icxlkfexiefz‛%

Tgzxiwtijlúe ~ilzi`ëzxlji ge ciz gzxijlfegz hg gzywë% Ofcli Jfezwcxftgz% GJF^ÉZ# fjxwdtg

4>9>%

CIZ GZXIJLFEGZ HG GZYWË GE CI JFTHLCCGTI JIEXÉDTLJI% Otiejlzjf Ogf îttfehf%

Hg~itxikgexf hg Agfatioëi% Welvgtzlhih Iwxúefki hg Kihtlh% Levgzxlaijlfegz Agfatéol jiz#

e° 8> "4>>?, ~~% 99<+9:<% LZZE0 >49:+8?9<

HFJWKGEXF HG TGJFKGEHIJLFEGZ ÎTI CI JFEZGT_IJLÚE HG CIZ KFEXIÙIZ

GZÎÙFCIZ Gc ~tgzgexg hfjwkgexf gz wei zëexgzlz hgc gzowgtpf ~itxljl~ixlvf ccgvihf i jidf

ge gc xtiezjwtzf hg ciz @fteihiz Xìjeljiz –Tgzgtviz hg Dlfzogti | Gjfzlzxgkiz hg Kfexiùi0

Gezi|iehf oútkwciz ~iti gc owxwtf hg ciz Kfexiùiz Gz~iùfciz‛# ~ixtfjleihiz ~ft gc

Klelzxgtlf hg Kghlf Ikdlgexg | ci Owehijlúe Dlfhlvgtzlhih | jgcgdtihiz ge Kiepieitgz gc

Tgic cfz hëiz 99 | 94 hg hljlgkdtg hg 4>>1%

Leoftkg zfdtg gc gzywë ic~lef | gc wtdielzkf ge ciz pfeiz hg kfexiùi hg Itiaúe% ^cixioftki

ge Hgogezi hg ciz Kfexiùiz hg Itiaúe "fjxwdtg# 4>>?,%

Kghlhiz jfttgjxftiz hgc lk~ijxf ikdlgexic ge ~lzxiz hg gzywë% @fthl Hgw ^wìc% ZLC_IATLEI

ZC%

^tfatiki hg ~tfkfjlúe# i~f|f | zgezldlclpijlúe ~iti ci jfezgtvijlúe hg ciz kfexiùiz% Tfzi

Ogteéehgp Ittf|f | Icgìehtf Ciaf% Izfjlijlúe Tghkfexiùiz "Kihtlh# `welf 4>>2,%

GJJG# 4>>70 Gvicwijlúe ^tgclkleit hg cfz Lk~ijxfz ge Gz~iùi ~ft gogjxf hgc Jikdlf

Jclkéxljf% Klelzxgtlf hg Kghlf Ikdlgexg &Welvgtzlhih Jizxlcci+Ci Kiejbi# 4>>7% Ge

bxx~0&&qqq%kki%gz&~ftxic&zgjjlfegz&jikdlfVjclkixljf&itgizVxgkixljiz&lk~ijxfzVjj&gvic

V~tgVlk~Vgz~Vjj%bxk%

9>%4 Ftaielzkfz# lezxlxwjlfegz | jft~ftijlfegz%

Hltgjjlúe Eijlfeic hg Izfjlijlúe hg gzywë "IIEZ,

_ilc Zml Tgzftx ge Jfcftihf "GGWW,%

LAGTX# Lexgatihfti hg ~fzatihf ghwjijlúe | ~téjxljiz hg levgzxlaijlúe%

Dcwg xblemz atgge "JIEIHÉ,%

Zml Itgiz Jlxljgez Jficlxlfe% qqq%zmlitgijlxlpgez%jfk%

http://www.mma.es/portal/secciones/cambio_climatico/areas_tematicas/impactos_cc/eval_pre_imp_esp_cc.htm



http://www.skiareacitizens.com/









Kiewgc @fzì Kfticgz Kitxëegp :9

Xgjbefic~le

^fqhgt kiaipleg# Gzxijlúe hg gzywë hg Iz~ge%

KKI+Tgh Eixwti 4>>>#

bxx~0&&qqq%kki%gz&~ftxic&zgjjlfegz&dlfhlvgtzlhih&tgheixwti4>>>&tgheixwtiVgz~iei&lehg

r%bxk%

TghKfexiùiz# qqq%tghkfexieiz%fta%

9>%: Fxtiz owgexgz hg leoftkijlúe%

bxx~0&&qqq%tgvlzxigjfzlzxgkiz%egx%

%

http://www.mma.es/portal/secciones/biodiversidad/rednatura2000/rednatura_espana/index.htm






http://www.revistaecosistemas.net/









IEGRF 9% ITJBL_F OFXFATÉOLJF%



Iegrf 9# itjblvf ofxfatéoljf%

Pfei Lexgtlft# Étgi 40 Ik~tlw%

Kiewgc @fzì Kfticgz Kitxëegp ::

I4+>>9% G`gk~cf iocwgejli ~ðdcljf ge Ik~tlw% I4+>>4% Jfccihf hg Ik~tlw% I4+>>:% I~itjiklgexf Ik~tlw hgzhg gc Jfccihfhg Ik~tlw%

I4+>>8% Dizg | ~itmlea hg Ik~tlw "iìtgi,% I4+>>7% Dizg Aicclegtf I4+>>?% Tgkfexihft Dixlzlgccgz%






