Prieto-Torres et al 2012.

download Prieto-Torres et al 2012.

of 8

Transcript of Prieto-Torres et al 2012.

  • 8/2/2019 Prieto-Torres et al 2012.

    1/8

    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[Tly`}xn M`ljxi`mn# IMY'C\_ + Ykc* RR@@# J =# 41= ' 426# 46>4

    YNCKTL] BLGNXKCA@MK] HL CN VKDCNM@J NJ@HNHKTNHL XKTX\AN YLTHL "Mblckj`n gphn}) LJ LC TLI\A@K HL IN\JN

    ]@CYL]XTL @]CN HL NYL]# YLJL_\LCN

    Blgnxkcka`mnc Ync|l} ki xbl Jl}x`ja Vkv|cnx`kj ki Atllj X|txcl} "Mblckj`n gphn})`j xbl Q`chc`il Tli|al Nyl} @}cnjh# Yljlz|lcn

    Hny`h Nclrnjhlt Vt`lxk'Xkttl}>/# O`g Cljttp Bltjjhlz'Tnjalc># Ncikj}k Tngj Dtnyk'Bljt`~|l4#Gntp Mt|z Ncyntnhk'ttnan=# Gntxj Ok} Hy`cn'Kolhn> p Jkcdltxk Tngj ^|`tkz']jmblz>

    >Cndktnxkt`k hl @jyl}x`anm`kjl} V`}mmkcn} Ht* C`jk Ol}} Bltjjhlz Mkttln# Inm|cxnh Lrvlt`gljxnc hl M`ljm`n}*

    Xlcikjk? 649> 8>41194* Inr? 649> 8>42>60* /hvt`lxkc`vFpnbkk*l}*4Cndktnxkt`k hl @jyl}x`anm`j p Hl}nttkcck lj J|xt`m`j# L}m|lcn hl J|xt`m`j p H`lxx`mn# Inm|cxnh hl Glh`m`jn*

    =Cndktnxkt`k hl H`naj}x`mk Mcj`mk# Vkc`mcj`mn Ylxlt`jnt`n# Inm|cxnh hl M`ljm`n} Ylxlt`jnt`n}*

    \j`ylt}`hnh hlc _|c`n* Gntnmn`dk# Yljlz|lcn*

    TL]\GLJ

    Lc Tli|a`k hl In|jn ]`cyl}xtl# @}cn hl Nyl}# Yljlz|lcn# tlvtl'}ljxn cn vt`jm`vnc tln hl nj`hnm`j vntn Mblckj`n gphn} lj lc

    vn} p cn }la|jhn mkckj`n tlvtkh|mxktn hl gnpkt tlclynjm`n ljlc Mnt`dl* Cn vtl}ljxl `jyl}x`anm`j hlxltg`j yncktl} blgn'xkca`mk} vtkglh`k} hl cn vkdcnm`j hl l}xn l}vlm l lj cn vcn'pn hl nj`hnm`j# }`ljhk mkclmxnhn} ljxtl o|c`k p }lvx`lgdtl hlc46>6# g|l}xtn} }nja|jln} hl 98 xktx|an} "4gnmbk}) glh`njxl v|jm`j hl ck} }ljk} mlty`mncl} hkt}ncl}*]l tlnc`z |j l}x|h`k blgnxkca`mk `jmc|pljhk lc tlm|ljxk hlacd|ck} tkok} "AT)# acd|ck} dcnjmk} "AD)# blgnxkmt`xk "Bmx)#blgkackd`jn "Bd)# ykc|glj ackd|cnt glh`k "YAG)# blgkackd`'jn ackd|cnt glh`n "BAG)# mkjmljxtnm`j ackd|cnt glh`n hl bl'gkackd`jn "MAGB) p lc tlm|ljxk h`iltljm`nc hl cl|mkm`xk}* ]ltlnc`zntkj glh`m`kjl} }kdtl lc cntak m|tyk hlc mnvntnzj"CMM)# njmbk m|tyk hl mnvntnzj "NMM) p lj lc mn}k hl ck}

    gnmbk} }kdtl cn ckja`x|h hl cn mkcn "CM)# vntn n} l}x`gnt cnxnccn gj`gn hl cn gnh|tlz }lr|nc hl ck} nj`gncl}* Ck} ynck'tl} vtkglh`k} kdxlj`hk} i|ltkj? AT 821>6= C5 AD=#99>6= C5 Bmx =6#11,5 Bd 0#96 a+hC5 YMG 141#2= iC5 BMG449#62 va p MAGB =>#4> a+hC* Lc tlm|ljxk h`iltljm`nc hl cl|'mkm`xk} i|l? Blxlti`ck} #401>6=+C)# Lk}`ji`ck} 1#8, "6#4=8>6=+C)# Gkjkm xk}=#2, "6#>4=>6=+C) p Dn}i`ck} 6#8, "6#6601>6=+C)* Hk}xktx|an} blgdtn} vtl}ljxntkj i`dtkvnv`ckgn} `jm`v`ljxl} lj

