Limba Spaniola
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Transcript of Limba Spaniola
1. BASIC PHRASES
¡Buenos días! bway-nohs dee-ahs Hello! / Good morning!
¡Buenas tardes! bway-nahs tard-ays Good afternoon!
¡Buenas noches! bway-nahs noh-chays Good evening! / Good night!
¡Hola! / ¡Chao! oh-lah / chow Hi! / Bye!
Adiós. ah-dee-ohs Good bye.
Por favor. por fah-bor Please.
Hasta la vista / Hasta luego. ah-stah lah vees-tah / ah-stah loo-ay-go See you / See you later.
Hasta pronto. ah-stah prohn-toh See you soon.
Hasta mañana. ah-stah mahn-yahn-ah See you tomorrow.
(Muchas) Gracias. (moo-chahs) grah-see-ahs Thank you (very much).
De nada. day nah-dah You're welcome.
Bienvenidos byen-veh-nee-dohs Welcome
Lo siento loh see-ehn-toh I'm sorry
Con permiso / Perdón / Disculpe kohn pehr-mee-soh / pehr-dohn / dees-kool-peh Excuse me / Pardon me
¡Vamos! bah-mohs Let's go!
¿Cómo está usted? koh-moh ay-stah oo-sted How are you? (formal)
¿Cómo estás? koh-moh ay-stahs How are you? (informal)
¿Qué tal? kay tahl How's it going?
Bien / Muy bien bee-ehn / moy bee-ehn Good / Very good
Mal / Muy mal / Más o menos mahl / moy mahl / mahs oh may-nohs Bad / Very bad / OK
Sí / No see / noh Yes / No
¿Cómo se llama usted? koh-moh say yah-mah oo-sted What is your name? (formal)
¿Cómo te llamas? koh-moh tay yah-mahs What is your name? (informal)
Me llamo... / Mi nombre es... may yah-moh / mee nohm-breh ess My name is...
Mucho gusto. / Encantado. moo-choh goo-stoh / en-cahn-tah-doh Nice to meet you.
Igualmente. ee-guahl-mehn-tay Same here. / Same to you.
Señor / Señora / Señorita sayn-yor / sayn-yor-ah / sayn-yor-ee-tah Mister / Mrs. / Miss
¿De dónde es usted? day dohn-day ehs oo-sted Where are you from? (formal)
¿De dónde eres? day dohn-day eh-rehs Where are you from? (informal)
Yo soy de... yoh soy day I'm from...
¿Cuántos años tiene usted? quahn-tohs ahn-yohs tee-ay-nay oo-sted How old are you? (formal)
¿Cuántos años tienes? quahn-tohs ahn-yohs tee-ayn-ays How old are you? (informal)
Yo tengo _____ años. yoh tayn-goh _____ ahn-yohs I am _____ years old.
¿Habla usted español? ah-blah oo-sted eh-spahn-yol Do you speak Spanish? (formal)
¿Hablas inglés? ah-blahs een-glehs Do you speak English? (informal)
(No) Hablo... noh ah-bloh I (don't) speak...
¿Entiende usted? / ¿Entiendes? ehn-tyen-deh oo-sted / ehn-tyen-dehs Do you understand? (formal / informal)
(No) Entiendo. noh ehn-tyen-doh I (don't) understand.
Yo (no lo) sé. yoh noh loh seh I (don't) know.
¿Puede ayudarme? pweh-deh ah-yoo-dar-meh Can you help me? (formal)
Claro / Claro que sí klah-roh / klah-roh keh see Sure / Of course
¿Cómo? koh-moh What? Pardon me?
¿Dónde está / Dónde están... ? dohn-deh eh-stah / dohn-deh eh-stahn Where is ... / Where are ... ?
Aquí / Ahí ah-kee / ah-ee Here / There
Hay / Había... eye / ah-bee-ah There is / are... / There was / were...
¿Cómo se dice ____ en español? koh-moh seh dee-seh ___ en eh-spahn-yol
¿Qué es esto? keh ehs ehs-toh What is that?
¿Qué te pasa? keh teh pah-sah What's the matter (with you)?
How do you say ____ in Spanish?
No importa. noh eem-por-tah It doesn't matter.
¿Qué pasa? keh pah-sah What's happening?
Sin novedad. seen noh-veh-dahd Nothing much.
No tengo ninguna idea. noh tehn-goh neen-goo-nah ee-deh-ah I have no idea.
¡Buena idea! bweh-nah ee-deh-ah Good idea!
¡Pase! pah-seh Go ahead!
Estoy cansado / enfermo. eh-stoy kahn-sah-doh / ehn-fehr-moh I'm tired / sick.
Tengo hambre / sed. tehn-goh ahm-breh / sed I'm hungry / thirsty.
Tengo calor / frío. tehn-goh kah-lohr / free-oh I'm hot / cold.
Estoy aburrido. eh-stoy ah-boo-ree-doh I'm bored.
No me importa. noh meh eem-por-tah I don't care.
No se preocupe. noh seh preh-oh-koo-peh Don't worry
Está bien. ehs-tah bee-ehn That's alright. / It's ok.
Me olvidé. meh ohl-vee-deh I forgot.
Tengo que ir ahora. tehn-goh keh eer ah-oh-rah I must go now.
¿Listo? lees-toh Ready?
Quizás / Depende. kee-sahs / deh-pehn-deh Maybe / It depends.
Todavía no. toh-dah-vee-ah noh Not yet.
¡Qué chistoso! keh chees-toh-soh How funny!
¡Que le vaya bien! keh leh vah-yah bee-ehn Have a nice day!
¡Nos vemos! nohs veh-mos We'll see you!
¡Salud! sah-lood Bless you!
¡Felicitaciones! feh-lee-see-tah-see-oh-nehs Congratulations!
¡Buena suerte! bweh-nah swehr-teh Good luck!
Te toca a ti. teh toh-kah ah tee It's your turn. (informal)
¡Callate! kah-yah-teh Shut up!
Te amo. tay ah-moh I love you. (informal and singular)
Notice that Spanish has informal and formal ways of speaking. This is because there is more than one meaning to "you" in Spanish (as well as in many other languages.) The informal you is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animals or children. The formal you is used when talking to someone you just met, do not know well, or someone for whom you would like to show respect (a professor, for example.)
Encantado, cansado, enfermo, and aburrido are the masculine forms of the words. If the words refer to a woman or are spoken by a woman, then the final o changes to a: encantada, cansada, enferma, and aburrida
In Spain, as well as Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela, the Spanish language is called castellano instead of español.
2. PRONUNCIATION
Spanish Letter
English Sound
a ah
e ay
i ee
o oh
u oo
ll y
v b at beginning of word, real soft b between 2 vowels
ñ ny (as in canyon)
r almost like a d when in between 2 vowels
rr r with a roll of the tongue
d almost like a th when in between 2 vowels
j hard h
g g, sometimes a h
qu k
ai / all / ay eye
z s
z, ce, ci th (in northern Spain only)
The five vowels in Spanish are all pure vowels: [a], [e], [i], [o], [u] Be sure that you do not pronounce a diphthong as we do in English (the extra yuh or wuh sound at the end).
Stress: Just as in English, Spanish stresses a certain syllable in a word. If a word ends in a consonant, except s or n, the stress is on the last syllable. If a word ends in a vowel, or s or n, the stress is on the second-to-last syllable. For words that do no follow these rules, an accent is written over the vowel so that you will know to stress that syllable, as in el pájaro (bird).
Please keep in mind that because Spanish is spoken in many countries, there are several regional dialects and accents so pronunciation rules may not apply to all countries. This tutorial is mostly concerned with the varieties that are spoken in Mexico and Spain.
3. ALPHABET
a ah j hoh-tah r air-ay
b bay k kah rr airr-ay
c say l ay-lay s ay-say
ch chay ll ay-yay t tay
d day m ay-may u oo
e ay n ay-nay v bay chee-kah
f ay-fay ñ ayn-yay w vay doh-blay
g hey o oh x ah-kees
h ah-chay p pay y ee-gree-ay-gah
i ee q koo z say-tah
The Spanish language academy no longer considers the ch, ll or rr to be separate letters in dictionaries, but they are still separate letters in the alphabet. In Spain, you can say oo-bay for v, but in Latin America most varieties just use bay and an adjective, such as chica (Mexico and Peru) or corta (Argentina and Chile).
4. ARTICLES & DEMONSTRATIVES
Masc. Singular Fem. Singular
Masc. Plural Fem. Plural
the el (ail) la (lah) the los (lohs) las (lahs)
a, an un (oon) una (oon-ah) some unos (oon-ohs) unas (oon-ahs)
this este esta these estos estas
that ese esa those esos esas
that aquel aquella those aquellos aquellas
El is also used with feminine nouns beginning with a or ha when the accent is on the first syllable. Words that end in -o and -or are generally masculine, with a few exceptions: la mano (hand), la foto (photo). Words that end in -a are generally feminine, with a few exceptions: el mapa (map), el problema (problem). Other feminine words end in -ción, -tad, -dad, or -tud.
Use the ese forms to mean that when what you are talking about is near the person you are addressing. Use the aquel forms when what you are talking about is far from both you and the person you are addressing. Esto and eso are the neuter forms of this and that. They can be used in general and abstract ways. Demonstrative adjectives (listed above) are used before a noun; if you want to use the demonstrative pronouns, which are used before a verb, add an accent on all of the first e's: éste, ésta, éstos, éstas, ése, ésa, ésos, ésas, aquél, aquélla, aquéllos, aquéllas.
5. SUBJECT PRONOUNS
yo yoh I nosotros / nosotras
noh-soh-trohs / noh-soh-trahs
we
tú too you (informal) vosotros / vosotras
boh-soh-trohs / boh-soh-trahs
you (informal plural)
él / ella / usted
ail / ay-yah / oo-sted
he / she / it / you (formal)
ellos / ellas / ustedes
ay-yohs / ay-yahs / oo-sted-ays
they / they / you (plural)
Vosotros is used only in Spain when speaking to more than one person with whom you know well. Use Ustedes for plural you in other Spanish-speaking countries, regardless of formality. Usted can be abbreviated to Ud. or Vd. Ustedes can also be abbreviated to Uds. or Vds. Another singular informal you in Spanish (vos instead of tú) is used in several Latin America countries (especially Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay), but not in Spain. See the article on voseo at Wikipedia for more information on where it is used.
Nosotras and vosotras refer to a group of all females, as does ellas.
Please note that the subject pronouns are rarely used before verbs and usually only for emphasis.
6. TO BE & TO HAVE
ser - to be
present past future
soy I am fui I was seré I will be
eres you are fuiste you were serás you will be
es he/she/it is / you are
fue he/she/it was / you were
será he/she/it / you will be
somos we are fuimos we were seremos we will be
sois you are fuisteis you were seréis you will be
son they / you are fueron they / you were serán they / you will be
estar - to be
present past future
estoy I am estuve I was estaré I will be
estás you are estuviste you were estarás you will be
está he/she/it is / you are
estuvo he/she/it was / you were
estará he/she/it / you will be
estamos we are estuvimos we were estaremos we will be
estáis you are estuvisteis you were estaréis you will be
están they / you are estuvieron they / you were estarán they / you will be
tener - to have
present past future
tengo I have tuve I had tendré I will have
tienes you have tuviste you had tendrás you will have
tiene he/she/it has / you have
tuvo he/she/it / you had
tendrá he/she/it / you will have
tenemos we have tuvimos we had tendremos we will have
tenéis you have tuvisteis you had tendréis you will have
tienen they / you have tuvieron they / you had tendrán they / you will have
Highlighted forms are only used in Spain. Past refers to the preterite tense (also called simple past.) There is another past tense called the imperfect, which will be covered in Spanish II.
