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The music of the Philippines is a mixture of European, American andindigenous sounds. Much of the music of the Philippines have beeninfluenced by the 333 year-long colonial legacies of Spain, Western rock

and roll, hip hop and pop music from the United States, the indigenousAustronesian population and Indo-Malayan Gamelan music

Contents

1 Indigenous Musical Styles1.1 Southern Genres

1.2 Northern Genres1.3 Other Genres

2 Hispanic Musical S tyles2.1 Harana2.2 Kundiman

2.3 Rondalla3 Philippine choral music

4 Philippine Popular Music4.1 North American influences4.2 Filipino Rock Music

4.3 OPM (Original Pil ipino Music)

4.4 Filipino Hip-Hop and R&B5 See also

6 References7 External links

Indigenous Musical Styles

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A pair of agungs, one of theinstruments found in thekumintang ensemble

A Philippine kulintang of theMaguindanaon people with 8gongs stacked horizontally bypitch atop a wooden antangan

Southern Genres

Among the various groups of the island of Mindanao and the SuluArchipelago, a highly sophisticated musical repertoire called kulintang

exists in which the main instruments used are bossed gongs not dissimilarto gongs used in Indonesia.

Generally, kulintang ensembles among theMaguindanao, Maranao, the Tausug and

other lesser known groups, are composedof five pieces of instrumentation. Among

the Maguindanao, this includes: thekulintang (strung stand, serving as the mainmelody instrument of the ensemble), the

agung (the largest gongs of the ensembleproviding much of the lower beats, either

coming in a pair of two or just one alone),the gandingan (four large vertical gongs

aligned front to back, used as a secondarymelodic instrument), the dabakan (an hour-glass shaped drum covered in goat/lizard skin) and the babendil (a singular

gong used as the timekeeper of the entire ensemble). The Maranao havesimilar instrumentation w ith the exception of the gandingan which they do

not have an equivalent of.

List of the Traditional Instruments of the

Southern Philippines:

Five main instruments of the Maguindanao KulintangEnsemble

Kulintang - Agung - Gandingan - Babendil -

Dabakan

Other Southern Pilipino non-ensemble instrumentsKulintang a Kayo - Gandingan a Kayo -

Kulintang a Tiniok - Kubing - Luntang - Agung a

Tamlang Kagul Palendag Tumpong Suling - Kutiyapi

Among the Maguindanao/Maranao, kulintang music serves as their meansof entertainment and hospitality, being used in weddings, festivals,

coronations, to entertain visiting dignitaries and to send off those headingand coming back from pilgrimages. Kulintang music is also used to

accompany healing ceremonies and particularly among the Maguindanao,


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can serve as a orm o commun ca on. ecause e agu n anao can

convert the music into their language and vice versa, the Maguindanao cansends messages long distances using their instruments. The gandingan

usually is their instrument of choice to send messages, known among theMaguindanao as apad. Apad has been used to warn others of impedingdanger or to send a message to a lover. In fact, people have been known to

elope with the use of such songs.[1]

Among the Tausug of the Sulu Archipelago, The Sindil (sung verbal jousts)is a musical lighthearted style that is sung by a duo of both sexes sung in

front of an audience. Teasing, jokes, and innuendos flow into the verses, thebetter ones being applauded by the audience. The gabbang xylophone and

biyula traditional violin are the instruments mainly used. Although Sindil is a

particular genre of music, the verbal jousting musical type is also found inmany other parts of the country, especially among the Visayan peoples, who

are ethnically related to the Tausug. Sindil are normally used at weddingsand other festive events.

Other musical traditions of this region are those of the serenade form

Kapanirong and the outdoor "loud" music repertoire called Tagonggo.

Northern Genres

Among the indigenous peoples of the Central Cordilleras of the northernisland of Luzon, music is also played with gongs, but unlike those of

southern repertoires, these gongs, called Gangsa, are unbossed and havetheir origins in mainland Asia. Music is usually played to accompany dance,and because of this is mostly percussion based. Gong ensembles are

normally accompanied by drums. The music is polyphonic, and uses highlyinterlocking repeated patterns.