    cn} nclxn} njxlt`ktl} p lj cn tla`j mlty`mnc* Lc vtkglh`k hlcCMM p NMM hl cn} blgdtn} i|l hl >>4#> p >6>#8 mg# tl}vlmx`'yngljxl5 ck} gnmbk} x|y`ltkj vtkglh`k} hl >66 dckkh }ngvcl} ki 98 x|txcl} "4 gncl}) dp v|jmx|t`ja xbl hkt}nc mlty`mnc }`j|}l}* Nmkgvclxl blgnxkcka`mnc }x|hp qn} vltiktglh `jmc|h`ja xblMk|jx ki Tlh Dckkh Mlcc "TDM) njh Qb`xl Dckkh Mlcc "QDM)#Blgnxkmt`x "Bmx)# Blgkackd`j "Bd)# Glnj Mktv|}m|cnt Ykc|gl"GMY)# Glnj Mktv|}m|cnt Blgkackd`j "GMB)# Glnj Mktv|}'m|cnt Blgkackd`j Mkjmljxtnx`kj "GMBM) njh Cl|ekmpxl} h`i'iltljx`nc mk|jx* Ql gln}|tlh xbl M|tylh Mntnvnml Cljaxb

    41=

    Tlm`d`hk? 4= + 60 + 46>>* Nmlvxnhk? 61 + 6= + 46>4*

  • 8/2/2019 Prieto-Torres et al 2012.

    2/8

    "MMC)# M|tylh Mntnvnml Q`hxb "MMQ) njh Cljaxb ki xbl Xn`c"CX)# `j gncl}# xk l}x`gnxl xbl g`j`g|g }lr|nc gnx|t`xp }`zl*Xbl nyltnal ync|l} kdxn`jlh qltl? TDM 821>6= C5QDM =*99>6= C5 Bmx =6*11,5 Bd 0*96 a+hC5 GMY 141*2= iC5GMB 449*62 va njh GMBM =>*4> a+hC* Xbl h`iiltljx`nc cl|ek'mpxl mk|jx qn}? Blxltkvb c} *401>6=+C)# Lk}`jkvb`c} 1*8, "6*4=8>6=+C)#Gkjkmpxl} =*2, "6*>4=>6=+C) njh Dn}kvb c} 6*8,"6*6601>6=+C)* Xqk ilgncl x|txcl} bnh lglta`ja i`dtkvnv`cck'gn} xbl itkjx ic`vvlt} njh xbl mlty`mnc tla`kj* Xbl glnj} kiMMC njh MMQ ikt jl}x`ja ilgncl} qltl >>4*> njh >6>*8 mlj'x`glxlt} tl}vlmx`ylcp# gncl} bnh nyltnal} ki >6=W* Cn \j`j @jxltjnm`kjnc vntn cn Mkj}ltynm`j hlcn Jnx|tnclzn "@\MJ vkt }|} }`acn} lj @jacl}) }`xn n l}xn l}'

    vlm`l lj cn mnxlaktn hl Vlc`atk hl Lrx`jm`j U>8W*

    @}cn hl Nyl} l} lc vt`jm`vnc }`x`k vntn cn tlvtkh|mm`j hlM* gphn} lj lc vn}# p cn }la|jhn mkckj`n nj`hnhktn hl gnpkt`gvktxnjm`n lj lc Mnt`dl# hl}v|} hl Xktx|a|ltk lj Mk}xnT`mn U>=W* Cn l}xnm`j hl nj`hnm`j l}x mkgvtljh`hn ljxtl ck}gl}l} hl ildtltk p jky`lgdtl# mkj v`mk} tlvtkh|mx`yk} gr`'gk} lj ck} gl}l} hl o|c`k p nak}xk# hl}kynjhk lj mnhn xlg'vktnhn ljxtl =66 p 966 blgdtn} U>0W# ck ~|l vltg`xl kdxljltnc nznt |jn g|l}xtn }|i`m`ljxl hl hnxk} m|njx`i`mndcl} vntni|jhngljxnt cn} nmm`kjl} p hlm`}`kjl} hl gnjlok ~|l hldljno|}xnt}l vntn tl}kcylt ck} vk}`dcl} vtkdclgn} vtl}ljxl} lj cnvkdcnm`j*