Ser is used to identify or describe. It tells what something is, its basic characteristics, or its origin. Estar is used to tell the location of something or how someone feels.
Uses of Ser
Identify person/object Inherent characteristics or qualities Nationality/Occupation Telling time Express ownership Impersonal expressions Passive voice
El edificio es un templo. La casa es grande. Carlos es pobre. Es carpintero. Son las tres. Los libros son de Juan. Es necesario. El teléfono fue inventado por Bell.
The building is a temple. The house is large. Charles is poor. He is a carpenter. It's three o'clock. The books are John's. It is necessary. The telephone was invented by Bell.
Uses of Estar
Location/position Temporary condition/state State of health Form progressive tense
El libro está en la mesa. La ventana está abierta. Juan está enfermo. Miguel está estudiando.
The book is on the table. The window is open. John is sick. Michael is studying.
Sometimes changing the verb can completely change the meaning: ser aburrido means to be boring, while estar aburrido means to be bored. Others include: ser bueno - to be nice, estar bueno - to be in good health; ser callado - to be discrete, estar callado - to be silent; ser moreno - to have brown hair, estar moreno - to be tan.
Many common expressions using the verb "be" in English use the verb "tener" in Spanish (but not all):
to be afraid tener miedo to be in a hurry tener prisa, estar de prisa
to be against
estar en contra to be jealous tener celos
to be at fault tener la culpa to be lucky tener suerte
to be careful tener cuidado to be patient tener paciencia
to be cold tener frío to be sleepy tener sueño
to be curious
ser curioso/a to be successful tener éxito
to be fed up estar harto/a
to be happy estar contento/a
to be thirsty tener sed
to be hot tener calor to be tired estar cansado/a
to be hungry tener hambre to be ___ years old
tener ___ años
Tener is also used with the following expressions that use "have" in English:
No tengo ni idea. I have no idea.
¿Tienes un resfriado? Do you have a cold?
Tengo que irme. I have to go.
7. QUESTION WORDS
what qué which cuál(es)
who quién(es) how much cuánto (-a)
how cómo how many cuántos (-as)
when cuándo whom a quién(es)
where dónde whose de quién(es)
why por qué
8. CARDINAL & ORDINAL NUMBERS
0 cero say-roh
1 uno oo-noh first primero
2 dos dohs second segundo
3 tres trays third tercero
4 cuatro kwah-troh fourth cuarto
5 cinco seen-koh fifth quinto
6 seis says sixth sexto
7 siete see-ay-tay seventh séptimo
8 ocho oh-choh eighth octavo
9 nueve new-ay-vay ninth noveno
10 diez dee-ays tenth décimo
11 once ohn-say eleventh undécimo
12 doce doh-say twelfth duodécimo
13 trece tray-say thirteenth décimo tercero
14 catorce kah-tor-say fourteenth décimo cuarto
15 quince keen-say fifteenth décimo quinto
16 diez y seis dee-ays ee says
sixteenth décimo sexto
17 diez y siete
dee-ays ee see-ay-tay
seventeenth décimo séptimo
18 diez y dee-ays ee eighteenth décimo octavo
ocho oh-choh
19 diez y nueve
dee-ays ee new-ay-vay
nineteenth décimo noveno
20 veinte bayn-tay twentieth vigésimo
21 veinte y uno
bayn-tay ee oo-noh
twenty-first vigésimo primero
22 veinte y dos
bayn-tay ee dohs
twenty-second
vigésimo segundo
30 treinta trayn-tah thirtieth trigésimo
40 cuarenta kuar-ain-tah fortieth cuadragésimo
50 cincuenta seen-kuain-tah
fiftieth quincuagésimo
60 sesenta say-sain-tah sixtieth sexagésimo
70 setenta say-tain-tah seventieth septuagésimo
80 ochenta oh-chain-tah eightieth octogésimo
90 noventa noh-bain-tah ninetieth nonagésimo
100 cien(to) see-ain-(toh)
hundredth centésimo
1000 mil meel thousandth milésimo
If you are just saying 100, you use cien. If it's over 100, you use ciento. So 101 is ciento uno and 156 would be ciento cincuenta y seis. Also you can use dieciséis, diecisiete, dieciocho, and diecinueve for 16, 17, 18, and 19, respectively. They are pronounced the same but are combined into one word. Additionally, 21-29 can be written as one word (veintiuno, veintidós, veintitrés, etc.), but you need to use y for the rest of the numbers.
Primero and tercero drop the final -o when used directly before a noun.
9. DAYS OF THE WEEK
Monday lunes loo-nays
Tuesday martes mar-tays
Wednesday miércoles mee-air-coh-lays
Thursday jueves hway-bays
Friday viernes bee-air-nays
Saturday sábado sah-bah-doh
Sunday domingo doh-ming-oh
day el día dee-ah
week la semana say-mahn-ah
weekend el fin de semana feen day say-mahn-ah
today hoy oy
tonight esta noche es-tah noh-chay
last night anoche ah-noh-chay
yesterday ayer eye-yair
tomorrow mañana mahn-yahn-ah
my birthday mi cumpleaños mee coom-play-ahn-yohs
next próximo / próxima prok-see-moh / mah
last pasado / pasada pah-sah-doh / dah
day before yesterday anteayer ahn-teh-eye-yair
day after tomorrow pasado mañana pah-sah-doh mahn-yahn-ah
the following day el día siguiente dee-ah see-gwee-ehn-teh
the day before la víspera vees-peh-rah
Days of the week are all masculine in gender and they are not capitalized in writing. The definite article is not used after the verb ser, but at all other times it is required and there is slight change in meaning if it is singular or plural: el lunes = on Monday but los lunes = on Mondays
10. MONTHS OF THE YEAR
January enero ay-nair-oh
February febrero fay-bray-roh
March marzo mar-soh
April abril ah-breel
May mayo mi-oh
June junio hoo-nee-oh
July julio hoo-lee-oh
August agosto ah-gohs-toh
September septiembre sayp-tee-aim-bray
October octubre ohk-too-bray
November noviembre noh-bee-aim-bray
December diciembre dee-see-aim-bray
month el mes mais
first of [a month] el primero de [month] pree-mair-oh day _____
year el año ahn-yoh
decade la década deh-kah-dah
century el siglo see-gloh
millennium el milenio mee-leh-nee-oh
The preposition en is used with months: en abril = in April. Also notice that primero is used for the first of the month, but the rest of the days are referred to using the regular cardinal numbers: el primero de junio but el dos de julio. Months of the year are also all masculine and not capitalized in writing.
¿Cual es la fecha de hoy? What is today's date? Hoy es el primero de agosto. Today is August 1st.
11. SEASONS
spring la primavera in spring en primavera
summer el verano in summer en verano
winter el invierno in winter en invierno
autumn el otoño in autumn en otoño
12. DIRECTIONS
to the right a la derecha
to the left a la izquierda
straight ahead todo derecho
north el norte northeast el noreste
south el sur northwest el noroeste
east el este southeast el sureste
west el oeste southwest el suroeste
13. COLORS & SHAPES
red rojo / roja circle el círculo
pink rosado / rosada square el cuadrado
orange anaranjado / anaranjada rectangle el rectángulo
yellow amarillo / amarilla triangle el triángulo
green verde oval el óvalo
blue azul cube el cubo
light blue celeste sphere la esfera
purple morado / morada cylinder el cilindro
violet violeta cone el cono
brown marrón octagon el octágono
black negro / negra box la caja
gray gris pyramid la pirámide
white blanco / blanca
golden dorado / dorada dark oscuro / oscura
silver plateado / plateada light claro / clara
All adjectives in Spanish are placed after the noun that they describe and they agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun. Notice that some colors do not change for gender (marrón) or number (gris). To change an adjective to the feminine form, you usually just change the final -o to -a. To make an adjective plural, simply add an -s.
a red house = una casa roja
14. TIME
¿Qué hora es? What time is it?
Es la una. It's one.
Son las dos/tres/cuatro... It's two/three/four...
Es mediodía. It's noon.
Es medianoche. It's midnight.
Son las cinco y cinco. It's 5:05
Son las ocho y cuarto. It's 8:15
Son las diez menos cuarto. It's 9:45
Son cuarto para las diez. It's 9:45 (common in Mexico)
Son las nueve menos diez. It's 8:50
Son diez para las nueve. It's 8:50 (common in Mexico)
Son las tres y media / treinta. It's 3:30
de la mañana in the morning / AM
de la tarde in the afternoon / PM
de la noche in the evening / PM
en punto exactly / sharp
¿A qué hora? At what time?
15. WEATHER
¿Qué tiempo hace? What's the weather like?
Hace buen tiempo. The weather's nice.
Hace mal tiempo. The weather's bad.
Hace frío. It's cold.
Hace calor. It's hot.
Hace sol. It's sunny.
Hace viento. It's windy.
Hace fresco. It's chilly.
Está nublado. It's cloudy.
Hay niebla. It's foggy.
Hay neblina. It's misty.
Hay humedad. It's humid.
Hay granizo. It's hailing.
Llueve. It's raining.
Nieva. It's snowing.
Truena. It's thundering.
Llovizna. It's sprinkling.
16. PREPOSITIONS
a at, to al lado de beside, alongside of
con with alrededor de around
contra against cerca de near, close to
de of, from lejos de far from
en in, on delante de in front of
entre between, among debajo de below, under
hacia towards, about en frente de opposite
para for, in order, by detrás de behind
por for, through, along, via encima de above, on top of
sobre on, over hasta till, until
sin without desde from, since
There are two prepositional contractions with definite articles. A and el combine to form al, and de and el combine to form del.
Para often drops the second syllable in speech in the Caribbean and some Latin American countries. In informal writing, it is usually written as pa'
17. FAMILY & ANIMALS
family la familia cousin (m) el primo
parents los padres cousin (f) la prima
husband el marido / el esposo
cousins los primos
wife la mujer / la esposa
relatives los parientes
father / dad el padre / el papá stepfather el padastro
mother / mom la madre / la mamá
stepmother la madrastra
son el hijo stepbrother el hermanastro
daughter la hija stepsister la hermanastra
children los hijos stepson el hijastro
brother el hermano stepdaughter la hijastra
sister la hermana godfather el padrino
brothers & sisters los hermanos godmother la madrina
only child (m) el hijo único baby el bebé
only child (f) la hija única teenager el adolescente
kid / boy el muchacho boy el niño
kid / girl la muchacha girl la niña
half-brother el medio hermano boys & girls los niños
half-sister la media hermana man el hombre
father-in-law el suegro woman la mujer
mother-in-law la suegra adult el adulto
brother-in-law el cuñado twins (m) los gemelos
sister-in-law la cuñada twins (f) las gemelas
son-in-law el yerno dog el perro
daughter-in-law la nuera cat el gato
grandfather el abuelo bird el pájaro
grandmother la abuela fish el pez
grandparents los abuelos gold fish la carpa dorada
grandson el nieto horse el caballo
granddaughter la nieta goat la cabra
grandchildren los nietos pig el cerdo
uncle el tío cow la vaca
aunt la tía rabbit el conejo
aunts & uncles los tíos turtle la tortuga
nephew el sobrino mouse el ratón
niece la sobrina deer el ciervo
nieces & nephews los sobrinos duck el pato
18. TO DO / MAKE
hacer - to do or make
present past future
hago hice haré
haces hiciste harás
hace hizo hará
hacemos hicimos haremos
hacéis hicisteis haréis
hacen hicieron harán
19. FORMATION OF PLURAL NOUNS
1. If a singular noun ends in a vowel, just add -s to make it plural: la casa → las casas
2. If a singular noun ends in a consonant, a vowel with an accent, or y, add -es to make it plural: el papel → los papeles
3. Singular nouns that end in -z change the z to c and add -es to form the plural: la luz → las luces
4. A few nouns that have an accent in the singular will lose it in the plural: el lápiz → los lápices
20. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
Initial Forms Terminal Forms
singular plural singular plural
my mi mis mío / mía míos / mías
your tu tus tuyo / tuya tuyos / tuyas
your/his/her/its su sus suyo / suya suyos / suyas
our nuestro / nuestra
nuestros / nuestras
nuestro / nuestra nuestros / nuestras
your vuestro / vuestra
vuestros / vuestras
vuestro / vuestra vuestros / vuestras
your/their su sus suyo / suya suyos / suyas
Remember that vuestro forms are only used in Spain (just as the vosotros subject pronoun & verb conjugations are only used in Spain).
