Introducción Al Arte Operacional Vego
Transcript of Introducción Al Arte Operacional Vego
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INTRODUCTION TOOPERATIONAL ART
By
DR. M. VEGOJMO DEPARTMENT,
U.S. NAVAL WAR COLLEGE, NEWPORT, RI.
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“WAR IS NOT AN AFFAIR OFCHANCE. A GREAT DEAL OF
KNOWLEDGE, STUDY ANDMEDITATION IS NECESSARY TO
CONDUCT IT WELL.”
FREDERICK THE GREAT, 1747
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TERMS USED
• GRAND TACTICS
• OPERATIONS (OPERATIONS )
• OPERATIONAL ART (OPERATIONSKUNST )
• OPERATIONAL ART (OPERATIVNOYEISKUSSTVO )
• OPERATIONAL LEADERSHIP
(OPERATIONSFUEHRUNG
;OPERATIVE
FUEHRUNG )
• OPERATIONAL WARFARE
• OPERATIONAL WARFIGHTING
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HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF COMPONENTS OF MILITARY ART
PPT-98-VEG0-38A (PFR)
TACTICS
OPERATIONS(Operational Art)
STRATEGY
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ON OPERATIONAL ART• AN INTERMEDIATE FIELD OF STUDY AND PRACTICE
BETWEEN STRATEGY AND TACTICS
• IT IS APPLIED ACROSS THE ENTIRE “OPERATIONAL
CONTINUUM”
• IT DEALS WITH THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PLANNING,
PREPARING, CONDUCTING, AND SUSTAINING MAJOR
OPERATIONS AND CAMPAIGNS AIMED ATACCOMPLISHING OPERATIONAL OR STRATEGIC
OBJECTIVES IN A THEATER.
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“THE NATION THAT WILL INSIST ONDRAWING A BROAD LINE BETWEEN THE
FIGHTING MAN AND THE THINKING MAN IS
LIABLE TO FIND ITS FIGHTING DONE BYFOOLS AND ITS THINKING DONE BY
COWARDS.”
SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS BUTLER
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MILITARY SCIENCE AND MILITARY ART
STRATEGY TACTICS
OPERATIONS(OPERATIONAL ART)
MILITARY
ART
MILITARY
SCIENCE
PPT-98-VEG0-10A PFR
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IMPORTANCE
• TACTICS ALONE CANNOT ACCOMPLISH
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES IN A THEATER OR WINTHE WAR; RESULTS OF TACTICAL ACTIONSARE USEFUL ONLY WHEN LINKED TOGETHER
AS A PART OF SOME LARGER DESIGN FRAMEDBY STRATEGY AND ORCEHSTRATED BYOPERATIONAL ART
• THE GAP BETWEEN STRATEGY AND TACTICS IS
TOO LARGE TO BE BRIDGED WITHOUT ANINTERMEDIATE FIELD OF STUDY ANDPRACTICE -- OPERATIONAL ART
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• OPERATIONAL ART SEQUENCES AND
SYNCHRONIZES SERIES OF TACTICAL ACTIONSTO ACCOMPLISH OPERATIONAL OBJECTIVESTHROUGH THE CONDUCT OF MAJOR
OPERATIONS; STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES IN ATHEATER ARE NORMALLY ACCOMPLISHEDTHROUGH SERIES OF MAJOR OPERATIONS
• OPERATIONAL ART ALLOWS A SMALLER, BUT
BETTER TRAINED AND SKILLFULLY LEDFORCE GUIDED BY SOUND STRATEGY TODEFEAT QUICKLY AND DECISIVELY A MUCH
STRONGER FORCE.
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• OPERATIONAL ART HELPS TO AVOID MORE
COSTLY AND TIME-CONSUMING ATTRITIONAL
WARFARE AT THE OPERATIONAL AND
STRATEGIC LEVELS
• IT PROVIDES A FRAMEWORK AND KEY INPUTS
FOR WRITING SERVICE AND JOINT/COMBINED
DOCTRINE
• IT REINFORCES THE NEED FOR THE CLOSESTCOOPERATION AMONG THE SERVICES --
JOINTNESS.
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CHARACTERISTICS
• MOVEMENTS OF LARGE MULTI-SERVICE OR
MULTI-NATIONAL FORCES OVER LARGE PART
OF THE THEATER
• THE DEPLOYMENT FORMS THE VERY BASIS OF
A PLAN FOR CAMPAIGN OR MAJOR OPERATION
• SEQUENCED AND SYNCHRONIZED
EMPLOYMENT OF MILITARY AND NON-MILITARY
SOURCES OF POWER
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PREREQUISITES
• A SUFFICIENT PHYSICAL SPACE FORMOVEMENTS OF LARGE FORMATIONS
• FULL MASTERY OF TACTICS
• THE COMMANDERS MUST HAVE THATRARE ABILITY TO THINK BEYOND THEREALM OF PHYSICAL COMBAT
• THE EXISTENCE OF THE THEATER-WIDESTRUCTURE (C2; C2W; INTELLIGENCE;FIRES; LOGISTICS; AND PROTECTION).
