Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)
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Transcript of Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)
![Page 1: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Evaluation of Roadside Vegetation for
Erosion Control in West Virginia
Eric M. Davis, GRA Leslie Hopkinson, PI
George Hilvers, GRA
Joseph Cottrill, URA
Adam Strong, URA
Joanna Graham, URA
1
![Page 2: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Introduction
• Typical issues with roadsides
in West Virginia
– Rock falls
– Bare slopes
– Erosion
– Poor vegetative growth
• Factors leading to issues
− Variability in soil type and
quality
− Various elevation changes
− Steep slopes
2
![Page 3: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Introduction
• National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) permit
– Requires 70% average vegetated cover for permit to
be released
• Currently, little follow up exists on the long term
vegetation establishment
3
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Objective: Determine the effectiveness of current
reclamation methods at roadside and median locations of
highways in West Virginia.
4
• Improve reclamation practices to provide better
vegetative cover to prevent erosion and unvegetated
slopes
• Capture a wide range of locations:
- Medians
- Soil types
- Seed mixtures
- Slopes
- Aspects
- Climates
![Page 5: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Methods: Roadsides and medians were sampled
between 17 June and 8 August, 2014, and 9 July
and 10 July, 2015.
5
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Methods: Data Collection
• Vegetation Cover
• Slope
• Aspect
• Location and Elevation
• Compaction
• Soil Sample
6
![Page 7: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Methods: Data Collection
• Vegetation Cover
– Subplot selection
• Randomly selected using methods adapted from
Elzinga et. al. (1998).
7
![Page 8: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Methods: Data Collection
• Vegetation Cover
– Percent cover evaluated with a 1m x 1m grid
– Portable point frame was composed of 100
intersections
8
![Page 9: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Methods: Data Collection
• Slope
– Steepness of each site was
measured with a Suunto PM-5
Clinometer
• Aspect
– Slope exposure determined using a
Suunto A-10 Recreational Compass
• Location and Elevation
– Measured using a Garmin etrex 20
handheld GPS
9
![Page 10: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Methods: Data Collection
• Compaction
– Compaction tests performed using agraTronix Soil
Compaction Tester
• Penetrometer complies to ASAE S313.3
10
![Page 11: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Methods: Data Collection
• Soil Sample
– Soil samples were collected following procedures by
West Virginia University Soil Testing Laboratory
(2007) for lawn and turf.
– Soil samples analyzed for pH,
nutrients, minerals, and texture
11
![Page 12: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Methods: Cover Classes
12
• Sites are required to have 70% cover in order to be
released from NPDES permit.
– Cover classes help easily identify sites that have
adequate vegetative cover.
• Aid in determining the effectiveness of WVDOH’s site
reclamation procedures.
• Cover Class Ranges:
– Class I (0-50%)
– Class II (50-70%)
– Class III (70-90%)
– Class IV (90-100%)
![Page 13: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Results:
Cover Class I
13
− Class I (0-50%)
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Results:
Cover Class II
14
− Class II (50-70%)
![Page 15: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Results:
Cover Class III
15
− Class III (70-90%)
![Page 16: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Results:
Cover Class IV
16
− Class IV (90-100%)
![Page 17: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Results: 30% of the sites examined in this study had
excellent mean cover of greater than 90%.
17
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Cla
ss I
V (
90-1
00%
)
CH
-5b
R1
9
EB
B
PB
I68W
C
I64B
CF
E
MF
E-1
CH
-5a
CH
-3
Cla
ss I
II (
70-9
0%
)
SM
N
*C
HM
-2
27
9-1
a
I64
R1
93
EA
R9
-2
FG
C
Cla
ss I
I (5
0-7
0%
)
R9
-1
SM
S
27
9-2
MF
E-2
47
INT
a
*C
HM
-1
*I6
8M
Cla
ss I
(0
-50%
)
27
9-1
b
CH
-2a
CH
-2b
47
INT
b
BH
CH
-1
R5
2
CH
-4
Per
cen
t C
over
(%
)
Site Abbreviation
IV III II I
![Page 18: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Results: 24% of the sites examined in this study had
poor mean cover of less than 50%.
