LA LLAMADA ACUMULACIÓN DEL CAPITAL

7/29/2019 LA LLAMADA ACUMULACIÓN DEL CAPITAL

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LA LLAMADA ACUMULACIÓN ORIGINARIA (Capitulo XXIV El Capital)Carlos Marx

Ministerio del Poder Popular del Despacho de la Presidencia.

Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República. Palacio de Miraflores

Caracas - Venezuela

www.presidencia.gob.ve

Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Comunicación y la Información.

Av. Universidad, Esq. El Chorro, Torre Ministerial, pisos 9 y 10.

Caracas - Venezuela

www.minci.gob.ve

Depósito Legal: lf53320089001536

Julio 2008. Impreso en la República Bolivariana de Venezuela



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13

1 No debe olvidarse jamás que el mismo siervo no sólo era propietario, aunque sujeto a tri-

buto, de la parcela de tierra asignada a su casa, sino además copropietario de los terrenos

comunales. «Allí» (en Silesia), «el campesino vive sujeto a servidumbre». No obstante, estos

siervos poseen tierras comunes. «Hasta hoy, no ha sido posible convencer a los silesianos

de la conveniencia de dividir los terrenos comunales; en cambio, en las Nuevas Marcas no

hay apenas un solo pueblo en que no se haya efectuado con el mayor de los éxitos esta di-

visión» [Mirabeau. De la Monarchie Prussienne («De la monarquía prusiana»), Londres,

1788, t. II, pp. 125 y 126].



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7=@C64:>:6?E@56=2D>2?F724EFC2D=2?6C2D56=2?56DJ=24@?D:8F:6?E62=K256=@DAC64:@D56=2=2?27F6=@BF6D:CG:X5624:42E65:C64E@A2C26DE@6??8=2E6CC2"22?E:8F22C:DE@4C24:2923V2D:5@56G@C252A@C=2D8F6CC2D76F52=6D =2?F6G26C2J2F?29:;256DFDE:6>A@D56F?@DE:6>A@D6?=@D

BF66=5:?6C@6D=2A@E6?4:256=2DA@E6?4:2D&@C6D@6?2C3@=X4@>@32?56C2=2EC2?D7@C>24:X?56=2DE:6CC2D56=23@C6?E6CC6?@D56A2DE@DA2C2@G6;2D?DF6D4C:AE:@?@7?8=2?5&C67:I65E@

15

2 J. Steuart. An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Oeconomy («Investigación de los prin-

cipios de la Economía política»), Vol. I, Dublin, 1770, p. 52.



@=:?D965D9C@?:4=6DN6D4C:A4:X?56?8=2E6CC2?E6AF6DE22=2DCX?:42D@=:?D965O2CC:D@?56D4C:364X>@=26IAC@A:24:X?56=@DA6BF6W@D28C:4F=E@C6D2CCF:?22=A2VDN-92E42C6@FC8C62E:?4C@2496CDONM'FUD6=6D52566DE@2?F6DEC@D8C2?56DFDFCA25@C6DO"2D42D2D56=@D42>A6D:?@DJ=@D4@EE286D49@K2D56=@D@3C6C@D7F6C@?G:@=6?E2>6?E62CC2D25@D@6?EC6825@D2=2CF:?2

N@?DF=E2?5@=@DG:6;@D:?G6?E2C:@D56=2D7:?42DD6W@C:2=6DOL5:462CC:D@?LNG6>@DBF692?56D2A2C64:5@:??F>6C23=6D42D2DJA6BF6W2D924:6?52D5642>A6D:?@DBF66=42>A@D@DE:6?62>F492>6?@D86?E6BF6>F492D4:F5256DD6

92?2CCF:?25@2F?BF692J2?7=@C64:5@2=8@@EC2D?F6G2D *2>3:U? A@5CV2>@D 564:C 2=8@ 56 =2D4:F5256DJ=@DAF63=@D56DECF:5@DA2C24@?G6CE:C=@D6?A2DE@DA2C2@G6;2DJ6?=@DBF6DX=@BF652?6?A:6=2D42D2D56=@DD6W@C6DO

F?BF66I286C252DD:6>AC6=2D=2>6?E24:@?6D566DE2DG:6;2D4CX?:42D56D4C:36?4@?E@526I24E:EF5=2:>AC6D:X?BF6AC@5F4V26?=@D9@>3C6D56=2UA@42=2C6G@=F4:X?BF6D66DE232@A6C2?5@ 6? =2D 4@?5:4:@?6D 56 AC@5F44:X?

16



@>A2C2?5@=2D@3C2D56*@>TD#@C@4@?=2D56=42?4:==6C@CE6D4F66D4@>@>6;@CD6G66=23:D>@BF6D6A2C22=D:8=@.,56=.,@>@@3D6CG2246CE252>6?E6*9@C?E@?=24=2D6@3C6C2:?8=6D2D6AC64:A:EX5:C64E2>6?E6D:?EC2?D:4:X?56=2652556@C@2=26525569:6CC@

"2=68:D=24:X?D6649X2E6>3=2C2?E6=2EC2?D

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17

3 Literalmente significa: la Tule extrema; frase, empleada en el sentido de «último extremo».

(Tule es un país insular situado, según opinión de los antiguos, en el extremo septentrional

de Europa.)



