Instituto de Energías Renovables, UNAM - Sistema de … · 2014-10-18 · transesterificaciÓn...
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Instituto de Energías Renovables, UNAM
2º SIMPOSIO INTERNACIONAL SOBRE ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES
Y SUSTENTABILIDAD
20 AL 22 DE MARZO, 2013
Título y autores Pág.
Foreword
SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RENEWABLE ENERGY AND
SUSTAINABILITY
i
TECHNICAL PROGRAM iii
SUPERCAPACITOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY
APPLICATIONS: DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS AND SYSTEM
CONFIGURATIONS
A. Burke
1
ENERGÍA SOLAR-FOTOTÉRMICA
R. Best y Brown
2
CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE
D. Jones
EXTRAYENDO ENERGÍA DEL VIENTO: ENERGÍA EÓLICA A PEQUEÑA Y A
GRAN ESCALA
O. Probst
THIN FILM PV TECHNOLOGIES: R&D IN INORGANIC CELLS
X. Mathew
3
ENERGÍA EN EDIFICACIONES
G. Huelsz Lesbros
4
SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES:
ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK AND APPLICATIONS
S. Hirschberg
5
FRONTIERS OF FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY
O. Savadogo
7
ON THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF ENTROPY GENERATION MINIMIZATION FOR
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
M. López de Haro
8
HACES ÓPTICOS EXÓTICOS
S. Chávez Cerda
ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES EN MÉXICO
R. Maya González
10
Biocombustibles - BIO
ANALISIS Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LA PULPA DE MANGO PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIOETANOL F. Santis-Espinosa, P.J. Sebastian, P.S. Bianca, Saldaña Sergio
12
BIODIGESTOR DE FLUJO CONTINUO PARA LA GENERACIÓN DE BIOGÁS A PARTIR DE BIOMASA RESIDUAL DEL TIRADERO EL IZTETE DE LA CIUDAD DE TEPIC MÉXICO I. Paz Hernández, Oscar G. Martínez, Enrique Estrada, Claudia E. Saldaña, Sarah Messina
13
CO-DIGESTION OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTES FOR BIOHYDROGEN PRODUCTION J. Gómez-Romero, E.I. García-Peña
14
DETERMINATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE WITH CASTOR OIL IN HOMOGENEOUS PHASE USING KOH AS CATALYST AND THE FUTURE OF HIS APPLICATIONS Cano-Guzmán C. Suárez Parra R. Sanchez-Cantú M. Pérez-Díaz L.
15
ENERGIA RENOVABLE Y CAMBIO CLIMATICO: EMISIONES POR QUEMA DE BIOMASA R. Manso, E. C. Vitale, R. Manrique, A. Valdés
16
ESTUDIO DE FACTIBILIDAD DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIODIESEL MEDIANTE ACEITE DE PIÑÓN MEXICANO (JATROPHA CURCAS) N. S. Rivera Lara
17
ESTUDIO TEÓRICO DE LAS TRAYECTORIAS DE REACCIÓN DEL ZR (SO4)2 UTILIZADO COMO CATALIZADOR HETEROGÉNEO EN EL PROCESO DE TRANSESTERIFICACIÓN PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIODIESEL Christian Celaya, Jesús Muñiz, Alfredo Olea
18
FACTIBILIDAD DEL SECADO SOLAR DE LA BIOMASA MICROALGAL PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIODIÉSEL Itzel Alejandra Palacios García, María Teresa Alarcón Herrera.
20
HYDROGEN PHOTOPRODUCTION FROM SPIRULINA MAXIMA 2342 AT SOME SPECIFIC CONDITIONS A.U. Juantorena, E. Santoyo, P. J. Sebastian,O. Lastres, Hernández, G. A. Bustos and S.A Gamboa
21
MICROALGAE: A POTENTIAL SOURCE FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION A.U. Juantorena, E. Arenas and P.J. Sebastian
22
PERFORMANCE OF A BUS FUELED WITH B20 BIODIESEL BLENDS PRODUCED FROM RAPESEED OIL AND CASTOR OIL J. F. Rendón Hernández, J. L. Gutiérrez Díaz, S. Silva Martínez, J.A. Hernández Pérez, A. Álvarez Gallegos
23
PRODUCCIÓN DE ETANOL EN MÉXICO A PARTIR DE DIFERENTES INSUMOS: UN ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO L. A. Becerra y C. A. Cardona
24
TEQUILA BAGASSE AS A RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY AND FEEDSTOCKS L. Chávez-Guerrero, A. Toxqui-Terán, M. Hinojosa
25
Bombas de calor y tubos de calor - BTC
A MODEL TO DESCRIBE THE INTERACTING DYNAMICS OF THE GENERATOR AND THE CONDENSER IN AN ABSORPTION HEAT TRANSFORMER D. Juárez-Romero , N. Shah, C. Markides, V. Velázquez-Flores, M. Meza-Izquierdo, A. Hernández, A. Huicochea-Rodriguez, J. Siqueiros
26
ANALYSIS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE GENERATOR OF APPLIED HEAT PUMP WATER PURIFICATION Y. Lazcano Véliz, J. Siqueiros, D. Juárez-Romero, L.I. Morales y J. Torres Merino
28
DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A SOLAR COMBINED SYSTEM (THERMAL AND PHOTOVOLTAIC) FOR AIR HEATING PROPOSES D. Gama, I. Pilatowsky, A. Oskam, G. Mejía, V. Canedo, V.M. Cadena,J. Ortega, J. Campos
29
Cambio Climático - CCL
CÁLCULO DEL FACTOR DE EMISIONES DE GASES DE EFECTO INVERNADERO DE LA GASOLINA MAGNA EN MÉXICO MEDIANTE UN MÉTODO HÍBRIDO DE ANÁLISIS DE CICLO DE VIDA M. Nazar Beutelspacher, J. Moreira Acosta, T.M. Rioja Paradela
30
UPTAKE OF ANTHROPOGENIC CO2 BY THE ATMOSPHERE: AN IMPACT OF ENERGY DEMAND Mahendra P. Verma
31
Celdas de Combustible e Hidrógeno - CCH
CELDAS COMBUSTIBLES DE OXIDOS SOLIDOS DE BAJA TEMPERATURA: ESTADO ACTUAL, RETOS Y PERSPECTIVAS R. Sánchez Reyes, S. Pathiyamattom Joseph, J. Moreira Acosta
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DE LAS OLAS AL HIDRÓGENO Sánchez Dirzo Rafael, Silva Casarín Rodolfo, Mendoza Baldwin Edgar G, González Huerta Rosa de Gpe.
33
ELECTROCATALYST CoxFeyRuz, COULD BE A NEW MATERIAL TO CARRY OUT THE OXYGEN REDUCTION REACTION IN A FUEL CELL? A. Sandoval-González, Abdiel Moisés Martínez Bañuelos, Sebastian Joseph Pathiyamattom.
34
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION IN A MICROBIAL ELECTROLYSIS CELL WITH BICARBONATE BUFFER L. Verea, P.J. Sebastian, F.Ginez
35
SURFACE MODIFICATIONS OF ALUMINUM ALLOY 6061 FOR BIPOLAR PLATES OF A POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL A.G. González-Gutiérrez, J.P. Sebastian, Lorena Magallon Cacho
36
Energía en Edificaciones - EED
DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND INTEGRATION OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES APPLIED TO SUSTAINABLE HOUSING A. Yunez Cano, J. Franco Cruz, M. L. Hernández Pichardo, R. G. González Huerta
37
DISEÑO Y PRUEBA DE UNA CASETA PARA DETERMINAR SIMULTÁNEAMENTE EL FLUJO TÉRMICO A TRAVÉS DE VARIAS LOSAS PARA TECHUMBRE, DOTADAS DE DIVERSOS RECUBRIMIENTOS J. Lucero-Álvarez, I.R. Martín-Domínguez
38
EFICIENCIA, ACCESIBILIDAD Y COMPONENTES DE LOS SISTEMAS DE ENFRIAMIENTO NATURAL PARA REGIONES CÁLIDO HÚMEDAS Laura I. Guarneros Urbina, Paul Ramiro Pérez Sampablo
39
ENER-HABITAT: THERMAL EVALUATION OF THE ARCHITECTURAL ENVELOPE Guadalupe Huelsz, Guillermo Barrios, Jorge Rojas
40
PROPOSAL OF SOLAR RADIATION PROTECTIONS ON THE FAÇADES OF A NEW LAB-BUILDING OF THE INSTITUTO DE ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES –UNAM Adriana Lira-Oliver, Jorge Rojas, Guadalupe Huelsz, Guillermo Barrios, Francisco Rojas
41
THERMAL COMFORT AND THERMAL STRATEGIES FOR NON AIR-CONDITIONED DWELLINGS IN HOT DRY CLIMATE I. Marincic, J.M. Ochoa, M.G. Alpuche, I. González
42
THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF A CONCRETE ROOF WITH AND WITHOUT SOLAR REFLECTIVE COATING UNDER CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF MORELOS STATE I. Hernández-Pérez, G. Álvarez, J. Xáman
43
VENTILACIÓN BIOMIMÉTICA Alejandro Morales Cruz, Víctor Fuentes Freixanet, Jorge Sánchez de Antuñano y Barranco
44
Energía Eólica - EEO
ASSESSMENT OF THE EOLIC POTENTIAL IN AN AREA OF THE TOWN OF JUAN C. BONILLA, PUEBLA, MEXICO Jesús B. Marcos Jiménez, Fernando O. González Manzanilla
45
BREAKING THE TEN MINUTE PARADIGM IN WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT O. Rodriguez-Hernandez, J.A. de Río, O.A. Jaramillo
46
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF A CONTROL SYSTEM FOR A LOW-POWER WIND TURBINE A. Verde A., J. Campos, O.D. Lastres, J. P. Sebastian, H.G. Geovanni, A. Sánchez
47
Energía Geotérmica - GEO
A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN MULTICOMPONENT AND SOLUTE GEOTHERMOMETRY THROUGH THE ESTIMATION OF EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURES IN THE GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR OF LOS AZUFRES, MICHOACÁN (MÉXICO) L. Peiffer, E. Santoyo, M. Guevaran
48
GEOCHEMICAL MODELING OF LOW-TEMPERATURE THERMAL SPRINGS IN THE CENTRAL-EASTERN REGION OF SONORA, MEXICO E. Almirudis, I.S. Torres-Alvarado†, E. Santoyo, M. Guevara, F. Paz-Moreno
50
GEOCHEMOMETRIC STUDY OF SOLUTE AND GAS GEOTHERMOMETRY IN GEOTHERMAL WELLS C. G. García-López, K. Pandarinath and E. Santoyon
51
GEOTERMOMETRÍA DE AGUAS TERMALES DEL CAMPO GEOTÉRMICO DE LA PRIMAVERA, MÉXICO: EVALUACIÓN BASADA EN UN ENFOQUE ESTADÍSTICO Humberto Domínguez-Domínguez, Kailasa Pandarinath y Luis Hernández-Álvarez
53
IMPROVED METHOD FOR ESTIMATING STATIC FORMATION TEMPERATURES IN GEOLOGICAL WELLS J. A. Wong-Loya, J. A. Andaverde and J. A. del Rio
55
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF VOLCANIC ROCKS: AN IMPORTANT PARAMETER FOR GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION STUDIES IN IDENTIFICATION OF HYDROTHERMALLY ALTERED ROCKS AND ZONES OF ALTERATION Kailasa Pandarinath, Rajasekhariah Shankar and Anish Kumar Warriern
56
WATER-ROCK INTERACTION USING VOLCANIC ROCK SAMPLES (BASALT AND DACITE): AN EXPERIMENTAL AND GEOCHEMOMETRICS STUDY TO PREDICT GEOTHERMAL FLUID COMPOSITIONS AND REACTION TIMES UNDER QUASI-STEADY STATE CONDITIONS D. Pérez-Zarate, M. Guevara, L. Peiffer, J.A. Wong-Loya, I.S. Torres-Alvarado†, E. Santoyo
58
Energía Solar Fototérmica - EFT
ANÁLISIS NUMÉRICO EN EL RECEPTOR DE UNA ESTUFA SOLAR URBANA R. I. Cázares Ramírez, P. Quinto Diez, J. A. Urbano Castelán, E. Jiménez Rodríguez
59
COMPARACIÓN DE RENDIMIENTO DE LOS CICLOS DE MEDIO, SIMPLE Y DOBLE EFECTO EN SERIE E INVERSO PARA SISTEMAS DE REFRIGERACIÓN POR ABSORCIÓN OPERANDO CON LIBR-H20 J. A. Hernández, L. A. Domínguez, M. E. Sandoval y W. Rivera
60
COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF SINGLE-STAGE, TWO-STAGE AND DOBLE-ABSORPTION HEAT TRANSFORMER BASED ON AN ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS W. Rivera and H. Martínez†
61
CORRECTION OF THE CONCENTRATED SUNLIGHT SPOT´S DRIFT OF THE CIE-UNAM´S SOLAR FURNACE E. Brito-Bazan, R. Pérez-Enciso, C. A. Arancibia-Bulnes, D. Riveros-Rosas, C. A. Perez-Rábago, J.J.Quiñonez, C. A. Estrada
62
DETERMINACIÓN DE LA CONDUCTIVIDAD TÉRMICA Y CALOR ESPECÍFICO DE MATERIALES REFRACTARIOS M. Montiel González, O. Mesa Cruz, C. A. Estrada, I. Pilatowsky
64
DETERMINACIÓN DE LAS AREAS DE MAYOR FACTIBILIDAD PARA LA INSTALACIÓN DE PLANTAS TERMOSOLARES DE TORRE CENTRAL. CASO SONORA, MEXICO R. E. Cabanillas-López, J.L. Taddei-Bringas, R.F. Navarro-Trujillo
65
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOLAR COOKER JORHEJPATARNSKUA I: THERMAL STANDARD ANALYSIS OF COOKER WITH DIFFERENT ABSORBER VESSELS M. González-Avilés, H. Servín Campuzano
66
DISEÑO Y EVALUACIÓN DE UN HELIÓSTATO CON FACETAS DEFORMABLES M. Rosales, G. I. Alday, C. A. Arancibia Bulnes, R. Reséndiz, R. Peón Anaya, R. E. Cabanillas, C. A. Estrada
67
DISEÑO Y OPTIMIZACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA SOLAR ASISTIDO POR GAS PARA EL SUMINISTRO DE AGUA CALIENTE A REGADERAS EN UN CUARTEL MILITAR, MEDIANTE SIMULACIÓN DINÁMICA EN TRNSYS J.A. Escobedo-Bretado; R. Chávez-Torres; I.R. Martín-Domínguez*, M.T. Alarcón-Herrera
68
DISEÑO Y SIMULACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA TÉRMICO SOLAR COMBINADO (SOLAR COMBISYSTEM) M. Nájera-Trejo, I.R. Martín-Domínguez
69
EFECTO DE LA CONCENTRACIÓN SOLAR EN LA DEGRADACIÓN DEL HERBICIDA CARBARILO MEDIANTE PROCESOS FOTOCATÁLISIS HETEROGENEA Y HOMOGENEA A NIVEL PLANTA PILOTO Carlos A. Pineda-Arellano, Antonio E. Jiménez González, A. G. González Mata y Eduardo Iragorri Sámano
70
EFFECTS OF PH VALUE ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TIN SULPHIDE THIN FILMS PREPARED BY CHEMICAL BATH DEPOSITION D. Avellaneda, R. E. Ornelas, B. Krishnan, G.A. Castillo, T.K. Das Roy and S. Shaji.
71
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN OF A SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM THROUGH PARABOLIC SOLAR CONCENTRATION C. A. Rodríguez Castañeda, M. A. Rivera Martínez, P. M. Moreno Romero, O. A. Jaramillo Salgado
72
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION AND MODELING OF INTERNAL TEMPERATURES IN AN AIR GAP MEMBRANE DISTILLATION UNIT U. Dehesa Carrasco, C. A. Pérez Rábago, C. A. Arancibia Bulnes
73
HEAT TRANSFER MODELING AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION FOR A CAVITY-TYPE SOLAR RECEIVER F. Hinojosa, M. Montiel-González, H.I. Villafán-Vidales, A. Bautista-Orozco, C.A. Estrada
74
IMMOBILIZATION OF A-FEOOH AND A-FE2O3 PHASES AND THEIR USE IN PHOTO-FENTON PROCESSES ASSISTED BY SOLAR RADIATION A.E. Jiménez González, C.A. Pineda Arellano and A.G. Gutiérrez Mata
75
MATERIALES PARA RECEPTORES SOLARES DE ALTAS TEMPERATURA, REVISIÓN L. G. Ceballos-Mendivil, R. E. Cabanillas-López, J. C. Tánori Córdova, R. Murrieta Yescas
76
SIMULACION DE UN SISTEMA DE SECADO DE CARNE ASISTIDO CON ENERGIA SOLAR C.K. Romero-Pérez, I.R. Martín-Domínguez
77
SÍNTESIS DE ÓXIDO DE TUNGSTENO (VI) POR MEDIO DE CONCENTRACIÓN SOLAR H.I. Villafán Vidales, A. Bautista-Orozco, C.A. Estrada.
78
THERMODYNAMIC EVALUATION FOR A PROTOTYPE SINGLE STAGE HEAT TRANSFORMER OPERATING WITH WATER /CARROL MIXTURE J. Ibarra – Bahena, R.J. Romero, Velazquez – Avelar L., Valdez – Morales V., Galindo – Luna
79
Energía Solar Fotovoltaica - EFV
CdS/CuSbS2 PV STRUCTURES: PRELIMINARY RESULTS R. E. Ornelas-Acosta, S. Shaji, D. Avellaneda, G. A. Castillo, T. K. Das Roy, B. Krishnan
80
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A DISCONTINUOUS TWO-AXIS SOLAR TRACKER FOR A PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM P.G. Fonseca-Obregón, S.I. Pérez-Aguilar, R. Cuevas-Tenango, E.E. Granda-Gutiérrez, J.C. Díaz-Guillén, J. Candelas-Ramírez.
81
DESIGN AND CALIBRATION OF ROTARY TYPE 10 KWT SOLAR THERMOCHEMICAL REACTOR FOR THE CHEMICAL KINETIC STUDIES OF NON-VOLATILE METAL OXIDES Carlos Pérez-Rábago, Selvan Bellan, Elisa Alonso, José Gonzalez-Aguilar, Manuel Romero, Claudio Estrada
82
DEVELOPMENT OF CZTS FILMS BY THE SULFURIZATION OF SNS/CU ZNS LAYERS Carlos Alonso Meza Avendaño, N.R. Mathews
84
EFFECT OF ANNEALING PROCESS ON Cu2ZnSnS4 FILMS DEPOSITED BY A VACUUM-FREE NANOPARTICLE-BASED APPROACH Alan I. Palacios Lagunas, A. Martínez Ayala, M. Pal, X. Mathew
85
EFFECT OF ELECTRONIC NATURE OF CARBON NANOTUBES IN TRANSPARENT SWCNT-TIO2 PHOTOANODES G. Alvarado-Tenorio, M.E. Rincón, M. Solís de La Fuente,J.C. Calva Yáñez
86
EFFECT OF THERMAL TREATMENT ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF TITANIA NANOWIRES O.A. Jaramillo Quintero, M. Ramírez Vargas, J.C. Calva Yáñez, M. Solís de la Fuente, M.E. Rincón
87
ELECTRICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER SULFIDE:POLY(3-HEXYLTHIOPHENE BULK HETEROJUNCTION P.V. Quintana, M. C. Arenas, J. Santos-Cruz, M. Vega-Gonzalez
88
ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE STUDIES OF SEMICONDUCTOR SENSITIZED TIO2 FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS M. Solís de la Fuente, J. C. Calva Yañez, G. Alvarado Tenorio, O. Jaramillo, M.E. Rincón
89
ESTUDIO DE PROPIEDADES ÓPTICAS Y ELÉCTRICAS DE COMPOSITES DE POLI(3-HEXILTIOFENO) (P3HT) CON GRAFENOS PARA APLICACIONES FOTOVOLTÁICAS C. López-Mata, B. Flores Argaez, C. Velasco Santos, A. L. Martínez, J. O. Aguilar, J. M. Zavala-Pimentel, J. Campos Alvarez
90
HERRAMIENTA DE SIMULACIÓN DINÁMICA PARA LA INTEGRACIÓN DE PANELES FOTOVOLTAICOS EN MICRO-REDES A. Coronado Mendoza, J. Sosa Sales, J. A. Domínguez Navarro
91
MORPHOLOGICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF AL2O3 LAYERS DEPOSITED BY ALD. M. Tulio Aguilar-Gama, Erik Ramírez-Morales, Zeuz Montiel-González, P.K. Nair, Hailin Hu.
92
OPTICAL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF TUNGSTEN OXIDE COATED POROUS SILICON: EFFECT OF SUBSTRATE MORPHOLOGY N. Mendoza-Agüero and V. Agarwal
93
OXYGEN EFFECT ON CDTE SURFACE AND CDS/CDTE SOLAR CELLS PARAMETERS Juan Luis Peña, Inés Riech, Víctor Rejón
94
PHOTOLUMINISCENCE OF POROUS SILICON PHOTONIC MULTILAYERS S. E. Guerrero, R. Nava, J. A. del Río, J. Tagüeña-Martínez, M. B. de la Mora, J. A. Reyes-Esqueda
95
PHOTOVOLTAIC PERFORMANCE OF RUTILE PHASE NANOSTRUCTURED TIO2 SENSITIZED WITH CARMINIC ACID M. A. Sánchez-García, X. Bokhimi, A. G. Vega-Poot, A. E. Jiménez, S. Velázquez-Martínez
96
PREPARACIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE RECUBRIMIENTOS ESPECTRALMENTE SELECTIVOS BASADOS EN PELÍCUAS DE Al2O3-Ni PARA APLICACIONES EN LA ENERGÍA SOLAR S. Santiago Cruz y A.M. Fernández
97
SINTESIS Y CARACTERIZACION DE Cu2ZnSnS4 ASISTIDA POR MICROONDAS PARA SU APLICACIÓN EN CELDAS SOLARES M. F. Sánchez, F. Pulgarin, P.J. Sebastian
98
SOLUTION SYNTHESIZED CdS NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR APPLICATION IN CdS:P3HT SOLAR CELLS Claudia Martínez-Alonso, Selene Coria, Ma. Concepción Arenas, Hailin Hu
99
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Cu2ZnSnS4 NANOPARTICLES FOR APPLICATIONS IN SOLAR CELLS Isaac M. De Los Santos, Arturo M. Ayala, Mou Pal, N.R. Mathews, Xavier Mathew
100
Fotónica - FOT
EMULATING SUNLIGHT IN THE DEPTH OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA J. Gómez, J. A. del Río, J. Tagüeña-Martínez, S. Escobar, M.B. de la Mora and R. Nava
101
HEAT TRANSFER IN PHOTONIC MIRRORS D. Estrada-Wiese, J.A. del Río, M.B. de la Mora
102
STUDY OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF POROUS SILICON MONOLAYERS BY SPECTROSCOPIC ELLIPSOMETRY Z. Montiel-González, J. Tagüeña-Martínez, S. Escobar and R. Nava
103
Otros temas relacionados con energías renovables y sustentabilidad - OTR
CARRIER LIFE TIME IN PHOTOELECTRODES BASED ON CARBON-DOPED TITANIA RIBBONS J.C. Calva Yáñez, M. Solís de la Fuente, O. Jaramillo Quintero, M.E. Rincón
104
CONCEPTUAL ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY SUPERCAPACITORS BASED ON POM-CARBON NANOCOMPOSITES A.K. Cuentas-Gallegos, T. Brousse
105
COOPER DOPED ONE-DIMENSIONAL TIO2 MEMBRANES: EFFECT OF CU-PRECURSOR INTO THE MORPHOLOGY AND PHOTOCATALYTIC PERFORMANCE I.T. Rendón, M.E. Rincón
106
ESTUDIO DE LA GENERACIÓN DE ELECTRICIDAD EN UN HUMEDAL ASISTIDO ELECTROQUÍMICAMENTE Salinas-Juárez María Guadalupe, Moeller-Chávez Gabriela E., Roquero-Tejeda Pedro, Durán-Domínguez-de-Bazúa María del Carmen
107
EVALUATION OF CATALYSTS TO REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF CO2 D. A. García Osorio, S. J. Figueroa Ramírez, M. Miranda-Hernández
108
FACTIBILIDAD TÉCNICA Y ECONÓMICA DE LA RECUPERACIÓN DE RESIDUOS FORESTALES MEDIANTE PELLETIZACIÓN, EN LA SIERRA MADRE OCCIDENTAL DE MÉXICO M. Moreno-López, I.R. Martín-Domínguez y M.T. Alarcón-Herrera
109
FORMACIÓN DE RECURSOS HUMANOS EN LÍNEA: LIER UNADM J. I. Andrade Gandarilla, L. M. Torres Pacheco
110
FUNCIONALIZACIÓN DE ANTRAQUINONA EN MEDIO ACUOSO Hugo A. Mosqueda
111
HISTORY AND TENDENCY EVOLUTION OF IER SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION K. Cedano, M. Martínez y J.A. del Río
112
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE ASSISTED ETCHING OF N-TYPE, LUMINESCENT MICRO, MESO AND MACROPOROUS SILICON: STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES E. E. Antúnez-Cerón, M. A. Basurto-Pensado, V. Agarwal
114
MULTI-TECHNOLOGY PRODUCT SELECTION FOR LOCAL ALTERNATIVE ENERGY GENERATION ON COMPANIES WITH SMALL TO MEDIUM ELECTRICAL LOAD D. F. Hernández-Joya, J. Martínez-Carballido
115
PHOTOLUMINESCENCE AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ONE-STEP SYNTHESIZED CORE/SHELL CDSE/CDS NANOPARTICLES C.S.E. Coria-Monroy, M. Sotelo-Lerma, J. M. Hernández, H. Hu
116
SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON COLLEGE STUDENTS FOR EDUCATIONAL COMMUNICATION GUIDELINES Yolanda Ramírez Vázquez, Édgar González Gaudiano
117
Planeación y política energética - PPE
BALANCE DE ENERGÍA DEL ESTADO DE SONORA J. L. Taddei-Bringas, R. E. Cabanillas-López
118
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
i Instituto de Energías Renovables
Foreword
Second International Symposium on Renewable Energy and Sustainability (ISRES-
2013)
In commemoration of the 2012 International Year of Sustainable Energy for All, declared
by United Nations, and also in order to promote the use of renewable energy and
sustainability strategies, the Institute for Renewable Energy of the Universidad Nacional
Autónoma de México (IER-UNAM; formerly Center for Energy Research, CIE-UNAM)
has organized the Second Edition of the International Symposium on Renewable Energy
and Sustainability (ISRES 2013). ISRES 2013 will be held in the premises of the IER-
UNAM (in Temixco, Morelos, Mexico) on March 20-22, 2013, and it will be highlighting
frontier advances reached on the development of renewable energy and sustainability,
together with future opportunities, and scientific-innovation challenges. The objectives of
the ISRES 2013 are:
1. To bring together basic and applied scientists from different renewable energy and
sustainability fields with the goal of sharing knowledge on their recent
developments,
2. To discuss sustainable energy issues for renewable energy access and to mitigate
global climate changes,
3. To host the state of art of technologies of renewable energy and sustainability
strategies in the world, and
4. To introduce the importance and research opportunities of renewable energy,
seeking a connection with scientists and the industrial sectors.