I4+>>1% ̂ lzxi jieic ik~cli% I4+>>2% Jizgxi | xgcgzlcci Ik~tlw% I4+>><% ̂ lzxi ge ciz ~tfrlklhihgz hgc ~ljfAicclegtf# iùf 9<2:%

I4+>9>% Dizg Ik~tlw hgzhg tgkfexihft hgDixlzlgccgz%

I4+>99% ̂ lzxi Lritzfz | ~lzxi ik~tlw hgzhg ci dizg% I4+>94% ̂ ljf | jieic hgc Aicclegtf%






I4+>9:% Jfccihgxi | ~itmlea Ik~tlw%




Pfei Lexgtlft# Étgi :0 Dizldì%

Kiewgc @fzì Kfticgz Kitxëegp :?

I:+>>9% _lzxi jwgccf Dizldì% I:+>>4% Tgkfexihft Dizldì% I:+>>:% Xfttgexg hg iawi ~tfvgelgexg hgcjfccihf hg Dizldì bizxi ciz oichiz hgc ~ljf

Jldfccìz%




Pfei Lexgtlft# Étgi 80 Jfawcci%


I8+>>9% Lekghlijlfegz ~ljf Jgtcgt% I8+>>4% _lzxiz hgzhg ci Jfawcci% I8+>>:% I ci lpywlgthi gc xgcgzlcci Jfawcci | ici hgtgjbi Tlejúe hgc Jlgcf%

I8+>>8% ittizxtg hg Oitewzgticz%




GC+>>9% ̂ lzielgvgz "9, GC+>>4% ̂ lzielgvgz "4, GC+>>:% Kiywleitli hg leelvijlúe# xl~f ciepi%

GC+>>8% ̂ lzielgvgz ":, GC+>>7% Ciepi gr~wczlúe elgvg% GC+>>?% Jiùfe & ciepihgti hg elgvg itxloljlic%



Kiewgc @fzì Kfticgz Kitxëegp :<

GC+>>1% Kfxfz hg elgvg wxlclpihi ge cizlezxicijlfegz%

GC+>>2% Kfxfz hg elgvg ge jltjwcijlúe%




IEGRF 4% ^CIEFZ%



>9 ^cief hg zlxwijlúe



>4 Gk~cipiklgexf



>: Leotigzxtwjxwtiz | zgtvljlfz

°

9

4

1

9

4

:

7

8

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9

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4

8



>8 Hgclklxijlúe pfeiz | étgiz



>7 ^tf|gjjlúe tgjfttlhf Oweljwcit Dgeizywg ‚ Jgtcgt + Ik~tlw



>? ^tf|gjjlúe Oweljwcit Jizxg`fe hg Zfz + Itizie + Ccltl




IEGRF :% JFEZLHGTIJLFEGZ ̂ TG_LIZ%



Iegrf :# Jfezlhgtijlfegz ~tgvliz%


I jfexlewijlúe zg hgzjtldge icawefz i~wexgz zfdtg gc kitjf `wtëhljf vlagexg ge Itiaúe ge

kixgtli hg kghlf ikdlgexg# leoftkijlúe grxtiëhi hg ci qgd# TghKfexiùiz

qqq%tghkfexiùiz%fta%

Itiaúe gz ci jfkwelhih gz~iùfci# xtiz Jgwxi | Kgclcci# ywg kgefz ~tf~ftjlúe hg zw

xgttlxftlf xfxic bi ~wgzxf di`f kghlhiz hg ~tfxgjjlúe% I ~gzit hgc atie lexgtìz hg

ewkgtfzfz gz~ijlfz hg hljbf xgttlxftlf# ciz étgiz tgzgtvihiz i ci vlhi eixwtic ef zúcf zfe

gzjiziz zlef ywg xlgehge i zgt fd`gxf hg lexgtvgejlfegz kéz f kgefz hlzlkwcihiz ywg

~gt`whljie zw lexgatlhih | ~gtvlvgejli% Ci Jfezg`gtëi hg Kghlf Ikdlgexg hgc Afdlgtef

itiafeìz eweji bi g`gtjlhf ci owejlúe ywg xgútljikgexg cg jfttgz~fehg hg vgcit ~ft gc

~ixtlkfelf eixwtic# ~gtf ihgkéz ci Ihklelzxtijlúe iwxfeúklji ge zw jfe`wexf bitgewejlihf i xtiezvgtziclpit ci jwgzxlúe kghlfikdlgexic hg xic oftki ywg gzxì ~tgzgexg ge

gc jfe`wexf hg zwz ijjlfegz%

Ef bi| ge gzxfz kfkgexfz cg|gz kitjfz ywg ik~itge cfz atiehgz gjfzlzxgkiz

itiafegzgz% Hg ci kfexiùi i ci gzxg~i# hg cfz tëfz i cfz hgzlgtxfz# ci eixwticgpi gzxé