    Tlm`ljxlgljxl }l bn hnhk `gvktxnjm`n n cn tlnc`znm`jhl l}x|h`k} hl mngvk ~|l vltg`xnj hlxltg`jnt lc l}xnhk hl}nc|h hl vkdcnm`kjl} }`cyl}xtl}# mkj jin}`} lj n~|lccn} l}vl'm`l} lj vlc`atk hl lrx`jm`j# }`ljhk cn lync|nm`j blgnxkca`mn|j gxkhk }ljm`cck# n xtny} hlc m|nc }l v|lhlj kdxljlt lrml'cljxl} `jh`mnhktl} hl g|mbk} n}vlmxk} hlc l}xnhk hl }nc|h hl|j `jh`y`h|k U># 9W* Cn `jxltvtlxnm`j hl yncktl} blgnxkca`mk}}l bn |}nhk lj ~|lckj`k} vntn h`najk}x`mnt h`iltljxl} l}xnhk}vnxkca`mk}# lync|nt lc l}xnhk hl }nc|h hl `jh`y`h|k}# cn tl}'v|l}xn n xtnxng`ljxk} p cn }nc|h hl nj`gncl} tlbnd`c`xnhk} vtl'y`k n }| c`dltnm`j lj y`hn }`cyl}xtl U>9W "L}xnhk} |j`hk})5 Gkjx`ccn p mkc*U>0W "Yljlz|lcn)5 Tk}}` p mkc* U46W "Dtn}`c)5 p ]njxk} p mkc* U48W"Dtn}`c) bnj ngvc`njhk lc jgltk hl l}x|h`k} blgnxkca`mk}l}xndclm`ljhk `jxltynck} hl tliltljm`n vntn cn} h`iltljxl} yn't`ndcl} blgnxkca`mn} hl cn l}vlm`l*

    Lc j`mk xtndnok v|dc`mnhk lj Yljlz|lcn }kdtl blgnxk'

    ckan lj xktx|an} gnt`jn} i|l tlnc`znhk lj cn vkdcnm`j hl cnNcxn A|no`tn hlc Akcik hl Yljlz|lcn U>1W# |jn `gvktxnjxl zkjnhl nc`gljxnm`j hl cn xktx|an ylthl# vkt ck ~|l cn vtl}ljxl `j'yl}x`anm`j vcnjxl mkgk kdolx`yk hlxltg`jnt ck} yncktl} bl'gnxkca`mk} hl cn vkdcnm`j nj`hnhktn hl M* gphn} g} tlcl'ynjxl lj lc vn}# hlxltg`jnjhk }| l}xnhk hl }nc|h vntn }lty`thl tliltljm`n lj cn lync|nm`j hl kxtn} vkdcnm`kjl} nj`hnhk'tn} hl xktx|an} gnt`jn} lj Yljlz|lcn p lc Mnt`dl*

    GNXLT@NCL] P GXKHK]

    tln hl l}x|h`k

    Lc Tli|a`k hl In|jn ]`cyl}xtl @}cn hl Nyl} "TI]@N) }lljm|ljxtn |d`mnhk lj lc Gnt Mnt`dl# n >

  • 8/2/2019 Prieto-Torres et al 2012.

    3/8

    jkmx|tjk} n vntx`t hl cn} 4>?66 b* hl |j hn p cn} 64?66 bktn}hlc hn }`a|`ljxl U>6W* Ck} gnmbk} i|ltkj mnvx|tnhk} hl iktgngnj|nc vkt glh`k hl d|mlk lj nvjln*

    Gktikglxtn p vltkhk} hl tlg`atnm`j

    \x`c`znjhk |jn m`jxn gxt`mn iclr`dcl }l tla`}xtntkj ck}hnxk} gktikgxt`mk}? cntak m|tyk hlc mnvntnzj "CMM) p njmbkm|tyk hlc mnvntnzj "NMM) vntn l}x`gnt cn xnccn gj`gn hlgnh|tlz }lr|nc hl ck} nj`gncl} U8W* Lj lc mn}k hl ck} gnmbk}i|l glh`hn xngd`j cn ckja`x|h hl cn mkcn "CM)*

    Vntn cn} blgdtn} nj`hnhktn} i|l hlxltg`jnhk lc vltkhkhl tlg`atnm`j# hli`j`hk mkgk lc jgltk hl nk} ljxtl xlgvk'tnhn} hl nj`hnm`j U=W# mkj}`hltnjhk cn hkm|gljxnm`j hl }|cx`gn nj`hnm`j lj cn dn}l hl hnxk} hlc vtkplmxk lj lc G`j`}'xlt`k hlc Vkhlt Vkv|cnt vntn lc Ngd`ljxl hl Yljlz|lcn"GVVN)*

    Lrxtnmm`j hl g|l}xtn} }nja|jln}

    ]l lrxtnoltkj g|l}xtn} }nja|jln} lgvclnjhk cn xmj`'mn hl v|jm`j hl ck} }ljk} mlty`mncl} hkt}ncl} U>2W* ]l `jxtk'h|ok |jn na|on "mnc`dtl 44 vkt >#< v|canhn}) lj |j ja|ck vlt'vljh`m|cnt nc m|lcck# mkjlmxnhn n |jn olt`jan hl 9 >6 gC*Cn} g|l}xtn} kdxlj`hn} }l hlvk} xntkj lj x|dk} Ynm|xn`jlthl < gC vtky`}xk} hl blvnt`jn mkj c`x`k* Hl}v|} hl cn lrxtnm'm`j }nja|jln }l vtl}`kj cn zkjn xtnxnhn ly`xnjhk cn iktgn'm`j hl blgnxkgn} U>W*