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COMPONENTS
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COMPONENT
PPT-99-VEGO-40 (PFR)
STRATEGY
TACTICS
LEVEL OF WAR
STRATEGIC
• NATIONAL-
STRATEGIC
• THEATER-
STRATEGIC
OPERATIONAL
TACTICAL
OPERATIONAL-TACTICAL
NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGYOR ALLIANCE/COALITION STRATEGY)
DETERMINATIONOF PRIMARY
AND SECONDARYTHEATERS
NATIONAL MILITARY STRATEGY
CONFLICT/WAR TERMINATION
ALLOCATION OF MILITARY RESOURCESAMONG THEATERS
O P E R A T
I O NA L
FA C T O R
S
OPERATIONAL ART(OPERATIONS) O P E R A T I
O NA L
L EA D E R S H I P
METHODS OF COMBATFORCE EMPLOYMENT
O P E R AT I O N AL F U N T I O N S O P E
R AT I O N AL P L AN N I N G
P R I N C I P L E S O F
O P E R AT I O N AL W AR F AR E
E L E M E N
T S O F
O P E R A T
I O NA L
WA R FA R
E
TA C T I C S
O F
B R A N C H
E S
TACTICS TA C
T I CA L
P LA N N I N
G
TYPES OFSHIPS / AIRCRAFT
C O M B AT AR M S T AC T I C S T AC T I C S O F
W E AP O N S P L AT F O R M S
TA C T I C
S O F
C O M B I N E D
A R M S
OPERATIONALART
(OPERATIONS)
THEORY AND PRACTICE
ISSUING STRATEGIC GUIDANCE
BUILDING ALLIANCE/COALITION
ENHANCING COUNTRY’S GEOSTRATEGIC POSITION
THEORY AND PRACTICE
INPUT TO CONFLICT/WAR TERMINATION
OPERATIONALTRAINING
OPERATIONAL-STRATEGIC
METHODS OF TACTICALEMPLOYMENT
THEORY AND PRACTICE
TACTICALFUNCTIONS
T AC T I C S O F
T Y P E O F S H I P S /
AI R C R AF T
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPONENTS OF MILITARY ART AND THE LEVELS OF WAR
NATIONAL-STRATEGIC LEVEL
LEVEL OF WAR
THEATER-STRATEGIC LEVEL
OPERATIONAL-TACTICAL LEVEL
TACTICAL LEVEL
NATIONAL-STRATEGIC
COMMAND ECHELON
THEATER-STRATEGIC
OPERATIONAL
OPERATIONAL-TACTICAL
TACTICAL
GLOBAL
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
THEATER OF WAR
THEATER OF OPERATIONS
AREA OF OPERATIONS
COMBAT ZONE (SECTOR)
(LAND, MARITIME)
(LAND, MARITIME, AIR)
(LAND, MARITIME, AIR)
COMPONENTS OF
MILITARY ART
S T R A T E G Y
O P E R A
T I O N A L A R T
T A C T I C S
OPERATIONAL
PPT-97VEG024A PFR
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OPERATIONAL FACTORS
OPERATIONAL FACTORS
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OPERATIONAL FACTORS
PPT-96VEG040B
OPERATIONAL
FACTORS
TIMESPACE FORCE
S PAC E- FORCE
TIME-SPACE TIME-FORCE
S P AC E -
TIME - F O R C E
INFORMATION
OBJECTIVE
B AL AN C I N G
THE FACTOR OF SPACE
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THE FACTOR OF SPACE
MILITARY
ORGANIZATIONOF SPACE
DYNAMICSOF SPACE
GEOSTRATEGICPOSITIONS
SHAPE
PHYSICALCHARACTERISTICS
SIZE
DISTANCES
FACTOR
SPACE
ELEMENTS OF
THE THEATER
PPT-97VEG022 6/14/2004
THE FACTOR OF TIME
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THE FACTOR OF TIME
FOR WAR
OPENING
HOSTILITIES
COLLECTING,
PROCESSING
AND EVALUATING
INFORMATION MANEUVER/COUNTER-MANEUVER
DURATION
OF WARDECISION
CYCLE
PLANNING
TIME BETWEEN
CONSECUTIVE
MAJOR OPERATIONS/
CAMPAIGNS
TIMING
ACCOMPLISHMENT OF
THE MISSION
REGENERATION OF
COMBAT POWER
BRINGING UP
REINFORCEMENTS
FORCE
RECONSTITUTION
ETC.
MASTERING NEW
WEAPONS/
EQUIPMENT
FOR A MAJOROPERATION/CAMPAIGN
PREPARATION
DEPLOYMENT
MOBILIZATION
REACTION
WARNING
REDEPLOYMENT
CONCENTRATION/COUNTER-CONCENTRATION
COMMITMENT OF
RESERVES
TRANSITTIME FOR:
PPT-96VEG032A (PFR)
COMBAT POTENTIAL vs. COMBAT POWER
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ACTIVATION
OF COMBATPOWER
PPT-00-VEGO-38 (PFR)
COMBAT
POTENTIAL
DESIGNED
PEACETIME
NON-COMBAT
HOSTILITIES
COMBAT
AVAILABLE
COMBAT
EFFECTIVENESS
RELATIVE
COMBAT
POWER
COMBAT
POWER
ENEMY
COMBAT
POWER
COMBAT POWER
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PPT-00-VEGO-36 (PFR)
AVAILABLE COMBAT
POTENTIAL
FORCE
SPACE
TIME
SURPRISE
DECEPTION
FATIGUE
CHANCE / LUCK
FOG OF WAR
FRICTION
FREEDOM OF ACTION / INITIATIVE
LOGISTICAL SUSTAINMENT
DOCTRINE
DECISIONS MADE
ETC.
INTELLIGENCE
INFLUENCES
OF:
P LU S COMBAT
POWER
NON-COMBAT COMBAT
PEACETIME HOSTILITIES
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THE THEATER
THEATER STRUCTURE AND LEVELS OF WAR
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THEATER STRUCTURE AND LEVELS OF WAR
PPT-97VEG035
LEVELS OF WAR
THEATER-STRATEGIC
OPERATIONAL-TACTICAL
TACTICAL
OPERATIONAL
THEATER (OF WAR)
THEATER OF
OPERATIONS
THEATER OF
OPERATIONS
THEATER OF
OPERATIONS
AREAS OF
OPERATIONS
AIR
(SPACE)MARITIME LAND JOINT
COMBAT
ZONES/SECTORS
AIR
(SPACE)MARITIME LAND
ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE
NATIONAL ORALLIANCE/COALITION
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE
THEATER-STRATEGIC
(OR MILITARY
STRATEGIC)OBJECTIVE
OPERATIONAL
OBJECTIVEOR
MAJOR TACTICAL
TACTICAL
OBJECTIVE
THEATER GEOEMETRY
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PPT-96VEG08
LINE OF
COMMUNICATIONS(LOC)
DECISIVE
POINTS
THEATER