Because su and sus can have so many meanings, de + a pronoun may be used following the noun: de Ud., de él, de ella, de Uds., de ellos and de ellas.
los libros de ellos their books
The terminal forms are placed after the noun, and the noun must be preceded by the definite article, except in direct address. When used with the indefinite article, it corresponds to the English "of mine, of yours," etc.
el libro mío my book Qué haces, hijo mío? What are you doing, my son? un amigo mío a friend of mine
21. TO COME & TO GO
venir - to come
present past future
vengo vine vendré
vienes viniste vendrás
viene vino vendrá
venimos vinimos vendremos
venís vinisteis vendréis
vienen vinieron vendrán
ir - to go
present past future
voy fui iré
vas fuiste irás
va fue irá
vamos fuimos iremos
vais fuisteis iréis
van fueron irán
Notice that the past tense of ir is the same as the past tense of ser. Context will indicate whether the meaning is was/were or went.
You can also use ir to express to be going to + an infinitive. You just need to insert a between the conjugation of ir and the infinitive.
Voy a estudiar más. I'm going to study more. Vamos a empezar de nuevo. We're going to start again.
22. TO / IN AND FROM
to a
from de
in en
Remember to use the prepositional contractions (a + el = al and de + el = del) when a noun with an article follows the preposition.
Vengo de los Estados Unidos. I come from the US.
23. COUNTRIES & NATIONALITIES
Africa el Africa Indonesia Indonesia
African africano/a Indonesian indonesio/a
Albania Albania Ireland la Irlanda
Albanian albano/a Irishman irlandés/esa
America la América Israel Israel
American americano/a Israeli israelí
Argentina la Argentina Hebrew hebreo/a
Argentine argentino/a Italy Italia
Asia el Asia (f) Italian italiano/a
Asian asiático/a Japan Japón
Australia Australia Japanese japonés/esa
Australian australiano/a Latvia Letonia
Austria el Austria (f) Latvian letón/ona
Austrian austríaco/a Lithuania Lituania
Belgium la Bélgica Lithuanian lituano/a
Belgian belga Luxembourg Luxemburgo
Bolivia la Bolivia Luxembourger luxemburgués/esa
Bolivian boliviano(a) Macedonia Macedonia
Bosnia la Bosnia Macedonian macedonio/a
Bosnian bosnio/a Malta Malta
Brazil el Brasil Maltese maltés/esa
Brazilian brasileño/a Mexico México
Bulgaria la Bulgaria Mexican mexicano/a
Bulgarian búlgaro/a Netherlands los Países Bajos
Canada Canadá Dutch holandés/esa
Canadian canadiense New Zealand Nueva Zelanda
China China New Zealander neozelandés/esa
Chinese chino/a Nicaragua Nicaragua
Chile la Chile Nicaraguan nicaragüense
Chilean chileno/a Norway Noruega
Colombia Colombia Norwegian noruego/a
Colombian colombiano/a Panama Panama
Costa Rica la Costa Rica Panamanian panameño/a
Costa Rican costarricense Paraguay Paraguay
Croatia la Croacia Paraguayan paraguayo/a
Croatian croata Peru Perú
Cuba la Cuba Peruvian peruano/a
Cuban cubano/a Poland la Polonia
Czech Republic la República Checa Polish polaco/a
Czech checo/a Portugal Portugal
Denmark Dinamarca Portuguese portugués/esa
Danish danés/esa Romania Rumania
Dominican Republic
República Dominicana
Romanian rumano/a
Dominican dominicano/a Russia Rusia
Ecuador Ecuador Russian ruso/a
Ecuadorian ecuatoriano/a Scotland la Escocia
Egypt Egipto Scottish escocés/esa
Egyptian egipcio/a Serbia Serbia
El Salvador El Salvador Serbian serbio/a
Salvadorean salvadoreño Slovakia la República Eslovaca
England la Inglaterra Slovak eslovaco/a
English inglés/esa Slovenia Eslovenia
Estonia Estonia Slovene esloveno/a
Estonian estonio/a South Africa Sudáfrica
Europe la Europa South African sudafricano/a
European europeo/a Spain España
Finland Finlandia Spanish español/a
Finnish finlandés/esa Sweden Suecia
France Francia Swedish sueco/a
French francés/esa Switzerland la Suiza
Germany Alemania Swiss suizo/a
German alemán/ana Turkey la Turquía
Great Britain la Gran Bretaña Turk turco/a
British británico/a Ukraine Ucrania
Greece Grecia Ukrainian ucraniano/a
Greek griego/a United Kingdom
Reino Unido
Guatemala Guatemala United States Estados Unidos
Guatemalan guatemalteco/a Uruguay Uruguay
Honduras Honduras Uruguayan uruguayo/a
Honduran hondureño/a Venezuela Venezuela
Hungary Hungría Venezuelan venezolano/a
Hungarian húngaro/a Wales el país de Gales
Iceland Islandia Welsh galés/esa
Icelandic islandés/esa
India India
Indian indio/a
24. WORK & SCHOOL
accountant el contador musician el músico
actor / actress el actor / la actriz nurse el enfermero
architect el arquitecto official / civil servant el funcionario
author el autor optician el óptico
baker el panadero painter el pintor
banker el banquero pharmacist (chemist)
el químico
barber el barbero pharmacist el farmacéutico
bookseller el librero photographer el fotógrafo
businessman el comerciante pilot el piloto
butcher el carnicero plumber el fontanero
carpenter el carpintero policeman el agente de policía
computer programmer
el programador postman el cartero
cook el cocinero priest el cura
customer el cliente professor el profesor
dentist el dentista publisher el editor
doctor el médico / el doctor
salesman el vendedor
electrician el electricista scientist el científico
employee el empleado secretary la secretaria
engineer el ingeniero servant el criado
firefighter el bombero shoemaker el zapatero
fisherman el pescador singer el cantante
gardener el jardinero soldier el soldado
grocer el dependiente student el estudiante
hair stylist el peluquero surgeon el cirujano
jeweler el joyero tailor el sastre
journalist el periodista teacher el profesor
judge el juez teacher (grade school)
el maestro
lawyer el abogado typist el mecanógrafo
librarian el bibliotecario waiter / server el camarero
mason el albañil watchmaker el relojero
mechanic el mecánico worker (blue-collar) el obrero
model el modelo writer el escritor
accounting la contabilidad law el derecho
algebra el álgebra linguistics la lingüística
architecture la arquitectura literature la literatura
art el arte mathematics la matématica
astronomy la astronomía medicine la medicina
biology la biología modern languages las lenguas modernas
botany la botánica music la música
business el comercio natural science las ciencias naturales
chemistry la química painting la pintura
computing (IT) la informática philosophy la filosofía
drawing el dibujo physical education la educación física
earth science la ciencia terrestre physical science las ciencas físicas
economics la económia physics la física
engineering la ingeniería political science las ciencias políticas
English el inglés Portuguese el portugués
French el francés psychology la psicología
geography la geografía religious education la enseñanza religiosa
geometry la geometría science la ciencia
German el alemán sociology la sociología
Greek el griego Spanish el español
history la historia technology la technología
Italian el italiano zoology la zoología
Latin el latín
25. TO KNOW PEOPLE & FACTS
conocer - to know people
present past future
conozco conocí conoceré
conoces conociste conocerás
conoce conoció conocerá
conocemos conocimos conoceremos
conocéis conocisteis conoceréis
conocen conocieron conocerán
saber - to know facts
present past future
sé supe sabré
sabes supiste sabrás
sabe supo sabrá
sabemos supimos sabremos
sabéis supisteis sabréis
saben supieron sabrán
26. COMMON WORDS
a lot mucho always siempre
very much muchísimo everyday todos los días
a little poco now ahora
very little muy poco usually usualmente
sometimes a veces there ahí
well bien over there allí
after después too bad demasiado malo
poorly mal
27. CONJUGATING REGULAR VERBS: PRESENT TENSE
Verbs in Spanish end in -ar, -er or -ir. Before a verb is conjugated, it is called the infinitive. Removing the last two letters gives you the stem of the verb (cantar is the infinitive to sing, while cant- is the stem.) To conjugate regular verbs in the present tense, add these endings to the stems:
-ar
-er
-ir
o
o
o
as
es
es
a
e
e
amos
emos
imos
áis
éis
ís
an
en
en
Remember that verbs do not require the subject pronouns, so just canto means I sing. Here are some more regular verbs:
-ar verbs -er verbs -ir verbs
bailar to dance aprender to learn vivir to live
desear to want comer to eat escribir to write
escuchar to listen correr to run compartir to share
estudiar to study leer to read recibir to receive
hablar to speak vender to sell subir to go/come up
practicar to practice beber to drink
tomar to take / drink
comprender to understand
viajar to travel
Conjugations of regular verbs:
hablar aprender vivir
hablo aprendo vivo
hablas aprendes vives
habla aprende vive
hablamos aprendemos vivimos
habláis aprendéis vivís
hablan aprenden viven
To make sentences negative, simply put no in front of the verb.
No hablo bien el español. I don't speak Spanish well.
To indicate that something just happened, you can use acabar de + an infinitive. Acabar (to finish) is a regular verb.
Acaba de comer. He just ate.
29. VOWEL CHANGES IN PRESENT TENSE
Some verbs have vowel changes in the present tense for all forms except first and second person plural. After dropping the endings (-ar, -er, or -ir), the e of the last syllable changes to ie, and o of the last syllable changes to ue. Some -ir verbs change the e to i, while verbs ending in -uir change the i to y for all forms except first and second plural.
e to ie o to ue e to i ui to uy
pensar - to think querer - to want, like, love cerrar - to close comenzar - to begin despertar - to awaken empezar - to begin entender - to understand perder - to lose preferir - to prefer sentar - to seat sentir - to regret, feel
contar - to count poder - to be able costar - to cost dormir - to sleep encontrar - to find, meet jugar - to play morir - to die mostrar - to show volar - to fly volver - to return
pedir - to ask (for) repetir - to repeat seguir - to follow servir - to serve vestir - to dress
construir - to build
pensar contar pedir construir
pienso cuento pido construyo
piensas cuentas pides construyes
piensa cuenta pide construye
pensamos contamos pedimos construimos
pensáis contáis pedís construís
piensan cuentan piden construyen
A few other verbs are irregular only in the first person singular form. The rest of the forms tend to follow the regular pattern:
traer to carry traigo I carry
salir to go out salgo I go out
hacer to do hago I do
saber to know sé I know
dar to give doy I give
ver to see veo I see
tener to have tengo I have
poner to put pongo I put
decir to say digo I say
valer to be worth valgo I am worth
caer to fall caigo I fall
conocer to know conozco I know
deducir to deduce deduzco I deduce
caber to fit quepo I fit
Generally, verbs that end in -cer and -cir add z before the first person singular ending.
