Historia de la Iglesia

Dr. John OakesSociedad de Investigación Apologética

¿Por qué estudiamos la Historia de la Iglesia?

¿Para aprender de los Errores de la Historia → para evitarlos? Aquellos que no pueden aprender de la historia están condenados a repetirla.

Descubrir nuestros propias raices (Movimiento de Restauración, Ministerios Universitarios, ICOC)

Evitar columpiar el pénduloGracia ↔ Legalismo Doctrina ↔ Celo, Emoción, Corazón

Ascetismo ↔ Libertad

¿Cómo se perdió el Verdadero Cristianismo?

Crecimiento de grupos separados, grupos heréjes con falsas enseñanzas.

Desvío gradual de la “verdadera iglesia”, de las prácticas bíblicas, por razones buenas y sinceras.

Cismas y Herejías tempranos

Judaizantes legalismo

Gnósticos humanidad de Jesus, conocimiento profundo

Marcionitas Jehova un Dios Malo

Montanistas carismáticos

Novatianistas, Donatistas pureza de la iglesia

Arianes deidad de Jesus

El Evangelio de Judas

El desvío de la Iglesia Apostólica…

Liderazgo/ Organización de la Iglesia Doctrina del Bautismo Ascetismo, Monasticismo Credos, Liturgia, Calendario de la iglesia,

Sacramentalismo Sacerdotalismo/Sacerdocio La Cena del Señor se

convirtió en un sacrificio

Hermeneutica

Lecciones Aprendidas de la iglesia primitiva

Evitar estructura organizacional convenientes pero no-bíblica.

Resistir la tendencia hacia el ritualismo en nuestras reuniones.

No sobre-reaccionar a las falsas doctrinas. Evitar depender de credos para defender la verdad. No sobre-enfatizar la importancia del sacrificio físico,

oración o cualquier otra buena actividad espiritual. Enfatizar los métodos buenos de la exégesis de Biblia

¿Verdadero Cristianismo en la Edad Media?

Paulicianos 650-900’s Asia Menor

Albigenses, Cathars 1000’s-1200’s Sur de Francia

Arnoldo de Brescia 1100 Italia

Pedro de Bruys 1110 Norte de Italia

Valdenses 1175-1500’s Peter Waldo, Suiza

La Reforma

John Wyclif Inglaterra, 1324-1384 John Huss Bohemia, 1374-1415 Martin Lutero Alemania, 1483-1546 Ulrich Zwingli Suiza, 1484-1531 William Tyndale Inglaterra, 1494-1536 Juan Calvino Francia, 1509-1564 John Knox Escocia, 1505-1572

John Wyclif 1324-1384

Tradujo la Vulgata al Inglés

Se opuso a las

indulgencias, idolos, sacerdocio.

El Papa es el anticristo.

Sus seguidores

fueron conocidos como Lollards

Se le declaró hereje en 1401

John Huss 1374-1415 Bohemia

Influenciado por Wyclif

La Biblia es la única

autoridad

Solo Dios puede perdonar los pecados

Quemado en la estaca

Los Hussitas fueron

virtualmente aniquilados por la Inquisición

Iglesias Brethren y Moravian

John Huss, quemado en la estaca, en el año 1415

Martin Lutero 1483-1546

Monje Agustiano

95 Tesis en Wittenburg

Estudio de Romanos

Solo la Fe

Solo las Escrituras

Predestinación

Libro de Santiago, un “Libro de paja.”

Mantuvo muchas de las practicas de los Católicos en el culto

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)

Reformista suizo

Más radical que Lutero

Rechazó casi todas las formas de adoración de los católicos.

Difiere en cuanto a la Cena del Señor

Su influencia dio origen a los Anabaptistas

Principal influencia en Juan Calvino

El Movimiento Anabaptista (1530’s y después)La Reforma Radical

Menno Simmons 1496-1561

Martirio de los Anabaptistas

El Movimiento Anabaptista (cont.)