    Hld`hk n cn} mkjh`m`kjl} hl xtndnok hl cn zkjn hl l}x|'h`k# cn} g|l}xtn} }nja|jln} }l gnjx|y`ltkj tlit`altnhn} lj|jn mnyn mkj b`lck ljxtl =6 p 96 g`j|xk}# x`lgvk xtnj}m|tt`hkljxtl cn xkgn hl g|l}xtn p lc vtkml}ng`ljxk hl cn g`}gn lj lc

    cndktnxkt`k hl cn Dn}l M`ljxi`mk Jnync ]`gj Dkcynt "DMJN]'DK)# |d`mnhn lj lc TI]@N*

    Lc tlm|ljxk hl acd|ck} tkok} "AT)# acd|ck} dcnjmk}"AD)# blgnxkmt`xk "Bmx) p ck} jh`ml} lt`xtkm`xnt`k}? ykc|gljackd|cnt glh`k "YAG)# blgkackd`jn ackd|cnt glh`n "BAG) pmkjmljxtnm`j ackd|cnt glh`n hl blgkackd`jn "MAGB) i|ltkjhlxltg`jnhk} }`a|`ljhk cn glxkhkckan l}xjhnt tliltljm`nhnU># 9# >1# 4=W* Cn hlxltg`jnm`j hl cn blgkackd`jn "Bd) }l tln'c`z glh`njxl |j njc`}`} mkckt`gxt`mk hlc vcn}gn kdxlj`hk vktmljxt`i|anm`j n >6*666 a h|tnjxl < g`j "Mljxt`i|an Mcnp

    Nhng}# 846>6> Hpjnm# L\N)5 |x`c`znjhk lc e`x mkgltm`nc Bl'gkackQ`ljlt ]xnjhnt "Q`ljlt Cnd) p |j l}vlmxtkikxglxtkAljl}p} >6\Y ]mnjj`ja Xbltgk ]m`ljx`i`m "L\N)* Vntn lc tl'm|ljxk h`iltljm`nc hl cl|mkm`xk} k cl|mkatngn }l tlnc`zntkjhk} itkx`} vkt mnhn g|l}xtn blvnt`j`znhn kdxlj`hn p }l x`ltkjmkj mkcktnjxl H`v ^|`me ]xn`j# mkj ck} yncktl} vktmljx|ncl}kdxlj`hk} }l mncm|cntkj ck} yncktl} nd}kc|xk} U>1W*

    \x`c`znjhk lc vn~|lxl l}xnh}x`mk ]N] ylt}`j 0*> U4

  • 8/2/2019 Prieto-Torres et al 2012.

    4/8

    tkj tlnc`znhn} vt|ldn} x'}x|hljx p Gnjj'Qb`xjlp vntn l}xndcl'mlt }` lr`}xnj h`iltljm`n} }`aj`i`mnx`yn} ljxtl }lrk} hl cn} xkt'x|an}# g`ljxtn} |jn vt|ldn Et|}enc'Qncc`} i|l |x`c`znhn vntnhlxltg`jnt h`iltljm`n} ljxtl blgdtn} vkt vltkhk} hl tlg`atn'm`j U1# >1# 4=# 49W*

    TL]\CXNHK] P H@]M\]@J

    Ck} vntglxtk} blgnxkca`mk} hl cn} 98 xktx|an} kdolxkhl l}xl l}x|h`k l}xj tl}|g`hk} lj cn XNDCN @* ]kck hk} blg'dtn} hl cn} l}x|h`nhn} gk}xtntkj i`dtkvnv`ckgn} `jm`v`ljxl} plj dnon mnjx`hnh lj cn} nclxn} njxlt`ktl} p tla`j mlty`mnc5 }`jlgdntak# vtl}ljxntkj yncktl} blgnxkca`mk} hljxtk hl ck} `j'xltynck} ljmkjxtnhk} vntn ck} lolgvcntl} tl}xnjxl}# vkt ck ~|l}l `jmc|pltkj lj lc njc`}`} hl l}xl l}x|h`k* Vntn cn} 1# 42# 40W# mkj cn lrmlvm`j hl cn kd}ltyn'm`j itlm|ljxl hl c`jikm`xk} p gkjkm`xk} tlnmx`yk} "I@A* 4D)* Jkkd}xnjxl# n|j~|l l}xl bnccnzak l}x n}km`nhk n l}x`g|cnm`jnjx`aj`mn vtl}ljm`n hl ljiltglhnh tl}|cxn }lt mkgj ljxtlnj`gncl} }njk} lj l}xl l}x|h`k p l}x|h`k} }`g`cntl} U9# 44W*