We have already seen verbs that are irregular in all conjugations in the present tense, such as ir and ser. Another irregular verb is haber - to have or the impersonal there is/are; however, it is different from tener (which also means to have) because it is not used to show possession. It is only used in compound tenses as a helping verb, i.e. I have seen that movie, which will be covered in Spanish III.
The three completely irregular verbs in the present tense are:
ser - to be ir - to go haber - to
have
soy voy he
eres vas has
es va ha / hay*
somos vamos hemos
sois vais habéis
son van han
* The impersonal conjugation hay is used to mean there is/are in English.
28. REFLEXIVE VERBS
The subject and the object are the same with reflexive verbs - the subject acts upon itself. A reflexive verb in Spanish will be marked with se attached to the end of the infinitive. These verbs are conjugated like regular verbs, except the reflexive pronoun agrees with gender and number and precedes the verb when it is conjugated. Reciprocal verbs are conjugated the same as reflexive except the action passes from one person to another. Reflexive verbs sometimes use the "-self" forms in English, while the reciprocal verbs use "each other."
reflexive verbs
acordarse - to remember
dormirse - to fall asleep
acostarse - to go to bed
irse - to go away/leave
atreverse - to dare levantarse - to get/stand up
bañarse - to take a bath
sentarse - to sit down
casarse - to get married
quedarse - to stay/remain
despertarse - to wake up
quejarse - to complain
desvestirse - to get undressed
vestirse - to get dressed
The reflexive pronouns are me, te, se, nos, os and se and they are placed before the conjugated verb:
me acuerdo I remember
te acuerdas you remember
se acuerda he/she/you remember
nos acordamos
we remember
os acordáis you remember
se acuerdan they/you remember
However, when the reflexive verb is in the infinitive and used with another verb, the reflexive pronoun must still agree with the subject of the conjugated verb. It is either attached to the end of the reflexive verb or placed before the conjugated verb:
Vamos a casarnos. / Nos vamos a casar. We're going to get married. Tengo que irme. / Me tengo que ir. I have to go. Puede quedarse contigo? / Se puede quedar contigo? Can he stay with you?
The verb contarse is used colloquially to ask how's it going (with you)? ¿Qué te cuentas ?
30. PERSONAL A
When the direct object of a verb (except tener) is a person, it is preceded by a. It isn't used if a number precedes the object though. The pronouns alguien (somebody), alguno (someone), nadie (nobody), and ninguno (no one) require a as well, when used as the direct object.
Veo a Juan. I see John. Conozco a tu amiga. I know your friend. Veo a alguien. I see somebody.
31. PRETERITE TENSE
The preterite tense expresses an action in the past and is also called the simple past in English. It is used to describe events that have completely finished and are not still happening or that do not indicate repeated actions. It is formed by adding these endings to the verb stem:
-ar -er / -ir
-é -í
-aste -iste
-ó -ió
-amos -imos
-asteis -isteis
-aron -ieron
Conjugations of regular verbs in the preterite:
hablar aprender vivir
hablé aprendí viví
hablaste aprendiste viviste
habló aprendió vivió
hablamos aprendimos vivimos
hablasteis aprendisteis vivisteis
hablaron aprendieron vivieron
Notice that the nosotros forms of -ar and -ir verbs are the same in the present and preterite tenses.
Viví en España dos años. I lived in Spain for two years. Ellos hablaron con los niños. They spoke with the children. Quién comió la fruta? Who ate the fruit?
32. IRREGULAR PRETERITE TENSE
A few verbs are irregular in the preterite tense:
caber - to fit cupe cupiste cupo cupimos cupisteis cupieron
caer - to fall caí caíste cayó caímos caísteis cayeron
conducir - to drive conduje condujiste condujo condujimos condujisteis condujeron
dar - to give di diste dio dimos disteis dieron
decir - to say / tell dije dijiste dijo dijimos dijisteis dijeron
estar - to be estuve estuviste estuvo estuvimos estuvisteis estuvieron
haber - to have hube hubiste hubo hubimos hubisteis hubieron
hacer - to do / make hice hiciste hizo hicimos hicisteis hicieron
ir - to go / ser - to be fui fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron
oír - to hear oí oíste oyó oímos oísteis oyeron
poder - to be able to / can pude pudiste pudo pudimos pudisteis pudieron
poner - to put / place puse pusiste puso pusimos pusisteis pusieron
querer - to want quise
saber - to know facts supe
tener - to have tuve
quisiste quiso quisimos quisisteis quisieron
supiste supo supimos supisteis supieron
tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvisteis tuvieron
traer - to carry traje trajiste trajo trajimos trajisteis trajeron
venir - to come vine viniste vino vinimos vinisteis vinieron
ver - to see vi viste vio vimos visteis vieron
Ir and ser have the same forms in the preterite tense. Context will make the meaning clear.
33. IMPERFECT TENSE
The imperfect is another past tense that is used to express an action as going on in the past, as repeated or habitual, or to translate the English "used to + infinitive." It is also used with mental and physical conditions and for descriptions. The imperfect tends to be used more often than the preterite with these verbs: querer, creer, poder, esperar, tener, and saber.
The imperfect is formed by adding these endings to the infinitive stem:
-ar -er / -ir
-aba -ía
-abas -ías
-aba -ía
-ábamos -íamos
-abais -íais
-aban -ían
Regular imperfect tense conjugations:
estar - to be tener - to have decir - to say / tell
estaba tenía decía
estabas tenías decías
estaba tenía decía
estábamos teníamos decíamos
estabais teníais decíais
estaban tenían decían
Yo vivía en España. I used to live in Spain. Luisa estaba triste. Louise was sad. El vendía radios. He was selling radios.
Only a few verbs are irregular in the imperfect tense:
ser - to be ir - to go ver - to see
era iba
veía
eras ibas veías
era iba veía
éramos íbamos veíamos
erais ibais veíais
eran iban veían
You can use ir in the imperfect tense to express "was/were going to + infinitive" similar to its use in the present tense:
Iba a decir "no." I was going to say "no."
34. FOOD AND MEALS
bacon el tocino salad la ensalada
beef la carne de vaca salami el salchichón
beer la cerveza salt la sal
beverage la bebida sandwich el bocadillo
biscuit el bizcocho sauce la salsa
bread el pan sausage la salchicha
breakfast el desayuno soft drink el refresco gaseoso
butter la mantequilla soup la sopa
cake la torta sour cream la crema agria
candy los dulces steak el bistec
cheese el queso stew el guisado
chicken el pollo sugar el azúcar
chocolate el chupete supper la cena
chop la chuleta tea (iced) el té (helado)
coffee el café toast las tostadas
cookie la galleta turkey el pavo
cottage cheese el requesón veal la ternera
cotton candy el algodón de azúcar vegetable la legumbre
cream la crema vinegar el vinagre
custard las natillas water el agua
dessert el postre whipped cream la nata montada
dinner la comida wine el vino
duck el pato yogurt el yogur
egg el huevo bag la bolsa
fat la grasa bowl el tázon
flour la harina bottle la botella
fried eggs los huevos fritos box la caja
goose el ganso can la lata
ham el jamón can opener abrelatas
hamburger la hamburguesa carton el tetrabrik
honey la miel chopsticks los palillos
hot dog el perro caliente coffee pot la cafetera
ice el hielo colander el colador
ice cream el helado corkscrew el sacacorchos
jam la jalea cup la taza
juice el jugo / el zumo dish el plato
lamb el cordero fork el tenedor
lobster la langosta frying pan la sartén
lollipop el chupete glass el vaso
lunch el almuerzo jar el tarro
meal la comida jug la jarra
meat la carne kettle la caldera
milk la leche knife el cuchillo
milkshake la malteada lid la tapa
mustard la mostaza napkin la servilleta
mutton la carne de carnero plate el plato
oil el aceite saucer el platillo
omelet la tortilla saucepan la cacerola / el cazo
pepper la pimienta spoon la cuchara
pie el pastel spray can el spray
pork el cerdo table la mesa
rice el arroz tablecloth el mantel
roast el asado teapot la tetera
roll el panecillo tube el tubo
El zumo is used in Spain to refer to fruit juice, while el jugo only refers to juice from meat. In Latin America, el jugo refers to fruit juice.
35. GUSTAR
Gustar plus a noun means to like something. Literally, it means to please and takes an indirect object, so the construction of the sentence will be different than that of English. The verb will only be conjugated in the third person singular or plural because it is agreeing with the noun or infinitive that follows it, not the subject.
Me gusta(n) I like
Nos gusta(n) we like
Te gusta(n) you like
Os gusta(n) you like
Le gusta(n) you/he/she likes
Les gusta(n) you/they like
Gusta is used with singular nouns or an infinitive, while gustan is used with plural nouns. It is also possible to add a + pronoun to emphasize the subject, but this is not necessary. These pronouns are the same as the suject pronouns except a mí and a ti.
Me gustan las flores. I like the flowers. (Literally: To me are pleasing the flowers or the flowers are pleasing to me.) A nosotros nos gusta la casa. We like the house. No me gusta. I don't like it. Le gusta a Ud.? Do you like it? A ellos les gustan los caballos. They like the horses.
36. FRUITS & VEGETABLES
almond la almendra barley la cebada
apple la manzana beans los frijoles / las judías
apricot el albaricoque beet la remolacha
avocado el aguacate broccoli el brócoli
banana el plátano / el cambur cabbage la col
berry la baya carrot la zanahoria
blackberry la zarzamora cauliflower la coliflor
blueberry el arándano celery el apio
cherry la cereza chives la cebollana
chestnut la castaña corn el maíz
coconut el coco cucumber el pepino
currant la grosella eggplant la berenjena
date el dátil garlic el ajo
fig il higo green bean la habichuela
fruit la fruta herbs le hierba
grapefruit el pomelo horse-radish el rabano picante
grapes la uva leek el puerro
hazelnut la avellana lentil la lenteja
kiwi el kiwi lettuce la lechuga
lemon el limón mint la menta
lime la lima mushroom el hongo / la seta
lychee el lichi oats la avena
mango el mango onion la cebolla
melon el melón parsley el perejil
olive la aceituna pea el guisante
orange la naranja pepper el pimiento
papaya la papaya potato la papa / la patata
peach el melocotón pumpkin la calabaza
pear la pera radish el rábano
pineapple la piña rhubarb el ruibarbo
plum la ciruela rice el arroz
prune la ciruela pasa rye el centeno
raisin la uva pasa sage la salvia
raspberry la frambuesa seed la semilla
starfruit la carambola spinach la espinaca
strawberry la fresa sweet potato el camote / la batata
walnut la nuez tomato el tomate
watermelon la sandía turnip el nabo
artichoke la alcachofa wheat el trigo
asparagus el espárrago zucchini el calabacín
Los frijoles, la papa, and el hongo are used in Latin America, whereas las judías, la patata, and la seta are used in Spain. El champiñón is also used everywhere for a round, white mushroom. La callampa is only used in Chile for mushroom.
El cambur is used in Venezuela, where el plátano means plantain instead of banana.
El camote is mostly used in Mexico and the Andes.