As a part of the ISRES 2013, the following topics will be covered: (i) Renewable
energy; (ii) Photothermal solar energy; (iii) Photovoltaic solar energy; (iv) Geothermal
energy; (v) Biofuels; (vi) Wind energy; (vi) Energy planning and policies; (vii) Climate
change; (viii) Sustainable architecture; (ix) Biodiversity; (x) Photonic science; and (xi)
Other subjects related to renewable energy and sustainability.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
ii Instituto de Energías Renovables
ISRES 2013 also will provide an important contribution towards a world future
development of the renewable energies and sustainability strategies. The Scientific
Committee of the Symposium are pleased to have invited twelve international keynote
speakers which will give outstanding conferences, sharing their knowledge, experiences, as
well as current and frontier perspectives on the RES development. The invited conferences
will include topics such as: Thermodynamics of irreversible processes; thermal solar
energy; photovoltaic solar energy; frontiers of fuel cell technology; wind energy; carbon
capture and storage; supercapacitors; energy in buildings; photonics, energy system
analysis, and a conference exposing the renewable energy program of Mexico. A panel
discussion on energy policies with the participation of independent consultants of PEMEX,
and executives of SENER and CONUEE will be also included as a part of the technical
program of the symposium. The Scientific and Organizing Committees want to thank all
our invited keynote speakers for making an effort to accommodate their rather complex
agendas.
The Symposium will be attended by more than 250 people (experts, researchers,
graduate and undergraduate students, and officials) which are coming from several
academic institutions, agencies, and industries. We are also grateful to close to 34 delegates
to join in our symposium and helping us to provide a relaxed and pleasant academic
atmosphere. During three days, the Symposium also will have a poster session with about
100 presentations. These poster presentations will be dealing with the same RES topics.
Cultural events and a great dinner have been finally programmed for completing the
celebration of the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All and the symposium.
A detailed version of the Technical Program of the ISRES 2013 and the academic
profiles of the invited speakers can be found in the following web page:
http://www.cie.unam.mx/AIEST/en-program.html .
On Behalf of the Scientific and Organizing Committees
Julia Tagüeña Parga and Edgar R. Santoyo Gutiérrez
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
iii Instituto de Energías Renovables
TECHNICAL PROGRAM
Schedule Wednesday Thursday Friday
8:00 – 8:45 Registration
8:45 – 9:00 OPENING CEREMONY
9:00 – 10:00 SUPERCAPACITOR
TECHNOLOGIES FOR
RENEWABLE ENERGY
APPLICATIONS: DEVICE
CHARACTERISTICS AND
SYSTEM
CONFIGURATIONS
Prof. Andrew Burke
University of California,
Davis, CA
ENERGY IN BUILDINGS
Dra. Guadalupe Huelsz
Lesbros
Institute for Renewable
Energy
PERSPECTIVE OF THE
RENEWABLE ENERGY
PROGRAM IN MEXICO
Ing. Raúl Maya González
Gerente de Proyectos
Geotermoeléctricos, CFE,
México
10:00 – 11:00 SOLAR ENERGY –
PHOTOTHERMAL
Dr. Roberto Best y Brown
Institute for Renewable
Energy
SUSTAINABILITY
ASSESSMENT OF
ENERGY
TECHNOLOGIES
ANALYTICAL
FRAMEWORK AND
APPLICATIONS
Dr. Stefan Hirschberg
Paul Scherrer Institut
PANEL DISCUSSION ON
ENERGY POLICIES
Moderator: Dr. Manuel
Martínez Fernández
Invited Academics:
Dr. Adrián Lajous Vargas,
Independent Consultor and Ex-
Director by PEMEX
Dra. Lourdes Melgar Palacios,
Subsecretaria de Electricidad,
SENER
Ing. Odón de Buen, Director
General de la Comisión
Nacional para el Uso Eficiente
de la Energía (CONUEE)
11:00 – 11:15 BREAK
11:15 – 12:15 CARBON CAPTURE AND
STORAGE
Dr. David Jones
British Geological Survey,
Inglaterra
FRONTIERS OF FUEL
CELL TECHNOLOGY
Prof. Oumarou Savadogo
Ecole Polytechnique,
Montreal, CA.
12:15 – 14:00 POSTER SESSION CLOSING CEREMONY
14:00 – 16:00 LUNCH
16:00 – 17:00 WIND ENERGY
Dr. Oliver M. Probst
Oleszewski
Instituto Tecnológico y de
Estudios Superiores de
Monterrey, México
ON THE POSSIBLE ROLE
OF ENTROPY
GENERATION
MINIMIZATION FOR
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
Dr. Mariano López de Haro
Institute for Renewable
Energy
17:00 – 18:00 SOLAR ENERGY –
PHOTOVOLTAICS
Dr. Xavier Mathew
Institute for Renewable
Energy
PHOTONIC
Dr. Sabino Chávez Cerda
INAOE, Puebla
18:00 – 18:10 BREAK
18:10 – 19:10 WELCOME COCKTAIL CULTURAL EVENT
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
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SUPERCAPACITOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY
APPLICATIONS: DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS AND SYSTEM
CONFIGURATIONS
Andrew Burke
Institute of Transportation Studies
University of California-Davis
USA
Abstract
This paper is concerned with the characteristics of supercapacitors and their application in
renewable energy systems, especially involving wind turbines. The present state-of-the art of
supercapacitor technology is reviewed from devices utilizing activated carbon in both
electrodes to those using activated carbon in one electrode and a Faradic material like graphite
or a metal oxide in the other. The energy density of various technologies varies from 4 Wh/kg
to about 30 Wh/kg close to that of a lead-acid battery. Special attention is given to the power
characteristics of the supercapacitors compared to batteries and how the power density is
determined.
The application of supercapacitors in wind turbine applications is assessed both for
commercially available devices and advanced devices having higher energy density and power
characteristics. At the present time, supercapacitors are used for energy storage for blade
control in wind turbines and are being considered for ride through and power smoothing in
such systems. Analysis of such systems is presented illustrating how the supercapacitor units
would be sized for the wind turbine applications.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
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ENERGÍA SOLAR-FOTOTÉRMICA
Roberto Best y Brown
Instituto de Energías Renovables
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
La energía solar es la fuente de energía disponible en cantidades que opacan a las demás
energías renovables. Se dará una visión del estado de desarrollo de la conversión térmica de
la energía solar en el mundo y en particular se mencionaran las tecnologías más maduras. Se
presentaran los proyectos que se realizan en el IER sobre conversión térmica, desde las
aplicaciones cercanas a la temperatura ambiente como es el calentamiento de albercas,
calentamiento de agua domestico el secado y las aplicaciones de mediana y alta temperatura
como la refrigeración y las tecnologías enfocadas a aplicaciones de calor de proceso y
generación de potencia.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
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THIN FILM PV TECHNOLOGIES: R&D IN INORGANIC CELLS
Xavier Mathew
Instituto de Energías Renovables
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
PV is one of the renewable energy technologies which can meet the terawatt challenge, and at
the same time reduce the effect of greenhouse gases by limiting the use of fossil fuels. This
presentation covers briefly the broad topic of inorganic thin film PV technologies, the progress
in three leading thin-film technologies: a-Si, CdTe and CIGS, and the emerging earth abundant
material CZTSSe, and the state-of-the art in devices based on these materials. The world
record efficiency devices are discussed along with the challenges and future research
directions.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
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ENERGÍA EN EDIFICACIONES
Guadalupe Huelsz
Instituto de Energías Renovables
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Se presenta la situación del uso de energía en edificaciones en México que es la motivación
para trabajar en el tema dentro del Instituto de Energías Renovables. Se presentan también los
estudios básicos y aplicados que ha realizado el grupo, en especial el proyecto apoyado por el
Fondo de sustentabilidad Energética de SENER-CONACYT.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
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SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES:
ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK AND APPLICATIONS
Stefan Hirschberg
Laboratory for Energy Systems Analysis
Paul Scherrer Institut
Switzerland
ABSTRACT
Sustainability is a hot topic today. Hardly any other concept is so often used – or abused. The
desire for sustainable development is certainly undisputed, but what does this mean concretely
in the energy and electricity sector? Can the sustainability of energy systems be measured
objectively? Which technologies perform well? The research at the Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI)
shows that there are currently no optimal solutions, and that our choice will depend on where
we set our priorities.
Climate-friendly, sparing of resources, free of emissions, safe and reliable, with broad social
acceptance and, naturally, economical – that’s how most people imagine a sustainable
electricity supply. Unfortunately, for now this is just wishful thinking. We will have to get by
for a long time without such ideal technologies.
We still face the necessity to weigh and balance the advantages and disadvantages of the
various alternatives against each other. Consistent, measurable indicators for environmental,
economic and social aspects must be considered, for example pollutant emissions, generation
costs, and the consequences of possible accidents. The representative quantitative indicators
are derived, using a variety of methods including Life Cycle Assessment, Impact Pathway
Approach and Probabilistic Safety Assessment. In cooperation with its research partners, PSI
has developed new methods that allow the systematic comparison of various electricity supply
options. Using so-called Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), the measured indicators
can be combined with subjective preferences of the various stakeholders. The comparative
sustainability of individual technologies therefore also depends upon which indicators are
given the most weight.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
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If one wants a supply of electricity with the least possible climate, environmental and health
damages, then one must avoid natural gas and, above all, coal plants. If one wants the broadest
possible social acceptance, nuclear energy and other large thermal power plants will
experience difficulties. If economical electricity is most important, then renewable energy are
currently disadvantaged but have potential for major improvements in the future. If we want to
design a sustainable energy supply for the future, then we must weigh the long-term
development possibilities of these technologies, and their relationships to our economy and
society.
Recent applications cover a variety of cases such as Switzerland, European Union, China and
the global level. The work demonstrates that the indicator-based assessment is highly suitable
for guiding in a structured manner the debate on the future energy supply and for supporting
informed decisions.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
7 Instituto de Energías Renovables
FRONTIERS OF FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY
O. Savadogo
Laboratory of New Materials for Electrochemistry and Energy
École Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada
E-mail : [email protected]
www.newmaterials.polymtl.ca
C. P. 6079, Succ Centre-Ville, Montréal. Québec, H3C 3A7, CANADA
Principles, practices, advantages, limitations and sectors of applications of fuel cell technology
will be indicated. The status on the technology, the fuel and the infrastructure development
will be presented. Current limitations related to the development of effective, durable and
reliable MEA (Membrane Electrode Assembly) components for PEMFC (Polymer Electrolyte
Membrane Fuel Cell) will be addressed. Advancements made in the development of Materials
(catalysts, high temperature solid polymer electrolyte membranes (acid and alkaline) will be
shown. The progress in cell performances and cathode catalyst research will be discussed.
Perspectives of the development of cathodes tolerance to alcohol crossover will be indicated.
Openings in materials processing and mass production of components will be discussed. The
aim of this talk is to present challenges related to future perspectives of fuel cell technology
and the development of new materials for PEMFC applications including the cost issues.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
8 Instituto de Energías Renovables
ON THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF ENTROPY GENERATION
MINIMIZATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
M. López de Haro
Instituto de Energías Renovables
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Abstract
The underlying notion in the early development of the industrial society was that there was a
vast (almost limitless) supply of raw materials and of energy (coming mostly from
nonrenewable sources such as fossil fuels), which allowed the mass production of goods and
devices. Nowadays it has been realized that the available resources can hardly support the
continuous economic growth and that an ever escalating mass production of consumer goods is
certainly not sustainable in the long run.
Since the 1970’s awareness awoke that extensive use of natural resources would lead to their
depletion and also produced serious pollution problems for mankind. With the above in mind,
the concept of sustainable development was developed which may be briefly stated as “to
ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs”.
The first law of thermodynamics tells us that energy is conserved while the second law
describes the quality of energy and material. Therefore, thermodynamics should be an
important subject in sustainable development. While energy can never be lost, it is certainly
degraded in any process. This may be and has been accounted for by using a combination of
both the first and second laws leading to the so called exergy analysis. Since exergy is defined
as the maximum work potential of a material or of a form of energy in relation to its
environment, such an analysis relies on the assumption that such work potential can be
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
9 Instituto de Energías Renovables
obtained by reversible processes and on the consideration of a reference environment.
However, in reality there are only irreversible processes, so that a much more natural approach
is to consider the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. In this theory, irreversibilities are
explicitly included in an entropy generation term. Minimization of these irreversibilities is
crucial for sustainable development and hence it may play a similar role to that of exergy
analysis but with the added advantage of being closer to reality.
In this talk, the entropy generation minimization method will be briefly described and
examples both academic and practical that we have studied will be presented. The possible role
of this approach for sustainable development will be thus highlighted.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
10 Instituto de Energías Renovables
ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES EN MÉXICO.
Ing. Raúl Maya González
Gerente de Proyectos Geotermoeléctricos, CFE, México
Actualmente en México la electricidad que se produce para la prestación del servicio público,
proviene principalmente de combustibles fósiles, en segundo término de energías renovables
(hidráulica, geotérmica, eólica y solar) y en menor medida de energía nuclear. El común
denominador en muchas naciones, ha sido el uso de los hidrocarburos, por las ventajas que les
ha representado su utilización, sin embargo, es conveniente modificar gradualmente las
tendencias de crecimiento energético para atender el desarrollo sustentable que demanda la
comunidad internacional, basado en un modelo que conjuga armoniosamente los aspectos
económicos, ambientales y sociales.
Los recursos naturales de nuestro país son abundantes y diversos, desde esa perspectiva,
México cuenta con suficientes recursos renovables para la producir electricidad que consume y
la que requiere para su futuro desarrollo mediante el aprovechamiento de la radiación solar, el
viento, la energía geotérmica y la energía potencial del agua como recursos primarios.
El potencial hidroeléctrico nacional que la CFE ha estimado, a través de estudios durante las
últimas décadas, ha permitido cuantificar una capacidad total de 41 000 MW
aproximadamente.
En cuanto a la geotermia, además de los campos geotérmicos en explotación, la CFE ha
identificado otras zonas susceptibles de contener yacimientos de alta temperatura en su
subsuelo; muchas de ellas han sido exploradas con estudios geológicos, geoquímicos y
geofísicos. La CFE llevo a cabo un cálculo del recurso geotérmico del país a través del
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
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inventario nacional de manifestaciones termales con que cuenta, obteniendo un potencial
geotérmico total de 1 200 MW aproximadamente.
En lo que corresponde a la energía eólica, México dispone de sitios de reconocido potencial,
tal es el caso de la región sur del Istmo de Tehuantepec, donde se concentra el máximo
desarrollo eólico actual del país. Estudios realizados por los Laboratorios Nacionales de
Energía Renovable (NREL) de Estados Unidos y otras instituciones mexicanas, han
identificado una capacidad superior a los 30 000 MW tan solo en el estado de Oaxaca. Otras
regiones, tales como, Zacatecas, La Rumorosa y extensiones de los litorales del Océano
Pacífico y Golfo de México, se han identificado también como zonas promisorias. Por lo que
se ha estimado que el potencial eólico nacional es 50 000 MW aproximadamente.
Respecto a la energía solar, México se ubica dentro de las zonas de alta incidencia en radiación
solar. Es bien sabido, que más del 70% del territorio nacional recibe una irradiación solar
superior a los 4.7 kWh/m2 por día. En las regiones de mayor intensidad, como los estados de
Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora y Chihuahua, principalmente, la radiación es
mayor a los 5.2 kWh/m2 por día.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
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ANÁLISIS Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LA PULPA DE MANGO PARA
LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIOETANOL
L.F. Santis-Espinosa1, P.J. Sebastian
1, P.S. Bianca
1, S. Saldaña
2
1 Centro de Investigación en Energía UNAM, Privada Xochicalco s/n CP 62580 Temixco Morelos, México. 2 Universidad Politécnica de Chiapas, calle Eduardo J. Selvas s/n Col. Magisterial. CP 29010 Tuxtla Gutiérrez Chiapas,
México. E-mail: [email protected]
Actualmente el bioetanol es uno de los biocombustibles más estudiados a nivel mundial.
Particularmente en México se ha impulsando la producción en respuesta a la escases de
combustibles fósiles a nivel nacional e internacional. La caña de azúcar ha sido una de las
materias primas mas empleadas en la producción de bioetanol. Sin embargo existen diversas
materias primas y residuos agroindustriales con un alto contenido de azúcares reductores
potenciales para la producción de bioetanol. En el presente trabajo se estudia la fermentación
alcohólica del mango, debido a que, es una fruta abundante en México con alto contenido de
azúcares (16–18% w/v) y a que principalmente se reportan pérdidas anuales por 230 mil
toneladas. El proceso para la producción de bioetanol comprende las etapas de preparación del
sustrato, preparación del medio YPD y crecimiento de la levadura S. cerevisiae y la
fermentación alcohólica. En este sentido la fermentación se llevo a cabo a escala de laboratorio
monitoreando datos cinéticos tales como pH, temperatura, población celular y consumo de
azúcares reductores. Mediante esta metodología se establece un proceso fermentativo para
producción de bioetanol. , finalmente se tomaron muestras de medio agotado que fueron
analizadas por medio de espectroscopia infrarroja con transformada de Fourier (FTIR) para
conocer la concentración del bioetanol.
Plabras clave: mango, S. cerevisiae, fermentación, bioetanol.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
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BIODIGESTOR DE FLUJO CONTINUO PARA LA GENERACIÓN DE
BIOGÁS A PARTIR DE BIOMASA RESIDUAL DEL TIRADERO EL
IZTETE DE LA CIUDAD DE TEPIC MÉXICO
I. Paz Hernández1, Oscar G. Martínez
1, Enrique Estrada
1, Claudia E. Saldaña
1, Sarah Messina
1.
1Ciudad de la Cultura "Amado Nervo", Col. Los Fresnos Tepic, Nayarit. México. C.P. 63190.Tel. Directo: (311)1249694.
Se diseñó un biodigestor de flujo continuo cilíndrico a nivel laboratorio con una capacidad de
11 L, el cual tendrá una chaqueta para controlar la temperatura a 35°C, con agitación para
obtener una mezcla homogénea, aumentar la velocidad de degradación y tener mayor
producción de biogás. Se determinó el balance de materia y sus requerimientos energéticos
para su diseño. Para poder diseñar el biodigestor se determinó la producción teórica de biogás
de la biomasa residual, con base en los componentes principales de la materia orgánica (C, H,
O, y N). Se realizó el análisis físico-químico a la biomasa residual proveniente del tiradero el
Iztete de la ciudad de Tepic Nayarit México, y se determinaron parámetros importantes del
proceso de la degradación anaerobia como el pH. El pH de la biomasa residual estudiada fue
de pH =4.02, el cual debería permanecer entre 6-8; por lo que fue necesario controlar este
parámetro, inoculando a través de estiércol de conejo y residuos cárnicos (50:50), mezclados
con biomasa residual en una proporción de 1:3 (inoculo-biomasa residual) respectivamente.
Otros parámetros que se determinaron fueron: sólidos totales (47.86%), sólidos volátiles
(94.58%), cenizas (5.42%), materia orgánica (12.26%), Hidrógeno (0.81%), carbono (7.11%).
Por último se experimentó con la biomasa residual el proceso de degradación anaerobia, la
cual se realizó en matraces kitazato con un sistema de control de temperatura y captura de
biogás generado, lo que permitió medir el volumen de biogás producido diariamente y su
tiempo de retención hidráulico.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
14 Instituto de Energías Renovables
CO-DIGESTION OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL WASTES FOR
BIOHYDROGEN PRODUCTION
Gómez-Romero, J., García-Peña, E.I.
Bioprocess Department, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología-IPN, Av., Acueducto s/n. P.O. Box 07340,
D.F. México.
Global warming, fossil fuel preservation and environmental pollution are the major factors
driving research on production and use of renewable fuels. Hydrogen is recognized as an ideal
renewable energy source, producing no green gases and has the highest energy yield (122kJ/g).
Recently, the biological process as dark fermentation has gain great attention to biohydrogen
production. Dark fermentation can utilize agro-industrial wastes, when utilized a mixture is
called co-digestion these ones. Co-digestion provided a balance nutrient, buffer capacity, and
minerals. Co-digestion studies have shown promising results utilizing food waste, sewage
sludge, cow manure, waste milk and fruit-vegetable waste. However, there has not been any
reported work on biohydrogen production from co-digestion of crude cheese whey (CCW)
with fruit vegetable waste (FVW). In this work, different C/N ratios (7, 17, 21, 31 and 46),
obtained by mixing CCW and FVW, it were evaluated to determine their effect on volumetric
hydrogen production rate (VHPR). The experiments were developed in a batch reactor system
(2 L) with a 1.8 L of working volume. The system was constantly mixed with a magnetic
stirrer bar. The temperature was maintained at 37°C, pH was set and maintained at 5.5 and was
utilized a inoculum that was adapted to lactose (30g/L). Cumulative biohydrogen total from
cheese whey alone was 3832.06 mL (C/N, 7), while that cumulative H2 production was
increased 1.5, 2.1, 2.9 and 2.5 times in 17, 21, 31 and 46 (C/N) treatment, respectively. On the
other hand, the maximum volumetric H2 production rate was obtained at a C/N ratio of 21
(10.68 mmolH2/L*h). Therefore, co-digestion of CCW with FVW improve the hydrogen
production. As biohydrogen is currently an expensive energy compared to other conventional
energy source. The use of wastes to generate biohydrogen energy could reduce the cost,
making the energy gas more available and cheaper.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
15 Instituto de Energías Renovables
DETERMINATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION OPTIMAL
TEMPERATURE WITH CASTOR OIL IN HOMOGENEOUS PHASE
USING KOH AS CATALYST AND THE FUTURE
OF HIS APPLICATIONS
Cano-Guzmán C
1. Suárez Parra R
1. Sanchez-Cantú M
2. Pérez-Díaz L
2.
1 Centro de Investigación en Energía CIE-UNAM. Priv. Xochicalco S/N. Temixco, Morelos. 2 Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla BUAP. Av. San Claudio S/N. Ciudad Universitaria. Puebla, Pue.
ABSTRACT
The alternative fuels are being highly support for electric energy generation nowadays and to
use them as fuels inside internal combustion motors, to start to replace traditional fuels for
those obtain from the biomass. The BioDiesel (BD) can represent an alternative feasible for
development of biofuels comes from plants. In this context, it was carried out BD production
in a laboratory scale using KOH as catalyst and castor oil plant (Ricinus Communis L.), which
is an abundant plant that grows in half-desert zones and the oil obtained from this plant doesn´t
consider as human consumption oil. The BD samples obtained were analyzed by FTIR to
compare with some samples that didn´t react. Also, it was carried out comparison tests using
thin layer chromatography. Finally, the BD samples obtained were submitted to quality tests to
watch if these pass the international specs of the norm ASTM/D6751. The quality tests that
were operated in the laboratory are: density, viscosity, inflammation point, humidity %, acid
index, saponification index. The high results in humidity % and viscosity show low biofuel´s
ability to be applied directly in diesel cars without any motor´s modification. BD-Conventional
diesel mixes could be operated to decrease these problems and can be used in combustion
internal motors. Finally, the BD obtained can be employed to operate diesel turbo generators or
to feed high pressure vapor generators burners in direct way without to many operation risks.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
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ENERGIA RENOVABLE Y CAMBIO CLIMATICO: EMISIONES POR
QUEMA DE BIOMASA
R. Manso1, E. C. Vitale
1, R. Manrique
1, A. Valdés
1
1Equipo Técnico de Gases de Efecto Invernadero
Instituto de Meteorología
Casablanca, Apartado Postal 17032
Código postal 11700, Habana17, Cuba
Correo: [email protected]
La biomasa se considera actualmente como una importante fuente de energía ecológica y
sostenible. La combustión directa de la biomasa requiere del empleo de procesos bien
estudiados en los que la eficiencia energética se aúne con un buen control de las emisiones,
principalmente de los óxidos de nitrógeno, partículas volantes e hidrocarburos volátiles, ya que
de lo contrario las emisiones producidas pueden ocasionar problemas de contaminación
atmosférica considerables. La biomasa, como fuente renovable íntimamente ligada al medio
rural, puede constituir un excelente instrumento para el desarrollo de países pobres con
disponibilidad de tierras, o de regiones agrícolas deprimidas de países desarrollados. La
biomasa como combustible es mucho más barata que el combustible de origen fósil, con una
caldera de pellets puede llegarse a ahorrar un 40% de la factura, en comparación con el gas
natural. El dato de actividad se obtuvo mediante la Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas e
Información (ONEI) y el Cuerpo de Guardabosques de Cuba (CGB). Experimentándose a
partir de 1981 una tendencia al aumento de los incendios forestales y una disminución de la
quema de biomasa para uso energético, en especial del bagazo. Para los cálculos de las
emisiones se aplican las recomendaciones indicadas en las Guías Revisadas del IPCC de 1996
(IPCC-OECD-IEA, 1997), para diferentes niveles de complejidad, estimándose el dióxido de
carbono (CO2), metano (CH4), monóxido de carbono (CO), óxido nitroso (N2O), y óxidos de
nitrógeno (NOx (NO2+ NO)). Se presentan tablas y gráficos mostrando las relaciones entre
hectáreas quemadas, número de incendios y las quemas por diferentes tipos de biomasa sólida,
así como emisiones de los gases estudiados y observaciones referidas para el uso sostenible de
la quema de biomasa.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
17 Instituto de Energías Renovables
ESTUDIO DE FACTIBILIDAD DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIODIESEL
MEDIANTE ACEITE DE PIÑÓN MEXICANO
(Jatropha curcas)
Ing. N. S. Rivera Lara
El Colegio del Estado de Hidalgo, Calle Miguel Hidalgo número 618, Col. Centro, Pachuca, Hidalgo C.P. 42000 teléfonos: (01
771) 138 30 79 y 138 30 80 [email protected]
El objetivo de la investigación fue realizar un estudio de factibilidad técnico económica para
determinar la viabilidad de la producción de biodiesel a partir de aceite de piñón mexicano, por
un proceso de extracción e industrialización semimecanizada, realizada por una empresa bajo
una figura de sociedad de producción rural. El estudio de mercado determinó que existe
demanda potencial del combustible en el país. Se estructuró la ingeniería del proyecto y el
requerimiento de abasto de materia prima e insumos para calcular la oferta potencial, así como
la organización administrativa, a fin de establecer una planta productiva dentro del marco de la
normatividad vigente y los estándares de calidad del producto, a localizarse en Tulancingo,
Hidalgo, y su posible impacto ambiental. Basado en un análisis y evaluación financiera y
socioeconómica a mediano plazo, considerando una concurrencia de recursos financieros de
programas federales en la inversión. Se dictaminó que es viable técnica y socialmente; pero no
por la venta del biodiesel como producto único, la factibilidad económica está dada por la
venta de subproductos y se recomienda considerar un cultivo complementario que apoye en el
abastecimiento de materia prima a la planta.