GEOMETRY
INTERIOR
EXTERIOR
PARALLEL
CONVERGINGDIVERGING
LINE OF
OPERATIONS
(LOO)
SINGLE
DOUBLEMULTIPLE
SHORT
LONG
CENTRAL
(INTERIOR)
EXTERIORAIR
(ALOC)
SEA
(SLOC)
LAND(LLOC)
OCEANIC
COASTAL
FORCE-ORIENTED
GEOGRAPHIC-ORIENTED STRATEGIC
TACTICAL
OPERATIONALMAJORMINOR
PHYSICAL
OBJECTIVES
STRATEGIC
OPERATIONAL
TACTICAL
POSITIONS
LONGSHORT
BASE OF
OPERATIONS
CENTRAL(INTERIOR)
EXTERIOR
CYBER-ORIENTED
MAININTERMEDIATE
THEATER GEOMETRY
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L O O
L O O
LO O
LOO
S L O C
LLOC
A L O C
ENEMY
CENTER OF
GRAVITY
PRINCIPAL
OBJECTIVE
B A S
E O F
O P E R
A T I O N S
DECISIVE POINTS
GEOGRAPHIC-ORIENTED
FORCE=ORIENTED
I N T E R M E D I A
T E
B A
S E
O P E R A T I O N
S
N E W L O O S
N E W L O O
S
97-VEG032.PPT
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OPERATIONALFUNCTIONS
OPERATIONAL FUNCTIONS
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(IN GENERIC TERMS)
PPT-96VEG07
OPERATIONAL
FIRES
OPERATIONAL
PROTECTION
COMMAND, CONTROL,
COMMUNICATIONS, COMPUTERS
(C3)
OPERATIONAL
INTELLIGENCE
OPERATIONAL
LOGISTICS
COMMANDAND CONTROL
(C2)
OPERATIONALFUNCTIONS
COMMAND & CONTROL
WARFARE (C2W)
I N T E L L I G E N
C E
S U
P P O R T
F U N C T I O NC 2
SCALE OF INTELLIGENCE EFFORT
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LEVEL OF WAR
STRATEGIC
OPERATIONAL
TACTICAL
TACTICAL
INTELLIGENCE
STRATEGIC
INTELLIGENCE
OPERATIONAL
INTELLIGENCE
LEVELS OF COMMAND IN SUPPORT OF
NATIONAL-STRATEGICLEADERSHIP
NATIONAL ALLIANCEAND/OR COALITION POLICY
& STRATEGY
THEATER-STRATEGIC
COMMANDER
THEATER CAMPAIGNS &
LOW-INTENSITY CONFLICT
THEATER OF OPERATIONSCOMMANDER
A SINGLE CAMPAIGN
OPERATIONAL – TACTICALCOMMANDER
A SINGLE MAJOROPERATION
TACTICAL COMMANDER TACTICAL ACTIONS(BATTLES, ENGAGEMENTS,STRIKES, ATTACKS, ETC.)
PPT-96VEG03A (PFR)
C2W COMPONENTS
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C2W
PPT-96VEG02
INFORMATION
WARFARE (IW)
ELECTRONIC
WARFARE
(EW)
OPERATIONSSECURITY
(OPSEC)
PSYCHOLOGICALOPERATIONS
(PSYOPS)
MILITARYDECEPTION
(MILDEC)
PHYSICAL
DESTRUCTION
EW SUPPORTELECTRONIC ATTACK
(EA)
ELECTRONIC PROTECTION
(EP)
INTELLIGENCE
SUPPORT
TYPE OF OPERATIONAL FIRES
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OPERATIONALFIRES
LETHAL
CONVENTIONAL
WEAPONS
WEAPONS OF
MASS DESTRUCTION
(WMD)
NUCLEAR
CHEMICAL
BIOLOGICAL
SPECIALFORCESGROUND-
BASED
SEA-
BASED
AIR-
BASED
NON-LETHAL
ELECTRONICWARFARE (EW)
ELECTRONICATTACK (EA)
PSYCHOLOGICALOPERATIONS
(PSYOP)
PPT-96VEG011
SCALE OF LOGISTICAL SUPPORT
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SCALE OF LOGISTICAL SUPPORT
THE COMMUNICATIONS ZONE
COMBAT ZONE (SECTOR)
HOME
BASE
THEATER
SUSTAINMENT
BASE
THEATER OF OPERATIONS
OPERATIONAL LOGISTICS
TACTICAL LOGISTICS
THEATER OF WAR THEATER OF WAR
INTER-THEATER LOCsINTRA-THEATER LOCs
STRATEGIC LOGISTICS
PPT-97VEG020 (PFR)
OPERATIONAL PROTECTION(IN GENERIC TERMS)
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(IN GENERIC TERMS)
AIR DEFENSE
AND AIRSPACECONTROL
FORCEPROTECTION
REAR AREADEFENSE
DEFENSE AGAINSTWEAPONS OF MASS
DESTRUCTION(WMD)
PROTECTION
OF LOGISTICSINFRASTRUCTURE
MARITIMESECURITY
OF PORTS /HARBORS
AIR BASEGROUNDDEFENSE(ABGD)
PROTECTION OFINFORMATION
COMPONENTS
COLLECTION OFINTELLIGENCE FORINDICATORS &WARNING (I&W)
PPT-99-VEG0-61 PFR
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STAGES OF COMBAT
FORCE EMPLOYMENT
STAGES AND ELEMENTS OF COMBAT FORCE EMPLOYMENT
MILITARY DECISION-MAKING AND PLANNING
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DEPLOYMENT
PPT-98-VEGO-8 (PFR)
PEACETIME MOBILIZATION PRE-DEPLOYMENT
ACTIVITIESSTRATEGIC
OPERATIONAL /
TACTICAL
COMBATEMPLOYMENT
&SUSTAINMENT
CONFLICT/WAR
TERMINATION
POST-HOSTILITIES
ACTIONSREDEPLOYMENT DEMOBILIZATION
RECON-STITUTION
PEACETIME
PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF WAR
OFFENSE OR DEFENSE
CONCENTRATION/
COUNTER CONCENTRATION
CRITICAL FACTORS
MANEUVER / COUNTER MANEUVER
CULMINATINGPOINT
COMBAT
SUCCESS
CONSOLIDATION
OF COMBAT
SUCCESS
REGENERATIONOF COMBAT
POWER
MILITARY DECISION MAKING AND PLANNING
PURSUIT/
COUNTER-PURSUIT
MAJOR STAGES
CENTERS OF
GRAVITY
ELEMENTS OF COMBAT FORCE EMPLOYMENT
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ELEMENTS OFOPERATIONAL WARFARE
CONCEPT OF CRITICAL FACTORS
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“CONCRETE”
(TANGIBLE)
“ABSTRACT”
(INTANGIBLE)
97-VEG033.PPT
CRITICAL
FACTORS
CRITICALSTRENGTHS
CENTER OF
GRAVITY
(COG)
CRITICAL
VULNERABILITIES(CVs)
CRITICAL
WEAKNESSES
I F O P E N T O AT T AC K
OBJECTIVE(S)
CRITICAL FACTORS
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97-VEG030.PPT
“PHYSICAL”
(TANGIBLE)“ABSTRACT”
(INTANGIBLE)GEOGRAPHIC
GEOSTRATEGIC POSITIONGEOPOLITICAL POSITIONPOSITIONSBASE OF OPERATIONSLINES OF OPERATIONSLINES OF COMMUNICATIONSETC.