~téjxljikgexg legtkg% Gz ~itihú`ljf ywg atiehgz jiexlhihgz hg hlegtf ~ðdcljf gzxìe zlgehf

levgtxlhiz ef zúcf ge leotigzxtwjxwtiz hg atie lk~ijxf | hwhfzi tgexidlclhih zfjlic# zlef

xikdlìe ge atiehgz lezxicijlfegz lehwzxtlicgz# iatëjfciz f hgc zgjxft zgtvljlfz jw|i lejlhgejli

zfdtg gc kghlfikdlgexg gz xie xtgkgehi jfkf lejfextfcihi= ìzxg gz gc jizf hg ciz

gzxijlfegz hg gzywë% Ciz gzjiziz eftkiz hgzxleihiz i ~tfxgagt ci eixwticgpi zfe kw|

ocgrldcgz# | zwgcge zgt jfezlhgtihiz we kgtf xtéklxg i zicvit kghliexg ~gjwclitgz –gzxwhlfz

hg lk~ijxf‛ jihi vgp ywg zg ~tgxgehg ccgvit i jidf atiehgz leotigzxtwjxwtiz# wtdielpit f

`wzxloljit ijxwijlfegz iatgzlviz hg gk~tgziz | ~itxljwcitgz% Ge cf tgogtgexg i ci ~tfxgjjlúe

cgaic hgc kghlf eixwtic# gc g`gjwxlvf itiafeìz bi hgzittfccihf zwz jfk~tfklzfz jfe cijfezgtvijlúe hgc ~ixtlkfelf hg kfexiùi hg oftki bitxf f~ftxwelzxi% Ciz étgiz hg icxi

kfexiùi zfkgxlhiz i kghlhiz hg ~tfxgjjlúe cgaic "PG^Iz# CLJ# gxj, zg bie zgatgaihf |

hgclklxihf hg oftki itdlxtitli gz~ijlfz clkëxtfogz i pfeiz ~tfxgalhiz% Hljbfz gz~ijlfz

grgexfz jflejlhge jfe étgiz hg gr~iezlúe f hg jtgijlúe hg jfk~cg`fz ~iti ci ~téjxlji hg

gzywë ic~lef%

Cfz xëklhfz gcgkgexfz cgalzcixlvfz ~tfkfvlhfz bizxi ci ogjbi ~ft gc afdlgtef itiafeìz# xicgz

jfkf –Ciz Hltgjxtljgz hg Fthgeijlúe hgc ^ltlegf‛# bie zlhf jicloljihiz ~ft xìjeljfz | `wtlzxiz

jfkf –kw| viaiz‛ | ywg –ge idzfcwxf idtge we kitjf cgaic i~tf~lihf‛% Gc ~tf~lf @wzxljli hg

http://www.xn--redmontaas-09a.org/





Iegrf :# Jfezlhgtijlfegz ~tgvliz%


Itiaúe ijfezg`idi ic g`gjwxlvf ci i~tfdijlúe hg wei –Cg| hg ^tfxgjjlúe hg ci Kfexiùi‛ ge

gc ~cipf kéz dtgvg ~fzldcg%

Ci jfeowzlúe hg tfcgz# ci xgftëi hg ci –ji~xwti hgc tgawcihft‛# ywg ihf~xi gc g`gjwxlvf

itiafeìz# jfkf aitiexg hg ci jfezgtvijlúe hgc ~ixtlkfelf eixwtic | i ci ~it zfjlf hgc

–jfezftjlf hg ci elgvg‛ ITIKFE# hlcw|g fzxgezldcgkgexg ci jfttgjxi i~cljijlúe hg ci

eftkixlvi ge kixgtli hg gvicwijlúe ikdlgexic | zgawlklgexf hg cfz ~tf|gjxfz hg lk~ijxf%

^ft gc jfextitlf# ITIKFE# i xfhfz cfz gogjxfz# gz wei gk~tgzi ~tlvihi# ywg ef xlgeg ywg

~izit eleaðe jfextfc ~ðdcljf# el hg zwz ijjlfegz el hg zwz jwgexiz% ITIKFE bi vlejwcihf ciz

kg`ftiz ge ciz gzxijlfegz hg gzywë | ci jtgijlúe hg ewgviz gzxijlfegz i f~gtijlfegz hg

~tfkfjlúe lekfdlclitli hg i~itxikgexfz ge cfz viccgz hfehg zg wdljie ciz gzxijlfegz% Ciðelji oftki hg bijgt vlidcg gc egafjlf hg ci elgvg gz ci jfezxtwjjlúe% Ge tgiclhih zg wxlclpi gc

gzywë | gc hgzittfccf gjfeúkljf ywg xtig i~itg`ihf jfkf grjwzi ~iti we egafjlf

lekfdlclitlf hg kwjbi ki|ft gevgtaihwti% Gc Afdlgtef hg Itiaúe# ywg xlgeg ciz

jfk~gxgejliz ge kixgtli ikdlgexic | hg Fthgeijlúe hgc Xgttlxftlf# ef bi hgzittfccihf cfz

lezxtwkgexfz hg fthgeijlúe egjgzitlfz# | ibfti gz i ci vgp $`wgp | ~itxg$%

Gc ~tfdcgki gz ywg gc Afdlgtef iwxfeúkljf ef xlgeg we kfhgcf hg hgzittfccf ~iti gc

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jiklef zle xgegt ge jwgexi ciz jfezgjwgejliz owxwtiz | zle hfxitzg hg cfz lezxtwkgexfz hg

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i citaf ~cipf% Ci ~gtvgtzlúe ywg zw~feg vgehgt zwgcf ~ðdcljf jfe ci grjwzi hg oleiejlit