Palabras clave: biodiesel, piñón mexicano (Jatropha curcas), factibilidad
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
18 Instituto de Energías Renovables
ESTUDIO TEÓRICO DE LAS TRAYECTORIAS DE REACCIÓN DEL Zr
(SO4)2 UTILIZADO COMO CATALIZADOR HETEROGÉNEO EN EL
PROCESO DE TRANSESTERIFICACIÓN PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE
BIODIESEL
Christian Celaya1, Jesús Muñiz
1, Alfredo Olea
1
1 Cuerpo Académico de Energía y Sustentabilidad. Universidad Politécnica de Chiapas
Calle Eduardo J. Selvas S/N, Col. Magisterial, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México. C.P. 29010
C.C. : [email protected], J.M. :[email protected]
El Sulfato de Zirconio Zr(SO4)2 ha despertado gran interés en estudios experimentales, para ser
implementado como catalizador heterogéneo en el proceso químico de producción de biodiesel
(Transesterificación), ya que presenta una alta conversión de reacción debido a sus propiedades
catalíticas [1]. Pero aun no se ha utilizado este catalizador a nivel industrial. Para el mejor
entendimiento de lo que ocurre con este catalizador en su superficie de contacto, se elaboró un
estudio teórico acerca de las propiedades catalíticas que se presentan durante la
Transesterificación a nivel molecular, para ello se empleo un modelo molecular extendido de
Triacetina, (CHCO2CH2)2CH (O2CCH3) [2], la cual es utilizada como un sistema que ayuda a
simular los triglicéridos, utilizados como materia prima para la producción de biodiesel. Al
mismo tiempo se emplearon tres modelos moleculares (A,B,C) computacionalmente
manejables del Zr(SO4)2, además se encontraron los sitios activos en donde pudiera ser más
favorable una reacción química con este catalizador. Todas las energías de interacción
obtenidas fueron elaboradas con metodología de ab initio, utilizando Teoría de Funcionales de
la Densidad (DFT, por sus siglas en inglés) [3], junto con el funcional hibrido B3LYP.
También se determinaron algunos parámetros termodinámicos involucrados en cada
interacción, así como las energías de reacción, en base a la metodología IRC (Intrinsic
Reaction Coordinate), reportando una trayectoria de reacción viable. Posteriormente se
elaborará una estimación cuantitativa de las energías de activación obtenidas con otros tipos de
catalizadores heterogéneos, que se han conseguido previamente. Todos los cálculos han sido
elaborados con el código computacional GAUSSIAN 09, en estaciones de trabajo de cómputo
de alto rendimiento de la Universidad Politécnica de Chiapas.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
19 Instituto de Energías Renovables
Palabras claves: Biodiesel, DFT, Catalizador heterogéneo, IRC.
[1] Kian Fei Yee, Jeffrey C.S. Wu, Keat Teong Lee, “A green catalyst for biodiesel production from jatropha
oil: Optimization study”,ELSEIVER , ScienceDirect, 0961-9534, 1 February 2011.
[2] Taweetham Limpanuparb, Kraiwan Punyain, Yuthana Tantirungrotechai, “A DFT investigation of
methanolysis and hydrolysis of triacetin”, ELSEVIER, THEOCHEM, (0166-1280), 2010.
[3] Kieron Burke, “Perspective on Density Functional Theory”, The Journal of Chemical Physics, 136, 17
April 2012.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
20 Instituto de Energías Renovables
FACTIBILIDAD DEL SECADO SOLAR DE LA BIOMASA
MICROALGAL PARA LA PRODUCCIÓN DE BIODIÉSEL
Itzel Alejandra Palacios García1. María Teresa Alarcón Herrera
1
1Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C., Chihuahua, México.
Las energías renovables son una importante alternativa para disminuir el consumo de
combustibles fósiles. El aprovechamiento de productos naturales o residuos vegetales para
generar energía es cada vez más común para producir combustibles biodegradables renovables
como el biodiésel.
La producción de biodiésel de lípidos microalgales es una tecnología altamente prometedora,
dadas las ventajas que ofrece en contraste con las plantas oleaginosas. Una de estas ventajas se
refleja en la disminución de la huella hídrica (consumo de agua por unidad de energía
generada) en el proceso de producción de biodiesel. Su mayor desventaja es el costo de
producción.
Uno de los puntos críticos en la extracción de lípidos para la producción de biodiesel es el
secado de la biomasa microalgal. El equipo de deshidratación mecánico en si mismo puede
consumir una gran cantidad de energía, ya que. Una alternativa a este problema es el secado
solar de la biomasa microalgal, ya que las zonas áridas y semiáridas del norte de México se
presentan como un escenario potencial para el desarrollo de esta dada la alta incidencia solar
que se tiene en el norte del país.
El objetivo de este trabajo analizar la factibilidad del uso del secado solar, mediante un análisis
de ciclo de vida del proceso de secado convencional y el secado solar.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
21 Instituto de Energías Renovables
HYDROGEN PHOTOPRODUCTION FROM Spirulina maxima 2342 AT
SOME SPECIFIC CONDITIONS
A.U. Juantorena1,2,
, E. Santoyo3, P. J. Sebastian
3 ,O. Lastres
4, Hernández
5, G. A. Bustos.
6 and
S.A Gamboa3
1 Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, UAEM, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa. Cuernavaca. Morelos.
México;
2 Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Morelos, UPEMOR, Boulevard Cuauhnáhuac No. 566, Col. Lomas del Texcal, 62550,
Jiutepec, Morelos, México; 3 Centro de Investigación en Energía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Xochicalco s/n, 62580, Temixco, Morelos,
México;
4 Instituto de Estudios de la Energía, UNISTMO, Istmo de Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, México; 5 Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Guerrero, UPEG, Comunidad Puente Campuzano, Carretera Federal Iguala-Taxco,
Taxco de Alarcón, Guerrero, México; 6 Instituto de Ciencias Físicas, UNAM, Ave. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
E-mail: [email protected]
The hydrogen production rate from Spirulina maxima 2342 is discussed in this work. The
performance characteristics of this photosynthetic microorganism for producing hydrogen were
studied and a tendency rate was established according to every specific experiment. Analysis
by gas chromatography coupled to a thermal conductivity detector (CG-TCD) was used to
study the gas quality of the products. The experimental procedure for investigating the
hydrogen production from Spirulina maxima 2342 was established by gas detection at 40
mmHg. The analysis of the gas production for some established biomass concentrations was
carried out at 150 µEm-2
s-1
light intensity excitation and 1,45 ± 0,01 min retention time. The
reaction time of hydrogen photoproduction was 19,3 ± 1,2 h. It was possible to determine the
experimental rate of hydrogen production (mole per hour) at some specific conditions
previously identified as close to optimal conditions for the feasible production of hydrogen
from these kinds of microorganisms. This hydrogen is used for a Proton Exchange Membrane
Fuel Cell (PEMFC) in power generation.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
22 Instituto de Energías Renovables
MICROALGAE: A POTENTIAL SOURCE FOR BIODIESEL
PRODUCTION
A.U. Juantorena1,2
, E. Arenas3 and P.J. Sebastian
3.
1 Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, UAEM, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa. Cuernavaca. Morelos.
México;
2 Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Morelos, UPEMOR, Boulevard Cuauhnáhuac No. 566, Col. Lomas del Texcal, 62550,
Jiutepec, Morelos, México;
3 Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Xochicalco s/n, 62580, Temixco, Morelos,
México;
E-mail: [email protected]
This paper summarizes some of the most important aspects of microalgae as a potential source
for biodiesel production. Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that can grow rapidly
in a variety of environments, because of their unicellular or multicellular structure, depending
on the species. The most important algae classes are: the Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae), Green
algae (Chlorophyceae) and Blue-green algae (Cyanophyceae). They have great advantages as
they reproduce themselves absorbing solar energy and converting it into chemical energy via
photosynthesis, concluding a full cycle in a few days. Growth rates can be accelerated by
addition of specific nutrients and sufficient aeration. The biodiesel yield is higher than other
energy crops. This review aims culture conditions, growth culture systems (open and closed),
harvesting and biodiesel production process from microalgae.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
23 Instituto de Energías Renovables
PERFORMANCE OF A BUS FUELED WITH B20 BIODIESEL BLENDS
PRODUCED FROM RAPESEED OIL AND CASTOR OIL
J.F. Rendón Hernández1, J.L. Gutiérrez Diaz
1, S. Silva Martínez
2,
J.A. Hernández Perez2, A. Álvarez Gallegos
2.
1Posgrado en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas. 2Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas. Universidad
Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Mor. Mexico. Corresponding author:
e-mail address: [email protected], Tel: 01 777 2032942.
Abstract
A field study was conducted on a school bus in Morelos State, Mexico, to evaluate the fuel
efficiency and fuel emissions from petrodiesel and 20% (B20) biodiesel blends under real bus
driving conditions. The school bus was driven on the highway and in urban zone to assess fuel
efficiency. The emissions were measured from the exhaust of the school bus operated on
petrodiesel, on B20 rapeseed biodiesel blend, and on B20 castor biodiesel blend. The rapeseed
and castor biodiesels were produced in compliance with the B100 ASTM D6751 standard. The
transesterification of rapeseed oil and castor oil with methanol were carried out at pilot scale
(300 liters). This study has proven the benefits of using biodiesel blend, since similar fuel
efficiencies and reductions in exhaust emissions were accomplished with B20 biodiesel blends
as compared to petrodiesel fuel. Finally, B20 castor biodiesel blend represents an
environmental alternative to reduce the consumption of petrodiesel without threatening the
food supply since castor biodiesel is produced from wild plant oil. Thus, B20 castor biodiesel
blend can gradually be used as biofuel in all the school buses and shuttle bus that go in and out
the campus of the Autonomous University of Morelos State.
Keywords: Biodiesel standard, Rapeseed biodiesel, castor biodiesel, school bus emissions.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
24 Instituto de Energías Renovables
PRODUCCIÓN DE ETANOL EN MÉXICO A PARTIR DE DIFERENTES
INSUMOS: UN ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO
L.A. Becerra y C.A. Cardona
Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Sociales, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa; Blvd. Universitarios y Av. De las Américas,
Unidad 3 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México. C.P. 80010. Tel: +52 (667) 716-11-28. [email protected]
Instituto de Biotecnología y Agroindustrias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Manizales; Cra. 27 No. 64-60 of. F505,
Manizales, Colombia.
Este trabajo presenta un análisis de la producción de etanol en México a partir de cuatro
insumo: caña de azúcar, maíz, remolacha azucarera y sorgo dulce. Revisando el contexto de
producción primaria de estos insumos y los procesos industriales susceptibles de utilizar, se
determina tres escenarios de producción. En cada caso, se estiman costos de producción de la
materia prima y los costos de producción de etanol por litro. Los resultados obtenidos indican
una rentabilidad financiera de 62% para el etanol de remolacha azucarera, un 57% para el
etanol de caña de azúcar, un 51% para el etanol de sorgo dulce y un 47% para el etanol de
maíz. Al tomar en cuenta todos los elementos que integran la cadena productiva, se concluye
que la mayor viabilidad económica está en la producción de etanol a partir de sorgo dulce y
caña de azúcar. Se descarta la remolacha azucarera por no existir fenotipos de ese cultivo en
México, ni la experiencia agrícola necesaria para obtener un nivel de producción comercial
suficiente. También, se descarta el maíz por limitaciones legales, dado el déficit de este grano
básico en México. En la valoración final, el sorgo dulce también fue eliminado en función de
ser un cultivo nuevo en México que requiere de tiempo para contar con un respaldo agro-
biológico y técnico para el manejo adecuado por parte del productor. Sin embargo, hay que
señalar que en el mediano y largo plazo el sorgo dulce es un cultivo de alto potencial
energético y sustentabilidad, toda vez que los análisis preliminares así lo indican y dado que no
compite con la alimentación humana. Por lo tanto, se concluye que en el corto plazo la caña de
azúcar es el insumo más viable para producir etanol en México.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
25 Instituto de Energías Renovables
TEQUILA BAGASSE AS A RENEWABLE SOURCE OF ENERGY AND
FEEDSTOCKS
L. Chávez-Guerrero1,2
, A. Toxqui-Terán3, M. Hinojosa
1,2
1Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, UANL. México. 2CIIDIT-PIIT. 3CIMAV-PIIT.
The xerophyte plant Agave Tequilana is used to produce alcoholic beverages, food and textiles.
To our knowledge, neither the plant nor its residues have been studied before as an alternative
source of fuel. Agave bagasse is a byproduct generated in the tequila industry, which most of
the times is burned to reduce its volume. Then a second byproduct is generated in the form of
residual ash, which can contaminate the water in rivers and lakes near the production place. In
this work, bagasse samples from the alcoholic beverage production were collected in order to
find out their properties as a fuel. SEM observations allowed us to study the morphological
changes during the processing, whereas the different stages in the decomposition of the
bagasse were analyzed by TGA. The compounds in the ash were identified using X-ray
diffraction. Experiments showed that 16% of the ash was produced in the burning process of
agave and 66% of the ash remains in the form of calcium oxide after a heating process at 950
°C. Also, with these results it is clear that it is possible to use the bagasse and the byproducts
generated (ash) by the alcoholic beverage production as an alternative source of fuel and
chemical compounds.
These results show an important renewable source of biofuel (biomass) and calcium
compounds (CaCO3, CaO and Ca(OH)2). The process presented on this report has positive
impacts, due to the zero emissions to the total CO2 into the environment and because it helps to
minimize the contaminants (ash) near factories.
Presenting author’s email: [email protected]
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
26 Instituto de Energías Renovables
A MODEL TO DESCRIBE THE INTERACTING DYNAMICS OF THE
GENERATOR AND THE CONDENSER IN AN ABSORPTION HEAT
TRANSFORMER
D. Juárez-Romero , N. Shaha, C. Markides
a, V. Velázquez-Flores, M. Meza-Izquierdo, A.
Hernández, A. Huicochea-Rodriguez, J. Siqueirosb.
Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos. Av. Universidad
No. 1001, Col Chamilpa, C. P. 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. a Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Roderic Hill
Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U. K. b Secretaría de Innovación, Ciencia y Tecnología, Cuernavaca, Morelos
Kew Words: Interaction Generator-Condenser, Generator and condenser dynamics, LiBr-H2O
Absorption.
A computer model which describes the dynamic behavior of the interaction between a
generator and the condenser is presented.
The reference unit is a 3kW absorption heat transformer, AHT, located at CIICAp-UAEM.
This unit uses as absorption fluid a mixture of aqueous Lithium-Bromide.
The generator of this AHT is composed by a ‘U’ shape pipe-manifold with a distributor, 3
rows in the upper section and 4 rows in the lower section. The released steam travels from the
generator towards a helicoidal condenser. This shape enhances heat transfer.
The evaluation of the momentum equations are key to analyze the steam flow at a given
pressure and temperature which travels from the generator to the condenser.
The model of the generator is based in the conservation of internal energy in the shell side.
This model considers the concentration profile of the absorption mixture along the pipe
manifold for the specific configuration of the generator.
The model of the condenser considers the different zones condensation and off-saturation.
The selection of tuning parameters (efficient area of desorption, and wetting angle in the
condenser is also discussed)
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
27 Instituto de Energías Renovables
The model is represented as a set of algebraic differential equations. The steady state results of
these coupled models are compared with the reference unit. The analysis of the dynamic for
some typical operating changes is also presented.
The study of the interaction of these two components of the AHT is important to understand
the conditions to arrive smoothly to a steady state, since some causes for instability can be
identified and to detect low performance. Also this study is useful as a guide the design of
compact generator-condenser units.
(*)Corresponding author [email protected]
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
28 Instituto de Energías Renovables
ANALYSIS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE GENERATOR OF
APPLIED HEAT PUMP WATER PURIFICATION
Y. Lazcano Véliz1, J. Siqueiros
1, D. Juárez-Romero
1, L.I. Morales
1 y J. Torres Merino
2
1Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad
1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, C. P. 62209, Morelos, México. Tel. (01777) 3297900, [email protected] ; 2Facultad
de Química Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Edificio E. Facultad de Química, UNAM. Ciudad Universitaria,
México D.F. C.P. 04510 Tel: 5622-53-76 / 5622-53-35.
Using closed heat exchange systems for water purification is a good alternative to reduce
energy consumption, including using alternate sources of energy, however, there are few
studies on experimental equipment for evaluating more efficient designs. This study aims to
evaluate the energy efficiency in the distributor of a heat pump heat transformer using an
absorbing solution of lithium bromide-water as coolant. The efficiency in the absorption
process through the heat distribution of a falling film absorber solution of lithium bromide-
water pipes of the coil, plays a very important role in the performance of the generator coupled
to a heat pump . Experimental tests were conducted free-fall drop in a horizontal tube bank
outside diameter 1.22 cm. The results show the characteristics of the distribution patterns of
the absorbent solution during the fall through the tubes of the coil, including the formation of
droplets, fine jets and elongation horizontal tilt at different angles and flow rates (0320, 0228 ,
0.147 and 0.066 kg / ms). We also analyzed the film thickness aqueous lithium bromide-water
along the flow direction using a caliper and the results were compared with measurements
made by digital image processing. We obtained an average film thickness of 0.08 cm. It is
concluded that to obtain a good distribution efficiency of the absorbing solution of lithium
bromide-water along the coil must work flows around 0,228 kg / ms to maintain a
homogeneous solution fall through the coil tube and the heat transfer more efficient in the
generator of the pump.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
29 Instituto de Energías Renovables
DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A SOLAR COMBINED
SYSTEM (THERMAL AND PHOTOVOLTAIC) FOR AIR HEATING
PROPOSES
D. Gama2, I. Pilatowsky
1*, A. Oskam
3, G. Mejía
2, V. Canedo
4, V.M. Cadena
4,
J. Ortega1, J. Campos
1,
1Instituto de Energías Renovables, UNAM 2Posgrado en Ingeniería Área Energía, UNAM, Apartado Postal 34, Temixco, 62580, Morelos, México.
*[email protected] 3Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001,
Juriquilla, 76230, Querétaro, México. 4Graduados de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas e Ingenierías de la Universidad del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad
1001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, 62209, México.
Abstract
Design and experimental study of a prototype of the combined solar system; thermal-
photovoltaic, for air heating applications is presented. Solar heating can be carried out by
indirect air heating mode, using a thermo hydronic system (water to air heat exchanger) or by
means of a one-pass direct air heating mode. The air heating process can be realized, during
the day, during the night (thermal storage mode) or night and day, using both solar systems
simultaneously, depending on the thermal and photovoltaic system configurations. The energy
needed for the operation of the electrical components is obtained from a photovoltaic solar
system.
The solar air heated was introduced into a horizontal tunnel where the operation conditions;
temperature, velocity and air humidity were determinate. For different solar radiation
conditions (750 to 950 Wm2), the air temperature range of 40 to 55 ºC, and maximum air
velocity of 2.5 ms-1were obtained. These preliminary results showed an important potential of
application of this prototype in processes where the air heating is required, as such as, drying,
incubators, raising poultry and spaces conditioning
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
30 Instituto de Energías Renovables
CÁLCULO DEL FACTOR DE EMISIONES DE GASES DE EFECTO
INVERNADERO DE LA GASOLINA MAGNA EN MÉXICO MEDIANTE
UN MÉTODO HÍBRIDO DE ANÁLISIS DE CICLO DE VIDA
M. Nazar Beutelspacher1, J. Moreira Acosta
2, T.M. Rioja Paradela
2
1Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas. Boulevard Belisario Domínguez Km 1081 s/n Terán, Tuxtla
Gutiérrez, Chiapas México C.P. 29050.
2Facultad de Ingeniería. Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas. Libramiento Norte Poniente No. 1150. Col. Lajas
Maciel. Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas México C.P. 29018.
El factor de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) de los combustibles fósiles es un
parámetro indispensable para los reportes de emisiones de GEI. Su empleo generalmente se
reduce a las emisiones directas derivadas de la combustión en motores de combustión interna,
empleando valores reportados en la literatura, particularmente los factores reportados por la
EPA en el Reporte AP-42. Este enfoque padece de errores de truncación al no considerar las
emisiones debidas al proceso de extracción, procesamiento y transporte de este combustible.
En este artículo se calculan las emisiones totales de GEI aplicando el método híbrido de
análisis de ciclo de vida de análisis de procesos incrementado. En este método se suman las
emisiones provocadas durante la combustión interna de la gasolina magna en motores a las
debidas al proceso completo de fabricación de la gasolina magna en México. Las emisiones
indirectas de GEI se calculan aplicando el método Input-Output. En este método se parte de la
matriz Insumo-producto de la economía mexicana para obtener la matriz de coeficientes
técnicos y con esta calcular la Matriz inversa de Leontief. Se considera el vector de emisiones
sectoriales de GEI propuesto por Ruiz Nápoles (2011) modificándolo en algunos sectores. Al
resultado del cálculo de las emisiones indirectas se le suman las emisiones directas por
combustión reportadas por la EPA obteniendo un factor de emisiones totales de GEI de 2.863
kgCO2e/lt. El factor de emisiones totales de GEI obtenido es significativamente diferente al
factor de emisiones directas de GEI (2.311 kg CO2/lt).
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
31 Instituto de Energías Renovables
UPTAKE OF ANTHROPOGENIC CO2 BY THE ATMOSPHERE: AN
IMPACT OF ENERGY DEMAND
Mahendra P. VERMA
Geotermia, Instituto de Investigaciones Eléctricas, Reforma 113, Col. Palmira, Cuernavaca, Mor. C.P. 62490, México.
In 1960s it was well recognized that the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) due to burning of
fossil-fuels in the production of electrical energy, more precisely the transformation of
electrical energy from chemical energy caused the environmental problems like global
warming, flooding, dryness, weather disasters, etc. Agriculture revolution between 15,000 and
12,000 years ago raised the atmospheric CO2 from 200 to 270±10 ppm by volume, which was
approximately constant till the industrial revolution initiated with the burning of fossil carbon.
A substantial disruption had undergone as a result of the injection of 480 PgC (Pentagrams of
Carbon=1012
kg of C) into the atmosphere through fossil-fuel combustion and land-use change,
including forest clearance.
Deep understanding of carbon cycle is fundamental in planning a strategy for the atmospheric
CO2 removal. It is shown from the long term monitoring data of atmospheric CO2 at the Mauna
Loa Observatory, Hawaii, and surface ocean water alkalinity and pH that there was an
exponential increase in the aggregation of atmospheric CO2 from 6.7 PgC/yr in 1959 to 16.2
PgC/yr in 2008.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
32 Instituto de Energías Renovables
CELDAS COMBUSTIBLES DE OXIDOS SOLIDOS DE BAJA
TEMPERATURA: ESTADO ACTUAL, RETOS Y PERSPECTIVAS
R. Sánchez Reyes1, S. Pathiyamattom Joseph
1, J. Moreira Acosta
2
1Centro de Investigación en Energía. Universidad Autónoma de México (UNAM), México, Privada de Xochicalco, S/N.
Temixco, Morelos, México. Tel. 044 777 3067335
[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]
2Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, México, (UNICACH)
1ª Sur Poniente No. 1460 Col. Centro C. P. 29000 | Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas | Tel. +52 (961) 61 704 00
RESUMEN
La problemática que bloquea el camino a la comercialización de las SOFC se centra
fundamentalmente en la aplicación final planeada para ellas. Las altas temperaturas de trabajo
y el problema de la compactibilidad de los módulos, son restricciones que limitan su uso en
aplicaciones móviles, a cuya solución se están dirigiendo las actuales investigaciones. Se ha
trabajado fundamentalmente en la disminución del tamaño y en la modificación de las
geometrías; tales sistemas son conocidos como Micro-SOFCs. Existen un gran número de
problemas que deben ser resueltos para la implementación y comercialización de esta
tecnología (reducción de los costos de fabricación y operación, mejoramiento del desempeño
de las celdas, extensión del tiempo de vida útil, entre otros), dando lugar al surgimiento de
nuevos campos o líneas de investigación.
Han sido fabricada celdas de alta potencia de salida operando a temperaturas entre 350 oC y
400 oC, las cuales mostraron una fuerte influencia del espesor del electrólito en el rendimiento
de la celda. Otros estudios se han orientado al desarrollo de nuevos materiales para
electrólitos y electrodos. Atendiendo a lo anterior, en este trabajo se presenta una revisión y
análisis de los principales trabajos que han sido publicados en el campo de estudios de
películas delgadas nano cristalinas, logradas fundamentalmente por técnicas de deposición y a
base de diferentes compuestos; así como los resultados más relevantes obtenidos, que
refuerzan la importancia de continuar investigando en este campo.
Palabras claves: Celdas combustibles de óxidos sólidos (SOFC); películas delgadas nano-
cristalinas; rendimientos de las SOFC.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
33 Instituto de Energías Renovables
DE LAS OLAS AL HIDRÓGENO
Sánchez Dirzo Rafael1, Silva Casarín Rodolfo
2
Mendoza Baldwin Edgar G.3, González Huerta Rosa de Gpe.
4
1Fes-Zaragoza UNAM, México, [email protected]; 2,3Instituto de Ingeniería UNAM, México; 4ESIQIE-IPN, México
Las ondas oceánicas concentran tal cantidad de energía solar que de poder ser aprovechada
contribuiría de manera significativa a resolver el problema de la obtención de electricidad
barata, la más económica posible, y con la misma, obtener hidrógeno de manera masiva por
electrólisis. El estudio del fenómeno costero conocido como la bufadora permite concebir
dispositivos sencillos para lograr tal propósito. Este trabajo presenta uno de tales dispositivos
al que se le ha llamado “blowjet”. El blowjet es una elemental tobera en forma del instrumento
musical conocida como “tuba” que reproduce el fenómeno de la bufadora. Una aplicación
inmediata es proponer la innovación de una de las estructuras de ingeniería más importantes,
milenarias e imponentes sobre las costas: los diques rompeolas que desde hace milenios son
diseñados y construidos para romper las olas y con ello disipar su energía, el blowjet, es una
alternativa para concentrar y con ello aprovechar la potencia del oleaje. Diversos sistemas
oceanomotrices se encuentran en desarrollo y México, con inmensos recursos marinos, no
puede darse el lujo de excluirse de estas áreas de las energías renovables que en los últimos 20
años han tenido un despunte que las coloca como reales alternativas en el dilema de disminuir
la presencia de los hidrocarburos para obtener energía eléctrica.