37. TO TAKE OR DRINK
tomar - to take / drink
present preterite future
tomo tomé tomaré
tomas tomaste tomarás
toma tomó tomará
tomamos tomamos tomaremos
tomáis tomasteis tomaréis
toman tomaron tomarán
When tomar means to drink, it usually refers to alcohol. In Mexico, tomar can be intransitive, as beber is almost never used. In Spain, tomar is always transitive, such as tomar una copa - to have a drink and tomar un café - to have a coffee.
38. COMMANDS / IMPERATIVE
To form commands, drop the final -s on the present tense conjugation for the tú form and change the final -r of the infinitive to -d for the vosotros form. The other imperative conjugations (for Usted, Ustedes, and nosotros) use the present subjunctive forms. (More about the Subjunctive at #70.) You use the nosotros form when you mean Let's + infinitive. Negative commands use no + the present subjunctive conjugations for all forms. So the only forms that differ between affirmative and negative commands are tú and vosotros. Verbs that end in -car, -gar and -zar have the following changes in commands as well: c becomes qu, g becomes gu, and z becomes c.
Affirmative
Negative
-ar -er or -ir
-ar -er or -ir
tú -a -e
-es -as
Usted -e -a
-e -a
nosotros -emos -amos
-emos -amos
vosotros -ad -ed / -id
-éis -áis
Ustedes -en -an
-en -an
¡Habla! = Speak! (tú form) ¡Comed! = Eat! (vosotros form) ¡No comáis! = Don't eat! (negative vosotros form) ¡Beba! = Drink! (Usted form)
¡Coman! = Eat (Ustedes form) ¡No beban! = Don't drink! (negative Ustedes form)
There are 8 irregular verbs in the imperative, but they are only irregular for the tú form. The rest of the commands follow the pattern above.
infinitive tú form
decir hacer ir poner salir ser tener venir
di haz ve pon sal sé ten ven
There are several irregular stems that appear in the present subjunctive, and therefore in the imperative.
infinitive imperative stem
dar d-
decir dig-
estar est-
haber hay-
hacer hag-
ir vay-
poder pued-
poner pong-
querer quier-
saber sep-
salir salg-
ser se-
tener teng-
traer traig-
venir veng-
39. MORE NEGATIVES
To make sentences negative, you place no before the verb. Other negatives may precede or follow the verb, but if they follow, they must follow a negative verb (a double negative). The word order is either no + verb + negative or negative + verb. Nunca means ever when it follows a comparative; jamás means ever when it follows an affirmative verb. Ya no + verb means the same thing as no + verb + más (no more, no longer).
más no more, no longer
nada nothing, (not) anything
nadie nobody, (not) anybody
ninguno (a) no, none
tampoco neither, either
ni nor
ni...ni neither... nor
ni siquiera not even
nunca, jamás never, ever
No bailas nunca. = Nunca bailas. You never dance. No juego más. = Ya no juego. I no longer play.
40. HOLIDAY PHRASES
Feliz Navidad Merry Christmas
Feliz Año Nuevo Happy New Year
Feliz Cumpleaños Happy Birthday
Feliz Pascua Happy Easter
Spanish National Anthem: Marcha Real
There are no words to the Spanish national anthem; it is completely instrumental.
Mexican National Anthem: Mexicanos, al Grito de Guerra
by Francisco González Bocanegra
Mexicanos, al grito de guerra El acero aprestad y el bridón; y retiemble en sus centros la tierra Al sonoro rugir del cañón.
Ciña ¡oh patria! tus sienes de oliva De la Paz el arcángel divino, Que en el cielo tu eterno destino Por el dedo de Dios se escribió. Mas si osare un extraño enemigo Profanar con su planta tu suelo, Piensa ¡oh patria querida! que el cielo
Mexicans, at the cry of battle lend your swords and bridle; and let the earth tremble at its center upon the roar of the cannon.
Your forehead shall be girded, oh fatherland, with olive garlands by the divine archangel of peace, For in heaven your eternal destiny has been written by the hand of God. But should a foreign enemy Profane your land with his sole, Think, beloved fatherland, that heaven gave you a soldier in each son.
War, war without truce against who would attempt to blemish the honor of the fatherland!
Un soldado en cada hijo te dio.
¡Guerra, guerra sin tregua al que intente De la patria manchar los blasones! ¡Guerra, guerra! Los patrios pendones En las olas de sangre empapad. ¡Guerra, guerra! En el monte, en el valle Los cañones horrísonos truenen Y los ecos sonoros resuenen Con las voces de ¡Unión! ¡Libertad!
Antes, patria, que inermes tus hijos Bajo el yugo su cuello dobleguen, Tus campiñas con sangre se rieguen, Sobre sangre se estampe su pie. Y tus templos, palacios y torres Se derrumben con hórrido estruendo, Y sus ruinas existan diciendo: De mil héroes la patria aquí fue.
¡Patria! ¡patria! Tus hijos te juran Exhalar en tus aras su aliento, Si el clarín con su bélico acento Los convoca a lidiar con valor. ¡Para ti las guirnaldas de oliva! ¡Un recuerdo para ellos de gloria! ¡Un laurel para ti de victoria! ¡Un sepulcro para ellos de honor!
Mexicanos, al grito de guerra El acero aprestad y el bridón, y retiemble en sus centros la tierra Al sonoro rugir del cañón.
War, war! The patriotic banners saturate in waves of blood. War, war! On the mount, in the vale The terrifying cannon thunder and the echoes nobly resound to the cries of union! liberty!
Fatherland, before your children become unarmed Beneath the yoke their necks in sway, May your countryside be watered with blood, On blood their feet trample. And may your temples, palaces and towers crumble in horrid crash, and their ruins exist saying: The fatherland was made of one thousand heroes here.
Fatherland, fatherland, your children swear to exhale their breath in your cause, If the bugle in its belligerent tone should call upon them to struggle with bravery. For you the olive garlands! For them a memory of glory! For you a laurel of victory! For them a tomb of honor!
Mexicans, at the cry of battle lend your swords and bridle; and let the earth tremble at its center upon the roar of the cannon.
41. USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
hay there is/are
había there was/were
hay que + infinitive it is necessary to + infinitive
tener que + infinitive to have to / must + infinitive
tener ganas de + infinitive
to want to + infinitive
ir a + infinitive to be going to + infinitive
acabar de + infinitive to have just + past participle
hace + time time + ago
42. PROGRESSIVE TENSES
The progressive tense indicates an action that is ongoing. It is formed by using estar (in any tense) with a present participle. Present participles are formed by dropping the ending of the verb, and adding the following endings to the stem:
Present Participles
-ar -ando
-er -iendo
-ir -iendo
Juan está hablando. Juan is talking. Estaban cantando. They were singing. Estuve escribiendo una carta. I was writing a letter.
A few irregular present participles are: poder - pudiendo, dormir - durmiendo, sentir - sintiendo, venir - viniendo, pedir - pidiendo, leer - leyendo, ir - yendo, reír - riendo.
43. HABER
haber - to have (auxiliary verb)
present preterite imperfect
he hube había
has hubiste habías
ha hubo había
hemos hubimos habíamos
habéis hubisteis habíais
han hubieron habían
This verb does not mean to possess (that is tener); but it is used in past tenses as an auxiliary verb.
44. PRESENT & PAST PERFECT
The present perfect tense is a compound tense using haber with a past participle. (Haber is only used as a helping verb; it is never used to show possession.) This tense can be translated as "have/has + past participle." Please note that the preterite tense is used more often than the perfect when expressing the past.
Past participles are formed by dropping the infinitive ending, and adding these endings:
Past Participles
-ar -er -ir
-ado -ido -ido
The following verbs have irregular past participles: abrir (to open) - abierto (opened); escribir (to write) - escrito (written); morir (to die) - muerto (died); poner (to put) - puesto (put); ver (to see) - visto (seen); volver (to return) - vuelto (returned); decir (to say) - dicho (said); hacer (to do) - hecho (done).
No han vendido la casa. They have not sold the house. Dónde ha puesto Ud. la llave? Where have you put the key? Hemos ganado mucho dinero. We have earned a lot of money. Qué ha dicho Ud.? What did you say?
The past perfect tense corresponds to the English "had + past participle." It indicates an event that happened prior to another event in the past. It consists of the imperfect of haber and a past participle. Sometimes the preterite of haber is used, but the imperfect is more common.
Carlos había vivido en México. Carlos had lived in Mexico. Habíamos aprendido el español. We had learned Spanish.
45. PLACES
airport el aeropuerto
embassy la embajada pier el muelle
bakery la panadería factory la fábrica police station
la comisaría
bank el banco farm la granja port el puerto
bar el bar fire hydrant la boca de agua
prison la prisión
barn el granero fountain la fuente restaurant el restaurante
barracks el cuartel garage el garaje road (highway)
la carretera / la vía
bench el banco grocery store
el supermercado
school la escuela
bridge el puente hospital el hospital sidewalk la acera
bookstore la librería hotel el hotel square la plaza
building el edificio house la casa stable la cuadra
butcher's la carnicería hut la cabaña stadium el estadio
castle el castillo inn la posada stop sign la señal de alto
cathedral la catedral lane (town) la calleja store la tienda
cemetery el cementerio
library la biblioteca street la calle
church la iglesia market el mercado suburb el barro residencial
cinema el cine ministry el ministerio theater el teatro
consulate el consulado monument el monumento tower la torre
corner la esquina museum el museo town la ciudad
courtyard el patio palace el palacio town hall el ayuntamiento
crosswalk el cruce peatonal
path la senda traffic light el semáforo
dock la dársena pavement la acera university la universidad
dry cleaner's
la tintorería pharmacy la farmacia village el pueblo
In Mexico, the square in many towns is called el zócalo.
Addresses in the Spanish-speaking world use the name of the street first, then the number of the building.
46. TRANSPORTATION
by bus en autobús
by bicycle en bicicleta
by car en coche
by motorcycle en motocicleta
by subway en metro
by taxi en taxi
by plane en avión
by train en tren
by boat en barco
on foot a pie
El coche can also be used for car, while bus can also be la guagua (Cuba), la camioneta (Colombia and Venezuela) or el camión (Mexico) - but el camión means truck in other countries. A longer bus in Cuba is el camello and in Mexico it is el gusano.