Bautismo por inmersion de adultos después de la confesión de fe para la salvación.

La Biblia es la única autoridad. Separación de la iglesia y el Estado. Enfatizó ambos, la vida y la doctrina Pacifistas (usualmente) Muchos martirios Comenzaron siendo evangelísticos, pero se

convirtieron en exclusivistas y retirados. (Menonitas, Amish, Hutterites

Tendió a dividirse constantemente sobre cosas no importantes

Juan Calvino 1509-1564

Influenciado muy fuertemente por Zwingli Fuertemente influenciado por la teología de Agustin El teólogo más influyente de la Reforma Enfatizó la Teología Historica/Testamentaria Escribio Institutos de la Religion Cristiana Estableció una gobierno eclesiastico en Ginebra. Mejor conocido por su fuerte enfasis en la

Predestinación TULIP

TULIP

Total depravity of mankind(Depravación total de la humanidad)

Unconditional election(Elección incondicional)

Limited atonement(Expiación limitada)

Irresistible grace(Gracia irresistible)

final Preservation of the saints(la conservación final de los santos)

Otros importantes personajes de la Reforma

William Tyndale Tradujo el NT desde el griego y el AT desde el hebreo.

– KJV fue una revisión de Tyndale. – Martirizado en 1536.

John Knox 1505-1572. Llevó el Calvinismo a Escocia. Dio origen a la iglesia Presbiterana.

Puritanos. Inglaterra. Autonomía Congregacional. Dio logar a la Iglesia Congregacional

Bautistas. Agregaron el bautismo al Calvinismo. Quakers. Literalmente quaked (temblados).

Carismáticos, movimiento emocional.

Jacob Arminius (1569-1609)

“Arminianism” Semi-Pelagianism? Opposed supralapsarianism Prevenient grace. God

foreknows, but does not predetermine.

Calvinism makes God the author of sin.

Methodists, Restoration Movement

The The Stone/Campbell Stone/Campbell MovementMovementRestoration or Reformation?Restoration or Reformation?

InfluencesInfluences Francis Bacon and inductive logic: the scientific Francis Bacon and inductive logic: the scientific

approach to the facts of the Bible.approach to the facts of the Bible.

John Locke: the “Christian Philosopher”John Locke: the “Christian Philosopher”

The Scottish school of Common Sense Philosophy The Scottish school of Common Sense Philosophy (Adam Smith, Thomas Reid, etc.)(Adam Smith, Thomas Reid, etc.)

The Seceder Presbyterians, the Sandemanians and The Seceder Presbyterians, the Sandemanians and other radical restorationist sects.other radical restorationist sects.

James O’Kelly

We are “Christians simply”

Rice Haggard 1769-1819Rice Haggard 1769-1819

“One thing I know, that whenever non-essentials are made terms of communion, it

will never fail to have a tendency to disunite and scatter the church of Christ.”

Barton W. Stone 1772-1844Barton W. Stone 1772-1844The heart of the movementThe heart of the movement

The Cane Ridge Revival

The Last Will and Testament of the Springfield Presbytery

“Let Christian Unity be our Polar Star.”

“I do, so far as I see it consistent with the word of God.”

The Presbytery of Springfield, sitting at Cane Ridge, in the county of Bourbon, being, through a gracious Providence, in more than ordinary bodily health, growing in strength and size daily; and in perfect soundness and composure of mind; but knowing what it is appointed for all delegated bodies once to die: and considering that the life of every such body is very uncertain, do take, and ordain this our Last Will and Testament, in manner and following,….

And with that the Springfield Presbytery no longer existed and the Stone movement began.

Thomas Campbell 1763-1851Thomas Campbell 1763-1851

Emigrated to Pennsylvania 1807

Suspended by Presbyterian Church

The Declaration and Address 1809

Principles for unity of Christians.