Referencias
1. Edgar Mendoza-Baldwin, Rodolfo Silva Casarín, Rafael Sánchez-Dirzo and Xavier, Chávez-Cárdenas,
WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION USING A BLOWJET-SYSTEM, 2010 Proceeding of the 32nd
International Conference Coastal Engineering p. 1-10
2. Rosa de Guadalupe González Huerta, Ernesto López Chávez, Blanca Velázquez Morales.
HIDRÓGENO: Introducción a la energía limpia. 2009, ISBN: 978-607-7798-02-6 UAEM.
3. http://www.iea-oceans.org/ última revisión 25 de diciembre de 2012.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
34 Instituto de Energías Renovables
ELECTROCATALYST CoxFeyRuz, COULD BE A NEW MATERIAL TO
CARRY OUT THE OXYGEN REDUCTION REACTION IN A FUEL
CELL?
A. Sandoval-González
1,*, Abdiel Moisés Martínez Bañuelos
2,
Sebastian Joseph Pathiyamattom3
1Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Guerrero, Carretera Federal Iguala-Taxco Km 105 Puente Campuzano Taxco de
Alarcón Guerrero, 2Universidad Politécnica de Zacatecas. Plan del Pardillo S/N, Parque Industrial, Fresnillo Zacatecas, 3Centro de Investigación en Energía, CIE-UNAM. Privada Xochicalco S/N,Temixco, Morelos, 62580, México.
*E-mail [email protected]
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are considered promising power sources for
portable applications in a near future. The main problem avoiding the massive use of this kind
of energy production system is the lower performance and stability than traditional catalysts
used in PEMFC. In this work is reported a simple and rapid synthesis method for obtaining
CoxFeyRuz based electrocatalyst showing adequate characteristics to reduce oxygen in a fuel
cell experimental condition. Cobalt (II) Nitrate hexahydrate [Co (NO3)2 *6H2O], triruthenium
dodecarbonyl [Ru3 (CO)12] and Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4*7H2O) were used as
precursor reagents. Ethylene-glycol and water were used as reaction medium and reducing
reagents. The nanostructured characteristics of CoxFeyRuz electrocatalysts were controlled by
using a microwave synthesis at 220°C for 30 min, and approximately 600 W power radiations.
The catalysts were characterized by electrochemical techniques like cyclic voltammetry, lineal
sweep voltammetry and rotating ring-disk electrode. It was also possible to determine the
electrochemical mechanism to reduce oxygen when CoxFeyRuz catalysts were used in the
cathode of electrochemical experimental. Also was possible to obtain the chemical
composition and the x-ray diffraction. CoxFeyRuz based materials could be considered as
prominent new cathodic electrocatalysts in PEMFC.
Keywords: Electrocatalyst, oxygen reduction, microwave irradiation, CoxFeyRuz, PEMFC.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
35 Instituto de Energías Renovables
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION IN A MICROBIAL ELECTROLYSIS CELL
WITH BICARBONATE BUFFER
L. Verea, P.J. Sebastian, F.Ginez
Departamento de materiales solares. Instituto de Investigación en Energía, Universidad
Nacional Autónoma de México. Temixco 62580, Morelos, México. Tel: 777 3 62 00 90
The hydrogen production by the microbial electrolysis process can be enhanced with the
optimal conductivity of the medium. In this study two different conductivities were tested. The
conductivity was varied with carbonate buffer since the residential waste water (RWW)
contains high concentrations of this compound. The aim of this study is to produce hydrogen
with synthetic RWW in a 80 ml membrane less microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) with an
applied voltage of 1 V. As it was expected the hydrogen production was enhanced with the
increase of the conductivity. The hydrogen production rate (Q) was enhanced from 0.13
m3/m
3d to 0.21 m
3/m
3d with the increasing the conductivity from 7.5 to 15 mS/m. This effect
was reflected in the overall the parameters evaluated. The highest cathodic efficiency was 97.7
% and a hydrogen productivity of 0.54 W was obtained with the conductivity of 15mS/m. This
study proves that the increase in the bicarbonate buffer concentration contributes to decreasing
the resistance of the medium to transport H+ to produce H2 molecules.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
36 Instituto de Energías Renovables
SURFACE MODIFICATIONS OF ALUMINUM ALLOY 6061 FOR
BIPOLAR PLATES OF A POLYMER ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE
FUEL CELL
A.G. González-Gutiérrez1, J.P. Sebastian
1 , L. Magallon Cacho
1
1 Centro de Investigación en Energía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Privada Xochicalco S/N, Centro, 62580,
Temixco, Morelos. México
[email protected], [email protected]
The polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is an electrochemical device that
converts chemical energy of a fuel into electrical energy through a REDOX reaction, whose
only biproduct is water and heat. This kind of device presents efficient operation, high energy
density, modular characteristics, low-temperature operation (max. 80ºC) and zero
contamination (when hydrogen fuel is used). These advantages make the PEMFC an attractive
candidate for applications in propulsion engines and portable devices. This technology still
presents a few problems, mainly with respect to catalysts, electrolytes, and bipolar plates, since
the latter represents 80% of the total weight and 45% of the cost. This work proposes the use
of an alternative material to substitute the graphite plates with those based on aluminum. This
material has the advantages of low density, low cost, and malleability, but for its use as bipolar
plates usage it is necessary a stable coating in the corrosive environment of the cell. In this
work we present details of a physic-chemical treatment that enables a gold coating on the
aluminum to protect the same against corrosion. The surface modification consists of the
deposition of a nickel layer and a post-deposition thermal treatment in the nitrogen atmosphere
and finally the gold deposition by sputtering. The samples were analysed using XRD, SEM,
corrosion studies, chronoamperometry and cyclic voltamperometry.
Keywords: Bipolar plate alumininum, metal coating, sputtering, corrosion.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
37 Instituto de Energías Renovables
DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND INTEGRATION OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES
APPLIED TO SUSTAINABLE HOUSING
A. Yunez Cano, J. Franco Cruz, M. L. Hernández Pichardo, R. G. González Huerta
IPN-ESIQIE, Laboratorio de Foto-Electrocatálisis, UPALM, Mexico D.F.
Economic and scientific development has enabled various forms of alternative energy
worldwide, reducing environmental damage and electricity costs. The technological transition
of this type of sustainable systems have become essential in this century; in Mexico, however,
has taken longer to promote and adopt these alternative technologies in the industrial and
domestic sectors, despite of the wide diversity of natural resources that enable the proper
operation thereof.
Nowadays, the limited condition of certain sources of energy specifically for each region of the
country, has been overcome with the integration of hybrid systems for clean energy generation,
such is the case of hydrogen technology through fuel cells, as these systems can be adapted to
various sustainable energy sources such as solar, wind and wave to strengthen and maximize
the energy available.
In this project, it has been developed a “Sustainable Housing” which promotes a first prototype
of mobile home integrating 1 kW installed solar providing 2.5 days of battery life with an
average daily consumption of 3.3 kWh/day, using energy-efficient appliances. The second and
third stages, currently in development, consist in the integration of a system of fuel cell support
PEM, which includes the production of hydrogen by water electrolysis and its subsequent
storage via metal hydrides.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
38 Instituto de Energías Renovables
DISEÑO Y PRUEBA DE UNA CASETA PARA DETERMINAR
SIMULTÁNEAMENTE EL FLUJO TÉRMICO A TRAVÉS DE VARIAS
LOSAS PARA TECHUMBRE, DOTADAS DE DIVERSOS
RECUBRIMIENTOS
J. Lucero-Álvarez, I.R. Martín-Domínguez
Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S. C. (CIMAV)
Departamento de Energía Renovable y Protección del Medio Ambiente
Miguel de Cervantes 120. Complejo Industrial Chihuahua. 31109 Chihuahua, Chih. México
En este trabajo se muestra el diseño y pruebas de una caseta, en la cual se pueden determinar
experimentalmente los flujos de calor a través de una serie de probetas que representan un
techo convencional de concreto. Sobre estas probetas se pueden aplicar diversos arreglos de
materiales termo-aislantes y recubrimientos reflectivos, que frecuentemente son utilizados para
aumentar la resistencia al flujo de calor a través de techo, y de esta forma disminuir el
consumo energético de los equipos de climatización artificial. El objetivo es someter a todas
las probetas a las mismas condiciones climáticas exteriores e interiores, y medir
simultáneamente los flujos de calor que se generan en cada una de ellas.
El flujo de calor a través de las probetas es determinado midiendo las temperaturas en las
superficies de las mismas, cada dos minutos y durante periodos de una semana. Las probetas
son idénticas en espesor y material de construcción, y se conoce su conductividad térmica,
densidad y capacidad calorífica. Las mediciones pueden realizarse de manera simultánea y
bajo condiciones similares de operación en todas las probetas, y así comparar el
comportamiento térmico de diferentes arreglos. El rápido reemplazo de las probetas permite
evaluar una gran cantidad de arreglos con materiales termoaislante y recubrimientos utilizado
en techos, en un periodo de tiempo relativamente corto, y bajo condiciones reales de operación.
Mediante éste sistema es posible comparar el desempeño térmico de diferentes tipos de
recubrimientos y aislamientos, bajo condiciones reales de operación.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
39 Instituto de Energías Renovables
EFICIENCIA, ACCESIBILIDAD Y COMPONENTES DE LOS
SISTEMAS DE ENFRIAMIENTO NATURAL PARA REGIONES
CÁLIDO HÚMEDAS
Laura I. Guarneros Urbina1, Paul Ramiro Pérez Sampablo
2
1,2Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco. Posgrado en Diseño. Arquitectura Bioclimática División de Ciencias y
Artes para el Diseño San Pablo 180. Colonia Reynosa Tamaulipas. C.P. 02200, México, D.F.
La climatización al interior de los edificios ubicados en regiones cálidas húmedas tiene como
principal requerimiento térmico el enfriamiento durante todo el año, al igual que el control de
humedad, debido a que en estos climas se registran humedades sobre la zona de confort
recomendable (30%-70% HR).
Es recurrente que la solución a dichas demandas de climatización sea a través de equipos
mecánicos de enfriamiento, mismos que repercuten en la economía, el ambiente y la salud.
Lamentablemente no se conciben inicialmente soluciones pasivas o naturales para lograr el
confort higrotérmico en beneficio de los ocupantes, debido principalmente a la falta de
difusión, aplicación y dominio sobre el tema, lo que dificulta la elección y aumenta indecisión
de su uso.
En este trabajo se analiza el comportamiento termofísico, complejidad y viabilidad de los
componentes de algunos sistemas de enfriamiento natural de regiones cálido húmedos.
Para la evaluación de estos sistemas se diseñaron tablas comparativas para obtener las
similitudes y generar una lista de componentes necesarios para el diseño e integración de
sistemas de enfriamiento natural en la edificación. Los resultados obtenidos en investigaciones
experimentales realizadas en Venezuela, México y Estados Unidos confirman las ventajas de la
implementación de estos sistemas en el sector habitacional, mejorando las condiciones de
confort higrotérmico de los ocupantes, ahorro de energía y reducción de contaminantes que se
emiten al medio ambiente.
Palabras claves: Sistemas de climatización natural, clima cálido húmedo, confort
higrotérmico, alternativas de diseño.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
40 Instituto de Energías Renovables
Ener-Habitat: THERMAL EVALUATION OF THE ARCHITECTURAL
ENVELOPE
Guadalupe Huelsz, Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 34 Temixco Centro,
62580, Temixco, Mor. Tel/fax 55+56-22-97-41, [email protected].
Guillermo Barrios, Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 34 Temixco Centro,
62580, Temixco, Mor. Tel/fax 55+56-22-97-41, [email protected].
Jorge Rojas, Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 34 Temixco Centro, 62580,
Temixco, Mor. Tel/fax 55+56-22-97-41, [email protected].
Ener-Habitat is a numerical tool for the thermal evaluation of building envelope walls/roofs
accessible via Internet with a web browser. It solves the one dimensional time dependent heat
transfer equation through the wall/roof, considering convective boundary on the inside and
periodic outdoor temperature, solar radiation, and convective boundary condition on the
outside. The entry data is introduced through a Graphical User Interface. It can evaluate
constructive systems (CS) composed by only homogeneous layers or CS that contain one no-
homogeneous layer. By definition, a homogeneous layer is composed by only one material and
has no air cavities in it. A no-homogeneous layer is composed by two or more materials or has
air cavities in it. The evaluation is for a city of Mexico, the time period (typical day of month
or annual evaluation), the type of CS (wall or roof) and the condition in which the CS is
evaluated (air-conditioned or non-air conditioned). If the user selected a CS composed by
homogeneous layers, Ener-Habitat can compare up to five CS at once and it last a couple of
minutes. If the user selected a CS with a no-homogeneous layer, the numerical analysis takes
some hours, and the user can evaluate only one CS at once. Up to now, Ener-Habitat can
evaluate three types of no-homogeneous layers. The materials and dimensions of the layers and
the solar absortance of the outdoor surface must be defined. When the CS is evaluated
considering an air-conditioned room, the main evaluation parameter is the energy per unit area
per selected period needed to keep the room at the comfort temperature and the best CS
configuration is the one with the lowest value. When the CS is evaluated considering a non-air-
conditioned room, one of the reported parameters is the thermal energy transferred through the
CS per unit area per the selected period. In this case, the best CS configuration is the one with
the lowest value of this parameter.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
41 Instituto de Energías Renovables
PROPOSAL OF SOLAR RADIATION PROTECTIONS ON THE
FAÇADES OF A NEW LAB-BUILDING OF THE INSTITUTO DE
ENERGÍAS RENOVABLES –UNAM
Adriana Lira-Oliver1, Jorge Rojas
2, Guadalupe Huelsz
2,
Guillermo Barrios2, Francisco Rojas
2
13S-Consulting for Sustainable and Integrated Designs, Mexico City, Mexico
2Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Mexico
ABSTRACT: Solar radiation protections on the main façades of a new research laboratory
building were proposed. These main façades are oriented towards the Northeast and the
Southwest. The building is located in the campus of the IER UNAM in Temixco, Mexico.
Solar radiation levels at this location are high, creating the need of the design and construction
of solar protected façades that diminish, as much as possible, heat loads on the building’s
structure. The analysis of shadows, incident radiation blockage and indoor natural lighting
illumination levels was conducted for the following four cases: case 1. Forty-five degree tilted
louvers 0.60m wide; case 2. Horizontal louvers 0.60m wide; case 3. Double façades that
comprises solid panels covering the opaque surfaces and panels with perforations of 0.05m
diameter, every 0.1m all over the transparent surface; and case 4. Double façade that comprises
solid panels, covering the opaque surfaces, and 0.30m wide horizontal louvers, along the
windows. Results indicate that cases 1and 4 are the best alternatives from the thermal and
illumination point of view. The new building is under construction with the protections
corresponding to case 4 on the Southwest façade and only with the horizontal louvers on the
Northeast façade.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
42 Instituto de Energías Renovables
THERMAL COMFORT AND THERMAL STRATEGIES FOR NON AIR-
CONDITIONED DWELLINGS IN HOT DRY CLIMATE
I. Marincic, J.M. Ochoa, M.G. Alpuche, I. González
Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Encinas y Rosales, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
The social housing construction in Mexico has been supported during the last decade by the
government, in order to address the housing deficit. One of the consequences of the quick
construction of houses, and of the need of lowering as much as possible the costs, is the
decrease of the quality in the design and construction of them. When houses are designed and
constructed without climate considerations, especially in hot arid regions, environmental
comfort conditions indoors become drastically uncomfortable and also high electricity costs
must be paid by those who can afford some kind of acclimatization device.
A project about thermal comfort in low cost houses has been carried out by seven universities,
located in warm dry and warm humid climates in Mexico. In this work we present results
obtained in Hermosillo city, with hot dry climate. Indoor thermal variables have been
measured and field surveys have been applied to occupants of low-cost housing, to analyze the
habitability of them.
Adaptive neutral temperature and comfort range for the local population have been obtained.
Passive thermal strategies have been developed, based also on regional needs and economic
limitations. Although the guidelines are focused more on cooling requirements, some water
conservation suggestions and integrated renewal energy techniques have been also been
included.
A house model project has been developed, according to the generated guidelines, and it has
been simulated and compared with a commercial house model usually constructed by
developers.
The physical house model has been constructed for experimental research and demonstration,
and it has been monitored over almost one year. The indoor temperatures are presented and
analyzed, in relation to the climatic conditions and the obtained comfort range.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
43 Instituto de Energías Renovables
THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF A CONCRETE ROOF WITH AND
WITHOUT SOLAR REFLECTIVE COATING UNDER CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS OF MORELOS STATE
I. Hernández-Pérez, G. Álvarez, J. Xáman
Centro Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico (CENIDET-DGEST-SEP), Prol. Av. Palmira S/N, Col. Palmira
Cuernavaca, Morelos CP 62490, México
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
A cool roof is an ordinary roof with a reflective coating on the exterior surface which has a
high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance. These properties let the roof keep a lower
temperature than a standard roof under the same conditions. In this work the thermal
performanceof a concrete roof with and without insulation and with different coatings has been
analyzed.The boundary conditions for the external roof surface have been taken from monthly
averagedclimatic data offour localitiesof Morelos State. For the internal surface, it is
considered that the building is air-conditioned and the inside air has a constant temperature.
The temperature distribution andthe heat flux rates at midday into the building for each month
of the year have been obtained using the finite volume method.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
44 Instituto de Energías Renovables
VENTILACIÓN BIOMIMÉTICA
Alejandro Morales Cruz
1, Víctor Fuentes Freixanet
2 Jorge Sánchez de Antuñano y Barranco
3
1Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Azcapotzalco, México D.F.;
2 Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Azcapotzalco, México D.F. 3 Departamento de Investigación y Conocimiento para el Diseño, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Azcapotzalco,
México D.F.
La arquitectura bioclimática; consiste en el diseño de edificios teniendo en cuenta las condiciones
climáticas, aprovechando los recursos disponibles para disminuir los impactos ambientales, en
ocasiones se complementa con el biomimetismo y toma procesos del funcionamiento de la
naturaleza para resolver problemas de diseño aplicados en el comportamiento humano.
El principal motivo de esta investigación surge del el alto consumo energético empleado
actualmente en las construcciones para su climatización. En promedio se utiliza para este fin un
40% de toda la energía generada a nivel mundial.
En contraste, para poder obtener un hábitat fresco, ciertas especies de insectos han desarrollado
sistemas complejos y extraordinarios de control de temperatura, sin la necesidad de emplear
ventiladores, generadores de aire y otros sistemas mecanizados.
En este trabajo se analizaran los sistemas de las termitas mediante el estudio de ventilación, en
diferentes tipos de nidos, lo que determinara el funcionamiento de su composición estructural, y
permitirá visualizar su óptimo comportamiento biomimético.
El fin de este análisis es reducir o eliminar los sitemas de climatizacion mecanizada en la
arquitectura contemporánea, por medio de soluciones inspiradas en los espacios creados por los
insectos en la naturaleza.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
45 Instituto de Energías Renovables
ASSESSMENT OF THE EOLIC POTENTIAL IN AN AREA OF THE
TOWN OF JUAN C. BONILLA, PUEBLA, MEXICO
Jesús B. Marcos Jiménez1, Fernando O. González Manzanilla
2
1 2Universidad Politécnica de Puebla, Juan C. Bonilla, Puebla
In the future the humanity will have to face, from an energetic point of view, to a very serious
problem that is the need of oil, since this source gives movement to the world in which we live
and without it, as has been predicting due to the increase of the population who demands more
energy, will be catastrophic. Is for this the interest of search new options to supply the need of
oil and between the sources of alternative renewable energies wind and solar, which is most
used is the wind because it is competitive from the economic aspect. Of this form the
Polytechnic University of Puebla works in research, analysis of data and development of
prototypes for sustainable energies. Then, with the information of the period January 01 to
September 30, 2012 showed on this paper are averages of: speed of the wind 2.8 m/s and
temperature 17 °C at a height of 2222 msnm giving a wind potential of 6.404 KW.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
46 Instituto de Energías Renovables
BREAKING THE TEN MINUTE PARADIGM IN WIND RESOURCE
ASSESSMENT
O. Rodriguez-Hernandez1, J.A. de Río
2, O.A. Jaramillo
2
1Posgrado en Ingeniería (Energía), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 34, CP 62580, Temixco, Mor., Mexico.
[email protected] 2Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP 34, CP 62580, Temixco, Mor., Mexico
The most important arguments to determine wind power techno-economic feasibility is
resource assess- ment. The sampling technique used is supported by calculate Representative
Averaged Wind Speeds (RAWS) by a ten minute average rate time. This time was established
from van der Hoven’s work concerning wind speed power spectrum dispersion analysis, which
concludes that the power spectrum has its minimum between 0.1 and 2 hours average rate time.
Resource assessments that uses as average rate time, 30 minutes or 1 hour RAWS leads to
power underestimation. It is clear that in the same place a small wind turbine will produce
more energy per unit area than a large turbine. On the other hand, due to the fact that SWT has
a smaller dynamic response than a large wind turbine, it seems that a smaller average rate time
than 10 minutes provides reliable assessments. This work contributes to develope reliable
assessments by presenting an adequate average rate time for small wind turbines in a tropical
region from a simple concept analysis easy to reproduce.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
47 Instituto de Energías Renovables
DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND EVALUATION OF A CONTROL SYSTEM FOR A
LOW-POWER WIND TURBINE
A. Verde A.1, J. Campos
1, O.D. Lastres
2, J. P. Sebastian
1, H.G. Geovanni
3, A. Sánchez
1.
1 Departamento de materiales solares. Centro de Investigación en Energía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de
México. Temixco 62580, Morelos, México. Tel: 777-3 62 00 90; 2 División de estudio de posgrado, Universidad
del Istmo, campus Tehuantepec. Sto. Domingo Tehuantepec 70760, Oaxaca, México. Tel: 971-7 12 70 50; 3
Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Guerrero. Taxco de Alarcón 40321, Guerrero, México.
This paper presents the design, construction and testing of the control system of a wind turbine
low power. The goal of the control system is to operate automatically and reliably the turbine.
To achieve this objective, the control system was designed according to the characteristics of
the wind turbine, which is divided into three subsystems: monitoring and control system,
communication system and the central system.
The monitoring and control system consists of two electronic boards: The supervisory board
monitors the variable voltage, current, wind rotor angular velocity, temperature and vibration,
and the control board that is responsible for start and stop the turbine.
The communication system interconnects the monitoring and control system to the central
system.
The central system is the interface between the operator and the turbine. We performed a
program in the LabView software that processes, stores and displays in real-time the
measurements of the field variables.
Also, we designed and implemented a system of electronic load regulation that allows us to
evaluate the wind turbine with wind speeds higher than the rated speed.
Finally we present the results obtained with the control system in graphical form for an test day
of the turbine with the purpose of observe its behavior in the presence of different wind
regimes, demonstrating that the objective was achieved to operate, monitor, control and
evaluate a low power turbine automatically and reliably.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
48 Instituto de Energías Renovables
A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN MULTICOMPONENT AND
SOLUTE GEOTHERMOMETRY THROUGH THE ESTIMATION OF
EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURES IN THE GEOTHERMAL
RESERVOIR OF LOS AZUFRES, MICHOACÁN (MÉXICO)
L. Peiffer, E. Santoyo, M. Guevara
Instituto de Energías Renovables, UNAM. Privada Xochicalco s/n, Centro Temixco, Morelos 62580, México;
Classical solute geothermometers have been widely applied for many decades as a powerful
exploration tool to estimate deep equilibrium temperatures in geothermal reservoirs. The most
widely used geothermometers, based on either the absolute concentration of SiO2 or the ratio
of several cations like Na/K, Na/K/Ca/(Mg), often provide satisfactory temperature
predictions, although they can be affected by significant error sources. On the other hand,
multicomponent geothermometry takes into account a complete chemical composition of
geothermal fluids based on the calculation of saturation indices of a group of probable
coexisting mineral phases in the reservoir. In this work, the dis- and advantages of each type of
geothermometers are discussed taking as a case study the Los Azufres geothermal reservoir
(Mexico), for which extensive data sets of water-gas-rock-mineral analyses are available. One
of the great advantages of the multicomponent geothermometry is that by numerical
computation and parameter optimization, it is possible to consider diverse geochemical
processes (e.g., the phase separation and dilution-concentration effects), which enables the
initial geothermal reservoir composition to be reconstructed. The impact of specific lithology
and secondary mineral phases can also be included allowing a more realistic geothermometry
approach. On the opposite, this method is more sensitive to re-equilibration processes through
water-rock interaction and precipitation than the solute geothermometers. To validate the
results of each geothermometer, equilibrium temperature estimates were compared with those
temperatures (bottomhole and static formation temperatures) measured in some drilled wells of
Los Azufres.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
49 Instituto de Energías Renovables
Furthermore, reactive transport simulations under kinetic and equilibrium conditions were also
performed to assess the results of each geothermometer’s estimate in response to variations in
the geothermal reservoir mineralogy. Finally, it is shown how the “excess steam” could be an
important geochemical parameter to be estimated for a better application of the solute
geothermometers.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
50 Instituto de Energías Renovables
GEOCHEMICAL MODELING OF LOW-TEMPERATURE THERMAL
SPRINGS IN THE CENTRAL-EASTERN REGION OF SONORA,
MEXICO
E. Almirudis1,*
I.S. Torres-Alvarado†, E. Santoyo
2, M. Guevara
2, F. Paz-Moreno
3
1Posgrado en Ingeniería (Energía), Instituto de Energías Renovables, UNAM;
2Instituto de Energías Renovables, UNAM, Privada Xochicalco s/n, Temixco, Mor., 62580, México; 3Departamento de
Geología, UNISON, Blvd. Luis Encinas s/n, Hermosillo, Son., 83000, México; *[email protected]
Abstract
According to regional geological and geochemical models, earliest surveys on the
Northwestern Mexico have delimitated promissory hydrothermal areas linked with the pull-
apart basins in the Gulf of California, and with convection hydrothermal systems of high- and
low- temperature. Given the importance of studying the geochemistry of thermal springs to
understand the dominated geothermal processes, water-rock interaction between geothermal
fluids and minerals has been studied. A geochemical model of the thermal springs located in
the Central and Eastern regions of Sonora has been proposed.
A field survey for collecting and analyzing the composition of twelve hot spring samples
was carried out. Chemical (major and minor components) and isotopic (18
O/16
O and D/H)
composition were determined from the collected samples. Deep equilibrium temperatures
(using solute geothermometers), and the mineral composition of in-situ precipitates were used
for proposing a preliminary geochemical model.
Finally, the calculation of hydrothermal mineral species and the corresponding mineral
saturation index, together with the geologic and lithological structures, suggested the possible
existence of a deep low-to-medium temperature hydrothermal system in the region of Sonora.
Acknowledgements: This work was partially supported by the project PAPIIT 115611
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
51 Instituto de Energías Renovables
GEOCHEMOMETRIC STUDY OF SOLUTE AND GAS
GEOTHERMOMETRY IN GEOTHERMAL WELLS
C.G. García-López1, K. Pandarinath
2 and E. Santoyo
2
1Posgrado en Ingeniería-Energía, Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 2Departamento de Sistemas Energéticos, Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Priv.