Other Genres

Other indigenous instruments include a bamboo zither, log drums, the

Kudyapi two stringed boat lute and various flutes, including some noseflutes used by northern tribes.

Hispanic Musical Styles

Spanish and Mexican colonizers left their musical mark on the Phil ippines,introducing another rich culture, Christianity and i ts attendant religious

music. The guitar and other instruments, as well as zarzuela (a form ofoperetta) were popular and soon became an important part of the customs

and traditional elements of the culture of the Philippines.

Harana

The Harana first gained popularity in the early part of the Spanish Period. It'sinfluence comes from folk Music of Spain and the Mariachi sounds ofMexico. It is a traditional form of courtship music in which a man woos a

woman by serenading her underneath her window at night. It is widelypracticed in many parts of the Philippines with a set of protocols, a code of


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As proof of the rondalla's natural fitwith Philippine music, it has beenbrought to other parts of the world

wherever Filipinos can be found. Inthe United States, the PhilippineChamber Rondalla of New Jersey,Inc. is a leading proponent ofPhilippine rondalla music in theNorth Eastern seaboard.

, .protocols in music, although its origins lie in the old pre-colonial Philippine

musical styles which still practiced around the country (See AlsoKapanirong style of the Maguindanao of Mindanao). The main instrument

used for Harana is the Guitar, played by the courter, although other stringinstruments such as the Ukulele and less frequently, the Violin andTrumpets are also used.

Kundiman

The Kundiman is a lyrical song made popular in the Philippines in the early19th century, but having origins in older pre-colonial indigenous styles.Composed in the Western idiom, the song is characterized by a minor key at

the beginning and shifts to a major key in the second half. Its lyrics depict aromantic love, usually portraying the forlorn pleadings of a lover willing to

sacrifice everything on behalf of his beloved. In many others, it is a plaintivecall of the rejected lover or the broken-hearted. In others, it is a story ofunrequited love. Almost all traditional Filipino love songs in this genre are

heavy with poetic emotion. In the 1920s Kundiman became a much moremainstream musical style, with many popular performers including

Diomedes Maturan and Ruben Tagalog.

Rondalla

Spain brought the rondalla to the

Philippines in the 1800's.[2] An

ensemble of plectrum instruments, theearly Phili ppine rondalla repertoireconsisted primarily of Western

European symphonic overtures andarias from operas. Its compatibility with

native Philippine music allowed therondalla to figure prominently inFilipino rural community life, providing

accompaniment to folk dancing andsinging as well as the featured

ensemble.

The standard Phi lippine rondallaconsists of the pear-shaped piccolo

bandurria, bandurria, and la-ud, and the guitar-shaped octavina andmandola, guitarra, and bajo de unas (which has been supplanted by thedouble bass). Fashioned from common Philippine wood such as langka,

pine,molave, cypress, narra, kamagong, and mahogany, yakal,acacia, theinstruments are played with a plectrum of turtle shell. The fourteen strings of

the rondalla i nstruments, except for the guitarra, are grouped into six tuningunits viz., F#, B, E, A, D, G. The doubling or tripling of strings produces

better sound quality and volume.

banduria, double bass, laud, octavina, guitar , piccolo , etc. are examples ofrondalla instruments.

Philippine choral music


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the Philippine Madrigal Singers. This choir is the country's premier choraleand has been an award-winning chorale through its existence. It is the only

choir in the world to have won twice in the European Grand Prix for ChoralSinging (1997 and 2007), widely considered the most prestigious choralecompetition in the world. Also from the same homefront, i.e. the University of

the Philippines, are the University of the Philippines Singing Ambassadors(or UPSA) and the University of the Philippines Concert Chorus (or UPCC),

two of the most sought-after and multi-awarded groups in the country. Also,Kundirana, a high-school choral group from La Salle Green Hills, becamepopular as well. Other popular and internationally awarded groups are the

UST Singers and the Ateneo College Glee Club. Saint Louis UniversityGlee Club in Baguio city has been one of the outstanding choral group in the

Philippines and the most rewarded choral group in the Cordilleran Regionfor winning in the CCP. The Philippines is arguably the most awarded Asiancountry in choral music.