47. TO WANT, TO BE ABLE TO, TO HAVE TO
querer - to want
present preterite imperfect
quiero quise quería
quieres quisiste querías
quiere quiso quería
queremos quisimos queríamos
queréis quisisteis queríais
quieren quisieron querían
poder - to be able to, can
present preterite imperfect
puedo pude podía
puedes pudiste podías
puede pudo podía
podemos pudimos podíamos
podéis pudisteis podíais
pueden pudieron podían
deber - to have to, must
present preterite imperfect
debo debí debía
debes debiste debías
debe debió debía
debemos debimos debíamos
debéis debisteis debíais
deben debieron debían
The difference in verb tenses (among the past) can change the meaning of the verb slightly
49. HOUSE & FURNITURE
alarm clock
el despertador drawer el cajón pipe la pipa
armchair el sillón dresser el tocador pipe (water)
el tubo
ashtray el cenicero driveway la entrada del garaje
poker el atizador
attic el desván DVD player
el lector de DVD
radio la radio
balcony el balcón fence la cerca record el disco
basement el sótano film la película refrigerator el refrigerador
basket la cesta fire el fuego roof el tejado
bathroom el baño flame la llama room el cuarto
bathtub la bañera flashlight la linterna rug la alfombra
batteries las pilas flat el apartamento
sheet la sábana
bed la cama floor el suelo shelf el estante
bedroom la alcoba / el dormitorio
floor (levels)
el piso / la planta
shovel la pala
bell (door) la campanilla flower la flor shower la ducha
blanket la cobija freezer el congelador
sideboard el aparador
blinds la persiana front walk la vereda sink el fregadero
bookcase la librería furniture los muebles sink (bathroom)
el lavabo
box la caja garage el garaje sitting room
la sala
broom la escoba garden el jardín smoke el humo
bucket el balde ground floor
la planta baja sofa el sofá
camcorder la cámara hearth la chimenea stairs las escaleras
camera la máquina de fotos
hook el gancho steps los escalones
candle la vela house la casa story el piso
carpet la alfombra iron (flat) la plancha stove la estufa
cassette la cinta kerosene el petróleo study el estudio
CD player el lector de CD
key la llave switch el conmutador
ceiling el techo kitchen la cocina table la mesa
chair la silla ladder la escalera tap (faucet) el grifo
chimney la chimenea lamp la lámpara telephone el teléfono
cigar el puro / el cigarro
lawn el césped television el televisor
cigarette el cigarrillo light bulb la bombilla toaster la tostadora
clock el reloj living room la sala toilet (WC) el inodoro
closet el armario lock la cerradura towel la toalla
compact disc
el disco compacto
mailbox el buzón vacuum cleaner
el aspirador
computer la computadora
matches las cerillas vase el jarrón
corner el rincón mattress el colchón VCR el magnetoscopio
cupboard la alacena microwave oven
el horno microondas
wall (house)
el muro
curtain la cortina mirror el espejo wall (room) la pared
cushion el cojín oven el horno window la ventana
desk el escritorio pantry la despensa yard el jardín
dining room
el comedor picture el cuadro
door la puerta pillow la almohada
50. COMPARATIVE & SUPERLATIVE
Comparisons are expressed as follows:
más [adjective] que menos [adjective] que tan [adjective] como tanto (-a, -os, -as) [noun] como
more [adjective] than less [adjective] than as [adjective] as as much/many [noun] as
El gato es menos inteligente que el perro. The cat is less intelligent than the dog. Mi prima tiene más discos que nadie. My cousin has more records than anyone. No tengo tanto dinero como ustedes. I don't have as much money as you.
To form comparatives, just add más or menos before the adjective or adverb. To form the superlative, place the definite article before the comparative. Note that de is used to express in after a superlative.
más alta taller la más alta the tallest Rosa es la niña más alta de la clase. Rosa is the tallest girl in the class.
51. IRREGULAR FORMS
Some adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative and superlative forms. The most common are:
Adjective/Adverb Comparative Superlative
good bad great small well badly much little
bueno malo grande pequeño bien mal mucho poco
better worse greater less better worse more less
mejor peor mayor menor mejor peor más menos
the best the worst the greatest the least best worst most least
el mejor el peor el mayor el menor el mejor el peor el más el menos
Note that the bueno and malo change according to gender and number while grande and pequeño change according to gender. The adverbs (the last four) do not agree with the noun.
52. CLOTHING
apron el delantal pants los pantalones
barrette el pasador pin el alfiler
bathrobe la bata pocket el bolsillo
belt el cinturón purse el bolso
blouse la blusa raincoat el impermeable
boot la bota ring el anillo
bracelet la pulsera sandals las sandalias
brush un cepillo del pelo scarf la bufanda
buckle la hebilla shirt la camisa
button el botón shoe el zapato
cap el gorro shoelace el cordón
clothes la ropa shorts los pantalones cortos
coat el abrigo silk la seda
collar el cuello skirt la falda
comb el peine sleeve la manga
cotton el algodón slippers las pantuflas
dress el vestido soap el jabón
earmuffs las orejaras sock los calcetines
earrings el arete stocking la media
fashion la moda suit el traje
glasses los lentes sunglasses las gafas de sol
glove el guante suspenders los tirantes
handbag el bolso sweater el jersey
handkerchief el pañuelo sweatsuit el chándal
hat el sombrero swimsuit el traje de baño
jacket la cazadora tie la corbata
jeans los vaqueros T-shirt la camiseta
mittens los mitones umbrella el paraguas
necklace el collar underwear la ropa interior
nightgown el camisón waistcoat el chaleco
overcoat el sobretodo watch el reloj
pajamas los pijamas wool la lana
53. TO WEAR
llevar - to wear
ponerse - to put on
llevo llevas lleva
llevamos lleváis llevan
me pongo te pones se pone
nos ponemos os ponéis se ponen
You don't use possessive pronouns when referring to parts of the body or clothing, but you do use the definite article.
54. FUTURE TENSE
The future of regular verbs is formed by adding the following endings to the infinitive:
-é -ás -á
-emos -éis -án
Many verbs use irregular stems in the future tense, but they still use the regular endings from above:
caber (to fit) cabr- cabré
decir (to say, tell) dir- dirás
haber (to have) habr- habrá
hacer (to do, make) har- haremos
poder (to be able) podr- podréis
poner (to put, place)
pondr- pondrán
querer (to want) querr- querré
saber (to know) sabr- sabrás
salir (to leave, go out)
saldr- saldrá
tener (to have, to own)
tendr- tendremos
valer (to be worth) valdr- valdréis
venir (to come) vendr- vendrán
78. CONDITIONAL
The conditional expresses an idea dependent on a condition that is either expressed or understood. It can also refer to the past when it expresses probability. It is usually translated by would + infinitive in English.
To form the present conditional, add these endings to the infinitive for all three types of verbs. Verbs that had irregular stems in the future tense also use that stem for the conditional tense. You will notice that these endings are the same as for the imperfect. The difference is that the conditional adds them to the infinitive, whereas the imperfect adds them to the stem.
-ía -ías -ía
-íamos -íais -ían
Notice that for half of the conjugations, the -í- is the only distinguishing sound between the future and conditional. sabrá = he will know vs. sabría = he would know
55. ADJECTIVES
Adjectives must agree in gender (masculine or feminine) and number (singular or plural) with the noun they describe, and they are placed after the noun.
In general, masculine adjectives end in -o and feminine adjectives end in -a: blanco and blanca (white).
Adjectives that end in -ín, -án, -ón, -dor, -tor and -sor in the masculine will add an -a for the feminine.
Adjectives that end in -ete for the masculine will end in -eta for the feminine.
Adjectives of nationality add -a to the masculine to form the feminine: francés - francesa (French).Notice that when you add -a, the adjective is no longer written with an accent.
To form the plural of adjectives, follow the same rules for forming the plural of nouns.
Most adjectives follow the noun they describe, but the following adjectives drop the final -o if placed before a masculine noun in the singular: bueno - good; malo - bad; alguno - some; ninguno - no, any; uno - one; primero - first; tercero - third
When grande means great, it precedes the noun and drops the -de before a singular noun of either gender. Santo (saint) drops the -to before all masculine nouns, except those beginning with Do- or To-.
56. MORE ADJECTIVES
large grande high, tall alto
small pequeño low, short bajo
long largo pretty lindo, bonito
short corto beautiful hermoso
good bueno ugly feo
bad malo wide ancho
rich rico narrow estrecho
poor pobre heavy pesado
strong fuerte light ligero
weak débil hard duro
easy fácil soft blando
difficult difícil sweet dulce
fat gordo sour agrio
thin delgado bitter amargo
When any form of the definite article is placed before an adjective, then the adjective becomes a noun.
pobre - poor; el pobre - the poor man
If the neuter article lo is placed before a singular masculine adjective, the latter becomes an abstract noun.
bueno - good; lo bueno - the good (everything that is good)
57. SPORTS
ball la pelota pool la piscina
game el juego basketball el baloncesto
match el partido tennis el tenis
team el equipo swimming la natación
player el jugador boxing el boxeo
soccer el fútbol wrestling la lucha
football el fútbol americano hockey el hockey
baseball el béisbol volleyball el vóleibol
racket una raqueta net una red
ball (small) una pelota cleats unos zapatos de fútbol
bat un bate skis unos esquís
glove un guante ski poles unos bastones
ball un balón boots unas botas
basketball hoop una canasta helmet el casco
58. NATURE
air el aire grass la hierba sea el mar
archipelago el archipiélago
gulf el golfo shadow la sombra
bank la orilla hail el granizo sky el cielo
bay la bahía hay el heno snow la nieve
barn el granero high tide la marea alta soil el suelo
beach la playa hill la colina south el sur
branch la rama ice el hielo spring (water)
la fuente
bridge el puente island la isla star la estrella
bud el capullo isthmus el istmo stem el tallo
bush el arbusto jungle la jungla storm la tormenta
cape el cabo lake el lago strait el aprieto
cave la cueva leaf la hoja stream el arroyo
city la ciudad light la luz street la calle
climate el clima lightning el relámpago sun el sol
cloud la nube lily la azucena sunflower el girasol
coast la costa low tide la marea baja thaw el deshielo
comet el cometa meadow el prado thunder el trueno
constellation la constelación
moon la luna tornado el tornado
country el país mountain la montaña tree el árbol
country(side) el campo mountain range
la sierra trunk el tronco
current la corriente mouth (river)
la desembocadura
tulip el tulipán
daffodil el narciso mud el barro valley el valle
daisy la margarita nature la naturaleza view la vista
darkness la obscuridad north el norte water el agua (f)
desert el desierto peninsula la península fresh water el agua dulce
dew el rocío plain el llano salt water el agua salada
dust el polvo planet el planeta watering la
can regadera
earth la tierra plant la planta waterfall la cascada
east el este pond el estanque wave la ola
farm la granja pot (for plants)
la maceta weather el tiempo
field el campo rain la lluvia west el oeste
flower la flor rainbow el arco iris wind el viento
foam la espuma river el río world el mundo
fog le niebla rock la roca
foliage el follaje root la raíz
forest el bosque rose la rosa
frost la helada sand la arena
59. TO SAY & TO GO OUT
decir - to say / tell
present preterite imperfect
digo dije decía
dices dijiste decías
dice dijo decía
decimos dijimos decíamos
decís dijisteis decíais
dicen dijeron decían
salir - to go out
present preterite imperfect
salgo salí salía
sales saliste salías
sale salió salía
salimos salimos salíamos
salís salisteis salíais
salen salieron salían
Decir also has irregular participles: dicho (said/told); dichiendo (saying/telling)
60. PARA VS. POR & PERO VS. SINO
Para is used to express: use or destination (for), purpose (in order to); point of future time (for, by) and to be about to (estar para + infinitive - though this is not used in all varieties of Spanish.)
La carta es para Concha. The letter is for Concha. Estudia para aprender. He studies in order to learn. Lo tendré para el martes. I will have it by Tuesday. Juan está para salir. John is about to leave. (not used in all varieties of Spanish)
Por is used to express: a place through or along which; expressions of time (in, during, at); exchange, price (for); unit of measure (by, per); way or means (by); because of, on account of, for; to go for, to send for; on behalf of, for the sake of; motive, reason. It is also used after a passive verb to indicate the agent (by) and estar por + infinitive indicates what remains to be done or to be in favor of.
por el pueblo through the town por la mañana in the morning Pagó un peso por el libro. He paid a dollar for the book. Se vende por libras. It's sold by the pound. Voy por tren. I'm going by train. Voy por Alicia. I'm going for Alice. Voté por Juanita. I voted for Juanita. Fue escrito por Cervantes. It was written by Cervantes. La carta está por escribir. The letter is yet to be written. Estoy por escribirla. I am in favor of writing it.
Pero (but) usually follows an affirmative expression, but may follow a negative statement if the verb of the first clause is repeated, or if another verb follows.
Bebe leche pero no bebe café. He drinks milk, but he does not drink coffee.