Xochicalco s/no., Col. Centro, Apartado Postal 34, Temixco, Mor. 62580, Mexico.
E-mail: [email protected].
ABSTRACT
The existence of geothermal reservoirs in a specific area is characterized by presence of
surface manifestations like hydrothermally altered rocks, thermal springs and/or fumaroles.
Chemical composition of the fluids from thermal manifestations and drilled wells reflects the
geochemical characteristics of water-rock interaction and prevailing hydrothermal activity in
the subsurface. Solute and gas geothermometers are frequently applied to estimate the reservoir
temperatures and are important tools in the exploration and evaluation of geothermal fields as
well as in monitoring the production of the systems.
In this work, we report a comparative geochemometric study between the estimated reservoir
temperatures (by applying solute and gas geothermometers) and the measured bottom-hole
temperature (BHT) in wells of the important geothermal fields of the world. For this purpose,
we have applied a geochemometric methodology involving: (1) creation of an extensive
database consisting of chemical composition of geothermal water and gases and BHT of the
geothermal wells representing different regions of the world; (2) estimation of the reservoir
temperatures by applying 13 Na/K and 21 gas geothermometers; (3) estimation of the errors in
the estimated temperatures using the Monte Carlo method; (4) comparison of the estimated and
measured reservoir temperatures by a statistical method.
The study indicated that the Na/K geothermometers are generally overestimated the reservoir
temperatures for the majority of the geothermal wells of the systems characteristic of
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
52 Instituto de Energías Renovables
comparatively lower reservoir temperatures (average BHTs between 222 and 237 °C) and
underestimated for the majority of the geothermal wells of the systems characteristic of higher
reservoir temperatures (average BHTs between 289 and 308°C). However, the applied gas
geothermometers have not shown any systematic over or under estimations of the reservoir
temperatures but indicated more scatter than those of Na/K derived temperatures. Na/K
geothermometers are, in general, more successful in predicting reliable reservoir temperatures
than the gas geothermometers.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
53 Instituto de Energías Renovables
GEOTERMOMETRÍA DE AGUAS TERMALES DEL CAMPO
GEOTÉRMICO DE LA PRIMAVERA, MÉXICO: EVALUACIÓN
BASADA EN UN ENFOQUE ESTADÍSTICO
Humberto Domínguez-Domínguez1, 3
, Kailasa Pandarinath2 y Luis Hernández-Álvarez
3
1Estadía de tesis de licenciatura, Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Priv.
Xochicalco s/no., Col. Centro, Apartado Postal 34, Temixco, Mor. 62580, Mexico. 2Departamento de Sistemas Energéticos, Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Priv.
Xochicalco s/no., Col. Centro, Apartado Postal 34, Temixco, Mor. 62580, Mexico. E-mail: [email protected] 3Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Morelos, Bvld. Cuauhnáhuac #566 Col. Lomas del Texcal, Jiutepec, Morelos
RESUMEN
Los geotermómetros son herramientas más económicas para estimar las temperaturas de
reservorio de sistemas geotérmicos y muy útiles durante la etapa inicial de la exploración
geotérmica. El campo geotérmico de La Primavera (CGLP) es uno de los más importantes
campos geotérmicos de México. Las aguas de manantiales termales y de pozos geotérmicos de
este sistema fueron usados en esta investigación para estimar la temperatura de reservorio
aplicando todos los geotermómetros de soluto disponibles. Las temperaturas estimadas del
reservorio han sido evaluadas y su confiabilidad ha sido obtenida basada en un método
estadístico adecuado.
El agua de manantiales termales es predominantemente de tipo bicarbonato (HCO3) y la
mayoría de estas muestras presentan una condición de equilibrio parcial (agua parcialmente
madura). La mayoría de las temperaturas estimadas para estas aguas son subestimadas
(inferiores) en comparación con el promedio de temperaturas medidas de fondo de pozos
geotérmicos (TFP) y temperaturas de equilibrio químico (TEQ). El análisis estadístico de las
temperaturas de reservorio estimadas indica que solo 7 de los 30 geotermómetros utilizados
presentan temperaturas similares o mejor comparables (estadísticamente no existe diferencia
significativa) a la respectiva TEQ.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
54 Instituto de Energías Renovables
Por otra parte, la clasificación química de aguas de pozos geotérmicos indica que la mayoría de
las muestras son agua de tipo cloruro (Cl; agua madura) y presentan una condición de
equilibrio total (agua madura).
El promedio de temperaturas de equilibrio químico para agua de pozos es de 259 °C, casi
similar al promedio de la temperatura de fondo de pozo estudiados (260 °C). La mayoría de los
geotermómetros aplicados (22 de los 28) han indicado temperaturas similares/comparables
(estadísticamente no existe diferencia significativa) a su respectiva TFP. Este estudio indica,
que basándose en una metodología geoquímica y estadística adecuada podemos obtener una
aplicación de los geotermómetros confiable.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
55 Instituto de Energías Renovables
IMPROVED METHOD FOR ESTIMATING STATIC FORMATION
TEMPERATURES IN GEOLOGICAL WELLS
J.A. Wong-Loya 1*
, J.A. Andaverde 2,3
and J.A. del Río 4
1 Posgrado en Ingeniería (Energía), Centro de Investigación en Energía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Priv.
Xochicalco s/n, Col. Centro, Temixco, Morelos 62580, México. [email protected] 2 Centro de Investigación en Recursos Energéticos y Sustentables, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Universidad Veracruzana
Km. 7.5, Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, México. [email protected] 3 Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Av. Universidad Veracruzana Km. 7.5, Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz,
México. [email protected] 4 Centro de Investigación en Energía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Priv. Xochicalco s/n, Col. Centro,
Temixco, Morelos 62580, México. [email protected]
*Presenting Author: [email protected]
Abstract
This paper describes a mathematical method for estimating static formation temperature using
a function based on the extrapolation of the measured data in the thermal recovery process of
geothermal and petroleum wells. This method use least-squares fit of a rational polynomial
model to describe the transient temperature data and, it provides an analytical expression of
thermal recovery processes. One can obtain enough accuracy with a relatively small number of
approximation coefficients. We apply this method for estimating the static formation
temperature of a geothermal and petroleum drilled well recovery process. In this work we have
developed the equations of least-squares fit of rational polynomial function and the equation to
calculate the uncertainties of its coefficients. This fitting procedure allows us to obtain a
mathematical model that represents the thermal recovery process and extrapolate the value of
temperature to infinite time. Also this method allows us to estimate the static formation
temperature and its uncertainty.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
56 Instituto de Energías Renovables
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY OF VOLCANIC ROCKS: AN
IMPORTANT PARAMETER FOR GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION
STUDIES IN IDENTIFICATION OF HYDROTHERMALLY ALTERED
ROCKS AND ZONES OF ALTERATION
Kailasa Pandarinath1, Rajasekhariah Shankar
2 and Anish Kumar Warrier
2, 3
1Departamento de Sistemas Energéticos, Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Priv.
Xochicalco s/no., Col. Centro, Apartado Postal 34, Temixco, Mor. 62580, Mexico. Email: [email protected] 2Department of Marine Geology, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, 574199 Karnataka, India 3Present address: National Centre for Antarctic & Ocean Research (NCAOR), Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa, India-
403 804
ABSTRACT
In geothermal areas, hydrothermal fluids reach the Earth's surface through faults, fractures,
gaps and cracks. These geothermal fluids react with the sub-surface and surface rocks. Some
minerals (primary) present in the rocks become unstable as a result of interaction with the
geothermal fluids. Due to this instability, a new equilibrium is attained between the minerals
and geothermal fluids through dissolution of primary minerals and precipitation of new
mineral phases (known as hydrothermal minerals). The distribution of a zone of
hydrothermally altered rocks provides information on the size of a geothermal system, the
nature of fluid-rock interaction processes and thermal conditions prevailing at depths
(reservoir). These aspects are of great importance during the initial phase of geothermal
exploration.
We have studied magnetic susceptibility (χlf) of drilled rock cuttings from two geothermal
wells of the important electricity-generating geothermal system, Los Azufres, Mexico. The
study indicates a decrease in χlf values with depth in the geothermal wells corresponding with:
(i) an increase in the reservoir temperature and hydrothermal alteration; and (ii) a decrease in
the concentrations of Fe-Mg silicates and opaque minerals.
The decrease in χlf, ilmenite and Fe-Mg mineral contents with an increase in the hydrothermal
alteration degree, pyrite and hematite contents suggests the hydrothermal alteration of ilmenite
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
57 Instituto de Energías Renovables
and Fe-Mg minerals (characteristic of high χlf values) to pyrite, hematite and other opaque
minerals (with low χlf values). In a geothermal area, an anomaly of low magnetic susceptibility
values of rocks in a homogenous litho unit characterized by high magnetic susceptibility may
suggest hydrothermal alteration. Magnetic susceptibility can be a useful parameter, during the
initial stages of geothermal exploration, in identifying hydrothermally altered rocks and zones
of hydrothermal alteration.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
58 Instituto de Energías Renovables
WATER-ROCK INTERACTION USING VOLCANIC ROCK SAMPLES (BASALT
AND DACITE): AN EXPERIMENTAL AND GEOCHEMOMETRICS STUDY TO
PREDICT GEOTHERMAL FLUID COMPOSITIONS AND REACTION TIMES
UNDER QUASI-STEADY STATE CONDITIONS
D. Pérez-Zarate
1, M. Guevara
2, L. Peiffer
2, J.A. Wong-Loya
1, I.S. Torres-Alvarado
†, E. Santoyo
2,*
1Posgrado en Ingeniería (Energía), Instituto de Energías Renovables, UNAM;
2Instituto de Energías Renovables,
UNAM, Privada Xochicalco s/n, Temixco, Mor., 62580, México. *Corresponding author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Geothermal reservoirs of low-to-high temperature are highly dynamic systems in which secondary
mineral assemblages and fluid chemistry greatly depend on the extent of water-rock (W/R) interaction
processes. Laboratory experiments offer the opportunity to emulate a variety of geothermal conditions,
and especially to assess and quantify the kinetic rates of W/R reactions. One of the main issues of these
W/R experiments is to estimate the reaction times needed to reach either full-equilibrium or quasi
steady-state conditions. Reaction rates decrease with time and therefore true steady-state conditions (or
full-equilibrium) are very difficult to reach because long experimentation times are actually needed.
The parameters affecting the reaction rates, and therefore the time needed to reach steady-state, such as
temperature, concentration of reactants, W/R ratios, surface areas of the rock samples, among others,
need to be constrained before setting up any experiment. Furthermore, reaction time plays an important
role when designing costly and optimized W/R experiments. Processing costs and problems of
reproducibility can be resolved when the time necessary to approach a quasi-steady state in such W/R
interaction experiments is determined with precision and accuracy. In the present study, W/R
experiments using volcanic rock samples were carried out. Crushed samples of basalt and dacite rocks
(500-1000 µm grain size) were reacted in a batch reactor with distilled water at three different
temperatures (23 °C, 90 °C, and 150 °C) and a W/R ratio of 5. Fluid and rock samples were collected
and analyzed prior to, and after each successful experiment during a period of 24 months.
Experimental data was optimized with sophisticated statistical tools (using rational polynomial models)
to reproduce the kinetic behavior of the W/R reactions with high accuracy. A geochemometric
methodology was then applied to predict the most probable final concentration of products (through the
estimation of log (Na/K) together with the use of various Na/K geothermometers), and the longest
expected reaction times (t→∞), assuming an exchange reaction between Na-K cations and alkaline
feldspar minerals which could be the most representative system in such W/R experiments. Details of
such W/R experiments and the geochemometrics treatment are outlined.
Keywords: rock dissolution, Na/K geothermometer, rational polynomial model, feldspar minerals.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
59 Instituto de Energías Renovables
ANÁLISIS NUMÉRICO EN EL RECEPTOR DE UNA ESTUFA SOLAR
URBANA
R.I. Cázares Ramírez1, P. Quinto Diez
1, J.A. Urbano Castelán
2, E. Jiménez Rodríguez
1.
1Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación-ESIME Zacatenco-LABINTHAP-IPN, México D.F., MEX; 2Sección de Electrónica de Estado Sólido-Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados-Zacatenco, México D.F., MEX.
Este artículo muestra diferentes soluciones para la transferencia de calor en un intercambiador
tipo helicoidal el cual forma parte de una estufa solar urbana y se encuentra ubicado en el
receptor del colector de la estufa solar urbana. Se realizaron diferentes análisis para el mismo
problema, variando la geometría del objeto de estudio para así observar los diferentes
resultados y finalmente concluir que tanto varían uno respecto de otro y que tan apropiado es
utilizar cada uno dependiendo de su aproximación con respecto al resultado obtenido
experimentalmente.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
60 Instituto de Energías Renovables
COMPARACIÓN DE RENDIMIENTO DE LOS CICLOS DE MEDIO,
SIMPLE Y DOBLE EFECTO EN SERIE E INVERSO PARA SISTEMAS
DE REFRIGERACIÓN POR ABSORCIÓN OPERANDO
CON LiBr-H20
J.A. Hernández, L.A. Domínguez, M.E. Sandoval y W. Rivera
Instituto de Energías Renovables
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Temixco Morelos, México
Correo: [email protected]
Resumen
En el presente artículo se reporta la comparación del funcionamiento teórico de cuatro
sistemas de aire acondicionado por absorción: i) simple efecto, ii) medio efecto, iii) doble
efecto en serie y iv) doble efecto inverso operando con la mezcla binaria LiBr-H2O, donde el
LiBr es el absorbente y el H2O es el refrigerante. En el desarrollo del artículo se describe
detalladamente cada uno de los ciclos termodinámicos y se propone el modelo matemático
para cada uno de los sistemas analizados. Para cada uno de los sistemas se obtienen gráficas
del Coeficiente de Operación y la Relación de Flujo en función de las temperaturas de
generación, absorción, condensación y evaporación. Del análisis de resultados se puede ver
que los sistemas más simples son los de simple efecto con los cuales se pueden obtener
coeficientes de operación teóricos de hasta 0.9 a temperaturas de generación entre 80°C y
100°C. Por otra parte, se observó que con los sistemas de medio efecto las temperaturas de
generación pueden ser más bajas que las empleadas con los sistemas de simple efecto, sin
embargo, su COP se reduce a casi la mitad. Por último, se observó que los sistemas de doble
efecto son los más eficientes alcanzando coeficientes de operación de hasta 1.5, sin embargo,
estos sistemas son los más complejos y sus temperaturas de generación son las más elevadas.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
61 Instituto de Energías Renovables
COMPARISON OF THE PERFORMANCE OF SINGLE-STAGE, TWO-
STAGE AND DOBLE-ABSORPTION HEAT TRANSFORMER BASED
ON AN ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS
*W. Rivera and H. Martínez
Instituto de Energías Renovables
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
A.P.34, 62580 Temixco, Mor., México.
ABSTRACT
In the present study, the first and second law of thermodynamics have been used to analyse
and compare the performance of single-stage, two-stage and double-absorption heat
transformers operating with the water-lithium bromide mixture. Mathematical models were
developed to estimate the coefficient of performance (COP), the exergy coefficient of
performance (ECOP), the total exergy destruction in the systems (ExT) and the exergy
destruction (ExC) in each one of the main components of the three heat transformers. The
results showed that the highest COP and ECOP and the lowest (ExT) were obtained with the
single-stage heat transformer, however, with this configuration is not possible to obtain higher
gross temperature lifts (GTL) compared with those obtained with the other configurations, and
also the operating range is very limited. In general the COP, the ECOP, the ExT and the
operating range of temperatures are almost the same for the two-stage and double-absorption
configurations; however, the flow ratio is considerably lower for the double-absorption system
than for the two-stage heat transformer which is a considerable advantage. Moreover, it was
found that the highest irreversibilities occur in the generator in the three systems.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
62 Instituto de Energías Renovables
CORRECTION OF THE CONCENTRATED SUNLIGHT SPOT´S DRIFT
OF THE CIE-UNAM´S SOLAR FURNACE
E. Brito-Bazan1, R. Pérez-Enciso
2, C.A. Arancibia-Bulnes
2, D. Riveros-Rosas
3,
C.A. Perez-Rábago2, 4
, J.J.Quiñonez2, C.A. Estrada
2
1Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito exterior s/n,
Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F. 04510, México. Phone +52(777)2795862. Email: [email protected]
2Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, México.
3 Instituto de Geofísica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México.
4Instituto IMDEA Energía, Móstoles, Spain.
1. Introduction
In the Institute of Renewables Energies of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
(UNAM), a High Radiative Flux Solar Furnace (HRFSF) was built, which was inaugurated in
August 2011. The optical design includes a total of 409 facets, divided into 5 different focal
length groups [1]. Since the inauguration date, some problems detected during its operation
have been solved. The main problem observed was that the concentrated sunlight spot did not
stay fixed at the focal zone throughout the day. This problem is detected when the solar
furnace is in operation for a prolonged period of time.
The heliostat has an azimuth mounting and its movement is produced with the help of a gear
mechanism with two electric motors, one for the azimuth motion and the other for elevation.
The control system that was initially installed in the heliostat is of the open loop type and the
sun´s apparent position vector was calculated by using the equations from the book by Duffie
and Beckman [2]. These were suspect of causing some of the drift problems, so a comparative
analysis of various codes proposed by different authors was made in order to implement a
better set of equations in the control system. The codes selected for the comparison were those
proposed by Grena [3] and Reda [4].
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
63 Instituto de Energías Renovables
In view of the comparison results, equations were changed for the ones proposed by Reda.
With this modification, the drift was reduced significantly, but not completely so it was
necessary to apply a closed loop control system, due to the difficult to identify and correct
completely the physical causes of de residual drift. This is done by means of a device
(peephole), which allows realizing adjustments in real time in the moment when a variation
occurs in the direction of the rays reflected by the heliostat.
References
[1] D. Riveros-Rosas, J. Herrera-Vázquez, S. Vázquez-Montiel, C.A. Arancibia-Bulnes, C. Pérez-Rábago, F.
Granados-Agustín, C. Estrada. Optical design of a high radiative flux solar furnace for Mexico. Solar Energy, 84-
5, (2010) 792-800.
[2] J. A. Duffie and W. A. Beckman, 2006. Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes.
[3] R. Grena, R. An algorithm for the computation of the solar position. Sol. Energy 2008, 82, 462-470.
[4] I. Reda, and A. Andreas. Solar position algorithm for solar radiation applications. Sol. Energ. 2004, 76, 577-
589.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
64 Instituto de Energías Renovables
DETERMINACIÓN DE LA CONDUCTIVIDAD TÉRMICA Y CALOR
ESPECÍFICO DE MATERIALES REFRACTARIOS
M. Montiel González1, O. Mesa Cruz
1, C.A. Estrada
1, I. Pilatowsky
1
1Instituto en Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Privada Xochicalco S/N, Temixco, Morelos,
62580, México.
Resumen
En el presente artículo se presenta el diseño, integración de componentes, instrumentación y
desarrollo de un experimento realizado en el laboratorio de concentración solar del IER-
UNAM, para determinar la conductividad térmica y calor específico de tres materiales
compuestos por una mezcla de cemento refractario comercial denominado COMPRIT 137M y
alúmina. Para realizar el experimento se fabricaron tres muestras circulares de 8.8 cm de
diámetro y 2.5 cm de espesor con diferente contenido de alúmina, esto es, 48.9% (COMPRIT
137M), 75% y 90%, respectivamente. Cada muestra fue instrumentada con tres termopares tipo
T en la superficie inferior y tres en la superficie superior. Posteriormente, se utilizó un
elemento calefactor conectado a una fuente de voltaje variable para suministrar el flujo de
calor de entrada a cada muestra de material y sobre ésta se colocó un calorímetro de placa
plana instrumentado con dos termopares tipo T, uno a la entrada y otro a la salida del fluido de
refrigeración (agua), para remover la cantidad de calor que se transfiere por conducción a
través de la muestra. Al realizar un balance de energía en la muestra cuando se alcanza el
estado estacionario, es posible determinar la conductividad térmica del material. Mientras que
un balance de energía durante el estado transitorio permite determinar el calor específico de la
muestra. La conductividad térmica del cemento refractario fue de 1.27±0.08 W/mºC y el calor
específico de 1252.9 ± 68.0 J/kgºC. La caracterización térmica de este tipo de materiales
permitirá la construcción de receptores de concentración solar tipo cavidad.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
65 Instituto de Energías Renovables
DETERMINACIÓN DE LAS AREAS DE MAYOR FACTIBILIDAD
PARA LA INSTALACIÓN DE PLANTAS TERMOSOLARES DE TORRE
CENTRAL. CASO SONORA, MEXICO
R. E. CABANILLAS-LÓPEZ1, J.L. TADDEI-BRINGAS
2, R.F. NAVARRO-
TRUJILLO
1 Departamento de Ing. Industrial, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, México 2 División de Ingeniería, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México.
e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
El propósito de esta investigación es determinar las localizaciones con mayor factibilidad para
la instalación de plantas termosolares tipo Torre Central en el estado de Sonora y para explorar
el desarrollo de la energía solar en gran escala para esta región.
Sonora es una de los lugares de México y del mundo que cuenta con mayor irradiancia solar
directa. Sin embargo, actualmente existe un desconocimiento sobre las localizaciones con
mayor factibilidad para instalar plantas termosolares tipo torre central.
Se espera que la Tecnología de Torre Central (TTC) en escala de 150 MWe sea competitiva
con otras formas de producción de potencia eléctrica. La TTC posee características que la
distinguen de otras formas de aprovechamiento de la energía solar. Por ejemplo, se requiere un
lugar con altos valores de radiación solar directa, a diferencia de las plantas fotovoltaicas que
pueden aprovechar la radiación difusa. Así mismo las plantas de TC generalmente están
asociadas a ciclo Rankin para la producción de electricidad y para eliminar el calor al ambiente
se requiere de torres de enfriamiento por lo que un suministro de agua es necesario. En este
trabajo se exploran algunas de estas características para determinar las zonas geográficas con
mejores condiciones para la ubicación de plantas termosolares de Torre Central.
Se determinaron seis criterios con la especificación de los parámetros correspondientes. La
información para cada uno de los criterios se plasmó en un Sistema de Información Geográfica
(SIG), posteriormente se utilizó la técnica de superposición considerando las seis capas de
información con las cuales se genera la séptima capa en la que se establecen las localizaciones
con mayor potencial para instalar las plantas de torre central.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
66 Instituto de Energías Renovables
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOLAR COOKER JORHEJPATARNSKUA I:
THERMAL STANDARD ANALYSIS OF COOKER WITH DIFFERENT
ABSORBER VESSELS
González-Avilés, Mauricio; Servín Campuzano, Hermelinda
Universidad Intercultural Indígena de Michoacán. Licenciatura: Desarrollo Sustentable con terminal en Tecnologías
Alternativas. Dirección: Finca la Tzipekua Carretera Pátzcuaro-Huecorio km 3, código postal 61614 Correo electrónico [email protected] Fax. (434) 3458088, Tel. (434) 3425532 y 3422307
This paper considers a comparative study by performing thermal standardized analysis of the
solar cooker Jorhejpataranskua I with different types of absorber vessels and amounts of
charge for the best performance. In the analysis has been used the Protocol of Funk (2000) to
estimate the cooking power. In addition we have obtained the factors of merit and the thermal
performance according to Ashok & Sudhir (2009).
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
67 Instituto de Energías Renovables
DISEÑO Y EVALUACIÓN DE UN HELIÓSTATO CON FACETAS
DEFORMABLES
M. Rosales1, G.I. Alday
2, C.A. Arancibia Bulnes
1, R. Reséndiz
3, R. Peón Anaya
2, R.E.
Cabanillas2, C.A. Estrada
1
1 Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Privada Xochicalco s/n, Col. Centro,
Temixco, 62580 Morelos, México; 2 Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Col. Centro, Hermosillo, 83000 Sonora, México; 3 Pirámide Estructural del Golfo, S.A. de C.V., km 23.5 carretera Fortín-Huatusco, Coscomatepec, 94140 Veracruz, México.
Un helióstato dentro la tecnología de torre central es el dispositivo encargado de recibir y
concentrar la radiación solar en un receptor. En el Campo de Prueba de Helióstatos (CPH), en
Hermosillo, parte de las actividades de desarrollo se orientan al diseño, construcción,
evaluación y caracterización de nuevos prototipos de helióstatos. La búsqueda de mejoras a los
prototipos de helióstatos existentes en la PSH se encamina a la optimización de su operación y
abaratamiento de su manufactura. El presente trabajo describe el desarrollo de un prototipo de
helióstato de 36m2. Entre las mejoras incorporadas al presente diseño está un diseño en
herradura, para que el que el helióstato sea abatible y disminuir así el ensuciamiento por polvo
en el área reflectiva; peso aligerado, a través de la reducción del espesor del vidrio y el
consecuente aligeramiento estructural; un cabezal más barato y preciso, así como más ligero;
facetas deformables para mejorar su comportamiento óptico; un sistema de canteo más preciso.
Se simularon deformaciones en las facetas para evaluar el desempeño de concentración del
sistema óptico, así se observo que es factible la integración de un dispositivo deformador de
facetas, que a su vez facilitara el canteo de las mismas. Para el diseño del nuevo marco
estructural se rigió por la selección de componentes de dimensiones comerciales evitando
desperdicio de material y aminorando trabajo de manufactura. El comportamiento mecánico de
la estructura repercute en la calidad de la imagen reflejada, a su vez la rigidez es determinante
para la resistencia a las cargas inducidas por el viento y su propio peso. Se esquematizaron
diversos diseños de estructuras ligeras mediante el Diseño Asistido por Computadora (CAD),
evaluando así los esfuerzos, deformaciones y desplazamientos de las propuestas. Ésta iteración
se llevo a cabo hasta definir el nuevo prototipo de helióstato.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
68 Instituto de Energías Renovables
DISEÑO Y OPTIMIZACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA SOLAR ASISTIDO POR
GAS PARA EL SUMINISTRO DE AGUA CALIENTE A REGADERAS
EN UN CUARTEL MILITAR, MEDIANTE SIMULACIÓN DINÁMICA
EN TRNSYS
J.A. Escobedo-Bretado; R. Chávez-Torres; I.R. Martín-Domínguez*, M.T. Alarcón-Herrera
Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S. C. (CIMAV)
Departamento de Energía Renovable y Protección del Medio Ambiente
Miguel de Cervantes 120. Complejo Industrial Chihuahua. 31109 Chihuahua, Chih. México.