Philippine Popular Music

North American influences

The United States occupied the Islands in 1898 until 1935 and introduced

American blues, folk, R&B and rock and roll became popular.

For many years, even after the Republic of Philippines became anindependent nation, most popular Filipino musicians recorded "covers" of

American hit songs. However, this American influence taught the Filipinoshow to create and market their own performers, and led to the emergence ofsuperstars such as Martin Nievera, Sharon Cuneta, Gary Valenciano, Lea

Salonga and Regine V elasquez,

Filipino Rock Music

In the late 1950s, native performers wrote Tagalog lyrics for North Americanrock n'roll music, resulting in the beginnings of Filipino rock.

The most notable achievement in Filipino rock of the 1960s was the hit song

"Killer Joe," which propelled the group "Rocky Fellers" to #16 on theAmerican radio charts. However, despite the Fel lers family (father and four

sons) being of Manila origin, the song itself was written by US musiciansBert Russell (Bert Berns), Bob Elgin, and Phil Medley, so some criticscontend that it wasn't truly Filipino rock. RJ Jacinto also known as RJ started

releasing instrumentals during the 1960's. His band took it's style from theBritish band called the Shadows. He currently has a TV station, radio show,

and the owner of his very own night-club. Up until the 70s, popular rockmusic had always been written in English. In the early 1970s, rock music

began to be written using local languages, with bands like the Juan DelaCruz Band being among the first popular bands to do so. Mixing Tagalogand English lyrics were also popularly used within the same song, in songs

like "Ang Miss Universe Ng Buhay Ko," by the band Hotdog which helpedinnovate the Manila sound. The mixing of the two languages (known as

"Taglish"), while common in casual speech in the Philippines, was seen asa bold move, but the success of Taglish in popular songs, including SharonCuneta's first hit, "Mr DJ," broke the barrier forevermore.

Soon, Filipino rock musicians added folk music and other influences,


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Joey Ayala, popular Filipino Neo-Traditional Artist, has been partlyresponsible for the rediscovery ofindigenous genres in modern Filipinomusic.

helping to lead to the 1978 breakthrough success of Freddie Aguilar.

Aguilar's Anak, his debut recording, is the most commercially successfulFilipino recording in history, and was popular throughout Asia and Europe,

and has been translated into numerous language by singers worldwide.Asin also broke into the music scene at the same time and were verypopular.

Rock music became the music of Filipino protesters in the 1980s, and

Aguilar's "Bayan Ko" became especially popular as an anthem during the

1986 revolution. At the same time, a subculture rejected the rise of sociallyaware lyrics. In Manila, a Punk Rock scene developed, led by bands likeBetrayed, The Jerks and Urban Bandits. The influence of New Wave wasalso felt during these years, spearheaded by The Dawn.

1990s saw the emergence of superstar pop rock group Eraserheads,considered by many as the greatest Filipino artist of all time. Following theirsuccess are Filipino rock stars Yano, Parokya ni Edgar, Rivermaya,

Cocojam, and Grace Nono, each of which adopts a variety of rocksubgenres into their style.

During the 1998 Rock Band festivalheld at Hard Rock Caf, Makati, a

young rock group from theUniversity of the Philippines,

College of Music Circles End]]won the Best Band of the Yearcategory and the Best Composition

by Georsua. The band lasted only for 3 years after formally disbanded. Theband members were Clair Subijana (Drums) Jerome Subijana (keyboards)

Marcus San Juan( lead guitars) Geno Georsua (bass guitar/song writer)Mark Velasco (vocals/guitar/song writer) The Hard Rock Caf platform willsurely miss their virtuosity.

Filipino rock has also developed to include some hard rock and heavy metal

such as Wolfgang, Razorback, Greyhounds, Queso and the progressiveband Paradigm.

The Neo-Traditional genre in Fil ipino music is gaining popularity, with artists

such as Joey Ayala, Grace Nono and B ayang Barrios enjoying relativepopularity within the Philippines for including the traditional musicaltraditions of the many indigenous minorities of the country.