Alexander Campbell 1788-1866Alexander Campbell 1788-1866The mind of the movementThe mind of the movement

Joined Thomas from Scotland 1809

Believers only baptism 1812

Campbell/Walker Debate 1820

The Millennial Harbinger 1830

Bethany College 1840

Walter Scott (1796-1861)Walter Scott (1796-1861)

First evangelist in the movement

“Restored the gospel” in 1827

The five step “plan” of salvation

Scott’s: faith, repentance, baptism, remission of sins, Holy Spirit

CoC today: hear, believe, repent, confess, be baptized

The crowning event of the early years:The crowning event of the early years:

1824 Stone and Campbell met for the first time

1831 Decided to form a unified movement

Problems:

1.Christian (Stonites) or Disciple (Campbellites)

2. Emotional vs intellectual movements (preachers vs teachers)

3.Teaching on baptism

4.Ordination of ministers

5. Doctrine of the Holy Spirit

Hermeneutics of the MovementHermeneutics of the Movement

“Command, Example and Necessary Demonstrations.”

“Where the Bible speaks, we speak, where the Bible is silent, we are silent”

Sought Bible “facts.” Weak on principles. Tended toward legalism.

The Turning Point: The Turning Point:

Were they a unity movement (a reformation) or a restoration movement?

Stone and Campbell favored reformation (example; the Christadelphians)

Walter Scott, Benjamin Franklin, Tolbert Fanning, David Lipscomb and others moved toward restoration. Sought “the perfect pattern.”

The Dominating Influences in the The Dominating Influences in the MovementMovement

The Colleges (Bethany College, David Lipscomb The Colleges (Bethany College, David Lipscomb College, etc.)College, etc.)

The Periodicals (editor/bishops) (The Millennial The Periodicals (editor/bishops) (The Millennial Harbinger, The American Christian Review, The Harbinger, The American Christian Review, The Gospel Advocate, Firm Foundation, etc.)Gospel Advocate, Firm Foundation, etc.)

These were forces for unity and for divisionThese were forces for unity and for division

Points of disunity/divisionPoints of disunity/division

Evangelism and inter-church organization (the Missionary Evangelism and inter-church organization (the Missionary Society)Society)

The Civil War: pacifism, slavery, etc. (The Missionary Society The Civil War: pacifism, slavery, etc. (The Missionary Society supported the North)supported the North)

The “instrument.” Moses Lard: “No preacher should enter a The “instrument.” Moses Lard: “No preacher should enter a church where an organ stands.”church where an organ stands.”

Daniel Sommer and David Lipscomb.Daniel Sommer and David Lipscomb.

1906 US Census acknowledged two separate groups: The 1906 US Census acknowledged two separate groups: The Church of Christ and the Christian Church/Disciples of Christ.Church of Christ and the Christian Church/Disciples of Christ.

David Lipscomb (1831-1917)“Father” of the Church of Christ

Founder of Lipscomb University

Editor of the Gospel Advocate 1866-1917

Daniel Sommer“Watchdog” for the brotherhood.

“Daniel Sommer was a militant who left a legacy of legalistic wrangling and divided congregations.”

Other ControversiesOther Controversies

One cup, Sunday School, “anti” churchesOne cup, Sunday School, “anti” churches

PremillennialismPremillennialism

For the Christian Church/Disciples of Christ; The For the Christian Church/Disciples of Christ; The Ecumenical Movement. Open Membership.Ecumenical Movement. Open Membership.

UCMS (United Christian Missionary Society) vs. UCMS (United Christian Missionary Society) vs. NACC (North American Christian Convention)NACC (North American Christian Convention)

Two denominations by about 1950Two denominations by about 1950

Lessons to be learnedLessons to be learned

Unity is extremely difficult to maintain without strong Unity is extremely difficult to maintain without strong hierarchical structure.hierarchical structure.

Separating essential matters from the non-essential is Separating essential matters from the non-essential is harder than we think.harder than we think.