*614-439-1148 [email protected]
En un cuartel militar se requiere que el personal tome su ducha diaria en un horario muy
restringido en tiempo. En el caso analizado 315 efectivos cuentan con 2 h para su aseo, entre
las 12:00 y 14:00 horas. Para este proceso de requieren 12,600 L diarios de agua a 40°C, los
365 días del año. Se pretende substituir en lo posible el consumo de gas requerido para dicho
proceso mediante la utilización de energía solar térmica, pero el patrón de consumo que se
tiene requiere de un análisis cuidadoso del sistema propuesto
En este trabajo se presenta la metodología desarrollada para el dimensionamiento y
optimización de un sistema solar para el calentamiento de agua sanitaria, que resulta en el
mejor aprovechamiento del recurso solar, para ello se propone la utilización de dos tanques de
almacenamiento que operan alternadamente entre sí. La simulación usa las condiciones
climáticas de la región de Querétaro, México, donde se localiza el cuartel utilizado como caso
de estudio. Se simulan en TRNSYS tanto el sistema actualmente en operación como el nuevo
sistema propuesto, para comparar los beneficios derivados del uso de energía solar,
considerando la operación de los sistemas durante un año típico de uso. Se analiza el efecto del
número de colectores solares y se obtienen los costos de adquisición y operación de ambos
sistemas, para determinar la rentabilidad esperada del sistema propuesto. Se presenta el análisis
paramétrico del comportamiento del sistema propuesto, y se discuten los efectos de las
variables principales.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
69 Instituto de Energías Renovables
DISEÑO Y SIMULACIÓN DE UN SISTEMA TÉRMICO SOLAR
COMBINADO (SOLAR COMBISYSTEM)
M. Nájera-Trejo, I.R. Martín-Domínguez
Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S. C. (CIMAV)
Departamento de Energía Renovable y Protección del Medio Ambiente
Miguel de Cervantes 120. Complejo Industrial Chihuahua. 31109 Chihuahua, Chih. México.
Ligado al desarrollo económico y tecnológico, se observa un aumento continuo en el consumo
de energía en el sector residencial que esta estrechamente ligado a la creciente demanda de
mejores niveles de confort térmico. En la región norte de México las condiciones climáticas en
invierno llegan a ser severas, con importantes variaciones de temperatura entre el día y la
noche. Diseñar una vivienda que provea niveles de confort térmico adecuados al mínimo costo
posible, requiere de un análisis técnico minucioso.
En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un modelo de simulación dinámica en TRNSYS,
propuesto para asistir de energía solar térmica a un sistema que satisface las necesidades de
calefacción por piso radiante y consumo de agua caliente sanitaria para una vivienda que está
situada en la ciudad de Chihuahua. El sistema es analizado bajo las condiciones climatológicas
de un año típico y es sometido a la variación del número y tipo de colectores solares, capacidad
del termotanque, temperatura de suministro de agua de reposición, consumo de agua caliente
sanitaria, control de temperatura y flujo de agua para calefacción. Se analiza también el efecto
de los materiales de construcción utilizados en la vivienda, comparando el uso de ladrillo
común, techo de concreto y ventaneria sencilla, contra el uso del material celular Hebel para
muros, techo de losa aligerada con aislamiento adicional de poliuretano, y ventanas de doble
vidrio. Se determina con ello la cantidad de energía proporcionada a la vivienda tanto por el
calentador de gas auxiliar como por el sistema activo solar.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
70 Instituto de Energías Renovables
EFECTO DE LA CONCENTRACIÓN SOLAR EN LA DEGRADACIÓN
DEL HERBICIDA CARBARILO MEDIANTE PROCESOS
FOTOCATÁLISIS HETEROGENEA Y HOMOGENEA A NIVEL
PLANTA PILOTO
Carlos A. Pineda-Arellanoa*
, Antonio E. Jiménez Gonzáleza, A. G. González Mata
b y
Eduardo Iragorri Sámanob
a Instituto de Energías Renovables – UNAM. Priv. Xochicalco S/No., Centro, Apdo. Postal 62580. Temixco, Morelos.
México. *[email protected] Tel.: (01 777) 3620090. Fax: (01 777) 325 00 18. b Posgrado en Ingeniería – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
RESUMEN
En este trabajo se compararon dos reactores fotocatalíticos de uno y dos soles de
concentración solar, para degradar, mediante proceso foto-Fenton y fotocatálisis heterogenea
con TiO2 en suspensión,15, 35 y 90 mg L-1
del plaguicida carbarilo (Sevin®) y, de esta manera,
determinar cuál de las dos relaciones de concentración solar aprovecha mejor la energía
disponible en ambos procesos. Los experimentos se llevaron a cabo en idénticas condiciones
experimentales: concentración de Fe2+
, H2O2 y TiO2 en el mismo tiempo de exposición solar.
Ambos reactores están equipados con sensores en línea para adquirir en tiempo real los
parámetros de temperatura, pH, y Oxigeno Disuelto, así mismo se llevaron a cabo mediciones
de TOC y de espectrofotometría UV-Vis para cuantificar el grado de mineralización y de
degradación del plaguicida respectivamente. Los resultados muestran resultados mixtos:
mediante proceso foto-Fenton se logró una mayor degradación y mineralización utilizando el
reactor CPC de 1 sol de concentración solar alcanzándose degradaciones del contaminante de
más del 90 % de ambos parámetros. Por otro lado el reactor solar de 2 soles de concentración
fue más eficiente para degradar el plaguicida carbarilo alcanzándose mayores degradaciones en
un menor tiempo de exposición solar.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
71 Instituto de Energías Renovables
EFFECTS OF pH VALUE ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TIN
SULPHIDE THIN FILMS PREPARED BY CHEMICAL BATH
DEPOSITION
D. Avellaneda*, R.E. Ornelas, B. Krishnan, G.A. Castillo, T.K. Das Roy and S. Shaji.
Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León,
México.C.P.66451.
Tin Sulphide (SnS) is a promising candidate as an absorber layer for photovoltaic applications
due to the characteristics of nontoxic and low cost alternative to other compound
semiconductors. Also, SnS thin films can be prepared by chemical bath deposition, a simple
and inexpensive technique for the synthesis of a variety of thin films. The aim of the present
work is to investigate the influence of pH values on the properties of SnS thin films prepared
by chemical bath deposition. The pH variation was done by changing the quantity of
ammonium hydroxide present in the bath (5 to 15 ml). The structural analysis was done by X-
ray Diffraction Technique (XRD). Morphologies of the thin films were analyzed using
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Optical and
electrical properties were studied using UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer and photo-response
characterizations, meanwhile the composition studies were done using X-ray Photoelectron
Spectroscopy (XPS). It was observed that the film thickness was dependent on the pH of the
chemical bath.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
72 Instituto de Energías Renovables
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN OF A SOLAR HEATING SYSTEM
THROUGH PARABOLIC SOLAR CONCENTRATION
C.A. Rodríguez Castañeda1, M.A. Rivera Martínez
1.
P.M. Moreno Romero1, O.A. Jaramillo Salgado
2
1Ingeniería en Energía, Universidad Politécnica del Estado de Guerrero - UPEG. Puente Campuzano, Carretera federal Iguala -
Taxco, Km 105, Guerrero, C.P. 40321, México. 2Instituto de Energías Renovables - UNAM, Privada Xochicalco S/N,
Temixco, Morelos, C. P. 62580, México.
Today the term "Net Zero Energy" for various types of buildings around the world, is
becoming the focus of work for the future of the new construction centers, in this way, try to
achieve a balance between energy expenditure and their efficient use, is manifested in various
practices that involve mainly the removal of refrigerants that cause irreversible effects in the
environment when they are handled inefficiently. The exponential increase of the heat demand
through these old systems, has led to various advanced experimental scientific studies on the
use of solar concentrating devices, that are recognized and brought now to the field of civil
engineering and bioclimatic architecture as one of the major precursor of elements in design,
evaluation and construction of new buildings under the climate change regime. This paper
discusses the technology of solar concentrating parabolic type with the modeling of an
experimental prototype of thermal power generation for applications on air conditioning,
which can be used to achieve a high fraction of CO2 emissions reduction with respect to
conventional systems and capable of covering part of the heat demand of a building. This
photothermal experimental installation has been designed with the purpose of identifying
factors that influence in the heat transfer process from the receiver to their components,
evaluating the thermal efficiency and operation principle of a working fluid by density
difference across the thermosyphon effect. Preliminary results indicate that the working fluid
that has received the solar energy concentration, is effective as a storage element during the
zenith, in this way, for satisfy the heat demand for the overall process has been studied and
evaluated in parallel a modular energy conservation unit.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
73 Instituto de Energías Renovables
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION AND MODELING OF INTERNAL
TEMPERATURES IN AN AIR GAP MEMBRANE DISTILLATION UNIT
U. Dehesa Carrasco, C.A. Pérez Rábago, C.A. Arancibia Bulnes
Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México,
Privada Xochicalco s/n, Col. Centro, A.P. 34, Temixco, Morelos 62580, México
Membrane distillation is a separation process that involves transfer of heat and vapor through a
porous hydrophobic membrane. This process can be used for desalination of water by using
low grade heat, in particular, reject heat or heat from low temperature solar collectors. In the
present work, an experimental and theoretical study of an air gap membrane distillation unit is
presented. This unit was built with a plane parallel geometry, from an insulating material to
reduce losses. Temperatures are measured at different points in the unit, as well as flow rates
and distillate production, to evaluate the different enthalpy flows. In particular, the internal
temperatures surrounding the air gap, namely the membrane and cooling plate temperatures,
are measured. From these internal temperatures it is possible to evaluate the diffusion
coefficient for vapor in the air gap. Experiments are carried out for different values of the
saline solution temperature and flow rate. A one dimensional heat transfer and mass flow
theoretical model is proposed with no free parameters and solved iteratively for different
conditions. The temperatures predicted by the model are compared to the experimental results.
Very good correspondence is found, within 5% accuracy, between measured and predicted
temperatures, although the slopes of the curves differ somewhat. Possible improvements to the
model are discussed.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
74 Instituto de Energías Renovables
HEAT TRANSFER MODELING AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION
FOR A CAVITY-TYPE SOLAR RECEIVER
F. Hinojosa2, M. Montiel-González
1, H.I. Villafán-Vidales
1,*, A. Bautista-Orozco
1,
C.A.Estrada1
1Instituto en Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Privada Xochicalco S/N, Temixco, Morelos,
62580, México. 2Departamento de Ingeniería Química y metalúrgica, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México.
* E-mail: [email protected]
In this work the numerical and experimental results of natural convection and surface thermal
radiation in an open cubic cavity are presented. The two-dimensional mass, momentum and
energy conservation equations were solved numerically with the finite volume methodology by
using the SIMPLEC algorithm. In the model, it is assumed large temperature differences,
variable fluid properties and the Boussinesq approximation, with the aim to compare both
solutions. Numerical calculations were conducted for different Rayleigh number values in the
range of 104-10
6 and the temperature difference between the hot wall and the bulk fluid was
varied in the range of 10 K to 400 K. Results show that streamlines and temperature fields are
noticeable affected by the solution method. The model was validated with an experimental
campaign at the IER-UNAM Laboratory. The agreement between the experimentally obtained
and theoretically calculated temperatures is fairly good with a difference of 4.7% when
considering variable properties and 5.3 % when using the Boussinesq approximation.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
75 Instituto de Energías Renovables
IMMOBILIZATION OF -FeOOH and -Fe2O3 PHASES AND THEIR
USE IN PHOTO-FENTON PROCESSES ASSISTED BY SOLAR
RADIATION
A.E. Jiménez González, C.A. Pineda Arellano and A.G. Gutiérrez Mata
Departamento de Materiales Solares, Instituto de Energías Renovables,
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos CP 62580, Mexico
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
During this work, it has been possible to prepare thin films of -FeOOH and -Fe2O3 on Pyrex
glass by the chemical deposition technique sol-gel choosing an alternative route to the
traditional which uses metal alkoxides. This alternative route, which uses iron salts, is more
economical than metal alkoxides. -FeOOH films were found to be amorphous at room
temperature and below 500 º C. FTIR studies show that when the -FeOOH films of are
thermally treated up to 500 º C in air, they loss continuously OH groups and then undergo an
amorphous-crystalline phase transition to a rhombohedral structure (-Fe2O3), as it was
confirmed by X-ray Diffraction. At 500 ºC, iron oxide films present a size crystal at
nanometric scale. AFM studies show that the surface morphology of the films of both -
FeOOH and -Fe2O3 is irregular with peaks and valleys, and with average pore size of the
order of 25 nm. By means of UV-VIS spectrophotometry on -Fe2O3, it was determined that
these films possess an energy band gap of 2.17 eV. The application of -FeOOH and -Fe2O3
in photocatalytic processes assisted by solar radiation coming from CPC collectors is
discussed.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
76 Instituto de Energías Renovables
MATERIALES PARA RECEPTORES SOLARES DE ALTAS
TEMPERATURA, REVISIÓN
L.G. CEBALLOS-MENDIVIL1, R.E. CABANILLAS-LÓPEZ
1, J.C. TÁNORI
CÓRDOVA2, R. MURRIETA YESCAS
2
1Departamento de Ing. Química y Metalurgia, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México; 2Departamento de
Investigación en Polímeros y Materiales, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México
[email protected], [email protected]
El receptor solar en plantas de Torre Central es la parte del sistema que transforma la radiación
solar en calor y lo transfiere al fluido de trabajo. Los materiales con los que está construido
deben ser capaces de soportar alto flujo radiativo (hasta 5,300 kW/m2), grandes esfuerzos
térmicos (desde temperatura ambiente hasta 1200°C) y esfuerzos mecánicos, además de
soportar muchas horas de trabajo sin fallar. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar un panorama
del estado de arte del desarrollo de materiales para receptores de altas temperaturas usados en
plantas de Torre Central que aparecen reportados en la literatura especializada en nuestros días.
Una gran variedad de materiales han sido probados con el fin de mejorar la eficiencia del
receptor. Compuestos cerámicos, metálicos y cermentos son comúnmente estudiados para
encontrar un buen balance entre las propiedades ópticas, térmicas y mecánicas de los
receptores para asegurar su eficiencia y una larga vida útil del receptor.
La presente revisión abarca reportes desde materiales considerados clásicos en estas
aplicaciones, tales como los metálicos, hasta los materiales que presentan gran potencial como
el Carburo de Silicio (SiC) y los compuestos de Cerámicas de Ultra-Alta Temperatura
(UHTC).
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
77 Instituto de Energías Renovables
SIMULACION DE UN SISTEMA DE SECADO DE CARNE ASISTIDO
CON ENERGIA SOLAR
C.K. Romero-Pérez, I.R. Martín-Domínguez
Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S. C. (CIMAV)
Departamento de Energía Renovable y Protección del Medio Ambiente
Miguel de Cervantes 120. Complejo Industrial Chihuahua. 31109 Chihuahua, Chih. México.
El secado de alimentos es uno de los métodos de conservación más antiguos. Existen diversos
diseños de secadores que tienen en común el uso de combustibles fósiles. México cuenta con
un gran recurso solar, que puede ser aprovechado por medio de dispositivos de captación de
energía y que integrados a un sistema pueden satisfacer ciertas necesidades productivas. La
cantidad de energía utilizada en los actuales procesos de secado de alimentos es muy alta, por
lo que una de las soluciones posibles para reducir este consumo, es por medio del uso de
energías renovables. El uso de energía solar en aplicaciones de secado se está volviendo una
importante y viable alternativa ya que puede reducir el consumo de energía convencional entre
30% al 80%. Además puede proporcionar fácilmente calentamiento a bajas temperaturas
requerida para secado de alimentos.
En este trabajo se analiza el comportamiento energético de un sistema para el secado en lotes
(batch) de carne magra de res, durante un año climático típico de la ciudad de Chihuahua. El
análisis se realiza mediante simulación numérica utilizando los paquetes Engineering Equation
Solver (EES) y Transient Simulation System (TRNSYS). En EES se modela el
comportamiento de un secador tipo batch, que es integrado a un sistema de calentamiento solar
diseñado en TRNSYS. El sistema consta de un tanque de almacenamiento térmico, colectores
solares, intercambiador de calor, ventilador y un calentador auxiliar. El objetivo de este estudio
es determinar la viabilidad técnica y económica de utilizar energía solar para reducir
significativamente el consumo de gas en el secado de carne.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
78 Instituto de Energías Renovables
SÍNTESIS DE ÓXIDO DE TUNGSTENO (VI) POR MEDIO DE
CONCENTRACIÓN SOLAR
H.I. Villafán Vidales†,*
, A. Bautista-Orozco†, C.A. Estrada
†.
†Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Privada de Xochicalco s/n, Temixco Morelos,
62580, México.
* E-mail: [email protected]
El trióxido de tungsteno (WO3) es un compuesto con aplicaciones tecnológicas y científicas
muy importantes, debido a que se utiliza como material electrocrómico, fotocrómico o
gasocrómico. Este material se sintetiza por diversos métodos como deposición química,
sputtering, condensación de gas, sol-gel y otros. Sin embargo, todos estos métodos resultan
complicados y costosos, tanto económica como energéticamente, ya que requieren de varios
pasos y/o reactantes para su implementación. La concentración solar es una buena alternativa
para evitar procesos complicados y reducir costos en la preparación del WO3. En el presente
trabajo, se describe un método sencillo, limpio y de bajo costo de operación que permite la
obtención de dicho compuesto. Utilizando las instalaciones del Horno Solar de Alto Flujo
Radiativo (HoSAFRa) del IER-UNAM, se obtuvo el óxido de tungsteno a alta temperatura
colocando electrodos de tungsteno de grado industrial con pureza del 99% en el foco del
HoSAFRa de 30 KWt, dentro de una cámara esférica de vidrio Pyrex®. La temperatura
alcanzada en el foco permite la formación del WO3 a presión atmosférica y en presencia del
oxígeno contenido en el aire. El compuesto se recolectó de manera generosa por simple
deposición.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
79 Instituto de Energías Renovables
THERMODYNAMIC EVALUATION FOR A PROTOTYPE SINGLE
STAGE HEAT TRANSFORMER OPERATING WITH WATER
/CARROL MIXTURE
J. Ibarra – Bahena1, R.J. Romero2, Velazquez – Avelar L.1, Valdez – Morales V.1, Galindo –
Luna Y. R.1
1 Engineering and Applied Science Postgraduate School, Autonomous University Morelos State, Av. Universidad 1001,
Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62209, México.
2 Engineering and Applied Sciences Research Centre, Autonomous University Morelos State, Av. Universidad 1001,
Cuernavaca, Morelos, CP 62209, México.
Abstract: Single Stage Heat Transformer (SSHT) is a device to recovery waste heat by a
thermodynamic cycle. In this paper an experimental SSHT prototype was analyzed. This
prototype operates with Water/Carrol mixture. Four test runs were carried out in order to
evaluate the performance. The heat powers were measured from 0.99 to 1.35 kW for the
generator, 0.97 to 1.33 kW for the condenser, 0.99 to 1.35 kW for the evaporator and 0.69 to
0.81 kW for the absorber. Experimental Gross Temperature Lift (GTL) was values from 18.50
to 22.17 °C and the dimensionless Coefficient of Performance (COP) was calculated for those
operating conditions from 0.30 to 0.35, these values are similar to reported by other authors for
similar conditions with Water/LiBr mixture, which is a commercial absorption heat pump pair.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
80 Instituto de Energías Renovables
CdS/CuSbS2 PV STRUCTURES: PRELIMINARY RESULTS
R.E. Ornelas-Acosta1, S. Shaji
1,2, D. Avellaneda
1, G.A. Castillo
1, T.K. Das Roy
1, B.Krishnan
1,2
1Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León-
66450, México; 2Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León-CIIDIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León, México
In order to solve various issues which limit the cost and capacity of the existing polycrystalline
thin films solar cell technologies based on CdTe and CIGS, it is necessary to develop new
easily available nontoxic materials. Copper antimony sulfide (CuSbS2) is one among them
having an ideal optical band gap of 1.5 eV. In this work, CuSbS2 thin films were prepared by
heating glass/Sb2S3/Cu layered structure in low vacuum. The Sb2S3 thin films with thickness of
600 nm were deposited from a chemical bath containing SbCl3 and Na2S2O3 at 40 °C on well
cleaned substrates. A copper thin film with thickness of 50 nm was thermally evaporated onto
glass/Sb2S3 structure and the glass/Sb2S3/Cu multilayers were vacuum annealed at different
temperatures. The thin films formed were characterized using different techniques. X-ray
diffraction analysis after annealing showed the formation of CuSbS2. Morphology was
analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Depth profile of
composition of the films was performed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Photovoltaic
devices were prepared using CuSbS2 thin films as absorber and chemical bath deposited CdS
thin films on FTO coated glass substrates. Analysis of J-V characteristics of the PV structures
were performed using a solar simulator under illumination of AM1.5 radiation.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
81 Instituto de Energías Renovables
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN OF A DISCONTINUOUS TWO-AXIS SOLAR
TRACKER FOR A PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
P.G. Fonseca-Obregón1,2
, S.I. Pérez-Aguilar1, R. Cuevas-Tenango
1,
E.E. Granda-Gutiérrez1, J.C. Díaz-Guillén
1, J. Candelas-Ramírez
1.
1Corporación Mexicana de Investigación en Materiales S.A de C.V. Ciencia y Tecnología 790, Saltillo 400. Saltillo, Coahuila,
México; 2Instituto Tecnológico de Saltillo. V. Carranza 2400 Col. Tecnológico. Saltillo, Coahuila, México.
Nowadays, the cost of the solar tracking equipment represents an important part of the initial
economic investment to implement a photovoltaic (PV) system. In addition, the operation of
this equipment implies an energy consumption that could become significant in the case of the
isolated systems, so that its use limits the optimal performance of PV system.
Looking for the optimization of the rate between the energy captured by the PV system and the
energy consumed by its tracking equipment, a design of a two-axis solar tracker is proposed.
The operation of the proposed tracker system is based on a tracker pattern obtained from
mathematical models which describe the apparent movement of the sun. By using the proposed
design is expected to reduce the amount of system components.
In this work an analysis and the comparison of the amount of energy received by the system at
different angles of incidence of the radiation, have been developed.
From the analysis, a discontinuous displacement pattern was obtained. Such a pattern allows an
energy capturing similar to the obtained by using a continuous displacement system. The
discontinuous displacement considers that in the first and last hours of day, the intensity of the
radiation is minimal, therefore angles of lower displacement must be used. On the other side,
the displacement around of solar noon is performed with greater angle at a lower frequency.
We conclude that a discontinuous system will have fewer movements in comparison with
continuous systems; the latter implies lower consumption of energy, additional to the
utilization of lower cost components due to the less required resolution.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
82 Instituto de Energías Renovables
DESIGN AND CALIBRATION OF ROTARY TYPE 10 kWt SOLAR
THERMOCHEMICAL REACTOR FOR THE CHEMICAL KINETIC
STUDIES OF NON-VOLATILE METAL OXIDES
C. Pérez-Rábago1,2
, S. Bellan1, E. Alonso
1, J. Gonzalez-Aguilar
1, M. Romero
1, C. Estrada
2
1 Instituto IMDEA Energía, Ramón de la Sagra 3, 28935 Móstoles, Spain. Phone: +34 917371120, e-mail:
[email protected] 2 Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos 62580, México. Phone: +
52 (55) 56224729. Email: [email protected].
1. Introduction
The long-term intension of the solar thermochemical process is to develop clean, efficient and
sustainable commercial systems [1]. The feasibility and performance of the thermochemical
processes using concentrated solar energy has been extensively demonstrated [2, 3]. The solar
thermochemical processes of synthetic fuel production, storage and thermochemical hydrogen
generation are being studied [4]. There are several designs of reactors for producing the
reduction or oxidation by thermochemical cycles using concentrated solar energy [3]. A solar
reactor has to provide the optimum temperature required for chemical reduction without the
device materials, which degrade or react with reactants, and the reactor has an atmosphere
without oxygen to prevent the re-oxidize materials. The aim of this paper is to design and
calibrate a 10 kW thermochemical reactor for chemical kinetic studies of non-volatile metal
oxides using the Solar Furnace of the Renewable Energy Institute of UNAM in Mexico
(HRFSF). The Solar Furnace has a concentrated power of 30 kWt, a spot of concentrated
radiation is less than 7 cm in diameter with a peak of 18 000 kW/m2 [5].
The new type of cavity reactor will be designed to withstand high temperature, minimize
thermal losses, and achieve high chemical conversion rates. The concentrated radiation enters
into the cavity receiver through the quartz window and is absorbed by the reactant (metal oxide
particles). In such a way the particles are directly exposed to the radiation. Moreover, the
reactor will be designed with a crucible rotary motion to ensure the particles are in constant
movement and to adjust the temperature and facilitate the release of oxygen molecules.
The moving mechanism of the crucible is supported by an insulating silicon carbide connected
to a tube of refractory steel, which rotates through bushings, which resist high temperature
graphite. At the front of the cavity is proposed to inject the gas stream that enters directly in to
the crucible and go through the rotating tube, which is equipped with a rotary joint that allows
the gas to exit through the rotating tube.
2. Methodology
The dimension of the window and the aperture of the reactor will be determined by the design
specification of the Solar Furnace [5]. In order to optimize the dimensions of the rotary sample,
a ray-tracing model will be developed to predict the radiation distribution throughout the
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
83 Instituto de Energías Renovables
reactor using the Monto Carlo based commercial software TracePro. Subsequently a CFD
model will be developed and using the radiation distribution predicted by the ray-tracing
model, the temperature distribution throughout the reactor will be predicted to optimize the
design the reactor.
References
[1] El ingeniero del ICAI y el Desarrollo Sostenible. Colección: Avances de Ingeniería, 88-90, 2009.
[2] Winter C.J., Sizmann, R, Vant-Hunll, L. 1991. Solar Power Plants. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 3-540-
18897.
[3] Steinfeld A., 2005. Solar thermochemcial production of hydrogen-a review. Solar Energy 78, 603-61
[4] Wong, B., Brown, L., Schaube, F., Tamme, R., Sattler, C., 2010. Oxide based thermochemical heat storage,
in Oxide based thermochemical heat storage, 1–8.
[5] Riveros-Rosas D., J. Herrera-Vázquez, C. Pérez-Rábago, C.A. Arancibia-Bulnes, S. Vázquez-Montiel, M.
Sánchez-González, F. Granados-Agustín, O. Jaramillo, Estrada C.A., 2010,“Optical design of a High
Radiative Flux Solar Furnece for Mexico”, Solar Energy, pp. 792-800
[6] Alonso Elisa, Carlos Pérez-Rábago, José Gonzalez-Aguilar and Manuel Romero, 2012, “Thermal Performance
and Residence time distribution Determination in a Solar Reactor for Chemical Kinetics”, SolarPACES
2012 Symposium, Marrakech, Morocco.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
84 Instituto de Energías Renovables
DEVELOPMENT OF CZTS FILMS BY THE SULFURIZATION OF
SnS/Cu ZnS LAYERS
C.A. Meza Avendaño
1,2,
N.R. Mathews
1*
1 Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos 62580, México. 2 Universidad Politécnica de Chiapas, calle Eduardo J. Selvas S/N Col. Magisterial, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas 62580,
México.
* Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]
In this work we report the development of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films by a multi-step
process. SnS thin films were first pulse electrodeposited on SnO2:F glass substrates from a
solution consisting of Sn(II) and (S2O3)2-
. The applied potentials were -0.9 V (deposition) and -
0.1 V (dissolution) w.r.t SCE. The metallic Cu films were deposited on top of SnS films from a
CuCl2 bath applying a potential of -0.6 V vs. SCE to form a stack of SnS/Cu. The third layer of
the stack ZnS was vacuum evaporated on to SnS/Cu. The film thicknesses and annealing
temperature were varied to control the final composition of the films. It was observed that the
layers with thickness in the range of 200 nm SnS, 200 nm Cu and 140 nm ZnS after annealing
at 500°C in the N2/S atmosphere resulted in the formation of stoichiometric quaternary
material CZTS. The film properties were studied using different techniques such as XRD,
SEM/EDS, Raman scattering and U-V visible spectroscopy. The estimated value of optical
band gap was 1.4 eV and the photoelectrochemical measurements showed that the films are p-
type.
Acknowledgements: This work at IER-UNAM was partially supported by the project IA 100712. Authors wish
to thank Ma. Luisa Ramón García for XRD analysis, Rogelio Moran Elvira and Jose Campos in SEM
measurements.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
85 Instituto de Energías Renovables
EFFECT OF ANNEALING PROCESS ON Cu2ZnSnS4 FILMS
DEPOSITED BY A VACUUM-FREE NANOPARTICLE-BASED
APPROACH
Alan I. Palacios Lagunas1, 2
, A. Martínez Ayala1, M. Pal
1, X. Mathew
1, *
1Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos 62580, México. 2Universidad Politécnica de Chiapas, calle Eduardo J. Selvas S/N Col. Magisterial, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas 62580, México.
* Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]
The structural evolution of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) films, fabricated by a nanoparticle based
approach, was investigated by changing the annealing temperature. CZTS thin films, a
potential candidate for the absorber layers of solar cells, were deposited onto fluorine doped tin
oxide (FTO) substrates by a simple paste-coating process. Annealing of as-deposited films at
350-550 0C for 30 min in elemental S and N2 atmosphere produced highly crystalline kesterite
phase. The CZTS films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering,
energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), field emission scanning electron microscopy
(FE-SEM) and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Results showed that kesterite phase was
formed in the temperature range below 550 oC. When the annealing temperature was at the
high end, several XRD and Raman peaks different from those assigned to CZTS phase were
detected indicating the decomposition of quaternary to binary and ternary phases. The EDS
estimated chemical composition was found to vary with annealing temperature. The optical
band gap of films annealed at different temperatures was found to vary between 1.4 to 1.6 eV.
Acknowledgements: This work at IER-UNAM was partially supported by the project CONACyT 129169.
Authors wish to thank Ma. Luisa Ramon Garcia for XRD analysis, Rogelio Moran Elvira and Jose Campos in
SEM measurements, and Gildardo Casarrubias Segura for technical support in the laboratory.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
86 Instituto de Energías Renovables
EFFECT OF ELECTRONIC NATURE OF CARBON NANOTUBES IN
TRANSPARENT SWCNT-TIO2 PHOTOANODES
G. Alvarado-Tenorio*1, M.E. Rincón
1, M. Solís de La Fuente
1, J.C. Calva Yáñez
1
Instituto de Energías Renovables – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Priv. Xochicalco s/n, Col. Centro, Temixco,
Mor. 62580, México. *[email protected]
The incorporation of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) to mesoscopic semiconductors
such as TiO2 has been reported to improve the charge separation and transport of carriers to
collector electrodes, decreasing carrier recombination in photoelectrochemical solar cells and
dye sensitized solar cells [1-3]. However, the works reported use pristine SWC NT consisting
of statistical amounts of semiconducting and metallic carbon nanotubes. In this contribution we
coated semiconductor or metallic Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) with
mesoscopic TiO2 thin film by sol-gel method, for to elaborate transparent SWCNT-TiO2
phototoanodes.
The s-SWCNT- TiO2 photoanode showed a sensitization effect which was observed in
absortion and photocurrent curves, which increase to 162 % (∼110 μA/cm2) compared to TiO2
photoanodes elaborated with metallic carbon nanotubes (∼42 μA/cm2). Also, a positive
potentials shift in flat band was measured, from -0.97 mV to -0.90 mV for TiO2 and s-
SWCNT-TiO2 respectively.
The fill factor and photovoltage were increased also, unlike to incorporation of metallic
nanotubes where photoanode performance was not relevant. These results clarify what the
electronic nature of carbon nanotubes determine the collection mechanics in SWCNT-TiO2
heterojunction. The major extraction of photogenerated charge carriers in s-SWCNT
photoanodes was discussed in terms of local electric fields.
Keywords: Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes, TiO2, Photoanodes
[1] A. Kongkanand, R. Martínez, P. V. Kamat, Nanoletters., 7, 3, 676 (2007).
[2] P. Brown, K. Takechi, P. V. Kamat, J. Phys. Chem. C., 112, 4776 (2008).
[3] T. Hasobe, S. Fukuzumi, P. V. Kamat, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 45, 755 (2006).
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
87 Instituto de Energías Renovables
EFFECT OF THERMAL TREATMENT ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE
OF TITANIA NANOWIRES
O.A. Jaramillo Quintero, M. Ramírez Vargas, J.C. Calva Yáñez,
M. Solís de la Fuente, M.E. Rincón
Instituto de Energías Renovables-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos
We report the synthesis and characterization of titania nanowires obtained by solvothermal
synthesis at 150°C for 6h. These nanostructures were annealed in air at 300-550°C for 1-3h.
The morphology and crystallinity changes were measured by scanning electron microscopy
and X-ray diffraction as a function of the annealing parameters. The optimum conditions to
minimize the presence of oxide barriers and to improve nanowire crystallinity will be
discussed relative to the potential of these nanostructures in the fabrication of dye and
semiconductor sensitized solar cells.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
88 Instituto de Energías Renovables
ELECTRICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER
SULFIDE:POLY(3-HEXYLTHIOPHENE) BULK HETEROJUNCTION
P.V. Quintanaa, M. C. Arenas
a, J. Santos-Cruz
b, M. Vega-Gonzalez
c
a Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro,
México b Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro,Querétaro, México c Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
Copper sulfide (CuxS) is a non-toxic semiconductor promising for solar cells due its
optoelectronic properties (coefficient absorption about 105 cm
-1). It has functioned as an
electron acceptor in organic solar cells based on Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):fullerene,
increasing the photocurrent density. In this work, bulk CuxS:P3HT heterojunctions were
prepared with copper sulfide nanocrystals of about 14-17 nm of length and 6-7 nm of width,
which absorb in the UV-Vis range of 400 to 700 nm. The nanocrystals were mixed with P3HT
in dichlorobencene solution in order to form a CuxS:P3HT bulk heterojunction. P3HT:CuxS
bulk heterojunction were electrically characterized presenting a resistance of about 108
Ω/sq.
The influence of the CuxS nanocrystals size in the morphological properties was studied and
analyzed by SEM, AFM and TEM.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
89 Instituto de Energías Renovables
ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE STUDIES OF SEMICONDUCTOR
SENSITIZED TIO2 FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS
M. Solís de la Fuente, J. C. Calva Yañez, G. Alvarado Tenorio, O. Jaramillo, M.E. Rincón
Instituto de Energías Renovables-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Av. Xochicalco S/N, col. Centro, Temixco, Mor.,62580
e-mail: [email protected]
Impedance electrochemical studies were pursued to investigate the electron transport and
recombination processes in semiconductor sensitized TiO2 photoanodes. One-dimensional
TiO2 matrices, nanotubes and nanowires, were obtained by electrochemical anodization and
solvothermal synthesis. Sensitization with PbS and Bi2S3 nanoparticles was carried out by
chemical bath deposition (CBD) followed by thermal treatment. Structural differences in the
semiconductor/electrolyte interfaces of nanotubes and nanowires produce significant changes
in important kinetic parameters such as chemical capacitance, charge transference
(recombination) resistance, and carrier’s life-time. The convenience of n or p-type
chalcogenides relative to the characteristics of the one dimensional TiO2 matrices will also be
discussed.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
90 Instituto de Energías Renovables
OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF POLY(3-
HEXYLTHIOPHENE) (P3HT)-GRAPHENE COMPOSITES FOR
PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS
C. López-Mata1*
, B. Flores Argaez2, C. Velasco Santos
3, A.L. Martínez
3, J.O. Aguilar
2, J.M.
Zavala-Pimentel1, J. Campos Alvarez
4
1Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica del Instituto Tecnológico de Chetumal, Av. Insurgentes No. 330, C.P.
77013, Col. David Gtz. Chetumal, Quintana Roo, 2Universidad de Quintana Roo Boulevard Bahía s/n esq. Ignacio Comonfort, Col. del Bosque Chetumal, Quintana Roo C.P.
77019,
3Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México. C.P.
76230, 4Centro de Investigación en Energía-UNAM Privada Xochicalco S/N Temixco, Morelos 62580.
ABSTRACT
Composite films of poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) with graphene oxide (GROX) nanoparticles
with varying degrees of purity were obtained. Morphological characterization of composite
films through techniques of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electronic
Microscopy (SEM) it was carried out. Their optical and electrical properties have been
characterized as a function of nanoparticles concentration in the composite films (5, 10, 15 and
20 wt. of graphene oxide nanoparticles). The conductivity contributions of the nanotubes and
Hall voltage measurements are used to understand the utility of the composites for solar cell
applications.
Key words: poly(3-hexylthiophene), graphene oxide, electrical properties, composite films
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
91 Instituto de Energías Renovables
HERRAMIENTA DE SIMULACIÓN DINÁMICA PARA LA
INTEGRACIÓN DE PANELES FOTOVOLTAICOS EN MICRO-REDES
A. Coronado Mendoza1, J. Sosa Sales
1, J.A. Domínguez Navarro
2
1Universidad Tecnológica de Nayarit, Xalisco, Nayarit; 2Universidad de Zaragoza, España [email protected]
La generación distribuida a través de micro-redes permitirá aumentar la penetración de
energías renovables como la fotovoltaica, eólica, pilas de combustible, micro-hidráulica y
sistemas de almacenamiento en los sistemas de distribución convencionales así como en
aplicaciones aisladas. Sin embargo, sus elementos como micro-fuentes, acondicionadores de
potencia, sistemas de almacenamiento y la red de distribución, presentan diferentes
características técnicas.
Existen en la actualidad dos tipos de programas de simulación: unos basados en modelos
detallados, conocidos como modelos EMTP (Electromagnetic Transient Program) y otros
basados en modelos fasoriales o TSP (Transient Stability Program). Los primeros permiten
realizar análisis electromagnéticos, sin embargo, dados los pequeños pasos de integración los
tiempos de simulación se vuelven excesivos en la medida que el sistema bajo estudio crece.
Los programas basados en TSP trabajan a la frecuencia fundamental, útiles para análisis de
transitorios electromecánicos, omitiendo los rápidos transitorios que pudieran suceder en el
sistema. Existe además una necesidad de contar con herramientas de simulación especializadas
en micro-redes con energías renovables que permitan realizar análisis dinámicos de una
manera más eficiente y precisa.
En este trabajo se presenta una herramienta que permite simular micro-redes con energías
renovables de una manera más eficiente y precisa que los programas basados en EMTP o TSP.
Los modelos matemáticos de paneles fotovoltaicos son conectados a una micro-red trifásica de
baja tensión a cuatro hilos a través de inversores monofásicos. Los modelos de los inversores
utilizan la técnica de los fasores dinámicos basados en los coeficientes de Fourier, en los cuales
se consideran tanto la frecuencia fundamental de la micro-red (50-60Hz) como la frecuencia de
conmutación del convertidor (kHz), lo que permite realizar análisis transitorios de las
dinámicas de los elementos de la micro-red, y por ende realizar análisis de estabilidad
transitoria, cálculo de protecciones, diseño de algoritmos de control, entre otros alcances.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
92 Instituto de Energías Renovables
MORPHOLOGICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF Al2O3 LAYERS
DEPOSITED BY ALD
M. Tulio Aguilar-Gama*, Erik Ramírez-Morales, Zeuz Montiel-González, P.K. Nair, Hailin
Hu
Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos, 62580, México.
Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is a gas-solid reaction technique for thin film deposition. It is
similar to chemical vapor deposition (CVD), except that the ALD reaction breaks the CVD
reaction into two half-reactions, keeping the precursor materials separate during the reaction.
Separation of the precursors is accomplished by pulsing a purge gas after each precursor pulse
to remove excess precursor and possible by-product from the process chamber and prevent
'parasitic' CVD deposition on the substrate. The most important is that ALD is a self-limiting
process, that is, the amount of film material deposited in each reaction cycle is constant. In this
work, thin films of aluminum oxide have been deposited on crystalline silicon wafers and glass
slides at relatively low temperatures: 150 and 175 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
images show that they are homogenous and pin-hole free thin films with uniform thickness.
XRD patterns indicate that they are amorphous independent on deposition temperature and
post-deposition annealing at 400 °C. The Al-O vibrational peaks were observed by Raman
spectroscopy in all the ALD thin films to confirm the formation of aluminum oxides. Finally
the use of ALD thin films in solar cell applications is discussed.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
93 Instituto de Energías Renovables
OPTICAL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF TUNGSTEN OXIDE
COATED POROUS SILICON: EFFECT OF SUBSTRATE
MORPHOLOGY
N. Mendoza-Agüero and V. Agarwal
Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos
Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México 62209.
Optical and structural properties of electrochromic tungsten oxide on stain etched and
electrochemically anodized porous silicon (PS) were investigated. Thin tungsten oxide films
were electrodeposited on nanostructured luminescent macro-, meso- and microporous silicon
substrate from a water/isopropanol solution containing peroxy-tungstates species. The
characterization of WO3/PS structures was done as a function of annealing temperature and
substrate morphology by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transformation
infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Apart
from the emission corresponding to WO3, morphology of the silicon substrate and annealing
temperature have been found useful for tuning the emission of the composite structure within
the complete visible range. This opens a relatively economical route to produce composites for
display applications.
Authors are thankful to the support given by PROMEP project 128593 for scholarship. We acknowledge the
technical support provided by Mtro. José Campos, Dr. Nair from CIE-UNAM.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
94 Instituto de Energías Renovables
OXYGEN EFFECT ON CdTe SURFACE AND CdS/CdTe
SOLAR CELLS PARAMETERS
Juan Luis Peña1, Inés Riech
2, Víctor Rejón
1
1Applied Physics Department, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mérida, Yucatán, México. 2Materials Science Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
The solar cells were fabricated using layers ITO/ZnO/CdS/CdTe. The films of ZnO and
CdS were deposited by rf-sputtering. The CdTe film was grown by conventional CSS
technique. The cells were activated by using gases of argon, CHClF2-argon, CHClF2-
argon-oxygen. Before and after activation process SEM analysis were made. The activation
process made by using argon and CHClF2-argon produces small hollows of 100-300 nm at
grains, high series resistance and low efficiencies. While these hollows are inhibited by
oxygen used in the CHClF2-argon-oxygen activation process, also all parameters are
improved, mainly the JSC, VOC and efficiency. Both Cu (15 nm) and Mo (500 nm) used
as the back contact also were deposited by rf-sputtering. This fabrication process can be
brought to industrial scale.
References
[1] N. Romeo, A. Bosio and A. Romeo, “An innovative process suitable to produce high-
efficiency CdTe/CdS thin-film modules”, Solar Energy Materials and Solar cells Vol. 94,
pp. 2-7, 2010.
Acknowledgement: This work has been supported by CONACYT-México under contract
FORDECYT-116157 and FOMIX 170098. The author A. Rios-Flores acknowledges
CONACYT- México for scholarship. The Authors acknowledges Dr. José Mendez from
UADY for facilities extended for using the solar simulator, O. Gomez, W. Cauich and D.
Huerta for technical support, and
L. Pinelo for its secretarial assistance.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
95 Instituto de Energías Renovables
PHOTOLUMINISCENCE OF POROUS SILICON PHOTONIC
MULTILAYERS
S. E. Guerrero1, R. Nava
1, J. A. del Río
1, J. Tagüeña-Martínez
1, M. B. de la Mora
1, J. A.
Reyes-Esqueda2
1Centro de Investigación en Energía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Privada Xochicalco S/N, Temixco, 62580
Morelos, México 2Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Circuito de la Investigación Científica Ciudad Universitaria,
04510 México, D. F. México
The porous silicon (p-Si) is a nanostructured material with a sponge-like structure formed by a
skeleton of crystalline silicon (c-Si) of a few nanometers thickness. This material is produced
by electrochemical attack of a c-Si wafer with an electolyte which has hidrofluoric acid. The p-
Si main properties are the refractive index that can be changed within a width rage; and the
luminiscence. Therefore, the p-Si has a great technological potential in order to manufacture
active photonic structures to apply it on optoelectronics.
This presentation has the aim to design a photonic structure looking for confine the p-Si
emission in a plane on a transversal section of the pores, and so analyze the propagation of
emission through the porous structure. First we show the manufacturing of a computer
controlled system which drives the electrochemical attack, so it can be manufactured a high
quality p-Si photonic structure. After that, a plane waveguide composed by a two
omnidirectional mirrors and an active core of p-Si is shown, also the process of manufacturing.
Optical and photoluminescence properties of the p-Si are characterized at high power
excitation. Finally is given the conclusions
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
96 Instituto de Energías Renovables
PHOTOVOLTAIC PERFORMANCE OF RUTILE PHASE
NANOSTRUCTURED TiO2 SENSITIZED WITH CARMINIC ACID
M.A. Sánchez-García1, X. Bokhimi
1, A.G. Vega-Poot
2, A.E. Jiménez
2,
S. Velázquez-Martínez3
1Instituto de Física, IF-UNAM, Apartado Postal 20-364, México D.F., 04510, México;
2Instituto de Energías Renovables, IER-UNAM, Temixco, Morelos, 62580, México;
3Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería y Ciencias Aplicadas, CIICAp-UAEM, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62209, México.
The photoelectrochemical solar cells based on nanostructured and mesoporous film of TiO2
sensitized with a dye (DSSC: Dye sensitized solar cells) are an alternative for the development
of a new generation of photovoltaic devices. The greater efficiency of this type of cell reported
until now is of 12.3 % for the anatase phase. Nevertheless the rutile phase is the most stable of
TiO2 polymorphous, in this work we used nanostructured rutile synthesized at low
temperature. The photovoltaic properties of nanostructured TiO2 (rutile) electrodes sensitized
with carminic acid dye are explored. We used carminic acid and compared their performance
to that of the most popular dye: N719. We observed that this dye efficiently sensitize the rutile
mesoporous film and yield efficiencies that are competitive with respect to those provided by
N719. Photoconductivity and transmittance measurements confirm the good performance of
the rutile mesoporous films. We have prepared polymer-sealed cells and measured the
perfomance of the devices under continues illuminations at 100 mW/cm2 corresponding at the
standard solar light intensity. The carminic acid with rutile mesoporous films had stable
properties under these conditions. These combinations should be considered as an alternative
in the field of dye-sensitised solar cells.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
97 Instituto de Energías Renovables
PREPARACIÓN Y CARACTERIZACIÓN DE RECUBRIMIENTOS
ESPECTRALMENTE SELECTIVOS BASADOS EN PELÍCUAS DE
Al2O3-Ni PARA APLICACIONES EN LA ENERGÍA SOLAR
S. Santiago Cruz y A.M. Fernández
Instituto en Energías Renovables-UNAM, Privada Xochicalco S/N Temixco, Mor, México
C.P. 62580, [email protected]
Se desarrollaron películas anódicas porosas de óxido de aluminio sobre sustratos de aluminio
1050 (99.5% Al) con espesores de película de 700 nm, con diámetros de poro de 40 nm y
espesor de capa barrera de 30 nm. Las películas fueron impregnadas por la técnica de
electrodeposito con níquel, utilizando una solución a base de sulfato de níquel y ácido bórico.
Para el electrodepósito se utiliza voltaje de corriente alterna (C.A) senoidal a frecuencias
variables. Estas películas fueron caracterizadas mediante su evaluación de la reflectancia
espectral en la región del espectro solar visible e infrarrojo cercano, como una función del
voltaje aplicado, la frecuencia y tiempo de impregnación. Se realizaron varios experimentos
con el propósito de correlacionar estos parámetros con el contenido de níquel en el fondo de
los poros de la película y con la reflectancia total. Hemos encontrado mediante análisis
morfológico que las muestras con contenido de níquel promedio del 10% del volumen total del
poro no presentan propiedades como absorbedor selectivo, en cambio las muestras con
contenido 60% del volumen total del poro, presentan una reflectancia en el espectro solar
visible del 5% y del 90% en el espectro solar infrarrojo por lo que puede ser considerada
como una buena películas absorbedora selectivas de la radiación solar, lo que hace que las
recubrimientos sean adecuados prospectos para ser implementados en colectores solares de
mediana temperatura.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
98 Instituto de Energías Renovables
SINTESIS Y CARACTERIZACION DE Cu2ZnSnS4 ASISTIDA POR
MICROONDAS PARA SU APLICACIÓN EN CELDAS SOLARES
M. F. Sánchez1*
, F. Pulgarin1, P.J. Sebastian
1
1CIE-UNAM, 62580 Temixco, Morelos, Mexico. *[email protected]
Las películas delgadas han sido una de las tecnologías más prometedoras para el desarrollo de
celdas solares. Estas han sido desarrolladas a partir de materiales poco abundantes en la corteza
terrestre, algunos altamente tóxicos y de costos elevados. Por lo que la tecnología va
encaminada a la búsqueda de nuevos materiales, como la Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS), el cual es
material cuaternario, que tiene una brecha de energía de 1.5 eV y un coeficiente de absorción
óptica elevado, por lo que cumple con las características para ser usado como material
absorbedor en las celdas solares. Para la síntesis de CZTS, usamos un método asistido por
microondas, debido a que permite un calentamiento homogéneo y una considerable reducción
en el tiempo de síntesis. Usamos como reactivos Zn(NO3)2, SnCl2, CuCl2 y Tiourea como
fuente de azufre; como disolvente orgánico se utilizó etilenglicol. La síntesis se realizó en un
reactor de microondas con una potencia de 600 W, durante 30 minutos, a temperaturas que van
desde 120°C a 200°C y una presión de 60 bars. Una vez obtenidas las muestras fueron secadas,
para remover el solvente orgánico; además de ser analizadas por difracción de rayos X y
espectroscopia Raman. Identificamos picos característicos de CZTS, así como de algunas fases
binarias y ternarias como Cu2SnS3, ZnS, Cu8S5 y CuS que se formaron durante la síntesis.
Aplicando un recocido pos-síntesis a 550 °C se obtiene el cuaternario Cu2ZnSnS4.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
99 Instituto de Energías Renovables
SOLUTION SYNTHESIZED CdS NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR
APPLICATION IN CdS:P3HT SOLAR CELLS
Claudia Martínez-Alonso1,
*, Selene Coria1, Ma. Concepción Arenas
2, Hailin Hu
1
1Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos 62580, México. 2Centro de
Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro 76230, México. E-mail:
Nanocrystalline semiconductor materials have attracted considerable attention due to their
particular properties that are not present in bulk materials. For example, nanocrystalline
cadmium sulfide (CdS) shows the size dependent optical properties in comparison with the
bulk CdS; the optical band gap (Eg) of CdS particles is increased by decreasing the particle
size. Usually they are synthesized with organic ligands to disperse them from agglomeration.
However, these ligands could act as series resistance in the active layer of solar cells. In this
work CdS precipitates were prepared from cadmium and sulfide ion solutions without any
ligands at different solution temperature and synthesis time. The obtained CdS precipitates
were exhaustively washed by centrifugation to exclude as much as possible the impurity. X-ray
diffraction (XRD) spectra indicate that they have a cubic crystalline structure. The average size
of the CdS crystallites was of about 4 nm observed in their TEM images, and their Eg value
was estimated by Kubelka-Munk and confirmed by photoluminescent spectra. Finally the CdS
precipitates was employed in CdS:Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) hybrid solar cells and the
photovoltaic performance of the cells was evaluated as a function of CdS synthesis conditions.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
100 Instituto de Energías Renovables
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Cu2ZnSnS4
NANOPARTICLES FOR APPLICATIONS IN SOLAR CELLS
Isaac M. De Los Santos
1,2, Arturo M. Ayala
1, Mou Pal
1, N.R. Mathews
1, Xavier Mathew
1,*
1 Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Temixco, Morelos 62580, Mexico 2 Universidad Politécnica de Chiapas, Calle Eduardo J. Selvas s/n, Col. Magisterial, C.P. 29082
e-mail, (I.M. Santos): [email protected]
* Corresponding author (X. Mathew): [email protected]
The necessity to develop low-cost and non-toxic solar cells has prompted the worldwide
research to look for new photovoltaic (PV) materials consisting of abundant, inexpensive and
non-polluting elements. One such material is Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS), with a direct band gap of
about 1.5 eV and absorption coefficient of larger than 104 cm
-1 at the absorption edge, suitable
to be used as solar cell absorber material. In this work we are presenting a study on the effect
of temperature on the structural and optical properties of CZTS nanoparticles synthesized by
high-temperature arrested precipitation route in a Schlenk-line. As-synthesized particles were
characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS),
Raman scattering and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Both XRD and Raman results
confirmed the kesterite phase of CZTS nanoparticles. The average crystallite size was found to
increase with increasing the reaction temperature. The elemental composition analysis of the
particles revealed the atomic stoichiometry close to the theoretical value of 2:1:1:4. The
nanoparticles showed enhanced optical absorption in visible and near-infrared region.
Acknowledgements: This work at IER-UNAM was partially supported by the project CONACyT 129169.
Authors wish to thank Ma. Luisa Raman Garcia for XRD analysis, and Gildardo Casarrubias Segura for technical
support.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
101 Instituto de Energías Renovables
EMULATING SUNLIGHT IN THE DEPTH OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA
J. Gómez, J. A. Del río, J. Tagüeña-martínez, S. Escobar, MB. De la mora and R. Nava
Instituto de energías renovables, universidad nacional autónoma de méxico, a.p. 34, 62580
temixco, morelos, méxico ([email protected])
It is well known that porous silicon can be used to fabricate photonic structures as mirrors or
filters. These structures have different applications. Up to our knowledge, porous silicon has
not been yet used to reproduce the filtering of seawater. It is clear that seawater filters the
sunlight and the marine organisms receive different radiation than the terrestrial ones,
depending on the depth. Also it is obvious that seawater has different particles in suspension
depending on the geographical places and thus the optical properties of the seawater are
different for each region of the planet. The main goal of this work is to fabricate a filter to
reproduce the optical spectrum of the sunlight in mean depth seawater of the caribbean sea, at
the shore of the north yucatan peninsula.