    Lc ynckt vtkglh`k hl AT vntn cn vkdcnm`j i|l hl821 6#>8 >6= C# }lglonjxl n ck tlvktxnhk vkt Na|`ttlp mkc* U>W p c`altngljxl gnpkt nc tlvktxnhk vkt Tk}}` p mkc* U46Wp vkt ]njxk} p mkc* U48W* Cn glh`n hl blgnxkmt`xk i|l hl =6#>0 =#88 , vntn cn} blgdtn} p ==#4< 4#10 a+hC)# kdxlj`ljhk yncktl} vtkgl'h`k} hl 0#89 a+hC vntn cn} blgdtn} p 0#09 a+hC lj ck} gnmbk}*Ck} jh`ml} lt`xtkm`xnt`k} hkm|gljxnhk} lj l}xn `jyl}x`anm jlj lc mn}k hl cn} blgdtn} "YAG hl 164#0#26 9=#=8 va p MAGB hl =>#8> 4##=4 p 9#04 >6= C vntn cn} blgdtn}* L}xk}yncktl} }kj g|p }lglonjxl} n ck} tlvktxnhk} vkt ]njxk} p mkc*U48W ~|`ljl} xtndnontkj lj Dtn}`c mkj nj`gncl} o|ylj`cl} mnvx|'tnhk} vkt d|mlk lj nvjln# n} mkgk ck} tlvktxnhk} vkt Ic`jx pmkc* U>>W p vkt ]ngk|t p mkc* U4=W# mkj glh`n} hl >#< p 4#2 >6= C# tl}vlmx`yngljxl*

    Cn gnpktn hl cn} v|dc`mnm`kjl} hl blgnxkckan hl M*gphn} tli`ltlj tlm|ljxk} hl cl|mkm`xk} ljxtl 6= C#

    419

    Yncktl} blgnxkca`mk} hl cn vkdcnm`j nj`hnhktn hl M* gphn} lj lc tli|a`k hl in|jn @}cn hl Nyl}# Yljlz|lcn + Vt`lxk'Xkttl}# H*N* p mkc*[[[[[[[

    XNDCN @

    YNT@NDCL] BLGNXKCA@MN] HL CN VKDCNM@J NJ@HNHKTN HL CN XKTX\AN YLTHL "Mblckj`n gphn})

    MNVX\TNHN] LJ LC TLI\A@K HL IN\JN ]@CYL]XTL @]CN HL NYL# XLGVKTNHN 46>6

    Ynt`ndcl} @}cn hl Nyl} "98)

    Glh`n HL Gj*'Gr*

    TAT ">6=+C) 821 6#>8 6#44'6#28

    TAD ">6=+C) =#99 6#48 >#=4'>#4 9#04'>4#10

    GMY "iC) 141#2= 4>9#6= =08#18'>826#66

    GMB "va) 449#62 99#11 >>9#4#= >6#66'18#66

    Lk}`ji`ck} ",) 1#8 8#66

    Dn}i`ck} ",) 6#8 >#< 6#66'0#66

    Yncktl} nd}kc|xk} hl Blxlti`ck} ">6=+C) >#00 >#80 6#82'1#>0

    Yncktl} nd}kc|xk} hl C`jikm`xk} ">6=+C) >#401 6#022 6#=>'9#86

    Yncktl} nd}kc|xk} hl Lk}`ji`ck} ">6=+C) 6#4=8 6#481 6#66'>#6=+C) 6#6601 6#6=4 6#66'6#>2

  • 8/2/2019 Prieto-Torres et al 2012.

    5/8

    g|p }|vlt`ktl} n ck} ljmkjxtnhk} lj l}xl l}x|h`k U># >9# >1#46 41# 42W ck m|nc vkhtn hldlt}l vt`jm`vncgljxl n ck} h`iltlj'xl} gxkhk} lgvclnhk} vntn cn mnvx|tn hl ck} nj`gncl}# v|l}cn} xmj`mn} nvc`mnhn} v|lhlj ncxltnt }`aj`i`mnx`yngljxl ck} yn'cktl} cl|mkm`xnt`k} vkt lilmxk hlc l}xt}* Cn xkgn hl g|l}xtnlj cn} blgdtn} i|l tlnc`znhn h|tnjxl lc vtkml}k hl kykvk}`'m`j# x`lgvk h|tnjxl lc m|nc lc nj`gnc }l ljm|ljxtn tlcnonhk#tl~|`t`ljhk |jn gnj`v|cnm`j gj`gn vntn kdxljlt cn g|l}xtn5

    n}|g`ljhk n} ~|l lc l}xt} aljltnhk l} gljkt ~|l lj lcmn}k hl ck} gnmbk} mnvx|tnhk} vkt cn} xmj`mn} hl d|mlk ljnvjln p tlhl} U>1W*