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E:?8:?4=@DFC6DJ4@?EC26=CU8:>6?56DA@3=25@C56 =@D A2DE@D 56A@AF=2E:?8 A2DEFC286 BF6D68FV2=2D9F6==2D562BFU==2O

+?564C6E@56?C:BF6,5:4E25@6?AC@9:3:X=256DECF44:X?56E@52D=2D42D2D56=2

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ND624F>F=2?6?A@42D>2?@D>F492DE:6CC2D

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18

4 Pequeños campesinos libres en la Inglaterra feudal. (N. de la Edit.)



42D2DBF652?5@2D@>3C@D2D>2D2D56AF63=@:?42A24:E252DA2C282?2CD6DFG:52J>2?E6?6C2DFD72>:=:2DO

?G:DE2566DE@=2=6J@C56?2BF6D6C6DE2FC6?=2D8C2?;2D2CCF:?252D6DE23=646=2AC@A@C4:X?BF656368F2C52CD66?EC6=2DE:6CC2D56=23C2?K2J=@DE6CC6?@D56A2DE@D6E4+?2=6J56D6BF6;2

56BF692J2AC@A:6E2C:@DBF6A@D66?92DE24236K2D5682?25@=2?2CJ=:>:E26=?Y>6C@56UDE2D2 $:=2DBF6;2D56=AF63=@?:=2=68:D=24:X?AC@9:3:E:G2BF64@>:6?K24@??C:BF6,J5FC24:6?E@4:?4F6?E22W@D4@?D:8F:6C@?23D@=FE2>6?E6?2524@?EC26=>@G:>:6?E@566IAC@A:2

4:X?56=@DA6BF6W@D2CC6?52E2C:@DJ42>A6D:?@D24@??@DC6G6=2D:?D236C=@6=D64C6E@566DE67C242D@

N= 564C6E@ 56 ?C:BF6 ,O L5:46 6? DFDDD2JD4:G:=2?5>@C2= N?D2J@D56=@4:G:=J =@

>@C2=D64ELN6?46CC232F?D6?E:5@AC@7F?5@J>2C2G:==@D@AF6DE@BF64C62326IA=@E24:@?6D28CV4@=2DJ42D2D56=23C2?K256F?256E6C>:?252

19

5 Tomás Moro habla en su Utopía, de un país singular en que «las ovejas devoran a los hom-

bres». Utopía, trad. de Robinson ed. Arber, London, 1869, p. 41



5:>6?D:X??@C>2=6D564:C=6D82C2?E:K232F?2AC@A@C4:X? 56 E:6CC2 BF6 =6D A6C>:EV2 EC26C 2=>F?5@DY35:E@DDF7:4:6?E6>6?E6C:4@DJD:?A@D:4:X?D6CG:=A@?:6?5@6=2C25@6?>2?@D56AC@A:6E2C:@DJ?@5686?E6D2DF6=5@O

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D6CG:=56=2>2D256=AF63=@=2EC2?D7@C>24:X?56UDE66?F?EC@A6=5686?E6D2DF6=5@J56DFD>65:@D56EC232;@6?42A:E2=FC2?E66DE6A6CV@5@56EC2?D:4:X?=2=68:D=24:X?AC@4FCXE2>3:U?>2?E6?6C6==V>:E65624C6D56E:6CC2A2C2=@D4@EE286D56=;@C?2=6C@56=42>A@AC@9:3:U?5@=6>6E6C6?

DF42D286?E6D2DF6=5@*@52GV26?C6:?2?5@2C=@D7F64@?56?25@F?(@86CC@4<6C56@?E>:==A@C9236C4@?DECF:5@6?6=>2?@C7:?4256@?E>:==F?4@EE286D:?2D:8?2C=64@>@2?6;@A6C>2?6?E624C6D56E:6CC26?C6:?2?5@2Y?2C=@DD6?@>3CXF?24@>:D:X?C62=6?42C8252

56:>A@?6C=26;64F4:X?56=2D2?E:8F2D=6J6DAC:?4:A2=>6?E6=2BF66I:8V2=@D24C6D56E:6CC24@>@>V?:>@E@52GV2C@>H6==AC@9V36=24@?DECF44:X?5642D2D6?>:==2D2=2C65@?5256"@?5C6DD:?5@E2C=2D5624C6D56E:6CC2#TDE2C566?=2AC:

20



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"2 (67@C>2 4@? DF DUBF:E@ 56 4@=@D2=6D

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EC2?D7@C>X 2 DFD >@C25@C6D 6? AC@=6E2C:25@

21

6 Dr. Hunter, Public Health, Seventh Report, 1864, («La salud pública. Informe 7, 1864»).

London, p. 1347 La Reforma, amplio movimiento social contra la Iglesia católica, se extendió en el siglo XVI

a Alemania, Suiza, Inglaterra, Francia, etc. La consecuencia religiosa de la Reforma en los

países en que ésta triunfó consistió en la formación de varias iglesias llamadas protestantes

(en Inglaterra, Escocia, los Países Bajos, una parte de Alemania y los países escandina-

vos).



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56=@D5:6K>@D56=28=6D:256C649@82C2?E:K25@A@C=2=6J923V2D:5@J2ET4:E2>6?E64@?7:D425@&2FA6CF3:BF6;246E 6I4=2>2=2C6:?2D236=56DAFUD56C64@CC6C?8=2E6CC2&@C7:?6?6=2W@56DFC6:?25@6=@3:6C?@?@EFG@>TDC6>65:@BF652C 6DE25@ @7:4:2= 2= A2FA6C:D>@ 4C62?5@ 6=

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&@C=2=6JAC@>F=82522=2W@56=C6:?25@562C=@D6DE6:>AF6DE@7F6564=2C25@A6CA6EF@J

22

8 «Pauper ubique jacet» (los pobres son desheredados en todas partes), palabras de Los

Fastos de Ovidio, libro primero, verso 218.9 William Cobbett. A History of the Protestant Reformation («Historia de la Reforma protes-

tante»), §. 471.