MILITARYARMED FORCESINDIVIDUAL SERVICES (ARMY, NAVY, AIR
FORCE)THEATER ARMY, FLEET, AIR FORCENUMBERED ARMY, FLEET, AIR FORCEMAJOR FORCE ELEMENTS (AIR CORPS, NAVAL
TASK FORCES, AIR TASK FORCES)TACTICAL UNITS (DIVISIONS, BRIGADES,REGIMENTS, NAVAL SQUADRONS / GROUPS,AIR DIVISIONS / REGIMENTS / SQUADRONS)
INTELLIGENCEC3I NODESLOGISTICAL SUPPORT AND SUSTAINMENTBATTLEFIELD SURVEILLANCEINTELLIGENCE AND WARNING (I&W)ETC.
POLITICAL
DIPLOMATIC
PSYCHOLOGICAL
WILL TO FIGHT
LEADERSHIP
ALLIANCE/COALITION
COHESION
ALLIANCE / COALITION’S
COMMUNITY OF INTERESTS
PUBLIC SUPPORT
UNITY OF COMMAND
SERVICE / JOINT DOCTRINE
MORALEDISCIPLINE
COMBAT TRAINING
COMBAT READINESS
ETC.
NON-MILITARY
STATE ORGANIZATION
ECONOMY
MINERAL RESOURCES
AGRICULTURE
FINANCES
BANKING
ENERGY RESOURCES
ETC.
CRITICALFACTORS
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CENTER OF GRAVITY(IN GENERIC TERMS)
“IS A SOURCE OF ‘MASSED STRENGTH’ --
PHYSICAL OR MORAL OR A SOURCE OF
LEVERAGE WHOSE SERIOUS
DEGRADATION, DISLOCATION,NEUTRALIZATION, OR DESTRUCTION
WILL HAVE THE MOST DECISIVE IMPACT
ON THE ENEMY’S OR ONE’S OWNABILITY TO ACCOMPLISH A GIVEN
MILITARY OBJECTIVE.”
CENTER OF GRAVITY’S COMPOSITION
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FIREPOWER
LEADERSHIP
MANEUVER
T A N G I B
L E I N T AN G I B L E
INNER CORE
SUPPORT
PROTECTION
I N T E G R
A T I O N
E L E M E N
T S
OUTER CORE
INFORMATIONINFORMATION
PPT-98-VEG0-4 PFR
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OPERATIONAL
MANEUVER
MANEUVER
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PPT-96VEG042
FORM
PENETRATIONCOMBINED WITH THE
ECCENTRIC (OR CONCENTRIC)
MOVEMENT
ONE-SIDED
SCALE
TACTICAL
OPERATIONAL
STRATEGIC
PENETRATION LANDSEA
AIR/SPACE
MEDIUM
ENVELOPMENT
TWO-SIDED (DOUBLE)
WIDE ENVELOPMENT(TURNING MOVEMENT)
PENETRATIONCOMBINED WITH THEONE-SIDED
ENVELOPMENT
SINGLEDOUBLE
ENCIRCLEMENT
NAVALAIR/
SPACE
GROUND
FORCES
MANEUVER
COMBINED
PENETRATION MANEUVER
OPERATIONAL MANEUVER, PART 1
ONE-SIDED ENVELOPMENT MANEUVER
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S U P P O R T I N G AT T AC K
S U P P O R T I N G
A T TA C K
RE SERVE
PENETRATION MANEUVER
CD-98 -V EGO-6 (JR N)
M AI N AT T AC K
SHOULDER
S H O U L D E R
ONE SIDED ENVELOPMENT MANEUVER
ENE MY’S
COG
E NEM Y FORCE
FIXING FORCE
MOBI LEF ORCE
TWO-SIDED (DOUBLE) ENVELOPMENT
MAIN
ENEMY FORCE
MOBILE FORCE MOBILE FORCE
FIXING FORCE
TURNING M ANEUVER (WIDE MOVEMENT)
OPERATIONAL MANEUVER, PART 2
ENCIRCLEMENT
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CD-9 8-VEGO-7 (JRN)
ENEMY’SO PE RATIONAL
COG
ENEMYSUPPLY
LINES
SUPPORTING ATTACKOR
F IXING FO RCE
E N E M Y ’ S
O P E R A T I O N A L
D E P T H
MOBILE FORCE
ESCAPEROUTEENCIRCLED
FOR CE
O U T E R
F R O N
T
I N N E
R F R
O N T
DOUBLE ENCIRCLEMENT
O U T E
R F R O
N T
O
U T E
R F R
O N T
I N N E
R F RONT
I N NER
F R O N T
THEORY OF CULMINATING POINT
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FACTOR OF SPACE
PPT-00-VEG0-22 (PFR)
ATTACKER’S
OBJECTIVE
AREA OF
UNCERTAINTY
CULMINATING
POINTEQUILIBRIUM
OF RELATIVE
COMBAT POWER
F A C T O R O
F F O R C E
F A C T O R O
F F O R C E
AT T AC K E R C O M BAT P O W
E R
C O M BA T P O W E R
D E F E N D E R
RE L AT I V E C OMBAT P OWE R
DEFENDER’S
OBJECTIVE
FACTOR OF TIME
ATTACKER’S CULMINATION
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PPT-00-VEG0-24 (PFR)
SPACE GAINED
CANNOT BE HELD
FACTOR OF TIME
F A C T O R O
F F O R C E
D I M I N I S H I N G
R
E L A T I V E C O M
B A T P O W E R
ATTACKER’SOBJECTIVE
S T R E N G T H O F T H E A T T A C K E R
CULMINATING POINT
OF OFFENSIVE (ATTACK)
I NC R EA S I NG
S T R E N G T H O F
T H E D E
F E N D
E R
START OF
OFFENSIVE
START OF
ATTACK
LINES OF SUPPLIES
FACTOR OF SPACEOFFENSIVE
STALLED
ATTACK
STALLED
S U C C E S S F O R E C L O
S E D
STALEMATE
DEFENDER’S CULMINATION
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PPT-00-VEG0-23 (PFR)
SPACE LOST TO
THE ATTACKER
WINDOW OF
OPPORTUNITY
OF SHIFTING TO
FACTOR OF TIME
F A C T O R O