    Ck} cl|mkm`xk} kd}ltynhk} lj l}xl l}x|h`k }laj }| vtl'hkg`jnjm`n j|gt`mn i|ltkj? blxlti`ck}# c`jikm`xk}# lk}`ji`ck}#gkjkm`xk} p dn}i`ck} "XNDCN] @ p @@)* Ck} blxlti`ck} tlvtl'}ljxntkj cn mc|cn dcnjmn kd}ltynhn mkj gnpkt itlm|ljm`n ljlc cl|mkatngn# mkj yncktl} tlcnx`yk} hl , lj lc mn}k hl cn} blgdtn} p |jn glh`n hlc ##44 >6= C) lj cn} blgdtn} p =9#84,

    ">#9> >6=

    C) lj ck} gnmbk}* ]` d`lj ck} tl}|cxnhk} hl l}xll}x|h`k mkjm|lthnj mkj ck} hl Gkjx`ccn p mkc* U>1W# Tk}}` p mkc*U46W# ]ngk|t p mkc* U4=W# p mkj ]njxk} p mkc* U48W nc hkm|gljxntlc vtlhkg`j`k hl blxlti`ck}# h`i`ltlj hl ck kdxlj`hk vkt Na|`ttlp mkc* U>W# Ic`jx p mkc* U>>W# Ekgktk}el p mkc* U>9W p mkj Qkte pmkc* U42W# nc tlvktxnt |jn }|vlt`kt`hnh vltmljx`c hl c`jikm`xk}*Cn} h`}mtlvnjm`n} kd}ltynhn} lj ck} mkjxlk} vkhtnj hldlt}ln cn h`i`m|cxnh vntn h`iltljm`nt xtkgdkm`xk} hl c`jikm`xk} vl~|l'k}# kmn}`kjnjhk |j }kdtl mkjxlk k }|dmkjxlk hl c`jikm`xk} nc}lt mkji|jh`hk} mkj xtkgdkm`xk}*

    Ck} lk}`ji`ck}# I@A* 4M# tlvtl}ljxntkj lc 1#8, "6#4=8 >6= C) hlc mkjxlk h`iltljm`nc mkj yncktl} vktmljx|ncl} hl 9#0

    "6#466 >6= C) vntn cn} blgdtn} p 1#0 "6#=24 >6= C) vntnck} gnmbk}* L}xk} yncktl} }l ljm|ljxtnj mltmnjk} n ck} hkm|'gljxnhk} vkt ]njxk} p mkc* U48W vltk `jilt`ktl} n ck} gk}xtn'hk} vkt Na|`ttl p mkc* U>W# Ic`jx p mkc* U>>W p mkj Tk}}` p mkc*U46W*

    Ck} gkjkm`xk} "I@A* 4H) mkgvtljh`ltkj lc =#2, "6#>4= >6= C) hlc mkjxlk h`iltljm`nc "XNDCN @)# l}xk} yncktl} }kj}lglonjxl} n ck} tlvktxnhk} lj cn c`xltnx|tn U>1W p vtl}ljxnj

    |jn glh`n hlc 8#69, "6#>=> >6= C) vntn cn} blgdtn} p4#84, "6#60> >6= C) vntn ck} gnmbk}*

    Ck} dn}i`ck}# mkj |j vktmljxnol hljxtk hlc mkjxlk h`il'tljm`nc hlc 6#W# lgvclnjhk cn g`}gn glxkhkckan mcn'}`i`mn n ck} cl|mkm xk} mkgk? blxlti`ck}# jl|xti`ck}# c`jikm`xk}#lk}`ji`ck} p dn}i`ck}* Cn h`}mtlvnjm`n lj cn mcn}`i`mnm`j hlcl|mkm`xk}# }l hldl n ~|l lj l}xk} l}x|h`k} jk }l bn tlnc`znhkcn h`iltljm`nm`j hl cn} mc|cn} glh`njxl mntnmxlt`znm`j m`xk'~|g`mn p+k l}x|h`k |cxtnl}xt|mx|tnc mkj lc |}k hl g`mtk}mkvnlclmxtj`mn# ~|l mkttkdktlj }|} tl}|cxnhk}* Nca|jk} n|xktl}hl}mt`dlj cn vtl}ljm`n hl jl|xti`ck} lj tlvx`cl}# g`ljxtn} ~|lkxtk} ck} tlvktxnj mkgk blxlti`ck}# ck} m|ncl} i|jm`kjncgljxlmkttl}vkjhlj n ck} jl|xti`ck} hl gngiltk} U># >1# 42W* Cn c`'xltnx|tn hljkg`jn blxlti`ck} n ck} vkc`gktikj|mclntl} ~|l mkj

    411

    [[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[Tly`}xn M`ljxi`mn# IMY'C\_ + Ykc* RR@@# J =# 41= ' 426# 46>4

    XNDCN @@

    YNT@NDCL] BLGNXKCA@MN] VKT ]LRK] HL CN VKDCNM@J NJ@HNHKTN HL XKTX\AN YLTHL "Mblckj`n gphn})LJ LC TLI\A@K HL IN\JN ]@CYL]XTL @]CN HL NYL# XLGVKTNHN 46>6

    Ynt`ndcl} Blgdtn} "j76=+ C) 89< >11#181'10 =#88 4='=1 4=#6'8>#6 ==#4< >#98 9#04'>4#10 0#09 >#40 2#4>'>4#94

    GMY "iC) 164#=68#=< 2=1#89 481#6> 818#1 >>9##2< 40'1> 46#6'1>#6 #9#21 46#6'2#6 0##6'49#6Gkjkm`xk} ",) 8#69 =#19 6'>= 6#6'>8#6 4#84 =#=8 6#6'>4#6

    Dn}i`ck} ",) 6##16 6'2 6#6'0#6 6#62 6#40 6#6'>#6

  • 8/2/2019 Prieto-Torres et al 2012.