18
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Cla
ss I
V (
90-1
00%
)
CH
-5b
R1
9
EB
B
PB
I68W
C
I64B
CF
E
MF
E-1
CH
-5a
CH
-3
Cla
ss I
II (
70-9
0%
)
SM
N
*C
HM
-2
27
9-1
a
I64
R1
93
EA
R9
-2
FG
C
Cla
ss I
I (5
0-7
0%
)
R9
-1
SM
S
27
9-2
MF
E-2
47
INT
a
*C
HM
-1
*I6
8M
Cla
ss I
(0
-50%
)
27
9-1
b
CH
-2a
CH
-2b
47
INT
b
BH
CH
-1
R5
2
CH
-4
Per
cen
t C
over
(%
)
Site Abbreviation
IV III II I
![Page 19: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Results: 55% of the sites examined in this study met
the required 70% for permit release.
19
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Cla
ss I
V (
90-1
00%
)
CH
-5b
R1
9
EB
B
PB
I68W
C
I64B
CF
E
MF
E-1
CH
-5a
CH
-3
Cla
ss I
II (
70-9
0%
)
SM
N
*C
HM
-2
27
9-1
a
I64
R1
93
EA
R9
-2
FG
C
Cla
ss I
I (5
0-7
0%
)
R9
-1
SM
S
27
9-2
MF
E-2
47
INT
a
*C
HM
-1
*I6
8M
Cla
ss I
(0
-50%
)
27
9-1
b
CH
-2a
CH
-2b
47
INT
b
BH
CH
-1
R5
2
CH
-4
Per
cen
t C
over
(%
)
Site Abbreviation
IV III II I
![Page 20: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Results: Common species included tall fescue and
crownvetch.
Also observed:
• White clover*
• Annual ryegrass*
• Red fescue*
• Weeping lovegrass*
• Serecia lespedeza*
• Birdsfoot trefoil
• Red clover
• Coltsfoot
• Buckhorn plantain
20
![Page 21: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Crownvetch Example of Observed Species
White
Clover
Narrow
Leaf
Buckhorn
Plantain
Birdsfoot Trefoil
Red Clover
![Page 22: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Example of Observed Species
Coltsfoot Annual
Ryegrass
![Page 23: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Crownvetch Example of Observed Species
Sericea
Lespedeza Kentucky 31
Fescue
![Page 24: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Results:
Parameter I II III IV
OM (%) a (0.9-1.7) a (0.7-1.8) b (1.5-2.4) b (0.7-4.3)
SS (mmhos/cm) a (0.36-1.54) ab (0.08-1.15) bc (0.21-0.81) c (0.09-0.41)
N (ppm) a (1-6) a (1-4) ab (1-6) b (3-17)
pH* a (4-9.7) a (5.7-9.6) a (5.2-8.4) a (5.8-8.2)
*Parameter shows no correlations to long term vegetative establishment between cover classes
24
• The worst performing locations had low levels of OM and
high levels of SS.
• Nitrogen was the only macronutrient found to have a
positive correlation to vegetation cover
• pH had no linear correlation, but sites with soils within
optimal pH range had greater cover.
![Page 25: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Results:
25
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0
Per
cen
t C
over
pH
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 5 10 15 20
Per
cen
t C
over
Nitrogen (ppm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Per
cen
t C
over
(%
)
Soluble Salt (mmhos/cm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 1 2 3 4 5
Per
cen
t C
over
Percent Organic Matter (%)
![Page 26: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Results: Aspect
26
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 100 200 300 400
Per
cen
t C
over
(%
)
Aspect (º)
• Local percent cover was greatest on eastern facing slopes
− Only 4% of local slopes faced east
![Page 27: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 20 40 60 80
Per
cen
t C
over
(%
)
Slope (%)
Results: Slope
• Limited statistical differences observed between cover
classes as defined by slope
![Page 28: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 1000 2000 3000
Per
cen
t C
over
(%
)
Elevation (ft)
Results: Elevation
• Limited statistical differences observed between cover
classes as defined by elevation
![Page 29: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Results: Compaction
• Limited statistical differences observed between cover
classes as defined by compaction
![Page 30: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Conclusions:
30
• Establishing long-term vegetation cover is difficult due to
poor soil and site conditions.
• These results concluded that challenges faced at time of
establishment continue long term.
• 30% of the sites had excellent mean cover (>90%); 24%
percent of the sites were poorly covered (<50%).
• Only 55% of observed sites met the required 70% cover.
![Page 31: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Conclusions:
31
• High soluble salt levels and low fertility were present at
sites with low vegetation.
• Crownvetch was not observed at locations with high
soluble salts, leading to poor mean vegetation cover.
• The most observed species, tall fescue (Festuca
arundinacea) and crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.), are
considered invasive but provided the majority of ground
cover.