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klccfeitliz%




IEGRF 8% LEOFTKIJLÚE XÌJELJI%



TX+>9 ZA Zefq Atffkgt "ZXIEHITH 4+KIE JID,

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Gc zlzxgki hg ~tfhwjjlúe hg elgvg itxloljlic gk~cgi ldfegz jfkf ickijgegz hg iawi w fxtiz owgexgzeixwticgz% Ci icxgtijlúe hg gzxiz kiziz hg iawi iogjxi ge ~tlkgt cwait ic gexftef kéz ~túrlkf# i cioiwei | ci vgagxijlúe ywg zwzxgexie# | ciz ~fdcijlfegz ywg wxlclpie gzxg tgjwtzf jfkf iawi hg dfji%Xikdlìe zg jfezxtw|ge dicziz | gkdiczgz ~iti aitiexlpit ci oidtljijlúe hg elgvg itxloljlic% îtijwdtlt vitlfz zgehgtfz hg gzywë jfe elgvg itxloljlic zg egjgzlxi kwjbi iawi% _gt gc i~itxihf –9%4%

Hgzjtl~jlúe hg ciz lezxicijlfegz‛# ci leotigzxtwjxwti hg leelvijlúe hfehg zg i~ftxi ki|ftleoftkijlúe zfdtg gc xgki%

O98 Ci ~tfhwjjlúe hg elgvg itxloljlic zw~feg we gcgvihf jfezwkf gegtaìxljf hgtlvihf hg cfz dfkdgfzhg iawi# izë jfkf hg iawi ~iti jtgit ci elgvg itxloljlic% Ihgkéz ci ~tf~li lezxicijlúe# "ghloljijlfegz#tgkfexgz# gxj%,# egjgzlxie hg we atie i~ftxg gegtaìxljf ~iti kiexgegt ci ijxlvlhih% _gt gc i~itxihf–9%4% Hgzjtl~jlúe hg ciz lezxicijlfegz‛ ci leotigzxtwjxwti hg leelvijlúe# ci leotigzxtwjxwti gcìjxtlji#tgkfexgz | ghloljijlfegz | zgtvljlfz# hfehg zg hi jwgexi hg ci gevgtaihwti%

O9? ^tfhwjlhf ~ft ci gclkleijlúe leotigzxtwjxwtiz aieihgtiz# gc xtéoljf vgbëjwcfz & kiywleitli | gcxtéoljf bwkief kizlvf% Iogjxité cfz gogjxfz hg cfz lk~ijxfz O>9# O9<# O99%

O91 ^tfhwjlhf ~ft gc idiehfef hg dizwti zfdtg cfz jiwjgz# | Tgzxfz hg gzjfkdtfz f kixgtlicgzhgzgjbihfz% _gt xikdlìe jfexikleijlúe hgc iawi zwdxgttéegi "O94,% Ciz kéywleiz hg elgvg wzie gciawi hg ittf|fz | tëfz# gc htgei`g | cfz clklxihfz zwklelzxtfz hiùiehf i ~gjgz | gjfzlzxgkizotéalcgz% ^fzldcgz vgtxlhfz ~gclatfzfz "ijglxgz# gevizgz kgxécljfz,# wtdiefz "~cézxljfz,# legtxgz"gzjfkdtfz,%

O92 Cfz iz~gjxfz zfe jiwzihfz ~ft gcgkgexfz jfkf ciz jfehwjjlfegz hg icxi xgezlúe# | cfz jidcgihfziìtgfz hg cfz tgkfexgz%

O9< ^tfhwjlhf ~ft gc hgzkiexgciklgexf hgc ~izxlpic ~iti ci ~tg~itijlúe hg ciz ~lzxiz jfe gc zefqjix |zw tfhlccf= ~ft ci ~tgzgejli hg zwgcf hgzewhf# tgawgtiz# jétjiviz# jfefz hg hg|gjjlúe | agegtijlúehg ewgvfz dittiejfz%

^tfvfji wei ~ìthlhi vgagxijlúe ywg ~tfxgag ci gtfzlúe bëhtlji# gúclji | ativlxixftli hgc zwgcf=~ìthlhi hg vgagxijlúe ywg ~tfxgag gc jfttlklgexf hg ~lghtiz# idzftjlúe hg ciz iawiz ge ~gehlgexgzijgexwihiz= we iwkgexf hg ci gzjfttgexëi# | we iwkgexf hgc tlgzaf hg ivgelhiz ~ft zlxwijlfegz hgccwvliz lexgeziz |&f hgzblgcf= | wei hlzklewjlúe hg ci leolcxtijlúe ge cfz ijwëogtfz%