    6/8

    gnpkt itlm|ljm`n }l vtl}ljxnj lj cn }njatl hl tlvx cl} p nyl}U9# >1# 42W p dnok l}xn hljkg`jnm`j bnj }`hk hl}mt`xk} lj l}xn`jyl}x`anm`j*

    Cn `jic|ljm`n hl cn} ynt`nm`kjl} mc`gx`mn} k ngd`ljxncl}}kdtl ck} yncktl} blgnxkca`mk} hl tlvx cl} l} g|p mkjxtkylt'}`nc U9# 44# 49W* Cn tlnc`znm`j hlc l}x|h`k km|tt` h|tnjxl cng`}gn xlgvktnhn hlc nk p lj |j vltkhk mktxk hl x`lgvk vktck ~|l }l vtl}|gl ~|l l}xn} ynt`ndcl} jk nilmxntkj ck} tl}|c'xnhk}* N} g`}gk# }l bn vcnjxlnhk cn lr`}xljm`n hl inmxktl}mkgk cn} h`iltljm`n} lj xnccn}# }lrk# xlgvltnx|tn# b`htnxnm`jmktvktnc# vltkhk p l}xnhk tlvtkh|mx`yk mkgk mn|}njxl} hl cn}ynt`nm`kjl} kdxlj`hn} lj ck} vntglxtk} blgnxkca`mk} kdxl'j`hk} lj |jn vkdcnm`j U9# 1# 44W*

    Nca|jk} n|xktl} mk`jm`hlj lj }lncnt ~|l jk lr`}xlj h`'iltljm`n} }`aj`i mnx`yn} lj ck} yncktl} blgnxkca`mk} ljxtlblgdtn} p gnmbk} lj nca|jn} l}vlm`l} hl tlvx`cl} U4>W* ]`jlgdntak# ck} tl}|cxnhk} kdxlj`hk} "XNDCN @@) g|l}xtnj |jnh`iltljm`n }`aj`i`mnx`yn ljxtl }lrk} vntn lc YAG# }`ljhk g|mbkgnpkt lj ck} gnmbk}* L} h`im`c mkjxtn}xnt l}xn n}lyltnm`j ljck} l}x|h`k} mkj}|cxnhk}# v|l}xk ~|l cn gnpktn hl lcck} }ltlnc`zntkj lj vkdcnm`kjl} o|ylj`cl}# }`ljhk h`i`m|cxk}n cn h`il'tljm`nm`j hl ck} }lrk}*

    Vkt }| vntxl# ck} vtkglh`k} hlc CMM p NMM vntn cn}blgdtn} nj`hnhktn} i|ltkj hl >>4#> "01#0'>46>#8"21#6'>>9#1) mg# tl}vlmx`yngljxl5 p vntn ck} gnmbk} }l kdx|'y`ltkj vtkglh`k} hl >6

  • 8/2/2019 Prieto-Torres et al 2012.

    7/8

    Jk }l ljmkjxtntkj mkttlcnm`kjl} ljxtl cn gktikglxtn hlcn} xktx|an} p cn} ynt ndcl} blgnxkca`mn} l}x|h`nhn}# n}mkgk xngvkmk h`iltljm`n} }`aj`i`mnx`yn} ljxtl cn} blgdtn} nj`'hnhktn} jli xn} p tlg`atnjxl}* ]`j lgdntak# lr`}xlj h`iltlj'm`n} }`aj`i`mnx`yn} vntn lc ykc|glj glh`k ackd|cnt "YAG) ljxtlblgdtn} p gnmbk}*

    Ck} yncktl} hl l}xl l}x|h`k v|lhlj }lt |x`c`znhk} mkgk

    tliltljm`n nc lync|nt lc l}xnhk hl }nc|h hl kxtn} vkdcnm`kjl}nj`hnhktn} hl xktx|an} gnt`jn} lj Yljlz|lcn p lc Mnt`dl# tl'}ncxnjhk cn `gvktxnjm`n hl tlnc`znt l}x|h`k} ckmncl} vntn hlxlt'g`jnt cn `jic|ljm`n hl inmxktl} ngd`ljxncl} p hlgkati`mk} }k'dtl cn} ynt`ndcl} blgnxkca`mn}*