A movement without a strong hierarchical structure needs A movement without a strong hierarchical structure needs instruments to maintain unity.instruments to maintain unity.

Careful thinking about theology, church structure and Careful thinking about theology, church structure and history are required for long term growth and unity.history are required for long term growth and unity.

It is extremely difficult to avoid overreacting to groups with It is extremely difficult to avoid overreacting to groups with whom we disagree.whom we disagree.

Book Recommendations:

Reviving the Ancient Faith (Hughes)

The Stone Campbell Movement (Garrett)

Into All Nations (Foster Stanback)

The Search for the Ancient Order (West)

Crossroads/Boston/ICOC MovementCrossroads/Boston/ICOC Movement 1960’s “College Chairs” Within CoC1960’s “College Chairs” Within CoC 1967 Chuck Lucas 141967 Chuck Lucas 14thth Street CoC (Crossroads CoC) Street CoC (Crossroads CoC)

Soul talksSoul talks Prayer partnersPrayer partners Emphasis on evangelismEmphasis on evangelism

After 1975 “campus ministries”After 1975 “campus ministries” Tom Brown, Andy Lindo, Kip McKean, etc…Tom Brown, Andy Lindo, Kip McKean, etc… Many church splits resultedMany church splits resulted

1979 Kip McKean, Lexington/Boston CoC1979 Kip McKean, Lexington/Boston CoC ““sold out” disciples only in the churchsold out” disciples only in the church Amazing growthAmazing growth Emphasis on world evangelismEmphasis on world evangelism Vertical discipling trees, uniformity and simplicity of Vertical discipling trees, uniformity and simplicity of

methodologymethodology

Boston/LA/ICOC movement (cont.)Boston/LA/ICOC movement (cont.) Chuck Lucas resigns at Crossroads CoC 1985Chuck Lucas resigns at Crossroads CoC 1985 Official split with CoC 1986Official split with CoC 1986

Who’s fault was it?Who’s fault was it? Church Reconstructions 1988Church Reconstructions 1988

You are in or you are outYou are in or you are out Evangelization Proclamation 1994Evangelization Proclamation 1994 Kip McKean removed as world evangelist/head of the Kip McKean removed as world evangelist/head of the

movement November, 2001movement November, 2001 Kreite letter/ICOC structure falls apart Feb 2003Kreite letter/ICOC structure falls apart Feb 2003 Attempts at para-church organization, the “unity letter”Attempts at para-church organization, the “unity letter”

Hermeneutics of CoC and ICOCHermeneutics of CoC and ICOC

Alexander Campbell: “Where the Bible speaks, we Alexander Campbell: “Where the Bible speaks, we speak, where the Bible is silent, we are silent.”speak, where the Bible is silent, we are silent.”

Kip McKean: Where the Bible speaks, we are Kip McKean: Where the Bible speaks, we are silent, where the Bible is silent, we speak.”silent, where the Bible is silent, we speak.”

CoC: Strong emphasis on Bible Study, Bible CoC: Strong emphasis on Bible Study, Bible collegescolleges

Kip McKean: Anti-intellectual tendency and Kip McKean: Anti-intellectual tendency and skeptical of theological training.skeptical of theological training.

Where Should We Go From Here?Where Should We Go From Here?

Balance of autonomy and cooperationBalance of autonomy and cooperation

Finding a healthy model for “discipling”/implementing one Finding a healthy model for “discipling”/implementing one another passagesanother passages

Meeting the needs of mature disciples without losing our Meeting the needs of mature disciples without losing our simple evangelistic plea—continuing to raise up young simple evangelistic plea—continuing to raise up young leadersleaders

Appointing and finding the best role for elders and a balance Appointing and finding the best role for elders and a balance with the role of evangelists (and teachers as well)with the role of evangelists (and teachers as well)

Our formal and informal relationship with mainline CoC and Our formal and informal relationship with mainline CoC and other groups.other groups.