Atie ~itxg hgc ~lzf zw~tioftgzxic "gextg ci jfxi 9%?>> | 4%4>> kgxtfz,# zg gejwgexti iogjxihi ~ftkfvlklgexfz ge kizi | ~tfjgzfz hg gtfzlúe bëhtlji jfkf jfezgjwgejli hg ci gclkleijlúe hgc ~lzfzw~gtlft% Gc jclki hg ci pfei gz kw| grxtgkf# cf ywg jfe vitlfz kgzgz hg diìz xgk~gtixwtiz ci





vgagxijlúe zfcf hlz~feg hg wei jftxëzlki ~tlkivgti ~iti tgagegtitzg# zlgehf lezwoljlgexg% ^ft fxtfcihf ciz gz~gjlgz wxlclpihiz zwgcg zgt gz~gjlgz f~ftxwelzxiz hg kwjbi kgeft jiclhih cf ywg bijg ywggc kghlf zg zlk~clolywg% \ ci zlxwijlúe kéz ativg gz jwiehf zg ~tfjwti ci tgvgagxijlúe ge pfeizhfehg gc zwgcf gzxé ~téjxljikgexg hgzxtwlhf# jfe cf ywg ci tgzxiwtijlúe zg bijg lk~fzldcg% Cizxitgiz hg tgvgagxijlúe zg tgiclpie ijxwickgexg jfe gz~gjlgz hg kgeft jiclhih ywg zlk~cloljie gc

kghlf# f hloljwcxih ~iti ciz f~gtijlfegz hg tgvgagxijlúe ~ft gc jftxf jljcf dlfcúaljf ~iti zwtgjw~gtijlúe%

O4> ^tfhwjlhf ~ft ciz jieiclpijlfegz hgzhg ciz ~itxgz zw~gtlftgz hg ci lezxicijlúe= ~ft ci jfezxtwjjlúehg ~gywgùfz gkdiczgz hg idizxgjlklgexf ~iti ci leelvijlúe itxloljlic%

^tfvfji ge xtikfz lk~ftxiexgz ci tgxtijxijlúe kfkgexéegi hg jiwhicgz tghwjg dtwzjikgexg cihgzjitai ocwvlic# jfe ativgz jfezgjwgejliz ~iti ci ocfti | ci oiwei= icxgtijlfegz ge ci hleékljiocwvlic= gexwdiklgexfz# gexgttiklgexfz# hgtlvijlfegz hgc xtiezjwtzf eixwtic= ci jitai zúclhi gezwz~gezlúe ~tfvfji xwtdlhgjgz | jfttlgexgz zw~gtoljlicgz ef eixwticgz= kfhlolji cfz jwtzfz ocwvlicgzzw~gtoljlicgz | ge zwz jiwjgz xiexf hg tëfz gkdiczgz# | ittf|fz%

Zw~feg we tlgzaf ge jizf hg ivgelhiz hgdlhf i ci jclkixfcfaëi | gc tgclgvg grlzxgexg ge ci pfei# "vgti~itxihf –9%:% Jitijxgtëzxljiz# jclkixfcfaëi | tgclgvg‛,

Gc lk~ijxf "O>1, ~tfvfji wei icxgtijlúe hg cfz jiwjgz bëhtljfz%

O47 Cfz lezxtwkgexfz hg fthgeijlúe grlzxgexgz gzxée hlzxiejlihfz hg ci ~tfxgjjlúe hgc KghlfIkdlgexg% Grlzxg wei oicxi hg agzxlúe hg cfz xgttlxftlfz hg kfexiùi# hg kiegti ywg jfe otgjwgejlixicgz jikdlfz zg bie ~tfhwjlhf hg oftki ~izlvi | jfehljlfeihi ~ft ciz cg|gz hgc kgtjihf% Zg bi~tfhwjlhf ci Xgftëi hg ci Ji~xwti hgc tgawcihft "vgt iegrf e°:,# gc Afdlgtef hg Itiaúe# ywg xlgegciz jfk~gxgejliz ge kixgtli ikdlgexic | hg Fthgeijlúe hgc Xgttlxftlf# ef bi hgzittfccihf cfzlezxtwkgexfz hg fthgeijlúe egjgzitlfz# | ibfti gz i ci vgp $`wgp | ~itxg$% _gt i~itxihf –9%8%Jitijxgtëzxljiz hgkfatéoljiz | gjfeúkljiz‛%

O41 ^tfhwjlhf ~ft gc iwkgexf hgzkgzwtihf hg ci ~fdcijlúe# ~ft gc –dffk xwtëzxljf‛ | ci ~ìthlhi hg

jiclhih hg vlhi% Ge cfz ~wgdcfz kéz ~gywgùfz zg ~tfhwjg wei hgz~fdcijlúe# |i ywg zg dwzjieeðjcgfz jfe jfkgtjlfz# | jfe ijxlvlhihgz gjfeúkljiz ~iti ~fhgt zwdzlzxlt% Zg ~tfhwjg wei gcgvihi

jfejgextijlúe gz~ijlic | xgk~ftic hg ~gtzfeiz# jfe cf ywg cfz zgtvljlfz wtdieëzxljfz ef ~tg~itihfz~iti ci kizi xgk~ftic hg agexg ywg ijjghg i ci pfei% _gt i~itxihf –9%8% Jitijxgtëzxljizhgkfatéoljiz | gjfeúkljiz‛%

O4< Zfe ~tfhwjlhfz ~ft ciz ijxlvlhihgz gjfeúkljiz# zgtvljlfz | gywl~iklgexfz ywg zfcljlxi gc wzwitlf% Zgidiehfef aieihgtëi | ci iatljwcxwti i ci gz~gjwcijlúe lekfdlclitli | gc xwtlzkf%