Today, the Philippines is perhaps Asia's most vibrant music-obsessedcountry, with home spawned bands such as Sponge Cola, Chicosci,Bamboo, Silent Sanctuary, Rocksteddy, Kjwan, Kamikazee, Cueshe,

Itchyworms, Vinyard, Valley of Chrome, Clap Your Hands, Imago, Hale, The

Ambassadors, Moonstar 88, Faspitch, Callalily and Urbandub, amongothers.

There has always been a blend of rock and easy-listening styles in OPM, soit is not unusual for a single artist or group to have a wide repertoire and an

equally wide range of fans. A retired businessman may find himself seatednext to a teen girl at an appearance of Juan De La Cruz or the latest girlgroup from Makati, and outcheering her after a favorite song.


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OPM (Original Pilipino Music)

Original Pilipino Music, now more commonly termed Original Pinoy Music,(frequently abbreviated to OPM) originally referred only to Filipino pop

songs, especially those in the ballad form; such as songs popularized in the1970s through the mid-1990s by major commercial Filipino pop artists like

Ryan Cayabyab, Kuh Ledesma, Zsa Zsa Padilla, Martin Nievera, GaryValenciano, Basil Valdez, Rey Valera, Regine Velasquez, Ogie Alcasid,Jaya, Lani Misalucha, Lea Salonga, Janno Gibbs, and APO Hiking Society.

In the passage of time as well as the development of many diverse and

alternative musical styles in the Philippines, however, the term OPM nowrefers to any type of Original Philippine Music created in the Phil ippines orcomposed by individuals of Philippine extraction, regardless of location atthe time when composed. The lyrics, in fact, may be in any language

(although most of it are written either in Filipino/Tagalog, English or taglish).

Filipino Hip-Hop and R&B

Main Article: Filipino hip hop, Filipino R&B

The birth of Filipino hip-hop music (sometimes referred to as "Pinoy Rap" or

"FlipHop"), occurred in the early 1980s with songs by Dyords Javier ("NaOnseng Delight") and Vincent Daffalong ("Nunal"). The genre developedslowly during the 1980's but soon hit the mainstream with Francis

Magalona's debut album, Yo! which included the nationalistic hit "MgaKababayan" (My countrymen) and the rap-ballad "Cold Summer Nights".

Magalona, who rapped in both English and Filipino, became a pioneer inthe genre and a superstar as a result.

The 1990's were known as the "Golden Age" of Filipino rap and saw the

beginning of rapid stylistic innovation with Francis M.'s second albumreleased in 1992 Rap is Francis M.which is considered to be one of thegreatest Pinoy rap albums. In 1994, Death Threat released the first Filipino

gangsta rap album titled Gusto Kong Bumaet(I Want to be Good). Another

associate of Magalona who emerged as a leading pioneer of the hip hop

scene is DJ MOD a.k.a as Noel Macanaya.

Rap artists such as Apokalipsis, Syke, Mista Blaze, Stick Figgas,Mobbstarr/Dice & K9, Krook and J.O.L.O., Mike Kosa, Francis Magalona and

rap superstar Gloc-9 continue to top music charts. Some of the most popularR&B artists in the Philippines are Kyla dubbed as R&B Princess, JayRdubbed as R&B Prince, Nina dubbed as the Soul Siren, Kris Lawrence,

Amber, Thor, Luke Mejares, South Border and Keith Martin.

See also

Original Filipino music and Lyrics

OPM Filipino Music Lyrics

Modern Filipino Music

Traditional Filipino Music

References

Clewley, John. "Pinoy Rockers". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and

Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), World


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v d e

v d e

Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific,

pp 213-217. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. ISBN 1-85828-636-01. ^ Mercurio, Philip Dominguez (2006). Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines

(html). PnoyAndTheCity: A center for Kulintang - A home for Pasikings.Retrieved on February 25, 2006.

2. ^ Aning, Jerome. "NATIONAL INSTRUMENT?: Rondalla maestro makes strong pitch for

banduria", Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2007-11-23. Retrieved on 2008-04-05.

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