    NATNHLM@G@LJXK

    Ck} n|xktl} hl}lnj lrvtl}nt }| natnhlm`g`ljxk nc Mkj'}lok hl Hl}nttkcck M`ljxi`mk# B|gnj}x`mk p Xlmjkca`mk hl cn\j`ylt}`hnh hlc _|c`n "MKJHL]'C\_)# n cn N}km`nm`j M`y`cVTKY@XN# cn Ki`m`jn Jnm`kjnc hl H`ylt} hnh D`kca`mn hlc G`'j`}xlt`k hlc Vkhlt Vkv|cnt vntn lc Ngd`ljxl# cn H`tlmm`j hlB`htkatnin p Jnylanm`j hl cn Ntgnhn Dkc`ynt`njn hl Yljl'z|lcn p nc vlt}kjnc hl cn Dn}l M`ljxi`mk G`c`xnt ]`gj Dkcynthlc Tli|a`k hl In|jn ]`cyl}xtl @}cn hl Nyl}*

    TLILTLJM@N] D@DC@KATI@MN]

    U>W NA\@TTL# N*N*5 DNCN_]# A*B*5 ]VTNEH# X*T*5ATK]]# X*]* Nhtljnc njh Blgnxkcka`mnc Tl}vkj}l} xk]xtl}} `j O|ylj`cl Atllj X|txcl} "Mblckj n gphn}) q`xbnjh q`xbk|x I`dtkvnv`cckgn}* Vbp}`kc* _kkc* 92"'200=9* 4666*

    U8W DKCXLJ# N* Xmj`mn} vntn cn glh`m`j hl xktx|an} Gnt`'jn}* Lj? Xmj`mn} vntn cn @jyl}x anm`j p Gnjlokvntn cn Mkj}ltynm`j hl cn} Xktx|an} Gnt`jn}*Lmeltx# E*C*5 Doktjhnc# E*N*5 Ndtl|'Atkdk`}# I*N*5 Hkjjl'ccp# G* "Lh})* \@MJ+M]L At|vk L}vlm`nc`}xn lj Xktx|an}Gnt`jn}* V|dc`mnm`j Jk* 8* Vv >49'>=>* 4666*

    U006

    Ynt`ndcl} Jli`xn} "J749)

    Glh`n HL

    4 Nk} "J7>4)

    Glh`n HL

    := Nk} "J7>>)

    Glh`n HLTAT ">69+ C) 6#< 6#8= 6#>= 6#8< 6#>1

    TAD ">6=+ C) =#6= >#=9 8#64 4#>> =#84 >#20

    Bxk ",) =6#22 =#98 40#91 =#09#21 1=0#29#>9 186#01 4=

    GMB "va) 4>4#9< 96#2= 44=#6=

    C`jikm`xk} ",) =1#9< >6#26 =8#6#99 =9#== >>#9=

    Lk}`ji`ck} ",) 9#11 9#84 =#12 1#60 9#02

    Gkjkm`xk} ",) =#11 =#=8 =#11 =#=8

  • 8/2/2019 Prieto-Torres et al 2012.

    8/8

    U2W HL CK] CCNJK]# Y* H`}lk mkjmlvx|nc hl |j }`}xlgnhl `jiktgnm`j vntn lc gnjlok hlc Tli|a`k hl In|jn @}cnhl Nyl}* \j`ylt}`hnh ]`gj Dkcynt* Ynccl hl ]ntxljl'

    on}# Yljlz|lcn* Xtndnok L}vlm`nc hl Atnhk* >19 vv*4662*

    U0W INTYLT# X*D* Mkjmlvx} ki Jktgnc xp `j Mc`j mnc D`k'mblg`}xtp* @j? Enjlek# O*5 Bntylp# @ njh Dt|}}# G* "Lh}*)*Mc`j`mnc D`kmblg`}xtp ki Hkgl}x`m nj`gnc}* 9 xb Lh* Vv>'46W ILTTLT# P*5 HN_# T*5 HN_# I*T* Mntnmxlt}x`mn} hl cnnj`hnm`j hl cn xktx|an ylthl# Mblckj`n gphn} "Xl}x|h`'jnxn# Mblckj``hnl)# lj cn vcnpn Mnclxn hl ck} V`kok}#M|dn# n vntx`t hl gntmnm`kjl} lrxltjn}* Nj`g* D`kh`'ylt}* Mkj}lty* =6"4)?4>>'4>2* 4661*

    U>>W IC@JX# G*? GKTXKJ# O*5 MKC@J# O*5 C@GV\]# O*5 VNX'XLT]KJ# E*5 G\TTNP# V*5 G@CC]# V* Hlylckvgljx njh

    nvvc`mnx`kj ki d`kmblg`mnc njh blgnxkcka`mnc tliltljml`jxltync} xk `hljx`ip |jblncxbp atllj }ln x|txcl} "Mblckj`ngphn})* Xbl Ylx* O* >2