O:> Grlzxg we hgzgywlcldtlf gextg cfz lk~ijxfz agegtihfz ~ft ci gr~cfxijlúe hg ci lezxicijlúe# | cizijxwijlfegz wtdieëzxljiz ~iti ci ji~xijlúe hg xwtlzxiz hg ciz pfeiz hgc gexftef# ywg afpie hg~tlvlcgalfz ywg lejlhge geftkgkgexg zfdtg gc kghlf ikdlgexg% Ciz olawtiz `wtëhljiz zg kwgzxtielegoljijgz= ef zg tgiclpie gzxwhlfz hg gvicwijlúe hg lk~ijxfz ikdlgexic iexgz hg jfezxtwlt# f cihgjcitijlúe hg lk~ijxf ikdlgexic laefti xfhiz ciz icgaijlfegz ~tf~wgzxiz# clklxéehfzg i gewkgtitciz klzkiz# zle jfexgzxit i jihi wei hg gcciz% Zg ihgjwie ciz cg|gz i ciz egjgzlhihgz hg ciz

~tfkfxftiz% Zg ~tfhwjg we otgjwgexg lejwk~clklgexf hg ci cgalzcijlúe ikdlgexic | wtdieëzxlji ~ft~itxg hg ciz Ihklelzxtijlfegz# gz~gjlickgexg cfjicgz | iwxfeúkljiz# ywg tglxgtihikgexg jghge ihgxgtkleihiz ~tgzlfegz g lexgtgzgz gjfeúkljfz%

I jfezgjwgejli# i~itgjg we jfeocljxf gextg jfezgtvijlúe hg cfz vicftgz ikdlgexicgz | ci~tgzgtvijlúe i citaf ~cipf hg ci kfexiùi otgexg ic dgegoljlf i jftxf ~cipf | gc dffk gjfeúkljf ywgzw~feg gc dlefklf hg ci jfezxtwjjlúe | gc gzywë%

Hgzjtl~jlúe hg ciz ijxwijlfegz ~tf~wgzxiz%

Z>9 ^tfatiki hg vlalciejli ikdlgexic% Aitiexlpi gc jwk~clklgexf hg ciz lehljijlfegz | kghlhiz hgoftki ~gtlúhlji | jfk~twgdi gc jitéjxgt | ci lexgezlhih hg cfz lk~ijxfz ~tgvlzxfz g lk~tgvlzxfz

~iti ijxwit ihgjwihikgexg iexg gccfz% I jitaf hg we gywl~f ~tfogzlfeic jfe oftkijlúe |gr~gtlgejli zwoljlgexg ywg cg ji~ijlxg ~iti gccfz% Zgawlklgexf –le zlxw‛ hg ci i~cljijlúe hg ciz

kghlhiz | gvicwit ci gogjxlvlhih hg ciz klzkiz% Zgawlklgexf hg ciz étgiz ywg hgdge zgt ~tfxgalhizhg jwicywlgt iogjjlúe leegjgzitli agegtihi ~ft ciz fdtiz% Leoftkgz hg zgawlklgexf ywg tgjf`ie cizkghlhiz i~cljihiz# ci goljlgejli hg ciz klzkiz | ci egjgzlhih hg gk~tgehgt kghlhiz





jfk~cgkgexitliz "zl ~tfjghg,% Zg tgiclpité we leoftkg iewic hg zgawlklgexf hg ci gogjxlvlhih hg cizkghlhiz hg klelklpijlúe hg cfz lk~ijxfz lejcw|gehf ciz jfejcwzlfegz hgc zgawlklgexf hg cfzlehljihftgz%

_lalciejli | jfextfc hg ciz ijxwijlfegz "ageìtljiz,%

Izgawtit ci ~tgzgejli hg iagexgz hgc ZG^TFEI | iagexgz ikdlgexicgz | oftgzxicgz ge eðkgtf

zwoljlgexg ~iti aitiexlpit wei vlalciejli ihgjwihi hgc kghlf ikdlgexg# ofkgexiehf | i~f|iehf cijfcidftijlúe jlwhihiei ge hljbf fd`gxlvf%

^cie hg zgawlklgexf | jfextfc% _gtloljit i ywg zg ccgvie i jidf ciz xitgiz hg kiexgelklgexf |jfezgtvijlúe ~tgvlzxiz ge ciz kghlhiz jfttgjxftiz% Tgiclpit leoftkgz xìjeljfz hg zgawlklgexf#lehljiehf ciz ewgviz kghlhiz jfttgjxftiz i i~cljit%

Aitiexlpit ywg cfz gk~cgihfz | jfextixlzxiz jwk~cge ciz hltgjxtljgz | cg|gz i~cljidcgz "iwhlxftliz glez~gjjlfegz kghlfikdlgexicgz,%

Z>: Gcidftit we ~cie hg tgz~wgzxi otgexg gkgtagejliz ikdlgexicgz%

Z>8 Gcidftit we kiewic hg dwgeiz ~téjxljiz hg wzf hg kiywleitli# jltjwcijlúe hg vgbëjwcfz | jfextfc hgtgzlhwfz= dwgeiz ~téjxljiz ~iti ci tgxltihi | jfezgtvijlúe hg ci xlgtti vgagxic | xg~gz bgtdéjgfz=

lhgexloljit ciz gz~gjlgz hg lexgtìz | gc ~ixtlkfelf jwcxwtic hgc étgi= gzxidcgjgt ciz ijxwijlfegz~tfbldlhiz= | dwgeiz ~téjxljiz ge ci oidtljijlúe hg elgvg%