Sino (but) is only used in negative sentences of contrasting statements when the verb of the first clause is understood but not repeated.
No bebe café sino leche. He does not drink coffee, but milk.
61. OBJECT PRONOUNS
Subject Direct Indirect Object of Prepositions
yo I me me me to me mí me
tú you te you te to you ti you
él he/it lo him/it le to him/it él him/it
ella she/it la her/it le to her/it ella her/it
Usted you la you le to you Usted you
nosotros (as) we nos us nos to us nosotros (as) us
vosotros (as) you os you os to you vosotros (as) you
Ustedes you los, las you les to you Ustedes you
ellos (as) they los them les to them ellos (as) them
1. An object pronoun generally precedes the conjugated verb, except if is used in an affirmative command, with an infinitive or gerund. Then it is attached to the verb as one word. Déme Ud. el libro. Give me the book.
2. When you have more than one pronoun, the indirect comes before the direct. If both pronouns begin with the letter l, then the first one is changed to se.
3. When one or two object pronouns follow and are attached to the verb form, an accent mark must be added to retain the original stress of the word.
4. For clearness or emphasis, the prepositional form of a plus an object of a preposition may be used. Nos envió a Ud. He sent us to you.
5. When the preposition con (with) precedes me or te, the words change to conmigo (with me) and contigo (with you).
62. PARTS OF THE BODY
ankle el tobillo fever la fiebre pain el dolor
arm el brazo finger el dedo nose la nariz
artery la arteria fist el puño palm la palma
back la espalda flesh la carne pulse el pulso
beard la barba foot el pie rib la costilla
belly el vientre forehead la frente shin la espinilla
bladder la vejiga gum la encía shoulder el hombro
blood la sangre hair el cabello / el pelo
skeleton el esqueleto
body el cuerpo hand la mano skin la piel
bone el hueso head la cabeza skull el cráneo
brain el cerebro health la salud sole la planta
breast el seno heart el corazón spine la espina dorsal
breath el aliento heel el talón stomach el estómago
calf la pantorrilla hip la cadera tear la lágrima
cheek la mejilla intestine el intestino temple la sien
chest el pecho jaw la quijada thigh el muslo
chin la barba / la barbilla
kidney el riñón throat la garganta
coccyx el coxis knee la rodilla thumb el pulgar
cold el resfriado leg la pierna toe el dedo del pie
complexion la tez lip el labio tongue la lengua
cough la tos liver el hígado tooth el diente
disease la enfermedad lung el pulmón vein la vena
ear la oreja moustache el bigote wound le herida
elbow el codo mouth la boca waist la cintura
eye el ojo muscle el músculo wrist la muñeca
eyebrow la ceja nail la uña
eyelid el párpado neck el cuello
face la cara nerve el nervio
To express pain, use an indirect object pronoun + duele(n) + body part.
Me duele la cabeza. My head hurts. Le duelen los pies. His feet hurt.
63. ASKING QUESTIONS
Simply raise your voice at the end of the sentence. Place the predicate in front of the subject of the sentence. Add no? or verdad? or no es verdad? to the end of the statement. These translate to many phrases in English, such as Isn't it? Aren't you? Don't you? Didn't he? Isn't she? etc.
64. TO GIVE AND TO BRING
dar - to give
traer - to bring
doy das da
damos dais dan
traigo traes trae
traemos traéis traen
65. RELATIVE PRONOUNS
A relative pronoun connects a dependent clause to a main clause and refers to something already mentioned (the antecedent.) This pronoun may be the subject or object of a verb, or the object of a preposition. Que and quien are the most commonly used relative pronouns.
Que (who, whom, that, which) refers to persons or things, except after a preposition, when it refers to things only. El que (and its forms - la que, los que, las que) and el cual (and its forms - la cual, los cuales, las cuales) may replace
que or quien. These pronouns are used to avoid ambiguity when there are two antecedents, and with prepositions.
La casa en que vivo es pequeña. The house in which I live is small. He visitado la ciudad cerca de la cual vive. I visited the city near which he lives.
Quien (-es) (who) is used in a supplementary clause. When used with a preposition, it means whom. Quien(-es) is often used in place of el que and its forms as well, when it means one who, those who, etc.
Lo que and lo cual (which) refer to the whole sentence.
Cuyo (-a, -os, -as) is a possessive adjective and it agrees in gender and number with the thing possessed, which is always the word that follows it.
66. DISJUNCTIVE PRONOUNS
Disjunctive pronouns are used independently of the verb. They are the pronouns which follow prepositions, or show emphasis.
mí ti él ella Usted
nosotros (-as) vosotros (-as) ellos ellas Ustedes
Ello is also used as a neuter pronoun meaning it. Sí can mean yourself, himself, herself, yourselves or themselves. When con combines with mí, ti or sí, the words become conmigo, contigo and consigo. The forms of mismo (-a, -os, -as) can be added to these pronouns.
67. TO HEAR, TO SMELL AND TO SEE
oír - to hear
oler - to smell
ver - to see
oigo oyes oye
oímos oís oyen
huelo hueles huele
olemos oléis huelen
veo ves ve
vemos veis ven
68. ANIMALS
animal el animal lark la alomdra
ant la hormiga lion el león
antelope el antílope lizard el lagarto
antenna la antena lobster (spiny) la langosta
antler el asta louse el piojo
badger el tejón mackerel la caballa
bat el murciélago mole el topo
beak el pico monkey el mono
bear el oso mosquito el mosquito
bee la abeja moth la polilla
beetle el escarabajo mouse el ratón
bird el pájaro mule el mulo
blackbird el mirlo mussel el mejillón
bull el toro nest el nido
butterfly la mariposa nightingale el ruiseñor
calf el ternero octopus el pulpo
carp la carpa ostrich el avestruz
cat el gato owl el buho
caterpillar la oruga ox el buey
cheetah el guepardo oyster la ostra
chicken el pollo parrot el loro
chimpanzee el chimpancé partridge la perdiz
claw la zarpa paw la pata
cockroach la cucaracha penguin el pingüino
cod el bacalao pig el cerdo
cocoon el capullo pigeon el pichón
cow la vaca pike el sollo
crab el cangrejo pony el potro
crayfish el cangrejo rabbit el conejo
crocodile el cocodrilo raccoon el mapache
crow el cuervo rat la rata
deer el ciervo rooster el gallo
dog el perro salmon el salmón
donkey el burro scale la escama
dragonfly la libélula scorpion el escorpión
duck el pato sea gull la gaviota
eagle el águila (f) seahorse el caballito de mar
eel el anguila seal la foca
egg el huevo shark el tiburón
elephant el elefante sheep la oveja
feather la pluma shrimp la gamba
fin la aleta skin la piel
fish el pez slug la babosa
flea la pulga snail el caracol
fly la mosca snake la serpiente / la culebra
fox el zorro sole el lenguado
frog la rana sparrow el gorrión
fur el pelo spider la araña
gill la branquia squid el calamar
giraffe la jirafa squirrel la ardilla
goat la cabra starfish la estrella de mar
goose el ganso stork la cigüeña
gorilla el gorila swallow la golondrina
grasshopper el saltamontes swan el cisne
hamster la marmota tadpole el renacuajo
hare la liebre tail la cola
hedgehog el erizo tiger el tigre
hen la gallina toad el sapo
heron la garza trout la trucha
herring el arenque tuna el atún
hoof la pezuña turkey el pavo
horn el cuerno turtle la tortuga
horse el caballo wasp la avispa
hummingbird el colibri weasel la comadreja
iguana la iguana whale la ballena
insect el insecto wing el ala (f)
jellyfish la medusa wolf el lobo
kitten el gatito worm el gusano
ladybug la catarina zebra la cebra
lamb el cordero
69. SUFFIXES
Suffixes may be attached to nouns, adjectives or adverbs. Unaccented vowels should be dropped before adding the suffixes. The most common suffixes are -ito (a) and -cito (a). They express size, affection, admiration, appreciation or pity. The ending -ero (a) indicates the maker or dealer in charge of something. To indicate where something is made or sold, add -ería. When -eza and -ura are added to adjectives, they express abstract nouns. When -dor is added to a verb
(minus the final letter), it indicates the performer of the action.
70. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
The subjunctive is not used very often in English, but it is very common and important in Spanish. Some command forms are actually the subjunctive, so the formation of the present subjunctive should not be too difficult. Start with the first person singular yo conjugation in the present indicative tense, remove the final -o and add these endings:
Present Subjunctive
-ar verbs -er and -ir
-e -es -e
-emos -éis -en
-a -as -a
-amos -áis -an
(Notice that -ar verbs use -e and -er/-ir verbs use -a)
Usually when there is an irregular spelling change in the present indicative of a verb, that form will be used for the stem of all of the subjunctive forms. (Review #29 from Spanish I) Verbs than end in -erir, -ertir, or -entir use two different irregular spellings in the present subjunctive:
mentir in present subjunctive
mienta mientas mienta
mintamos mintáis mientan
The past subjunctive is formed from the third person plural of the preterite. Remove the -on ending, leaving you with -ar and -ier, and add these new endings:
Past (Imperfect) Subjunctive
all verbs
-a -as -a
-amos -ais -an
An accent is added to the stem vowel as well in the first person plural form. Instead of hablaramos, it is habláramos; instead of comieramos, it is comiéramos, etc. Note that there is another way to form the past subjunctive (a different set of endings), but the endings given are used more often. You
must always the past subjunctive after como si. Es como si fuera mi padre. It's as if he were my father.
The present perfect subjunctive is formed with the present subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb. Similarly, the past perfect subjunctive is formed with the past subjunctive of haber and the past participle of the main verb.
Present perfect subjunctive
Past perfect subjunctive
haya hayas haya
hayamos hayáis hayan
+ past participle
hubiera hubieras hubiera
hubiéramos hubierais hubieran
+ past participle
You must always pay attention to the correct usage of verb tenses. When the verb of the main clause is in the present or future, then the verb of the subordinating clause will be in the present subjunctive. But if the verb in the main clause is in a past tense, the verb of the subordinating clause will be in the past subjunctive.
71. IRREGULAR SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Many verbs are considered irregular in the present subjunctive mood. However, only six verbs (marked in grey below) do not follow the pattern described above when starting with the yo conjugation of the indicative. Nevertheless, these verbs are still somewhat easy to remember even if they don't follow the pattern because the imperative form will help you determine the stem to use for the subjunctive conjugation.
dar - to give decir - to say/tell estar - to be
dé des dé
demos deis den
diga digas diga
digamos digáis digan
esté estés esté
estemos estéis estén
haber - to have hacer - to do/make ir - to go
haya hayas haya
hayamos hayáis hayan
haga hagas haga
hagamos hagáis hagan
vaya vayas vaya
vayamos vayáis vayan
poder - to be able to poner - to put/place querer - to want
pueda puedas pueda
podamos podáis puedan
ponga pongas ponga
pongamos pongáis pongan
quiera quieras quiera
queramos queráis quieran
saber - to know salir - to go out ser - to be
sepa sepas sepa
sepamos sepáis sepan
salga salgas salga
salgamos salgáis salgan
sea seas sea
seamos seáis sean
tener - to have traer - to bring venir - to come
tenga tengamos traiga traigamos venga vengamos
tengas tenga
tengáis tengan
traigas traiga
traigáis traigan
vengas venga
vengáis vengan
Many verbs are irregular in the past subjunctive as well:
dar - to give decir - to say/tell estar - to be
diera dieras diera
diéramos dierais dieran
dijera dijeras dijera
dijéramos dijerais dijeran
estuviera estuvieras estuviera
estuviéramos estuvierais estuvieran
haber - to have hacer - to do/make ir - to go
hubiera hubieras hubiera
hubiéramos hubierais hubieran
hiciera hicieras hiciera
hiciéramos hicierais hicieran
fuera fueras fuera
fuéramos fuerais fueran
poder - to be able to poner - to put/place querer - to want
pudiera pudieras pudiera
pudiéramos pudierais pudieran
pusiera pusieras pusiera
pusiéramos pusierais pusieran
quisiera quisieras quisiera
quisiéramos quisierais quisieran
saber - to know ser - to be tener - to have
supiera supieras supiera
supiéramos supierais supieran
fuera fueras fuera
fuéramos fuerais fueran
tuviera tuvieras tuviera
tuviéramos tuvierais tuvieran
traer - to bring venir - to come
trajera trajeras trajera
trajéramos trajerais trajeran
viniera vinieras viniera
viniéramos vinierais vinieran
72. USES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE
The main uses of the subjunctive include (generally, que will follow the verb):
1. After the verbs querer and desear (to want) when there is a change of subject (but use the infinitive if there is no change of subject)
2. When one person tells (decir) or asks (pedir) another person to do something.
3. After verbs of emotion or command, such as esperar (to hope), sentir (to be sorry), temer (to fear), alegrarse (to be glad), mandar (to order), rogar (to request), when there is a change of subject.