DX=@2A2CE:C564@3CXF?27@C>2?F6G2J>TDC:8FC@D2&6C@6DE2D4@?D64F6?4:2D:?>65:2E2D56=2(67@C>2?@7F6C@?=2D>TDA6CD:DE6?E6D=A2EC:>@?:@64=6D:TDE:4@6C26=32=F2CE6C6=:8:@D@56ECTD56=4F2=D62EC:?496C2326=CU8:>6?2?E:8F@56AC@A:6525E6CC:E@C:2==56CCF>32CD62BFU=UDE6E2>A@4@A@5V2>2?E6?6CD66?A:6

*@52GV26?=@DY=E:>@D5646?:@D56=D:8=@.,=2J6@>2?CJ4=2D65642>A6D:?@D:?56A6?5:6?E6D6C2>TD?F>6C@D2BF6=24=2D656=@D2CC6?52E2C:@D"2J6@>2?CJ923V2D:5@6=AF?E2=>TD7:C>656C@>H6==J6=AC@A:@#242F=2J4@?7:6D2BF66DE@D=23C25@C6D@7C64V2?F?4@?EC2DE6>FJG6?

E2;@D@4@?2BF6==@D9:52=8Z6=@D3@CC249@DJDFD=242J@D=@D4FC2DCFC2=6D4FJ2>:D:X?4@?D:DEV26?42D2C=2DN>@K2DAC65:=64E2DO*@52GV2?@D6923V256DA@;25@2=@D;@C?2=6C@D56=42>A@56DF56C649@564@AC@A:6525D@3C6=@D3:6?6D4@>F?2=6D=C6565@C5656D2A2C64:X=2J6@>2?CJJ6?

=@DY=E:>@D5646?:@D56= D:8=@.,D63@CC2C@?92DE2=@DY=E:>@DG6DE:8:@D56AC@A:65254@>F?2=56=@D28C:4F=E@C6DBFVAC6D4:?5:>@D561@D724E@C6DAFC2>6?E664@?X>:4@DBF6:?E6CG:?:6C@?6?=2C6G@=F4:X?56=228C:4F=EFC2J?@D=:>:E2>@D2:?5282C=@D724E@C6D56G:@=6?4:2BF6=2:>AF=D2

C@? 23



2;@ =2 C6DE2FC24:X? 56 =@D DEF2C5@D =@DE6CC2E6?:6?E6D:>AFD:6C@?=682=>6?E6F?2FDFCA24:X?BF66?E@5@6=4@?E:?6?E6D6923V2==6G25@E2>3:U?2423@D:??646D:52556=@DECT>:E6D56=2=6JDE2FDFCA24:X?4@?D:DE:X6?23@=:C6=CU8:>6?76F52=56=DF6=@6D564:C6?EC2?D76C:CDFD5636C6DEC:3FE2C:@D2=DE25@N:?56>?:K2?5@O2UDE6A@C>65:@56:>AF6DE@DD@3C6=@D42>A6D:?@DJ6=

C6DE@56=2D>2D2D56=AF63=@C6:G:?5:42?5@=2>@56C?2AC@A:6525AC:G252D@3C67:?42D6?=2DBF6DX=@2D:DEV2?2=@DE6CC2E6?:6?E6DEVEF=@D76F52=6DJ7:?2=>6?E65:4E2?5@2BF6==2D=6J6D56C6D:56?4:2 BF6 >FE2E:D >FE2?5:D 04@? 42>3:@D4@CC6DA@?5:6?E6D16;6C4:6C@?D@3C6=@D=23C25@C6D

:?8=6D6D=2>:D>2:?7=F6?4:2BF66=65:4E@56=ETCE2C@@CVD@5F?@GD@3C6=@D42>A6D:?@DCFD@D

24

10 La restauración de los Estuardos es el período del segundo reinado de la dinastía de los

Estuardos en Inglaterra (1660-1689), derrocados por la revolución burguesa inglesa del siglo

XVII.11 Por lo visto, se trata del decreto sobre los campesinos fugitivos promulgado en 1597, du-

rante el reinado de Fiódor Ivánovich, cuando el auténtico gobernante de Rusia era Borís Go-

dunov. De acuerdo con ese decreto, los campesinos que habían huido del yugo insoportable

de los terratenientes se perseguían durante cinco años para ser devueltos por la fuerza a sus

amos.



"2(6G@=F4:X?8=@C:@D2 6?EC68X61A@56C2=@4FA2C=@F:==6C>@56%C2?82=@DE6CC2E6?:6?E6DJ42A:E2=:DE2D242A2C25@C6DDE@D6=6>6?E@D4@?D28C2C@?=2?F6G26C26?EC68T?5@D66?F?26D42=28:82?E6D422=D2BF6@56=@DE6CC6?@D565@>:?:@AY3=:4@BF692DE26?E@?46DDX=@D6923V2AC24E:425@6?AC@A@C4:@?6D>FJ>@56DE2DDE@DE6CC6?@D7F6C@?C682=25@DG6?5:5@D2AC64:@D:CC:

D@C:@D@D:>A=6>6?E62?6I:@?25@D2@EC@D56AC@A:6525AC:G252D:?6?4F3C:C=2FDFCA24:X?32;@7@C>22=8F?2/E@5@6DE@D6==6GX2423@D:?>@=6DE2CD66?4F3C:C?:=2>TD>V?:>22A2C:6?4:2=682=DE@D3:6?6D56=5@>:?:@AY3=:4@2AC@A:25@D56>@5@E2?7C2F5F=6?E@6?F?:X?56=@D

3:6?6D56BF6D656DA@;X2=28=6D:2L=@DBF6?@=6923V2?D:5@FDFCA25@DJ2A@C=2C6G@=F4:X?C6AF3=:42?2LD@?=232D6566D@D5@>:?:@DAC:?4:A6D4@DBF69@JA@D66=2@=:82CBFV2:?8=6D2"@D42A:E2=:DE2D3FC8F6D6D72G@C64:6C@?6DE2@A6C24:X?6?EC6@EC2D4@D2DA2C24@?G6CE:C6=DF6=@6?