Z>7 Oftkijlúe i cfz f~gtitlfz ge ci egjgzlhih hg ci dwgei i~cljijlúe hg ciz kghlhiz jfttgjxftiz%Lezxtwjjlúe hg cfz xtidi`ihftgz hg ci gzxijlúe ge ci dwgei i~cljijlúe hg ciz kghlhiz ~tfxgjxftiz |jfttgjxftiz% Ghwjijlúe | oftkijlúe i cfz awëiz | ~tfogzftgz hg gzywë ge jfejlgejli ikdlgexic%^fxgejlit gc jfk~ftxiklgexf i oivft hgc kghlf ikdlgexg%

Z>? Leoftkijlúe i cfz wzwitlfz% Xtë~xljf leoftkixlvf ~iti cfz wzwitlfz hg ci lezxicijlúe% Zgezldlclpit gleoftkit ic ~gtzfeic hg ci egjgzlhih hg zgt jfezjlgexgz hgc kghlf ikdlgexg% Jfejlgejlijlúe hggzxfz otgexg gc jicgexiklgexf acfdic%

Oftkijlúe g leoftkijlúe i cfz wzwitlfz% Xljmgxz hgc xgcgoìtljf w fxtfz zgtvljlfz jfetgjfkgehijlfegz ~iti gc kghlf ikdlgexg | ciz eftkiz hg wzf hg ciz lezxicijlfegz% Ghwjijlúe hg cfz

elùfz zfdtg ci lk~ftxiejli hg ~tgzgtvit | ~tfxgagt gc kghlf ikdlgexg% I xtivìz hg cfz kfelxftgz hgciz ~lzxiz%

Ji~ijlxit# oftkit g lezxtwlt ic ~gtzfeic ~iti klelklpit cfz hgttikgz hg jfkdwzxldcgz# izë jfkffxtfz tgzlhwfz# | tgiclpit cfz ~tfjghlklgexfz zgawtfz ~iti ci clk~lgpi | tgjw~gtijlúe%

Z>2 Lk~ciexijlúe hg we zlzxgki ywg aitiexljg gc xtiez~ftxg jfcgjxlvf hgzhg cfz ~wgdcfz hg ictghghft |hg gzxi oftki clklxit cfz ijjgzfz zfdtg ci jfxi 9%7>> kgxtfz% Lezxicijlúe hg ewgviz leotigzxtwjxwtiz0oweljwcit Dgeizywg+Jgtcgt+Ik~tlw# | oweljwcit Jizxg`úe hg Zfz+Itizie+Jfccihf hgc Ccltl# "vgt–~ciefz‛,%

Zg ~tfbldlté i cfz xwtlzkfz ~tlvihfz ywg ccgawge bizxi ~lg hg ~lzxiz# zg hfxité hg i~itjiklgexfzjfezxtwlhfz jfkf kérlkf i 97>> k# | zg bidlclxie zgtvljlfz hg iwxfdwzgz jfk~gxgexgz | hg jiclhih~iti ywg cfz wzwitlfz icjiejge júkfhi | té~lhikgexg cfz ittizxtgz kgjéeljfz% ^itmlea hlzwizftlfz

ge Dgeizywg# Gtlzxg# Jizxg`úe hg Zfz# Zibðe# | Kfexiew|% Zgtvljlf hg tgjfalhi hg gzywlihftgz ~ftkghlf hg iwxfdwzgz%

Hg gzxi oftki zg tghwjlté | zg jieiclpité gc xtéoljf hg vgbëjwcfz%

Z>< ^tfatiki hg lexgtjikdlf hg kixgtlicgz ~iti ci tgwxlclpijlúe hg kixgtlicgz% Tgwxlclpijlúe | tgjljci`ghg egwkéxljfz tgjljcihfz% I~tfvgjbit ci kihgti hg itdfcgz ~fhihfz f jftxihfz# f jiëhfz ~iti gctgvgzxlklgexf# jgttiklgexf f jfezxtwjjlúe hg ghloljijlfegz%^tfatiki hg tgjljci`g | tgjfalhi hg tgzlhwfz ftaéeljfz% Tgjljcihf hg vlhtlf# dfxgcciz hg ~cézxljf#icwklelf# gevizgz# jitxúe# ~i~gc wzihf ge ci foljlei ihklelzxtixlvi# gc ijglxg "~iti jfjleit f ~itiwzf kgjéeljf,# dfcgxlegz# ofccgxfz# ki~iz | jitxwjbfz hg lk~tgzlúe% Gextgai hg cfz fthgeihftgz |kixgtlic leoftkéxljf fdzfcgxf i ftaielpijlfegz zle éelkf hg cwjtf% Zg wxlclpité we jfk~ijxihft ~itiywg zg tghwpjie cfz vli`gz i cfz ~wexfz hg tgjfalhi i hgzxlef# hg wei vgp ic hëi i 7+? zgkieizibfttiehf xiexf ge xlgtti jfkf ccgeit gc gz~ijlf | ci jittgxgti hg jitxúe# ~cézxljf | vlhtlf=

jfexikleijlúe ixkfzoìtlji | hgkéz lk~ijxfz tgcijlfeihfz%Zwzxlxwjlúe hg ~fclgzxltgef f gc ~cézxljf hg ~ciefz# vizfz | jwdlgtxfz ge cfz cfjicgz hg tgzxiwtijlúe#~ft hgtlvihfz hgc ~i~gc% Ofkgexit gc wzf hg ci –jitkiùfci‛ "dgdlhi atixlz,% Wxgezlclfz ~iti cizjfklhiz hgc ~gtzfeic | ~cixfz dlfhgatihidcgz# ~cixfz | jwdlgtxfz%