F F O R C E
D I M I N I S H I N G
R
E L A T I V E C O M
B A T P O W E R
DEFENDER’S
OBJECTIVE
S T R E N G T H O F T H E A T T A C K E R
I NC R EA S I NG
S T R E N G T H O F
T H E D E
F E N D
E R
START OF DEFENSIVE
START OF
DEFENSE
TACTICAL
OFFENSIVE
COUNTER-ATTACKS
COUNTER-ATTACK
COUNTER-OFFENSIVE
CULMINATING POINT OF
COUNTER-ATTACK
COUNTER-OFFENSIVE
FACTOR OF SPACE
CULMINATING POINT AND THE LEVELS OF WAR
LEVEL OF WAR FACTOR OF SPACE OCCURRENCE
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PPT-00-VEG0-25 (PFR)
WAR AS A WHOLE
FACTOR OF TIME
IT OCCURS ONLY
ONCE IN A WAR
CULMINATING POINT
OF VICTORY(OR DEFEAT)
CULMINATING POINT
OF OFFENSIVE
(OR DEFENSIVE)
CULMINATING POINT
OF ATTACK
(OR DEFENSE)
IT COULD OCCURSEVERAL TIMESDURING ACAMPAIGN ANDONLY ONCE IN A
MAJOR OPERATION
IT OCCURS ONLY
ONCE IN A
MAJOR BATTLE
OR ANENGAGEMENT
A MAJOR OPERATION
THEATER-STRATEGIC
NATIONAL-STRATEGIC
OPERATIONAL
A MAJOR BATTLE OR AN ENGAGEMENT
CAMPAIGNS AND MAJOR OPERATIONS
IT COULD OCCUR
ONLY ONCE
OPERATIONAL-
TACTICAL
TACTICAL
REGENERATION OF COMBAT POWER
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PPT-98-VEG0-46 (PFR)
TASK-
ORIENTED
TRAINING
REESTABLISHMENT
OF COMMAND
AND CONTROL
REPAIR &
REPLACEMENT
OF WEAPONS& EQUIPMENT
REST &
RECREATION
OF PERSONNEL
REPLENISHMENT
OF SUPPLIES
LARGE-SCALE
REPLACEMENT
OF PERSONNEL
ELEMENTS
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PRINCIPLES OFOPERATIONAL WARFARE
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“THERE HAVE EXISTED IN ALL TIMES
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES ON WHICHDEPEND GOOD RESULTS IN
WARFARE…. THE PRINCIPLES ARE
UNCHANGING, INDEPENDENT OF THE
KIND OF WEAPONS, OF HISTORICAL
TIME AND OF PLACE.”BARON ANTOINE HENRI DE JOMINI
PRINCIPLES OF WAR(GENERIC)
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PRINCIPLESOF WAR
PPT-96VEG041
SURPRISE
SECURITY
SIMPLICITY
OBJECTIVE
MASS
OFFENSIVE
ECONOMY OFFORCE
UNITY OFCOMMAND
COOPERATION
PURPOSE
TACTICAL
OPERATIONAL
STRATEGIC
MANEUVER
UNITY OFEFFORT
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METHODS OF COMBATFORCE EMPLOYMENT
LEVELS OF WAR AND COMBAT FORCES’ EMPLOYMENT
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C AM P AI G N S M AJ O R O P E R AT I O N S
“ M I LI T AR Y O P E R AT I O N S
O T H E R T H AN W AR ” ( M O O T W )
PPT-98VEG049 (PFR)
A C A
M P A I G
N
M A J O
R O P E R
A T I O N
S
THEATERSTRATEGIC
LEVEL
OPERATIONAL
LEVEL
TACTICAL
LEVEL
BATTLE
ENGAGEMENT
STRIKE
ATTACK
ENCOUNTER
DUEL
SKIRMISH
AMBUSH
RAID
HARASSMENT
INFILTRATION
PATROL
SEARCH
SURVEILLANCE
OBSERVATION
SCOUTING
RECONNAISSANCE
ETC.
TACTICAL ACTIONS
LEVELS OF COMMAND AND AND METHODS OF COMBAT FORCE EMPLOYMENT
LEVEL OF MILITARY
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• A SINGLE CAMPAIGN
PPT-96VEG09A
NATIONALSTRATEGIC
THEATER-STRATEGIC
OPERATIONAL-STRATEGIC
TACTICAL
OPERATIONAL
OPERATIONAL-TACTICAL
LEVEL OF COMMAND
TO CDR**
COMJTF***
• A MAJOR JOINT OPERATION• TACTICAL ACTIONS• NEO OPERATIONS
• MAJOR OPERATIONS
S T R A T E G
Y
O P E
R A T I O N A L A R T
T A C T I C S
* NATIONAL COMMANDAUTHORITY
** THEATER OF OPERATIONSCINC
*** COMMANDER JOINT TASK FORCE
LEVEL OFWAR
MILITARYART
• CAMPAIGNS• MAJOR OPERATIONS THEATER
CDR
• MAJOR TACTICAL ACTIONS(BATTLES, ENGAGEMENTS,STRIKES)
• MINOR TACTICAL ACTIONSTACTICAL
COMMANDER
METHOD OBJECTIVES
A SINGLE OR SEVERAL
NATIONAL-STRATEGICNATIONAL*
(OR ALLIANCE/COALITION) LEVEL
NATIONAL-STRATEGIC
A SINGLE OR SEVERAL
THEATER-STRATEGIC
A SINGLE THEATER-
STRATEGIC
OPERATIONAL
MAJOR-TACTICAL
MINOR TACTICAL
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MAJOR OPERATIONS
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MAJOR OPERATION
IN GENERIC TERMS)
A MAJOR OPERATION CONSISTS OF
A SERIES OF BATTLES,
ENGAGEMENTS, STRIKES, AND
OTHER TACTICAL ACTIONS
SEQUENCED AND SYNCHRONIZED
IN TERMS OF SPACE AND TIME TO
ACCOMPLISH AN OPERATIONAL
AND SOMETIMES STRATEGIC)
OBJECTIVE IN A GIVEN PART OF
THE THEATER.