In this work we present an application of porous silicon multilayers to reproduce the solar
radiation measured around a 13 m depth in the caribbean sea. In order to accomplish this we
started by modeling the multilayers using the transfer matrix method and we proposed a specific
structure for the filter. In our calculations we did not include absorption and we considered the
refractive index constant in the wavelength range of interest because this is a good
approximation. Experimentally this can be accomplished including mirrors, where the optical
path length for each one varies gradually in such a way that the bands overlap. The final product
is a wide band covering a bigger interval. Then we fabricated it by electrochemical etching using
a low resistivity silicon wafer. The resulting photonic structure filters the solar radiation and
reproduces the sunlight spectrum observed in mean depth of the caribbean sea at the yucatan
shore.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
102 Instituto de Energías Renovables
HEAT TRANSFER IN PHOTONIC MIRRORS
D. Estrada-Wiese1, J.A. del Río
1, M.B. de la Mora
2
Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
In concentration solar energy is common the use of secondary mirrors. However, high concentrated
solar radiation heats these mirrors degrading their physical properties. In particular, aluminum mirrors
are melt because of high radiation. In contradistinction photonic crystals could present “perfect
reflection” and they can be fabricated using porous silicon which has a higher melting point than
aluminum. Porous silicon is a nanostructure semiconductor material which can be fabricated with
different porosities and refraction indexes. Multilayers of alternating periodic refraction index conform
the structure of these photonic crystals. The light that propagates in these structures interacts with its
periodic refractive index, that generates wavelength gaps of forbidden transmission and so these
multilayers conform a mirror. Even these photonic structures are heated when they are exposed to high
concentrated solar radiation. In this work we analyze experimentally this heating process and model it
using an effective medium model to explain the increasing temperature behavior.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
103 Instituto de Energías Renovables
STUDY OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF POROUS SILICON
MONOLAYERS BY SPECTROSCOPIC ELLIPSOMETRY
Z. Montiel-González, J. Tagüeña-Martínez, S. Escobar and R. Nava
Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Privada de Xochicalco S/N, Temixco, Morelos,
México, C.P. 62580.
The knowledge of the optical properties of porous silicon in the ultraviolet-visible-near
infrared section of the electromagnetic spectrum is of great importance in the design of
complex structures for different applications such as Bragg reflectors, Fabry-Pérot films and
antireflecting coatings. Porous silicon samples are prepared with a simple electrochemical
process; however, their final properties depend of the different electrochemical etching
conditions. In this work a series of porous silicon monolayers with different porosities (ranging
from 50 to 90% approximately, depending on the current density applied) were prepared in
such a way that the thickness was of approximately 500 nm for all the samples. Spectroscopic
ellipsometry, reflectance and transmittance measurements were carried out in order to
determine the complex refractive index, thickness and porosity of the monolayers through the
application of suitable optical models. The proposed models take into account the
heterogeneous nature and the column-like structure of porous silicon and are based on effective
medium theories considering a mixture of crystalline silicon and air. After the fitting process,
good agreement was obtained between the calculated and the experimental ellipsometric
spectra and the results were contrasted against the reflectance and transmittance spectra and
scanning electron microscopy images. With the parameters obtained from the modeling, the
optical properties (refractive index and absorption coefficient) of the monolayers were
analyzed.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
104 Instituto de Energías Renovables
CARRIER LIFE TIME IN PHOTOELECTRODES BASED ON CARBON-
DOPED TITANIA RIBBONS
J.C. Calva Yáñez, M. Solís de la Fuente, O. Jaramillo Quintero, M.E. Rincón
Centro de Investigación en Energía-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Av. Xochicalco S/N, col. Centro, Temixco, Mor.,62580
e-mail: jccaycie.unam.mx
The determination of carrier life time in photoelectrodes based on carbon doped titania ribbons
(CTR) is presented. CTR were obtained from multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)
scaffold films deposited on FTO substrates by spray coating, followed by the deposition of
TiO2 thin films from sol-gel solutions, and air annealing at 550°C. Removal of carbon opens
the thin TiO2 layer surrounding the MWCNT, leaving a CTR instead. Carrier life times were
measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and intensity photovoltage spectroscopy
as function of the carbon percentage. The best transport properties will be discussed in terms of
the generation of vacancies and color centers due the incorporation of carbon impurities into
the TiO2 matrices. The potential of CTR as photoelectrodes in emergent solar cells will also be
addressed.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
105 Instituto de Energías Renovables
CONCEPTUAL ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY SUPERCAPACITORS
BASED ON
POM-CARBON NANOCOMPOSITES
A.K. Cuentas-Gallegos1 , T. Brousse
2
1 Instituto de Energías Renovables-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Privada Xochicalco S/N Col. Centro, AP 34,
CP 62580 Temixco, Morelos, México 2 Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP32229, 44322 Nantes
Cedex 3, France
Nanocomposite materials (NT/POM) based on the immobilization of polyoxometalate
nanoparticles (POMs) on to the surface of oxidized carbon nanotubes (NT) were synthesized,
characterized, and electrochemically tested as electrode candidates for aqueous supercapacitor
cells (0.5M H2SO4). Oxygen-functionalities obtained on NT determined the dispersion degree
of POM nanoparticles [1-5], resulting in nanocomposite materials with higher intrinsic
capacitance values. Different POMs were immobilized on to NT, in order to obtain the positive
and negative nanocomposite electrodes with complementary voltage windows and assemble an
asymmetric supercapacitor cell. Positive electrode based on the polyanion PMo12 resulted in
higher intrinsic capacitance values (450F/g, at 10mV/s) in a voltage window between -0.2V
and 0.65V, than for negative electrode based on PW12 as the polyanion (126F/g, at 10mV/s,
voltage window between -0.7V and 0.7V). A Conceptual Environmental Friendly
Supercapcitor based on an asymmetric assembly with NT/PMo12 as the positive electrode and
NT/PW12 or NT/SiW12 as the negative electrode is suggested, in order to utilize the total
pseudocapacitive contribution of the POMs in each nanocomposite material electrode, and to
increase the voltage window up to at least 1.5V.
References 1] A. K.Cuentas-Gallegos, R. Martínez-Rosales, M. E. Rincón, G. Hirata, G. Orozco, Opt. Mater., 29,126 (2006)
2] A. K. Cuentas-Gallegos, R. Martínez-Rosales, M. Baibarac, P. Gómez-Romero, and M. E. Rincón.,
Electrochem. Commun., 9, 2088 (2007)
3] A. K. Cuentas-Gallegos, M. Miranda-Hernández, A. Vargas-Ocampo., Electrochim. Acta , 54, 4378 (2009)
4] A. K. Cuentas-Gallegos, S. Peñaloza-Jiménez, D.A. Baeza-Rostro, A. Germán-García. J New Mater.
Electrochem. Syst, 13, 369 (2010)
5] A. K. Cuentas-Gallegos, A. Zamudio-Flores, M. Casas-Cabanas, J. Nano Res., 14,11 (2011
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
106 Instituto de Energías Renovables
COOPER DOPED ONE-DIMENSIONAL TiO2 MEMBRANES: EFFECT
OF Cu-PRECURSOR INTO THE MORPHOLOGY AND
PHOTOCATALYTIC PERFORMANCE
I.T. Rendón*, M.E. Rincón
Instituto en Energías Renovables, Temixco, Morelos;
*tonahtiuhrendó[email protected]
Metal doping is considered as one promising way for enhancing the photo catalytic activity of
TiO2 nanomaterials at low cost, expanding its photo response into the visible range. In the
present research, two species of cooper precursors, CuNO3 and CuSO4, have been studied as a
function of concentration to determine their influence into the crystalline and texture properties
of Cu-TiO2 one dimensional membranes, which were obtained by anodization at 50 V, in
ethylene glycol, followed by air annealing at 550°C for three hours. Cu-salts were incorporated
by the impregnation method, varying their concentrations from 0.5 to 1.5 M. The experimental
data were analyzed by the XRD, EDS, SEM and UV/Vis spectrophotometry techniques. The
photo catalytic performance of the membranes was tested with the degradation of Blue Erionyl
A-R textile dye.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
107 Instituto de Energías Renovables
ESTUDIO DE LA GENERACIÓN DE ELECTRICIDAD EN UN
HUMEDAL ASISTIDO ELECTROQUÍMICAMENTE
Salinas-Juárez María Guadalupe1, Moeller-Chávez Gabriela E.
2, Roquero-Tejeda Pedro
3,
Durán-Domínguez-de-Bazúa María del Carmen1
1Laboratorios de Ingeniería Química Ambiental y de Química Ambiental, Facultad de Química, UNAM, México, DF; 2Instituto Mexicano de Tecnología del Agua, Jiutepec, Morelos; 3Facultad de Química, UNAM, México, DF.
Las celdas de combustible microbianas vegetales, son dispositivos que proveen energía
renovable al aprovechar la captura de energía química proveniente del Sol por parte de las
plantas, para convertirla en energía eléctrica utilizando los elementos y mecanismos de una
celda de combustible microbiana y tomando como combustible únicamente los compuestos
orgánicos liberados por las plantas (rizodepósitos); este tipo de celdas NO depuran el agua
residual. Por otro lado, los humedales artificiales constituyen un eficiente sistema natural para
el tratamiento de aguas residuales, éstos requieren una inversión mínima de energía, presentan
bajos costos y facilidad en su operación y mantenimiento. La presente investigación se enfoca
al estudio y análisis un sistema innovador para la producción de electricidad y el tratamiento
biológico simultáneo de un agua residual sintética, que consiste en una serie de reactores que
simulan humedales artificiales (a escala de laboratorio) y que, con una adecuación
electroquímica, son capaces de llevar a cabo las funciones de una celda de combustible
microbiana vegetal para la generación eléctrica. Este sistema está pensado para satisfacer las
necesidades de electricidad y depuración de aguas residuales en zonas rurales alejadas, en
donde los sistemas de electrificación y de tratamiento de agua residual no son posibles. Se
montó un sistema de prueba a escala de laboratorio en el que se obtuvo una densidad de
potencia de 40.71 mW/m2, valor que está en el intervalo de los reportados en la literatura.
Actualmente se tiene en operación sistema para llevar a cabo el tratamiento del agua residual
generando electricidad.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
108 Instituto de Energías Renovables
EVALUATION OF CATALYSTS TO REDUCE ENERGY
CONSUMPTION IN THE ELECTROCHEMICAL
REDUCTION OF CO2
D.A. García Osorio, S.J. Figueroa Ramírez, M. Miranda-Hernández*
Instituto de Energías Renovables Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
Apartado Postal 34, Temixco, Mor. 62580, México. *e-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
Considering the high concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, nowadays different alternatives
have been proposed in order to bring down these levels, one the most important is
electrochemical reduction of CO2 due to interest in the synthesis of chemicals, specifically
hydrocarbons. The copper is unique among the metals, the best catalyst for CO2 reduction
(cathodic reaction) for producing hydrocarbons at significant quantities by means of
electrolysis, where the main anodic reaction is water oxidation. In this context, one of the main
challenges of electrolysis cells is to reduce energy consumption. To achieve it, many studies
have been focused in catalysts development to promote the reduction and oxidation reaction;
and in this way can be reduce the process total energy. In this work, it is presented an
evaluation of catalysts supported on carbon matrices for their use as cathodes (copper
dispersed particles) and SnO2-Carbon Black composites as anodes in the electrolysis of CO2, in
order to reduce energy consumption for the manufacturing of hydrocarbons and /or alcohols
using carbon dioxide as carbon source.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
109 Instituto de Energías Renovables
FACTIBILIDAD TÉCNICA Y ECONÓMICA DE LA RECUPERACIÓN
DE RESIDUOS FORESTALES MEDIANTE PELLETIZACIÓN, EN LA
SIERRA MADRE OCCIDENTAL DE MÉXICO
M. Moreno-López, I.R. Martín-Domínguez y M.T. Alarcón-Herrera
Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S. C (CIMAV)
Departamento de Energía Renovable y Protección del Medio Ambiente
Miguel de Cervantes 120. Complejo Industrial Chihuahua. 31109 Chihuahua, Chih. México
En México se encuentran instalados aproximadamente 1,250 aserraderos, los cuales procesan
diariamente un promedio de 90 m3
de madera en rollo cada uno. Como subproducto de ésta
actividad se generan importantes cantidades de residuos, tales como aserrín, corteza y recortes.
Para los productores locales, dichos residuos son desperdicios que constituyen un problema
para su disposición, y un peligro de incendio durante los meses secos.
Una posible solución al problema anterior, consiste en convertir dichos residuos en un
producto comercializable. En éste trabajo se presentan los resultados de un estudio en el cual
se determinó la posibilidad técnica y económica de producir Pellets a partir de residuos
forestales.
Para lo anterior se realizaron muestreos en la localidad de Ciudad Madera, Chih., que es una
comunidad con numerosa actividad forestal, representativa de otras comunidades situadas en la
Sierra Madre Occidental (Chihuahua, Durango, etc.). Se analizaron las características físico-
químicas y energéticas de los residuos ahí producidos y se estimaron los volúmenes
producidos. Con esa información se procedió a dimensionar el equipamiento requerido para
producir Pellets, y se localizaron proveedores internacionales, ya que en México no existe tal
industria.
Se presentan los resultados de la factibilidad técnica de producir Pellets con la materia prima
disponible, y se determina la factibilidad económica de instalar una planta productora de
Pellets, dimensionada de acuerdo a los volúmenes de producción encontrados, incorporando
los costos de adquisición y de operación de la misma.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
110 Instituto de Energías Renovables
FORMACIÓN DE RECURSOS HUMANOS EN LÍNEA: LIER UnADM
J.I. Andrade Gandarilla, L.M. Torres Pacheco
Universidad Abierta y a Distancia de México
[email protected], [email protected]
La formación de recursos humanos en Energías Renovables es una necesidad
apremiante para el país. El aprovechamiento racional de las fuentes de energía en comunidades
alejadas de los centros urbanos hace necesaria la intervención de profesionales que diseñen
proyectos para el uso de eficiente de la energía. Las opciones educativas en el nivel de
licenciatura, que enfrentan esta necesidad, se han incrementado en la última década, la mayoría
de ellas de manera presencial y cercanas a los ciudades más pobladas del país. En este trabajo,
se presentan los ejes fundamentales de la opción académica de la Licenciatura en Energías
Renovables de la Universidad Abierta y a Distancia de México, el impacto en la formación de
recursos humanos en el país en las áreas de energía solar, eólica e hidráulica, la cobertura que
ha alcanzado en cada uno de los estados de la República Mexicana, los vínculos con
instituciones que coadyuvan en la formación profesional de los alumnos y las perspectivas de
consolidación a corto y mediano plazo.
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111 Instituto de Energías Renovables
FUNCIONALIZACIÓN DE ANTRAQUINONA EN MEDIO ACUOSO
Hugo A. Mosqueda
Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica e Eléctrica. Av. Universidad s/n, Cd. U-niversitaria
66451, San Nicolas de los Garza, N.L.
Los condensadores electroquímicos también llamados supercapacitores son ideales para
aplicaciones de picos de potencia, como en el arranque de motores, o en aplicaciones de corta
duración, por ejemplo, subir o bajar los vidrios del automóvil. Otro uso es ensamblado con las
baterías, al funcionar como un convertidor de fuente de voltaje que dicta la frecuencia y el
voltaje en corriente alterna del sistema. El capacitor sería la primera fuente de almacenaje y
funcionaria como estabilizador principal a sorpresivos desbalances de energía. La capacitancia
se debe a la absorción de cargas positivas o negativas en la superficie del electrodo con la
subsecuente formación de la doble capa electroquímica. Pero también existe el fenómeno
conocido como pseudocapacitancia, donde existe transferencia de carga en la superficie con la
subsecuente oxidación o reducción de la misma.
La antraquinona es una molécula con dos grupos cetonas, las cuales pueden absorber
carga. Debido a esta cualidad es un compuesto promisorio para usar como electrodo en un
condensador electroquímico.
En el presente trabajo se presenta dos métodos de funcionalizar la antraquinona a una matriz de
carbono, Black Pearl. Los dos son en medio acuosos, una con la reducción directa con nitritos
y la segunda con una reducción previa de nitrato a nitrito insitu.
Se puede observar la evolución de la capacitancia de la antraquinona antes, y después de la
funcionalización, y la eficiencia después de 300 ciclos.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
112 Instituto de Energías Renovables
HISTORY AND TENDENCY EVOLUTION OF
IER SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION
K. Cedano*, M. Martínez**y J.A.del Río**
*Centro Lavín para el Desarrollo de Innovación y Transferencia Tecnológica. Domingo Diez 1003, 3er piso.
Colonia del Empleado, 62250 Cuernavaca, Morelos. [email protected]
**Instituto de Energías Renovables, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Privada Xochicalco s/n,
62580 Temixco, Morelos
Abstract
We present a scientometric analysis of all the research papers published by the Scientific
Community at the Instituto de Energías Renovables (IER). We applied text mining algorithms
to all such records found in the Web of Science, from 1971 until December 2012 and without
lower limit on the time of publication. This search resulted in almost 1,200 papers, published
in 31 years.
The text mining approach (Kostoff et al. 2001, del Río et al. 2002) has been used to study the
characteristics of Mexican science in the two research publications with higher impact factor,
Nature and Science (Kostoff et al. 2007) and to characterize Ibero-American science on both
journals as well (Russell et al. 2007).
These research papers reveal not only the behavior of the scientific community on the
Institution under analysis , but also, its strengths and weaknesses. We are able to show the
journals where most of their research is being published; the name of the most prolific authors,
as well as the most cited; the collaboration with other institutions and countries; the strongest
areas in the field ; and the evolution of the community as a whole, and by department.
To have a better understanding of the evolution of this scientific community and the impact of
the research done by it, we correlate the number of research papers with milestones in the
history of the IER.
We start this analysis with the research team known as the Departamento de Energía Solar at
the Instituto de Materiales, and followed its evolution and spin-off as the Laboratorio de
Enegía Solar, which matured into the Centro de Investigación en Energía and has been
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
113 Instituto de Energías Renovables
recognized in this year as Instituto de Energías Renovables. Furthermore, we followed the
productivity of its three major research groups (known as Departamentos) as well as its impact
in the international scientific community.
Finally, we applied a logistic algorithm to this data series, to make a prospective analysis to
different information clusters. This analysis combined with the historical information on the
institutional milestones provides a better understanding of the influence of different parameters
on the productivity of this particular scientific community.
''CITATION MINING: INTEGRATING TEXT MINING AND BIBLIOMETRICS FOR RESEARCH USER
PROFILING'', R.N. Kostoff, J.A. del Río, J.A. Humenik, E.O. García y A.M. Ramírez, J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci.
Techn. 52, 1148-1156 (2001).
''PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH TO PROFILE IMPACT OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH: CITATION
MINING'', J.A del Río, R.N. Kostoff, E.O. García, A.M. Ramírez y J.A. Humenik, Adv. Complex Syst. 5, 19-42
(2002).
''Clustering methodologies for identifying country core competencies'' Kostoff R.N., del Río J.A., Cortés H.D.,
Smith C., Smith A., Wagner C., Leydesdorff L., Karypis G., Malpohl G., Tshiteya R. J. Information Sci. 33, 21-
40 (2007).
''Highly visible science: A look at three decades of research from Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Spain'' Russell
J.M., del Río J.A., Cortes H.D. INTERCIENCIA 32, 629-634 (2007).
“Futures Research Methodology, v3.0” [CD-ROM], Glenn, J.C.; Gordon T. J. 2009 American Council for the
UNU; CDR edition “Intersections of Strategic Planning and Future Studies: Methodological Complementarities”.
Curtis, W.R. Journal of Futures Studies. 15(2) 71–100 (2010)
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
114 Instituto de Energías Renovables
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE ASSISTED ETCHING OF N-TYPE,
LUMINESCENT MICRO, MESO AND MACROPOROUS SILICON:
STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES
E.E. Antúnez-Cerón, M.A. Basurto-Pensado, V. Agarwal
CIICAP-UAEM,
Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P.62209, México
We report the fabrication of luminescent micro-, meso- and macroporous n-type silicon, single
and multilayers under dark anodization conditions. The pore dimensions can be tuned from
micro to macro porous depending on the peroxide concentration and current density. Pure
chemical dissolution of silicon wafer by the electrolyte (hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-
hydrofluoric acid (HF)) can be controlled by decreasing the concentration of H2O2, to have a
controlled reaction through electrochemical anodization. The morphology and the porosity
were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Broad and intense luminescence band
from 500 to 800 nm was observed for all the three morphologies.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
115 Instituto de Energías Renovables
MULTI-TECHNOLOGY PRODUCT SELECTION FOR LOCAL
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY GENERATION ON COMPANIES WITH
SMALL TO MEDIUM ELECTRICAL LOAD
D.F. Hernández-Joya, J. Martínez-Carballido
National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics 72840
In an effort to contribute in the reduction of climate change and global warming the costumers
of the power system are becoming more involved with the integration of the alternative sources
of energy. An option for this energy delivery is local generation and can be of major
importance for small and mid-sized industries. Currently these industries have a strong
dependence to the grid, but every day is of higher importance that they use a portion of low
emission energy. In such microgrids a hybrid combination of energy sources, including energy
storage systems, can considerably improve reliability and stability of their energy supply; but
selecting and sizing the suitable technologies for a given set of conditions is an ever changing
problem due to the available elements to design a solution in a given time. This paper presents
a scheme to design solutions for complementary local alternative energy generation, covering a
portion of the peak demand, where a subset of technologies are selected from a data base by
using criteria such as: capacity, fuel rate, efficiency, emissions, heat recovery, usage time,
dimensions and weight. The data base used can easily be changed or updated anytime and in
conjunction with the above mentioned criteria give to a user: an up-to-date, manufacturer and
technology independent solution.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
116 Instituto de Energías Renovables
PHOTOLUMINESCENCE AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION
OF ONE-STEP SYNTHESIZED CORE/SHELL CdSe/CdS
NANOPARTICLES
C.S. Coria-Monroya, M. Sotelo-Lerma
b, J.M. Hernández
c, H. Hu
a
aInstituto de Energías Renovables, Priv.Xochicalco S/N, Temixco, Morelos, 62580 México,
Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales S/N, Col. Centro, Hermosillo, Sonora, México. cInstituto de Física UNAM Circuito de la Investigación Científica, Ciudad Universitaria D.F.
04510 México.
CdSe/CdS core/shell nanoparticles were synthesized in aqueous solution by one-step process.
First CdSe precipitations were obtained in a solution of cadmium chloride, sodium citrate,
ammonia and sodium selenosulphate. After 4 h of formation a sulphur precursor was added
without stoppping the stirring. The particle size and crystallinity of CdSe core particles were
studied as functions of cadmium: selenide (Cd:Se) precursor concentration, solution
temperature and reaction time. Different sulfur precursors had been chosen for the CdS shell
formation such as thiourea, sodium thiosulphate and sodium sulfide. The influence of other
parameters like the amount of sulphur precursor, the pH value of the solution and type of
buffer solution on CdS shell formation was also analyzed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) Patterns
indicate that CdSe nanoparticles are of cubic structure and the crystalline size depends on the
Cd:Se proportion as well as solution temperature. The obtained core/shell CdSe/CdS
nanocrystals showed additional hexagonal wurzite crystal structure planes (101), (110) and
(112) of CdS as the concentration of sulphur precursor in the solution is sufficiently high.
Photoluminescence emission (em = 370nm) and excitation (ex = 615nm) spectra suggest that
the solution pH value affects considerably the formation of CdS on CdSe. Transmission
Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) have also been used to
observe the morphological properties of core and core/shell particles. The one-step synthesis
conditions for CdSe/CdS core/shell nanoparticles were optimized in order to obtain a very thin
shell thickness for hybrid solar cell application.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
117 Instituto de Energías Renovables
SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON COLLEGE
STUDENTS FOR EDUCATIONAL COMMUNICATION GUIDELINES
Yolanda Ramírez Vázquez1, Édgar González Gaudiano
1
1Universidad Veracruzana. Lomas del Estadio s/n Zona Universitaria, C.P. 91000, Xalapa, Ver.
Climate change (CC) is a socio-environmental problem directly related to energy use. The
population is vulnerable to its effects, particularly undergraduates play a crucial role in the
actions to take. It is imperative to adopt mitigation and adaptation actions in all economic,
social and political levels. The media have a significant influence on the social representation
(SR) of the people on the phenomenon, so it is important to conduct studies in specific
segments of the population to produce and effectively convey messages about the subject
(Meira, 2006). The objective of this research is to determine if there are differences in the SR
of undergraduates of Universidad Veracruzana and of the Universidad Anáhuac in Xalapa,
Veracruz, to structure guidelines for educational communication strategies on CC. Eight grades
in the areas of humanities, economic - administrative, and engineering were taken into account.
For data collection in the first stage the word association technique was used. We analyzed 231
applied instruments, finding that words with higher frequency of occurrence are pollution,
thaw, heat, fire, flood, natural disasters, global warming, cold, destruction, and death among
others; the hierarchy of these terms changes when socio-cultural and economical aspects are
introduced. For the analysis, five categories of SR were inductively built. The next stage
involves an analysis of interviews with 14 students. The findings of this study could help
promote the use of renewable energy and sustainability in the adoption of actions facing
climate change.
Meira Cartea, Pablo Ángel, (2006) Las ideas de la gente sobre el cambio climático. Ciclos:
Cuadernos de Comunicación, interpretación y educación ambiental, nº 18, julio, pp. 5-12.
2nd International Symposium on Renewable Energies and Sustainability Temixco, Mor. México 20-22 Marzo, 2013
118 Instituto de Energías Renovables
BALANCE DE ENERGÍA DEL ESTADO DE SONORA
J. L. TADDEI-BRINGAS
1. R. E. CABANILLAS-LÓPEZ
2,
1 Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora,
2 División de Ingeniería, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, México.
*e-mail:
La energía es la base para mejorar la calidad de vida de las sociedades y esencial para
incrementar la economía de las naciones. El Estado como principal responsable de impulsar el
desarrollo, debe establecer políticas públicas encaminadas a lograr la sustentabilidad
energética. El dinamismo que caracterizó al siglo xx e inicios del xxi se debe en mucho a la
contribución de los combustibles fósiles. En el mediano plazo nos espera una vida de menor
intensidad energética porque esos combustibles no son renovables y no existen fuentes
primarias conocidas con capacidad de potencia similar.
Sonora es uno de los estados del país donde el consumo de energía es muy elevado debido a
las condiciones climáticas de altas temperaturas en el desierto y con bajas temperaturas en la
sierra, lo que demanda climatización para viviendas y edificios. Así mismo las actividades
productivas como la minería, la agricultura y la pesca, aunada al desarrollo industrial son
consumidores intensivos de energía para su operación.
Por ello se justifica la necesidad de comprender con mayor detalle los flujos energéticos de la
región, como un primer paso para identificar los principales elementos que constituyan una
política energética regional encaminada al desarrollo sustentable.
Se presenta el balance de energía para el Estado de Sonora, México, en el año 2010. El
objetivo de la investigación es identificar la dinámica del equilibrio entre oferta y demanda
utilizando los datos del flujo energético en ese periodo y para esa región.
Utilizando la metodología propuesta por la Organización Latinoamericana de Energía
(OLADE) se realiza una exhaustiva búsqueda de información y se establece la presentación
estadística confiable, detallada y completa que es esencial para el seguimiento de la situación
energética a nivel del estado