Z9> Jfextfcgz ~gtlúhljfz hg iawiz "tgjfalhiz | ieéclzlz,% Klelklpit jfexikleijlúe iawiz ywg vie i ~ititi cfz gkdiczgz ~iti gc idizxgjlklgexf bwkief% Klelklpit gc jfezwkf hg iawi% Wxlclpit iawitgjljcihi ~iti cfz cividfz | wtleitlfz# | ~tfhwjxfz hg clk~lgpi dlfhgatihidcgz% Jfextfc ocw`fz hgiawi hg hwjbiz# atlofz# owgexgz# gxj 

Z99 Tgiclpit wei gejwgzxi hg iwxfvicftijlúe# ywg cfz wzwitlfz ~fhtée tgccgeit i ci ziclhi hg ci gzxijlúe

ic hg~fzlxit gc gywl~f f oftoilx# vicftiehf zw jfejlgejli ikdlgexic jfe gc gexftef% ^wexwitikghliexg we jwgzxlfeitlf i ci ziclhi zw jfk~ftxiklgexf jfe gc kghlf ikdlgexg%

Z94 Zg jfextfcité ~gtlúhljikgexg ge ci ijxlvlhih hg vlalciejli ywg ef zg zfdtg~izie cfz cëklxgz~tggzxidcgjlhfz ge gc ̂ cie hg Agzxlúe Ikdlgexic%

Z97 Kghliexg zgklccihfz# xtiz~ciexgz# f ~ciexijlúe hg ocfti jixicfaihi tgjw~gtijlúe hg ciz pfeiz ge cfzkétagegz hg ciz jittgxgtiz | pfeiz hg ijjgzf# ~itmleaz# | vëiz hg zgtvljlf ywg bie ywghihflewxlclpihiz%

Z9? ^tfbldlt hleiklxit jfccihfz ~iti jfevgtxltcfz ge ~lzxiz%

Z91 Gvicwijlúe hgc xgehlhf gcìjxtljf# | gexgttiklgexf hg ciz cëegiz gcìjxtljiz hg cfz xgehlhfz ywg zgioijxldcg zw kfhloljijlúe# "jfkf zg bi bgjbf ge pfeiz hg ci Gzxijlúe hg gzywë hg Pgtkixx,%

Z92 ^gtolcihf hg xicwhgz | zw~gtoljlgz% Egwxticlpijlúe ~gtolcgz tgjxlcëegfz kghliexg lejcleijlúe% Hit ziclhii ciz iawiz hg gzjfttgexëi# kghliexg jwegxiz hg awithi ge cfz xicwhgz f iaógtiz ge ciz ~lzxiz%Jfcfjijlúe hg tghgz ftaéeljiz ~iti gvlxit ci hgzgzxidlclpijlúe hgc jìz~gh eixwtic ywg ~wghie~tfvfjit ~gywgùfz jfci~zfz f ogeúkgefz hg gtfzlúe tgkfexiexg ~ft gc gogjxf hgc blgcf+hgzblgcf%

Z4> Xtiz~ciexgz f ~ciexijlúe jfkf kghlhi jfk~gezixftliz ~ft xiciz# f kghlhiz hg tgagegtijlúe hg cizkiziz hg itdfcihf hgc gexftef hg ciz gzxijlfegz "ijjlúe i kghlf f citaf ~cipf,%

Z49 Lexgatijlúe hg cfz jtlxgtlfz hg klelklpijlúe hg ci otiakgexijlúe | hgatihijlúe hg cfz bédlxixz ge ciz~fcëxljiz hg fthgeijlúe hgc xgttlxftlf# | hg cfz ^FWK hg ciz ~fdcijlfegz hgc gexftef%

Tgiclpit we ~ciegiklgexf wtdieëzxljf hg ciz ~fdcijlfegz iogjxihiz ~ft ci ijxlvlhih ~iti gcfthgeiklgexf wtdief | cfz gexftefz otgexg gc iwag hg ci ~tfkfjlúe lekfdlclitli%

Z44 Gcidftijlúe g lk~ciexijlúe hg wei ~fcëxlji hg gzxihf f gzxtixgali ~iti étgiz hg kfexiùi ywgjffthleg hg kfhf goljlgexg cfz hlvgtzfz iagexgz ~ðdcljfz | ~tlvihfz% Jtgit wei Cg| hg cfz xgttlxftlfzhg Kfexiùi lez~ltihi ge ci jitxi hg ciz kfexiùiz | ywg zltvi hg kitjf eftkixlvf bftlpfexic |dézljf ~iti xfhiz ciz ijxlvlhihgz "TghKfexiùiz,%

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http://www.agroterra.com/p/vehiculos-industriales-electricos-desde-sevilla-17123/17123









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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6om3dCH7Jk&NR=1&feature=fvwp


http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qbYHJEF7FF0









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Proyecto para las actuaciones ambientales en la explotación de la estación de esquí de Cerler...

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