SCHEME OF A MAJOR OPERATION
BASE OFOPERATIONAL
DEPLOYMENT &CONSOLIDATIONOF OPERATIONAL
MAJOR STAGES
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PPT-99-VEGO-15 (PFR)
BASE OFOPERATIONS
DEPLOYMENT &CONCENTRATION COMBAT EMPLOYMENT AND SUSTAINMENT
OF OPERATIONALSUCCESS
REDEPLOYMENT
XXFORCE ALFA
OPERATIONRESERVE
FORCE BRAVO
FORCE CHARLIE
OPERATIONAL MANEUVER
ENGAGEMENT
E N G A
G E M E N T
ENGAGEMEN T
ENGAGEMENT
X
XX XX
FORCE DELTA
BATTLEB A T T L E
BATTLE
ENGAGEMENT B A
T T L E
F O R C
E A
FORCE B
F O R C E C
F O R C E D
1ST PHASE 2ND PHASE…ETC
OPERATIONAL PAUSE
REGENERATION OFCOMBAT POWER
LEGEND
DECISIVE POINT
MINOR TACTICAL OBJECTIVE
MAJOR TACTICAL OBJECTIVE
OPERATIONAL OF STRATEGIC OBJECTIVEX
MAJOR OPERATIONS
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PRELIMINARY
INITIAL
CONSECUTIVE(SUCCESSIVE)
SEQUENCE
MAJOR
OPERATIONS
OFFENSIVE
DEFENSIVE
PRINCIPAL (MAIN)
SUPPORTING(ANCILLARY)
PURPOSE
LAND(GROUND)
NAVAL(MARITIME)
AIR (SPACE)
MEDIUM/
SERVICE
JOINT (MULTI-SERVICE)
COMBINED (MULTI-NATIONAL)
DEGREE OF
SERVICEPARTICIPATION
INDEPENDENT
PPT-97VEG027
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CAMPAIGNS
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CAMPAIGN
IN GENERIC TERMS)
A CAMPAIGN CONSISTS OF A
SERIES OF MAJOR
OPERATIONS SEQUENCED AND
SYNCHRONIZED IN TERMS OF
SPACE AND TIME AND AIMED
TO ACCOMPLISH A STRATEGIC
OBJECTIVE IN A GIVEN
THEATER OF OPERATIONS.
SCHEME OF A CAMPAIGN
CONSOLIDATIONREDEPLOYMENT
FOR A NEW
MAJOR STAGES
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PPT-99-VEGO-16 (PFR)
MOBILIZATIONDEPLOYMENT
STRATEGIC INTRA-THEATER COMBAT EMPLOYMENT AND SUSTAINMENTOF STRATEGIC
SUCCESSCAMPAIGN OR
DEMOBILIZATION
BASE OFOPERATIONS
X
LEGEND
STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE
OPERATIONAL OBJECTIVEX
X X X X X X
MAJOR NAVALOPERATION
THEATERSTRATEGICRESERVE
JOINT /COMBINED
MAJOR LAND(GROUND)
OPERATION
“INDEPENDENT”
DESIREDEND
STATE
MAJOR AIR(SPACE)
OPERATION
STRATEGICCONCENTRATION
PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III…...ETC.
POST-HOSTILITIESACTIVITIES
RECONSTITUTION
OPERATIONALPAUSES
X
X
X
XX
X X
XX
XX
WAR/CONFLICTTERMINATION OR A
DISTINCT PHASE OF WAR
CAMPAIGNS
TIMINGPURPOSECAMPAIGNS
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PPT-97VEG028
PLANNED
UNPLANNED
SEQUENTIAL(CONSECUTIVE)
SIMULTANEOUS(CONCURRENT)
GLOBAL
(GENERAL)
REGIONAL
(LOCAL)
OFFENSIVEDEFENSIVE
NATIONAL OR
ALLIANCE/COALITIONMILITARY STRATEGIC
THEATERSTRATEGIC
COMBINED(MULTI-NATIONAL)
JOINT(MULTISERVICE)
LANDMARITIME
PLANNING
LOW INTENSITY
CONFLICT**
PURPOSE
OBJECTIVE
SERVICE
PARTICIPATION
PHYSICALENVIRONMENT(MEDIUM)
* Denotes predominant features of the medium in which acampaign in conducted
** MOOTW in U.S. terms
CAMPAIGNS
OPERATIONALCONTINUUM
WAR
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OPERATIONAL PLANNING
DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGY (IN GENERIC TERMS)
NATIONAL POLICY
NATIONAL OBJECTIVETRADITIONAL
NATIONAL SOURCES OF POWERNATIONALGOALS/AIMS
MEANS
ENDS
•POLITICAL
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THEATER STRATEGY
AND
THEATER-STRATEGIC
OBJECTIVE
STRATEGIC ESTIMATE
COURSES OF ACTION (COAs)
STRATEGIC CONCEPTS
DECISIONS
NATIONAL (GRAND) STRATEGY
POLITICAL OBJECTIVE
MILITARY STRATEGY
MILITARY STRATEGIC
OBJECTIVE
NATIONAL INTERESTS
OFFENSIVE
OR
DEFENSIVE
STRATEGIC
SITUATION
**STRATEGICGUIDANCE
EROSION
(ATTRITION)
ANNIHILATION
UNLIMITED
LIMITED
VITAL
INTERESTS *
* NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGYIN U.S. TERMS
WHEN MULTIPLE THEATERS EXISTREVISED/UPDATED MILITARY
OR THEATER STRATEGY
SYMMETRICOR ASYMMETRIC
S U
P P ORT I N G
S T
RAT E GI E S
**
NATIONAL
ALLIANCE OR
COALITION
POLITICALLEADERSHIP
EMPLOYMENT OF MILITARY ANDNON-MILITARY SOURCES OF POWER
•DIPLOMATIC
•ECONOMIC•MILITARY
•INFORMATIONAL
•SCIENTIFIC
•TECHNOLOGICAL
•OTHER
•PHYSICAL SECURITY AND
SURVIVAL
•POLITICAL AND
TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY
•ECONOMIC STABILITY
AND WELL BEING
•DOMESTIC PEACE ANDSTABILITY
TYPE OF PLANNING
OPERATIONAL PLANNING
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PPT-97VEG047 (PFR)
OPERATIONAL PLANNING
(MAJOR OPERATIONS OR CAMPAIGNS)
INTERMEDIATE MILITARY OBJECTIVES
ULTIMATE
OBJECTIVE
HERE
ANDNOW
PROGRESSIVE PLANNING
INVERSE (REGRESSIVE) PLANNING
FUTURE
TASK