4. After dudar (to doubt) and other verbs expressing uncertainty (negative of creer), as well as after quizás, tal vez and acaso (maybe) to reinforce the idea of doubt.
5. After most impersonal expressions, such as es posible que / puede que (it's possible), es importante que (it's important), es necesario que / hace falta (it's necessary) if there is a subject for the subordinate verb.
6. In adjective clauses is the antecedent is indefinite
7. After certain conjunctions, such as para que (in order that), sin que (without), and antes que (before)
8. After time conjunctions, such as cuando (when), en cuanto (as soon as), hasta que (until), when future is implied.
9. After que in expressions of wishes or desires: Que aproveche! Have a good meal!
10. To translate the future tense in subordinating clause: Cuando sea mayor iré a España. When I'm older, I will go to Spain.
In contrary-to-fact conditions, the past subjunctive must be used in the if-clause (and the main clause is in a conditional tense)
73. ADVERBS
Most adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the feminine singular form of the adjective. However, two common adverbs that do not end in -mente are despacio (slowly) and demasiado (too much).
Adjective Adverb
correcto fácil claro absoluto rápido
correctamente fácilmente claramente absolutamente rápidamente
correctly easily clearly absolutely rapidly
Lo + adverb + que expresses how, while lo más + adverb + an expression of possibility is translated: as ... as ...
lo bien que how well lo más pronto posible as soon as possible
74. PASSIVE VOICE
In passive sentences, the subject receives the action of the verb. In active sentences, the subject does the action. However, the meaning of both sentences is the same. The passive voice in Spanish is formed with a tense of ser and a past participle. Ser should be in the same tense as the verb in its corresponding active sentence. The agent is expressed by por if the action is physical; and by de if mental. The past participle agrees in gender and number with the subject. If you use estar instead of ser, the past participle is called the predicate adjective and it is not a passive sentence.
Active El viento destruye la casa. The wind destroys the house.
Passive La casa fue destruida por el The house was destroyed by the
viento. wind.
Predicate Adjective
Cuando la vi, la casa estaba destruida.
When I saw it, the house was destroyed.
El niño fue castigado por su padre. The boy was punished by his father. Rosa es amada por todos. Rose is loved by everyone.
75. USES OF THE INFINITIVE
The infinitive is translated as a gerund (the -ing form of the verb) after these words: el, al, a preposition, ver or oír.
El correr es un buen ejercicio. Running is good exercise. Partió sin hablar. He left without speaking. Oigo cantar a Maria. I hear Maria singing.
76. SHOPPING
department store el almacén shop/store la tienda
shopping mall el centro comercial (open-air) market el mercado (al aire libre)
belt el cinturón (fixed) price el precio (fijo)
glasses las gafas sale la rebaja
gloves los guantes to bargain regatear
sunglasses los lentes de sol to spend money gastar
77. POST OFFICE AND BANK
post office el correo bank el banco
envelope el sobre (traveler's) check el cheque (de viajero)
mailbox el buzón to cash (a check) cobrar
mail carrier el cartero to save (money) ahorrar
stamps las estampillas to deposit depositar
package el paquete account la cuenta
79. INFINITIVES FOLLOWED BY PREPOSITIONS
The following verbs require a, de, en or con when followed by another infinitive, although the preposition is not always translated into English.
Verb + a + another infinitive
Verb + de + another infinitive
acostumbrarse to become used to
acabar to have just
aprender atreverse ayudar comenzar convidar decidirse dedicarse empezar enseñar invitar ir negarse persuadir principiar rehusar resignarse resistirse resolverse venir volver
to learn to to dare to to help to begin to to invite to to decide to to devote oneself to to begin to to teach to to invite to go to to refuse to to persuade to to begin to to refuse to to resign oneself to to resist to resolve to to come to to return to
acordarse alegrarse aprovecharse arrepentirse cansarse cesar dejar encargarse gozar jactarse olvidarse tratar
to remember to be glad to to profit by to repent to tire of to cease to cease to take charge of to take pleasure in to boast of to forget to to try to
Verb + en + another infinitive
Verb + con + another infinitive
consentir consistir divertirse empeñarse esforzarse insistir ocuparse pensar persistir tardar
to consent to to consist to amuse oneself to insist on to endeavor to to insist on to busy oneself to think of to persist in to delay in
contar contentarse soñar
to count on to content oneself with to dream of
80. OFFICE / SCHOOL SUPPLIES
pencil el lápiz dictionary el diccionario
eraser la goma tape (audio) la cinta
pen la pluma map el mapa
ink la tinta newspaper el periódico
paper el papel novel la novela
letter la carta backpack la mochila
notebook el cuaderno stapler la grapadora
book el libro scissors unas tijeras
81. PARTS OF A CAR & GAS STATION
car garage
el coche el garage
tank gasoline oil air grease tire spare tire wheel steering wheel brake speed slow danger stop go service station
el tanque la gasolina el aceite el aire la grasa la llanta llanta picada la rueda el volante el freno la velocidad despacio peligro alto siga, adelante la estación de servicio
82. TRAVELLING & VACATION
passport el pasaporte airport el aeropuerto
customs la aduana parking lot el aparcamiento
arrival la llegada bus stop la parada
departure la salida traffic jam los atascos
(round-trip) ticket
el pasaje (de ida y vuelta)
map el mapa
luggage el equipaje countryside el campo
single/double room
la habitación individual/doble
mountain la montaña
train (bus) station
la estación de tren (de autobuses)
beach la playa
subway la estación de metro paths los caminos
to take a trip hacer un viaje vacation las vacaciones
to go on vacation
ir de vacaciones to drive conducir
to pack hacer las maletas to visit visitar
to travel viajar to walk pasearse
to fly volar to get lost perderse
83. COSMETICS / TOILETRIES
shampoo el champú brush el cepillo
soap el jabón comb el peine
makeup el maquillaje toothpaste la pasta de dientes
shaving cream la crema de afeitar toothbrush el cepillo de dientes
lotion la loción towel la toalla
nail polish el esmalte para las uñas
electric razor la maquinilla de afeitar
84. OTHER PERFECT TENSES
Beside the present and past perfect tenses, there are also the preterite, future and conditional perfect tenses. All are conjugated with a form of haber and a past participle.
The preterite perfect is formed with the preterite of haber + past participle, and it has the same meaning as the past perfect. But this tense is normally only used after conjunctions of time, such as así que, luego que, tan pronto como (as soon as); cuando (when); después (de) que (after); and hasta que (until).
The future perfect is formed with the future of haber + past participle and is also used to express probability, referring to the present.
The conditional perfect is formed with the conditional of haber + past participle and is also used to express probability, referring to the past.
85. DURATIONS OF TIME
Ago : hace + a period of time Se fue hace quince días. He left fifteen days ago.
Since / For : desde hace + a period of time (careful with verb tenses here: present tense in Spanish, present perfect or present perfect continuous in English) No vienes a verme desde hace un mes. You haven't come to see me for a month.
In : dentro de + a period of time (time at which something will happen) Te llamo dentro de media hora. I'll call you in a half hour.
86. TELEPHONE
Hello Diga telephone book la guía telefónica
Hello (reply) Oiga yellow pages las páginas amarillas
This is... Soy... to transfer someone poner con alguien
phone card una tarjeta telefónica
to call telefonear
phone booth una cabina to pick up descolgar
call una llamada to hang up colgar
ringtone el timbre del to leave a message dejar un recado
teléfono
dialtone el tono de marcar to be very talkative hablar por los codos
wrong number un número equivocado
to dial a number marcar un número
busy signal la señal de ocupado
87. EXCLAMATIONS
Exclamatory phrases, which express what a or how, begin with qué, cuánto, and cómo. Qué can be followed by a noun or an adjective. Sometimes tan or más are also used with the adjective to emphasize a defect or a quality. ¡Qué mujer! What a woman! ¡Qué familia tan unida! What a united family!
Cuánto expresses quantity, and agrees in gender and number with the adjective that follows. It can also be followed by a verb, in which case there is no agreement. Furthermore, lo que can replace cuánto when a verb follows. ¡Cuánta comida! How much food! / There's a lot of food! ¡Cuánto comes! How you eat! / You eat a lot!
Cómo expresses the manner in which something is done. It can only be followed by a verb. ¡Cómo baila! How he dances! / He dances well!
88. COLLOQUIAL EXPRESSIONS
la pandilla group of friends ¡qué pasada! that's awesome!
el colega / el socio friend ¡qué rollo! it's boring!
el profe teacher ¡chulo! ¡chula! great!
el cole middle school ser un lince to be very clever
un(a) chaval(a) guy/girl llevarse un chasco to be disappointed
un tío guy estar hasta la gorra to be fed up
un ligue flirt ligar to flirt
un empollón hard-worker estar hecho papilla to be sad
un cabeza de chorlito scatterbrain estar hecho polvo to be tired
un cabeza cuadrada stubborn estar mal del coco to be crazy
un cara de mala leche mean look/face estar harto to be fed up
89. ASPECTS OF ACTION
To express an action that is planned (going to happen): ir a + infinitive. Voy a acostarme. I'm going to go to bed.
To express an action that is just about to happen: estar a punto de + infinitive or estar para + infinitive. El avión está para aterrizar. The plane is about to land.
To express an action that repeats: volver a + infinitive. Vuelve a escribir su nombre. You write your name again.
To express an action that has just happened: acabar de + infinitive. Acabo de llegar. I just arrived.
90. VERBS OF FEELINGS
Several verbs in Spanish that express feelings (pleasure, pain, etc.) have different word order than in English. These verbs have the same construction as gustar (#35): Indirect object + verb + subject. Me, te, le, nos, os, les are the indirect object pronouns. The verb is conjugated in third person singular or plural because it agrees with the subject, not the indirect object.
gustar to like dar asco to hate
apetecer to feel like dar miedo to scare
encantar to adore dar lástima to trouble
dar ganas to feel like doler to hurt
Te apetece salir. You feel like going out. Le duelen los dientes. His teeth hurt. Les da miedo la película. The film scares them.
You can also add a mí, a ti, a él, a ella, a usted, a nosotros/-as, a vosotros/-as, a ellos, a ellas, or a ustedes before the indirect object for emphasis.
A mí me gusta el fútbol. Me, I like soccer.