F?2CEV4F=@AFC2>6?E64@>6C4:2=6IE6?56C=2K@?256=2D8C2?56D6IA=@E24:@?6D28CV4@=2D9246CBF62F>6?E2D6=227=F6?4:22=24:F52556AC@=6E2C:@D

25

12 Se dio el nombre de «Revolución gloriosa» en la historiografía burguesa inglesa al golpe

de Estado de 1688, con el que se derrocó la dinastía de los Estuardos y se instauró (1689)

la monarquía constitucional de Guillermo de Orange, régimen de compromiso entre la aris-

tocracia propietaria de tierras y la gran burguesía.



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26



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27

13 «Los arrendatarios prohiben a los cottagers (caseros) mantener a ninguna otra criatura vi-

viente, so pretexto de que, si criasen ganado o aves, robarían alimento del granero para ce-

barlas. Además, dicen: mantened a los cottagers en la pobreza, y serán más trabajadores.

Pero la verdadera realidad es que de este modo los arrendatarios usurpan el derecho íntegrosobre los terrenos comunales» [ A Political Inquiry into to the Consequences of Enclosing Waste Lands («Investigación política sobre las consecuencias del cercado de los baldíos»),

London, 1785, p. 75].



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28

14 Eden. The State of the Poor, Preface («La situación de los pobres») (p. XVII, XIX).



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29

15 Thomas Wright. A short address to the Public on the Monopoly of large farms. («Breve alo-

cución al público sobre el monopolio de las grandes granjas»), 1779, pp. 2, 3.



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30

16 Rev. Addington. Inquiry into the Reasons for and against Inclosing Open Fields («Investi-

gación de las razones en pro y en contra del cercado de terrenos»), London, 1779 pp. 37-

43 pass.



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31

17 Dr. R. Price. Observations on Reversionary Payments («Observaciones sobre los pagos

reversibles»), 6 ed. By W. Morgan, London, 1803, v. II, p. 155.18 Dr. R. Price. Observations, etc., v. II, p. 147.



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32

19 Dr. R. Price. Observations, etc., p. 159.



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33

20 [J. Arbuthnot.] An Inquiry into the Connection between the Present Price of Provisions etc.(«Investigación de la conexión entre el presente precio de los víveres y las dimensiones de

las granjas»), pp. 124, 129.



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34



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35



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36



?=2D@3C2D56):C2>6D)E6F2CEJ2>6D?56CD@?A@56>@DD68F:C=2DAC:>6C2D72D6D566DE2C6G@=F4:X?BF66?D4@4:24@>:6?K256DAFUD56=2Y=E:>2:?E6?E@?256=AC6E6?5:6?E6 ?6=D:8=@.,2=@D826=6D =2?K25@D56DFDE:6CC2DD6=6DAC@9:3V22=>:D>@E:6>A@6>:8C2C56=A2VDA2C22DV6>AF;2C=@DA@C=27F6CK22=2D8@HJ2@EC@D46?EC@D723C:=6D56=2C68:X? @>@6;6>A=@56=

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64@?X>:4@ 4@?G:CE:6?5@ E@5@ DF 4@?525@ L4FJ@D923:E2?E6D>6C>25@DA@CF?2D6C:656AC@46D@D 2?E6C:@C6D D6>6;2?E6D 2 UDE6 923V2? :5@

37

21 Trátase de la insurrección de los partidarios de los Estuardos en 1745-1746, que exigían

el trono británico para Carlos Eduardo, el llamado «joven pretendiente». La insurrección re-

flejaba, a la vez, la protesta de las masas populares de Escocia y de Inglaterra contra la ex-

plotación terrateniente y la expulsión masiva de los campesinos de sus tierras. Después delaplastamiento de la insurrección por las tropas regulares de Inglaterra, comenzó a desinte-

grarse intensamente el sistema de clanes en la parte montañosa de Escocia, y la expulsión

de los campesinos de sus tierras adquirió un carácter todavía más enérgico.22 Los gaeles constituyen la población aborigen de las comarcas montañosas del Norte y del

Oeste de Escocia, son descendientes de los antiguos celtas.23 En 1860, se exportó al Canadá, con falsas promesas, a los campesinos violentamente ex-

propiados de sus tierras. Algunos huyeron a la montaña y a las islas más próximas. Perse-

guidos por la policía, le hicieron frente y lograron escapar.



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38



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D68F?52G6K

39

24 Datos interesantes sobre este asunto del pescado se encuentran en David Urquhart. Véase

Portfolio, New Series («Carpeta, nueva serie»). Nassau W. Senior, en su obra póstuma citada

más arriba, llama al «procedimiento seguido en Sutherlandshire una de las «limpias» (clea-rings) más beneficiosas de que guarda recuerdo el hombre» [Journals, Conversations and Essays relating to Ireland («Revistas, conversaciones y ensayos acerca de Irlanda»), London,

1868].