NEAR
TASK
(BATTLES / ENGAGEMENTS, ETC.)TACTICAL PLANNING
CAMPAIGN PLAN DEVELOPMENT
STRATEGIC
COMMAND ECHELON
• MILITARY-STRATEGIC
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LOW INTENSITY
CONFLICT (LIC)
STRATEGIC
VISION
STRATEGIC ESTIMATE
WAR
GUIDANCE
•STAFF
ESTIMATES
CONCEPTS•OPERATIONAL
• ORGANIZATIONAL
• DEPLOYMENT
• LOGISTICS
•OTHER
COMMANDER’S
ESTIMATE OF THESTRATEGIC SITUATION
CAMPAIGN PLANS
THE DECISION• THE DECISION STATEMENT
• OPERATIONAL IDEA (SCHEME)
• COMMANDER’S INTENT
PLANNING
CONSIDERATIONS
• THEATER-STRATEGIC
COMMANDER (CINC)
• THEATER OF OPERATIONS
COMMANDER (CINC)
PPT-99-VEGO-04 (PFR)
MAJOR OPERATION PLAN DEVELOPMENT
DOCUMENTS
COMMAND ECHELON
•SERVICE COMPONENT
HIGHER COMMAND
AUTHORITY
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COMMANDER’S
ESTIMATE OF THE
OPERATIONAL SITUATION
COMMANDER
OPERATIONAL
VISION
THE DECISION•THE DECISION STATEMENT
•OPERATIONAL IDEA (SCHEME)
•COMMANDER’S INTENT
OPERATIONAL
GUIDANCE
•CAMPAIGN PLAN
•OPORD
PLAN FOR A MAJOR
OPERATION (LAND,
NAVAL, AIR/SPACE)
PPT-97VEGO15 (PFR)
STAFF
ESTIMATES
•JOINT/COMBINED TASK
FORCE•ARMY GROUP
•ARMY
•ARMY CORPS
•NUMBERED AIR FORCE
•NUMBERED FLEET
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OPERATIONAL DESIGN
GUIDANCE
• STRATEGIC
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98-PPT-VEGO-03( es)
OPERATIONALOPERATIONAL
DESIGNDESIGN
OBJECTIVE
DESIREDEND STATE
IDENTIFICATION OF
THE ENEMY’S
CRITICAL FACTORS
DIRECTION/AXIS
OPERATIONAL
IDEA
(SCHEME)
• STRATEGIC
• OPERATIONAL
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OPERATIONAL IDEA
SCHEME)
OPERATIONAL IDEA (SCHEME)
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OPERATIONAL
IDEATACTICAL
CONCEPTS
OPERATIONALIDEA (SCHEME)
MAJOROPERATIONCAMPAIGN
AIR (SPACE)
ELEMENTS
MARITIME
ELEMENTS
GROUND
ELEMENTS
SPECIALFORCES
ELEMENTS
MAJOR LAND
OPERATION
MAJOR AIR
(SPACE)
OPERATION
MAJOR NAVAL
OPERATION
PPT-96VEG017 (PFR)
OPERATIONAL IDEA FEATURES
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SPEED INEXECUTION
FULL USEOF AMBIGUITY
CREATIVEAND NOVEL
FULL USEOF DECEPTION
OPERATIONAL
IDEA
MULTIPLEOPTIONS
NODISCERNIBLE
PATTERNS
PPT-96VEG021
OPERATIONAL DESIGN FOR A CAMPAIGN(IN GENERIC TERMS)
DESIRED END STATE * INTERIOR VS. EXTERIOR
GEOSTRATEGIC POSITION
REQUIRED STRATEGIC OR OPERATIONAL
OPERATIONAL
DESIGN
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REQUIRED
FORCESAND ASSETS
OPERATIONAL
FACTORS
•ULTIMATE (STRATEGIC) OBJECTIVE
•INTERMEDIATE (OPERATIONAL)
OBJECTIVES
IDENTIFICATION OF THE
ENEMY’S CRITICAL
FACTORS AND STRATEGIC
CENTER OF GRAVITY
BRANCHES AND SEQUELS
OPERATIONAL PHASING
OPERATIONAL PAUSE
ANTICIPATING ONE’S OWN
STRATEGIC CULMINATION
POINT
OPERATIONAL TEMPO
OPERATIONAL MOMENTUM
STRATEGIC AND
OPERATIONAL RESERVES
STRATEGIC AND
OPERATIONAL SUSTAINMENT
SELECTED
PRINCIPLES OF WAR
SECTOR OF MAIN
EFFORT (THRUST)
POINT OF MAIN ATTACK
(DEFENSE)
APPLICATION OFMILITARY AND NON-MILITARYSOURCES OF POWER
METHODS FOR
DEFEATING THE ENEMY
STRATEGIC OR OPERATIONAL
DIRECTION / AXIS
PROTECTION OF ONE’S
OWN STRATEGIC COG
CONCENTRATION IN THE
SECTOR OF MAIN EFFORT
(THRUST)
OPERATIONAL
MANEUVER **
STRATEGIC AND
OPERATIONAL
DECEPTION
COORDINATION
RECONSTITUTION
OPERATIONAL IDEA(SCHEME)
* FOR A CAMPAIGN THAT ENDS HOSTILITIES
** FOR EACH MAJOR OPERATION IN A CAMPAIGN
OPERATIONAL DESIGN FOR A MAJOR OPERATION
DESIRED END STATE *INTERIOR VS.EXTERIOR
LINES
REQUIREDOPERATIONAL OR TACTICAL
DIRECTION / AXIS
OPERATIONAL
DESIGN
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REQUIRED
FORCESAND ASSETS
OPERATIONAL
FACTORS
•ULTIMATE (OPERATIONAL)
OBJECTIVE
•INTERMEDIATE (MAJOR
TACTICAL) OBJECTIVES
IDENTIFICATION OF THE
ENEMY’S CRITICAL
FACTORS AND OPERATIONAL
CENTER OFGRAVITY
BRANCHES AND SEQUELS
OPERATIONAL PHASING
OPERATIONAL PAUSE
ANTICIPATING ONE’S OWN
CULMINATION POINT
OPERATIONAL TEMPO
OPERATIONAL MOMENTUM
OPERATIONAL RESERVE
OPERATIONAL SUSTAINMENT
SELECTED
PRINCIPLES OF WAR
SECTOR OF MAIN
EFFORT (THRUST)
POINT OF MAIN ATTACK
(DEFENSE)
APPLICATION OFAVAILABLE COMBAT
POTENTIAL
METHODS OF
DEFEATING THE ENEMY’S
OPERATIONAL COG
DIRECTION / AXIS
PROTECTION OF ONE’S
OWN OPERATIONAL COG
CONCENTRATION AT SECTOROF MAIN EFFORT (THRUST)
OPERATIONAL
MANEUVER
OPERATIONAL
DECEPTION
DESIGN
* FOR A MAJOR OPERATION PLANNED TO ACCOMPLISH A STRATEGIC OBJECTIVE.