:?2=>6?E6F?2A2CE656=@DA2DE@D7F64@?G6CE:52 6? 4@E@D 56 42K2 @>@ 6D D23:5@ 6??8=2E6CC2?@6I:DE6?G6C5256C@D3@DBF6D"242K2BF64@CC6A@C=@DA2CBF6D56=@D2C:DEX4C2E2D6D6?C62=:525 82?25@ 5@>UDE:4@ 8@C5@ 4@>@ =@D4@?46;2=6D56"@?5C6D&@C6D@D4@4:26DA2C2=@D:?8=6D6D6=Y=E:>@2D:=@56=2N?@3=6A2D:X?O56=242K2

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40



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41



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5624F>F=24:X?@C:8:?2C:2@?6DE@D>UE@5@DD623C:XA2D@2=228C:4F=EFC242A:E2=:DE2D6:?4@CA@CX6=42A:E2=2=2E:6CC2JD64C62C@?=@D4@?E:?86?E6D56AC@=6E2C:@D=:3C6DJAC:G25@D56>65:@D56G:52BF6?646D:E232=2:?5FDEC:256=2D4:F5256D

42

25 Robert Somers. Letters from the Highlands; or, the Famine of 1817 («Cartas de alta Esco-

cia; o el hambre de 1847»), London, 1848, pp. 12-28 passim.



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43



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44



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45



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46



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47

26 Petty Sessions (pequeñas sesiones), reuniones de los tribunales de paz de Inglaterra,

encargados de examinar los asuntos de pequeña importancia, observándose un proceso

simplificado.



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48



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49



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50



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51

27 «Siempre que la ley intenta zanjar las diferencias existentes entre los patronos (masters)

y sus obreros, lo hace siguiendo los consejos de los patronos», dice A. Smith. «El espíritu

de las leyes es la propiedad», escribe Linguet.



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52

28 J. B. Byles. Sophisms of Free Trade. By a Barrister («Sofismas sobre el librecambismo».

Por un abogado), London, 1850, p. 206. Y añade, maliciosamente: «Nosotros hemos estado

siempre dispuestos, cuanto de ayudar al patrono se trataba. ¿No se podrá ahora hacer algo

por el obrero?»



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53

29 Las leyes anticoalicionistas, que prohibían la creación y la actividad de cualquier organi-

zación obrera, fueron promulgadas por el parlamento inglés en los años 1799 y 1800. En

1824, el parlamento las derogó, confirmando la derogación una vez más en 1825. Sin em-

bargo, incluso después de eso se limitó mucho la actividad de las uniones obreras. Hasta la

simple propaganda en favor de la adhesión de los obreros a las uniones y de la participación

en las huelgas se consideraba «coerción» y «violencia» y se punía como delito de derecho

común.



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54



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55



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56



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57

30 El partido de los tories, partido político inglés fundado a fines del año 70 y comienzos de

los 80 del siglo XVII, expresaba los intereses de la aristocracia terrateniente y el alto clero.

A mediados del siglo XIX, sobre la base del partido de los tories, fue fundado el Partido Con-

servador, que, a veces, también se llama «tory».



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DE2=6JBF6A@?:6?5@24@?EC:3F4:X?6=A@56CA@=:4V24@56=DE25@AC@4FC26?42FK2C56?EC@56=@D=V>:E6DBF62=42A:E2==6A=2K42?=2=F492564@?4FCC6?4:26?E23=2526?EC66=42A:E2=J6=EC232;@D@3C6G:G:X2E@52D=2DC6G@=F4:@?6DJ42>3:@D565:?2DEV2$:6=>:D>@CU8:>6?56=E6CC@C D62EC6

G:X2E@42C=2$@D6=23@CCX56=X5:8@A6?2=92DE29246>FJA@4@$252>TD6=@4F6?E6BF66=AC6E6IE@BF6D65:@2=G@E2C=2=6JA2C2;FDE:7:42C6DE68@=A656DE25@3FC8FUDNF?BF66D5656D62C

58

31 Trátase del Gobierno de la dictadura jacobina de Francia entre junio de 1793 y junio de

1794.



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56?4:223D@=FE2BF66D42D:=26D4=2G:EF5OA@CBF64@? 6==@ 96C:CV2? N=2 =:36CE25 56 DFD 2?E6C:@C6D5F6W@DJ24EF2=6DA2EC@?@DOM=2=:36CE2556>2?E6?6C2=@D@3C6C@D6?=26D4=2G:EF5JA@CBF66=4@2=:82CD64@?EC26=56DA@E:D>@56=@D2?E:8F@D>26DEC@D56=2D4@CA@C24:@?6D6BF:G2=5CV2LM25:

GV?6D6L2C6DE2FC2C=2D4@CA@C24:@?6D23@=:52DA@C=2@?DE:EF4:X?7C2?46D2

Q$))"(($*(%&*")*

6DAFUD566IA@?6C6=AC@46D@56G:@=6?E2

4C624:X?56=@DAC@=6E2C:@D=:3C6DJ56D96C6525@D6=CU8:>6?D2?8F:?2C:@4@?BF6D6=6D4@?G:CE:X6?@3C6C@D2D2=2C:25@D=2DDF4:2D2=E2D>65:52D6DE2E2=6DBF62F>6?E2?5@6=8C25@566IA=@E24:X?

59

32 Buchez et Roux. Histoire Parlementaire («Historia parlamentaria») t. X, pp. 193-195, pas-

sim



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4@=@?@@2CC6?52E2C:@2=BF66=D6W@C56=2E:6CC2AC@G6656D:>:6?E682?25@J2A6C@D56=23C2?K2)FD:EF24:X??@5:7:6C68C2?4@D256=256=D:>A=642>A6D:?@"2Y?:425:76C6?4:26DBF66IA=@E2>TDEC232;@2D2=2C:25@&C@?E@D64@?G:6CE66?>UE2J6C

60



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F?2A2CE656=A=FDAC@5F4E@

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61



?6=D:8=@.,G:6?622W25:CD62UDE@DF?724E@C564:D:G@"@D4@?EC2E@D562CC6?52>:6?E@6C2?6?E@?46D4@?EC2E@D2=2C8@A=2K@23F?52?5@=@D56?@G6?E2J?F6G62W@D"24@?DE2?E656AC64:24:X?56=@D>6E2=6DAC64:@D@DJA@CE2?E@56=5:?6C@7F6A2C2=@D2CC6?52E2C:@DF?2==FG:256@C@:K@L2F?AC6D4:?5:6?5@56E@52D=2D4:C4F?DE2?4:2DJ26IAF6DE2DLBF656D46?5:6D6?=@DD2=2C:@D

+?2A2CE656UDE@DA2DX2:?4C6>6?E2C=2D82?2?4:2D56=2CC6?52E2C:@=2=K2:?46D2?E656=@DAC64:@D56=EC:8@56=2=2?256=242C?66?F?2A2=23C256E@5@D=@DAC@5F4E@D28CV4@=2DG:?@29:?492CD:? :?E6CG6?4:X? DFJ2 6= 42A:E2= 6? 5:?6C@ 56=2CC6?52E2C:@>:6?EC2DBF6=2C6?E256=2E:6CC2BF6

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=@BF6D624@DEF>3C2326?2BF6==@DE:6>A@D

62



"$"+$$,()"(,%"+S$(R%")%("$+)*(

%(#S$"#(%$*(%(&("&*"$+)*("

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AC@G:56?4:26>@D5656E6?6C?@DF?@D:?DE2?E6D22?2=:K2C6DE66=6>6?E@56=224F>F=24:X?@C:8:?2C:2=6?C2C64:>:6?E@56=2A@3=24:X?CFC2=:?56A6?5:6?E6BF6EC232;2DFDAC@A:2DE:6CC2D?@DX=@4@CC6DA@?56F?24@?56?D24:X?56=AC@=6E2C:25@:?5FDEC:2=4@>@2=6?C2C64:>:6?E@56=2>2

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63

33 A. Anderson. An Historical and Chronological Deduction of the Origin of Commerce, fromthe Earliest Accounts to the present Time («Ensayo histórico y cronológico del comercio

desde los primeros datos hasta el presente»). La primera edición salió en Londres en 1764.



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64



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65

34 En el sentido figurado, «cobrados por nada».



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66



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67

35 Mirabeau. De la Monarchie Prusienne («De la monarquía prusiana») v. III, pp. 20-109, pás-

sim. El que Mirabeau considere también a los talleres diseminados como más rentables y pro-

ductivos que los «reunidos», no viendo en estos más que plantas de estufa sostenidas

artificialmente con la ayuda del Estado, se debe a la situación en que entonces se encontraba

una gran parte de las manufacturas del continente.



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=232JE6;V2A2C2DFFD@D64@?G:6CE6?29@C26?2CEV4F=@D>2?F724EFC25@DBF6E:6?6?DF>6C425@AC64:D2>6?E66?=@D5:DEC:E@DCFC2=6D"2?F>6C@D24=:6?E6=25:D6>:?252J4@?EC@=25292DE22BFVA@CF?2 >F4965F>3C6 56 A6BF6W@D AC@5F4E@C6D

68



BF6EC232;232?A@C4F6?E2AC@A:2D64@?46?EC229@C26?F?8C2?>6C425@2E6?5:5@A@C6=42A:E2=:?5FDEC:2= 66DE6>@5@2=2A2C4@?=26IAC@A:24:X?56=@D2?E:8F@D=23C25@C6D:?56A6?5:6?E6DJDF5:G@C4:@56=@D>65:@D56AC@5F44:X?2G2?K2=256DECF44:X?56=2D:?5FDEC:2DCFC2=6DD64F?52C:2D6=AC@46D@565:76C6?4:24:X?56=2:?5FDEC:2J=228C:4F=EFC2)X=@=256DECF44:X?56=2:?5FDEC:25@

>UDE:42CFC2=AF65652C2=>6C425@:?E6C:@C56F?A2VD=2DAC@A@C4:@?6DJ=27:C>6K2BF6?646D:E26=CU8:>6?42A:E2=:DE256AC@5F44:X?

):?6>32C8@6=A6CV@5@AC@A:2>6?E6>2?F724EFC6C@?@2A@CE26?C62=:525EC2?D7@C>24:X?C2

5:42=2=8F?2(64FUC56D6BF6=2>2?F724EFC2DX=@:?G256=2AC@5F44:X??24:@?2=56F?>@5@7C28>6?E2C:@JD:6>AC6D@3C66=G2DE@A2?@C2>256=2CE6D2?25@FC32?@J56=2:?5FDEC:2D64F?52C:25@>UDE:4@CFC2=F?BF66=:>:?62UDE232;@4:6CE2D7@C>2D6?56E6C>:?252DC2>2D:?5FDEC:2=6DJ

69

36 «Veinte libras de lana convertidas insensiblemente en vestidos para el uso de un año de

una familia obrera, elaboradas por ella misma en el tiempo que otros trabajos le dejan libre,

no son para causar asombro. Pero llevad la lana al mercado, enviadla a la fábrica, luego al

corredor, en seguida al comerciante, y tendréis grandes operaciones comerciales y un capital

nominal invertido en una cuantía que representa veinte veces su valor... Así se explota a la

clase trabajadora, para mantener en pie una población fabril depauperada, una clase para-

sitaria de tenderos y un sistema ficticio de comercio, de dinero y de finanzas» (David Urqu-

hart. Familiar Words («Palabras amistosas»), p. 120].