COORDINATION *
REGENERATION OF
COMBAT POTENTIAL
OPERATIONAL IDEA(SCHEME)
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OPERATIONAL
LEADERSHIP
OPERATIONAL LEADERSHIPARMY CORPS
COMMANDERS??
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THEATER/
NUMBERED
ARMYCOMMANDERS
PPT-97VEGO53
SERVICECOMPONNENT
COMMANDERS
MILITARY/NAVAL
DISTRICT
COMMANDERS
THEATER/
NUMBERED
FLEETCOMMANDERS
THEATER-STRATEGIC
COMMANDERS
THEATER OF
OPERATIONS
COMMANDERS
JOINT TASK
FORCECOMMANDERS
THEATER/
NUMBERED
AIR FORCE
COMMANDERS
OPERATIONALLEADERSHIP
OPERATIONAL COMMANDER’S REQUIREMENTS
PROFESSIONAL
KNOWLEDGE
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PPT-97VEGO54B
OPERATIONALTHINKING
STEADFASTNESS
OF PURPOSE
LEADING BY
PERSONAL
EXAMPLE
CREATIVENESS
PERSISTENCE
MENTAL
AGILITY
INITIATIVEDECISIVENESS
MORAL
COURAGE
SOUND
JUDGMENT
TOUGHNESS
BOLDNESS
ABILITY TO PROVIDE
MOTIVATION ANDINSTILL PURPOSE
HIGH INTELLECT
REQUIREMENTS
FOR SUCCESS
HONESTY
TENETS OF OPERATIONAL LEADERSHIP
INDIRECT
APPROACHABSOLUTE PRIMACY OF
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APPROACH
POLICY & STRATEGY
APPLICATION OF
OVERWHELMING
FORCE
SELECTION OF
THE PROPER
“WEIGHT OF EFFORT”
CONCENTRATION
AT THE “WEIGHT OF
EFFORT”
PPT-97VEGO41 (PFR)
ACTING IN AN
UNPREDICTABLE
MANNER
WILLINGNESS TO
TAKE HIGH RISKS
JOINTNESS
OBTAINING AND MAINTAINING
FREEDOM OF ACTION
BALANCING THE ENDS,
MEANS, AND WAYS
UNWAVERING FOCUS ON THE
OBJECTIVE
TENETS(CARDINAL
RULES)
INITIATIVE
EMPLOYMENT OF ALLAVAILABLE MILITARY
AND NON-MILITARY
SOURCES OF POWER
LE GA L
F R A M E W
O R K F O R E X
E R CISI NG FR EED O M O F AC T I O N C O N
S T R A I N TS + R ESTR AIN TS = LI M I T AT I O N S
G IV
OBTAINING AND MAINTAINING FREEDOM OF ACTION
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P O L I
T I C A L - D
I P L O M A
T I C
-
E C O N O
M I C
E N V I R O
N M E N
T A L - L E
GI V E N S P A C
E - T I M
E - F O
R C E S
-
PPT-97VEGO42 (PR)
FACTORS AFFECTINGFACTORS AFFECTING
FREEDOM OF ACTIONFREEDOM OF ACTION
OPERATIONALOPERATIONAL
COMMANDERCOMMANDER INITIATIVEINITIATIVE
• TASK-ORIENTED ORDERS
• MENTAL AGILITY
• FORCES’ MOBILITY
• SURPRISE
• OFFENSIVE
• ANTICIPATION• ABILITY TO DEPLOY
• OPERATIONAL RESERVES
• ETC.• DECISION CYCLE• INTELLIGENCE• GIVEN SPACE• TIME AVAILABLE• FORCES AVAILABLE• FORCES BECOMING AVAILABLE• TECHNOLOGY• OPERATIONAL LOGISTICS AND
SUSTAINMENT• OPERATIONAL PROTECTION• OPERATIONAL RESERVE
• ASSIGNEDOBJECTIVES/TASKS
• COMBAT POWER OF ONE’SOWN / FRIENDLY FORCES
• ENEMY’S COMBAT POWER• ENEMY’S DECISIONS AND
ACTIONS• COMMAND & CONTROL
STRUCTURE• COMMAND RELATIONSHIPS
TYPE OF DECISIONS
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ORGANIZATIONAL
OPERATIONAL
OPERATIONALCOMMANDER
INFORMATIONAL
PPT-97VEGO52
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THE FUTURE
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• WARS WILL BE WON OR LOST AT THE
OPERATIONAL AND STRATEGIC LEVEL; HENCE,THE CRITICAL IMPORTANCE OF OPERATIONALART WILL NOT BE REDUCED
• INFORMATION WILL INCREASINGLY AFFECT
THE FACTORS OF SPACE, TIME AND FORCE• NEW TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES WILL
COMPRESS SPACE AND TIME SEPARATING
LEVELS OF WAR• HOWEVER, THE NEED FOR THE OPERATIONAL
LEVELS OF COMMAND WILL REMAIN.
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• NEW METHODS OF COMBAT FORCE
EMPLOYMENT WILL EMERGE• STRIKES WILL REPLACE BATTLES ANDENGAGEMENTS, WHILE MAJOR OPERATIONSWILL BECOME THE MAIN METHOD OF COMBAT
EMPLOYMENT TO ACCOMPLISH NOT ONLYOPERATIONAL BUT ALSO STRATEGICOBJECTIVES IN A GIVEN PART OF THE
THEATER.