6?2=8F?@DAF?E@DGF6=G62A@?6C=26?A:66?@EC@D6?BF6J26DE23256DECF:52AF6D?646D:E2566==2A2C2EC2?D7@C>2C=2>2E6C:2AC:>292DE24:6CE@8C25@566=23@C24:X?"2>2?F724EFC292463C@E2CA@CE2?E@F?2?F6G24=2D656A6BF6W@D42>A6D:?@DBF6DX=@D6565:42?2=228C:4F=EFC24@>@6>A=6@ D64F?52C:@ 6IA=@E2?5@ 4@>@ @7:4:@AC676C6?E6F?EC232;@:?5FDEC:2=A2C2G6?56CDF

AC@5F4E@2=2>2?F724EFC2J2D625:C64E2>6?E6@A@C>65:24:X?56F?4@>6C4:2?E662BFVF?256=2D42FD2D2F?BF6?@=27F?52>6?E2=56F?76?X>6?@BF62=AC:?4:A:@56D@C:6?E22BF:6?6DEF5:2=29:DE@C:256?8=2E6CC26D566=Y=E:>@E6C4:@56=D:8=@.,D66D4F492?6?6==2BF6;2D4@?DE2?E6D:?

E6CCF>A:52DDX=@2:?E6CG2=@DD@3C6=@DAC@8C6D@D56=42A:E2=:D>@6?=228C:4F=EFC2J=256DECF44:X?AC@8C6D:G256=24=2D642>A6D:?2&@C@EC2A2CE66DE24=2D642>A6D:?2C62A2C6464@?DE2?E6>6?E62F?BF66??Y>6C@>TDC65F4:5@J6?D:EF24:X?4252G6KA6@C"2C2KX?AC:?4:A2=566DE@6DET6?

BF66??8=2E6CC2E2?AC@?E@AC65@>:?2=2AC@5F44:X?56EC:8@4@>@=282?256CV2D68Y?=@DA6CV@5@D J 4@? 6= E:A@ 56 AC@5F44:X? @D4:=2 6=G@=F>6?56=2AC@5F44:X?42>A6D:?2)X=@=28C2?:?5FDEC:22A@CE24@?=2>2BF:?2C:2=232D64@?D

70



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Q$))"&*")*$+)*("

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A:E2=:DE2@4FCCV2?@A@42DG646D=@BF66?=@D2W@D56:?72?4:256=2D4:F5256D>65:6G2=6D6?BF66=

71

37 Tuckett sabe que la gran industria lanera brota de la verdadera manufactura y de la des-

trucción de la manufactura rural o casera, con la introducción de la maquinaria [Tuckett. A.History etc. («Historia, etc.»), v. I., p. 144].38 La palabra «industrial» se emplea aquí por oposición a «agrícola». En el sentido de una

categoría económica, el arrendatario es tan capitalista industrial como el fabricante.



AC@3=6>256D236C4FT=56=@DD:6CG@D9F:5@D==682CV22D6C6=2>@J4FT=6=4C:25@D65:C:>V2=2D>TD56=2DG646DA@C6=@C56?5676492D6?BF6D66D42A232?):?6>32C8@=2=6?E:EF5566DE6>UE@5@?@C6DA@?5V26?>@5@2=8F?@2=2D6I:86?4:2D4@>6C4:2=6D56=?F6G@>6C425@>F?5:2=4C625@A@C=@D8C2?56D56D4F3C:>:6?E@D567:?6D56=D:8=@.,"2525#65:2923V2=6825@5@D7@C>2D5:DE:?E2D

5642A:E2=BF62=42?K2C@?DFD2KX?6?=2D>TD5:G6CD2D7@C>24:@?6DD@4:@64@?X>:42DJBF62?E6D56==682C=26C256=>@5@56AC@5F44:X?42A:E2=:DE26C2?4@?D:56C252D42A:E2=A@C2?E@?@>2D:242A:E2=FDFC2C:@J42A:E2=4@>6C4:2=

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BF6256>TDE:6?5624C646C5:2C:2>6?E656=AC@5F4E@2?F2=56=EC232;@9@C26=42A:E2=:DE2AF656D6C4@?D:56C25@4@>@6=BF6D62AC@A:256AC:

72



>6C2>2?@E@52=2C:BF6K2D@4:2=2F?BF6?:?8F?2=6J=692EC2?D76C:5@6DE656C649@562AC@A:24:X?DE642>3:@56AC@A:65255636DF@C:86?2=4@3C@56:?E6C6D6DA@C6=42A:E2=J6D92CE@4FC:@D@BF6=@D=68:D=25@C6D56E@52FC@A292J2?BF6C:5@6G:E2C6DE@4@?=6J6D4@?EC2=2FDFC2=A@56C56=42A:E2=:DE2 D@3C6 =2 C:BF6K2 E@52 56= A2VD 6D F?24@>A=6E2C6G@=F4:X?6?6=56C649@56AC@A:6525

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=CU8:>6?76F52=6?6=42>A@J6?=24:F525

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73

39 The Natural and Artificial Right of Property Contrasted («El derecho natural y el artificial de

propiedad contrastados»), London, 1832, pp. 98, 99. El autor de esta obra anónima es Th.

Hodgskin.



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=56D4F3C:>:6?E@56=@DJ24:>:6?E@D56@C@JA=2E256>UC:426=6IE6C>:?:@=26D4=2G:K24:X?J6=D6AF=E2>:6?E@6?=2D>:?2D56=2A@3=24:X?

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74

40 Los Países Bajos (el territorio de las actuales Bélgica y Holanda) se separaron de España

después de la revolución burguesa de 1566-1609; en la revolución se conjugaban la lucha

de la burguesía y las masas populares contra el feudalismo con la guerra de liberación na-

cional contra la dominación española. En 1609, tras varias derrotas, España se vio forzada

a reconocer la independencia de la república burguesa de Holanda. El territorio de la actual

Bélgica permaneció en manos de España hasta 1714.



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75

41 Trátase de las guerras de Inglaterra contra Francia en el período de la revolución burguesafrancesa de fines del siglo XVIII. Durante estas contiendas, el Gobierno inglés estableció en

su país un brutal régimen de terror contra las masas trabajadoras. En particular, en dicho pe-

ríodo fueron aplastadas varias sublevaciones populares y se adoptaron leyes que prohibían

las uniones obreras.42 Las guerras del opio eran guerras de conquista contra China que sostuvo Inglaterra sola

en los años de 1839 a 1842 y en compañía de Francia en los años de 1856-1858 y 1860.

Sirvieron de pretexto para la primera guerra las medidas de las autoridades chinas para com-

batir el comercio de contrabando de opio organizado por los ingleses.



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"29:DE@C:256=CU8:>6?4@=@?:2=9@=2?5UDLJEU?82D66?4F6?E2BF6@=2?526C2=2?24:X?42A:E2=:DE2>@56=@56=D:8=@.,LN924656D7:=2C2?E6?@D@EC@DF?4F25C@:?DFA6C23=656EC2:4:@?6D4@9649@D2D6D:?2E@D6:?72>:2DO $252>TD6=@

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76

43 William Howitt. Colonization and Christianity. A Popular History of the Treatment of the Na-tiles by the Europeans in all their Colonies («Colonización y cristiandad. Historia popular de

cómo los europeos tratan a los nativos en todas sus colonias»), London, 1838, p. 9.44 Thomas Stamford Raffles, late Lieut. Governor of Java. The History of Java («Historia de

Java»), London, 1817 [v. II, pp. CXC-CXCI, apéndice].



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4:2==66>@D

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>6?E62DFD72>:=:2DO

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77



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46G6CD2&6C@56=>@?@A@=:@56=2?2G6824:X?4@DE6C256=2?5:2J6?EC6=2D:D=2DJ56=4@>6C4:@:?E6C:@C56=2?5:2D62AC@A:2C@?=@D2=E@D7F?4:@?2C:@D56=2@>A2WV2"@D>@?@A@=:@D56=2D2=56=@A:@56=3UE6=J@EC2D>6C42?4V2D6C2?7:=@?6D:?28@E23=6D56C:BF6K2"@D>:D>@D7F?4:@?2C:@D

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3C@E232?4@>@=@D9@?8@D8C2?56D7@CEF?2DJ=2

78

45 La Compañía de las Indias Orientales era una compañía inglesa de comercio (1600-1858),

instrumento de la política saqueadora colonial de Gran Bretaña en la India, China y otros pa-

íses de Asia. Durante mucho tiempo poseía el monopolio del comercio con la India, le per-

tenecían igualmente las principales funciones de gobierno en ese último país. La insurrección

de liberación nacional de 1857-1859 en la India obligó a Gran Bretaña a cambiar las formas

de dominación colonial y a liquidar la Compañía de las Indias Orientales.



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79



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80



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;F?E@O

81

46 Marx cita el trabajo de Gülich Geschichtliche Dartsellung des Handels, der Gewerbe und des Ackerbaus der bedeutendsten handeltreibenden Staaten unsrer Zeit («Descripción

histórica del comercio, la industria y la agricultura de los principales Estados comerciales de

nuestra época»). Bd. I, Jena, 1830, S. 371.



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82



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83



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84



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85



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86



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87

47 Por lo visto, Marx se refiere aquí a la edición inglesa del libro Aanwysing der heilsame politike Gronden en Maximen van de Republike van Holland en West-Friesland («Indicación

de los más importantes principios y máximas de la República de Holanda y de Frisia Occi-

dental»), atribuido a Jan de Witt y publicado por vez primera en Leyden en 1622. Como se

ha establecido, a excepción de dos capítulos escritos por Jan de Witt, el autor del libro era

Pieter von der Hore (Pieter de la Court), economista y empresario holandés.



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89

48 Mirabeau. De la Monarchie Prusienne («De la monarquía prusiana»), t. VI, p. 101.



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90



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N?6C3JD9:C6$@EE:?892>D9:C6JD@3C6E@5@6?"2?42D9:C6OL5:46:6=56?LN=2>2BF:?2C:2C64:U?:?G6?E2527F66>A=62526?8C2?56D7T3C:42D4@?DECF:52D;F?E@2CV@D42A246D56>@G6C=2CF652

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91

49 Eden. The State of the Poor («La situación de los pobres»), t. II, cap. I p. 421.



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92



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93

50 John Fielden. The Curse of the Factory System («La maldición del sistema fabril»), pp.

5, 6



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94



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95

51 En 1790, en las Indias Occidentales inglesas había 10 esclavos por cada hombre libre; en

las Indias francesas, 14; en las holandesas, 23 [Henry Brougham. An Inquiry into the Colonial Policy of the European Powers («Investigación de la política colonial de las potencias euro-

peas»), Edinburgh, 1803, v. II., p. 74].52 Marie Augier. Du Crédit Public («Del crédito público»).



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96



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97

53 C. Pecqueur. Théorie nouvelle d'économie sociale et politiques, ou Études sur l'organisationdes sociétés («Nueva teoría de la economía social y política, o Estudios sobre la organización

de las sociedades»), Paris, 1842, p. 435.



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98

54 «Hemos entrado en un régimen social totalmente nuevo... tendemos a separar todo tipo

de propiedad de todo tipo de trabajo» [Sismondi. Nouveaux Principes de l'Économie Politique(«Nuevos principios de la Economía política,), t. II, Paris, 1827, p. 434].



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LA LLAMADA ACUMULACIÓN DEL CAPITAL

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