Crownvetch Tall Fescue
![Page 32: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Recommendations:
32
• Proper seedbed preparation should be a high priority
• Continued maintenance should be required to overcome
initial challenges
• Soil testing should be mandatory due to expense of
mitigating pH levels.
• Site specific seed mixtures may lead to improved
revegetation success.
![Page 33: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Thank You! • Special thanks go to Charlie Riling for all of his continued
help and support throughout the duration of the project.
• Donald Williams
• Michael Pumphrey
• WVDOH
• Undergraduate Research Assistants;
– Joseph Cottrill
– Adam Strong
– Joanna Graham
33
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Questions ?
34
![Page 35: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Development of Erosion Control
Seed Mixtures
35
George Hilvers, GRA Leslie Hopkinson, PI
![Page 36: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Objectives:
• Seed Mixtures
– Economical and price competitive
– Specifically designed for West Virginia
• Vegetation Species
– Low invasiveness or native
– Erosion control or pioneer species
– Inhabits West Virginia
36
![Page 37: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Current Seed Mixtures:
• DOH Type B: Medians, Shoulders, Waterways, and
Mowable Areas of Interchange
• DOH Type D: Cut and Fill Slopes
37
![Page 38: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
DOH Type B: Medians, shoulders, waterways, and
mowable areas of interchange
Type B Rate
(lb/ac)
Cost (/lb) Threat
Level
Description
Kentucky 31 fescue 65 $1.20 1 Graminoid
Red fescue 20 $1.80 N/A Graminoid
White Dutch clover 3 $3.80 3 Legume
Annual ryegrass 7 $0.60 N/A Nurse crop
OR
Weeping lovegrass 3 $8.00 3 Nurse crop
Total: $150/acre
38
![Page 39: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
DOH Type B: Medians, shoulders, waterways, and
mowable areas of interchange
39
![Page 40: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
DOH Type D: Cut and Fill Slopes
Type D Rate
(lb/ac)
Cost (/lb) Threat
Level
Description
Kentucky 31 fescue 20 $1.20 1 Graminoid
Red fescue 20 $1.80 N/A Graminoid
Crownvetch 20 $30.00 1 Legume
Annual ryegrass 7 $0.60 N/A Nurse crop
OR
Weeping lovegrass 3 $8.00 3 Nurse crop
Total: $684/acre
40
![Page 41: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
DOH Type D: Cut and Fill Slopes
41
![Page 42: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Proposed Seed Mixtures:
• Type A: Mowable Areas
• Type B: Warm Season
• Type C: Cool Season
• Type D: High Elevation (>2,400 ft)
• Type E: Wet Areas
42
![Page 43: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
WV Characteristics for Species Selection:
• Preferences
– Occurs in ¾ ecoregions
• Ecoregions Map
– 4 ecoregions
– 3 main ecoregions
43
![Page 44: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
WV Characteristics for Species Selection:
• Preferences
– Occurs in all elevation ranges
• Elevation Map
– 5 main zones
– 240 ft. to 4,863 ft.
– Average elevation of 1,500 ft.
44
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WV Characteristics for Species Selection:
• Preferences
– Occurs in multiple precipitation
zones
• Precipitation Map
– 5 main zones
– 31-72 inches
45
![Page 46: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
WV Characteristics for Species Selection:
• Preferences
– Occurs in various soil medias
• Soils Map
– Diverse soil compositions
46
![Page 47: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
WV Characteristics for Species Selection:
• Preferences
– Occurs in both watersheds
• Watersheds Map
– Ohio River
– Chesapeake Bay
47
![Page 48: Davis+Hilvers_9-21-15_IECA Presentation (Pub) (1)](https://reader031.fdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022020300/58a70a2c1a28ab4c438b6329/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
WV Characteristics for Species Selection:
• Preferences
– Occurs in 25/55 counties
48
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Type A: Mowable Areas
Type A Rate
(lb/ac)
Cost
(/lb)
Classification Description
Autumn Bentgrass 10 $14.00 Native Graminoid
Chewing’s Fescue 25 $21.10 Non-Native Graminoid
Hard Fescue ‘Chariot’ 35 $2.80 Non-Native Graminoid
Hard Fescue ‘Heron’ 35 $2.80 Non-Native Graminoid
Creeping Red Fescue 55 $1.50 Non-Native Graminoid
White Clover 3 $3.80 Non-Native Legume
Total: $482/acre
49
• Medians, shoulders, and lawns
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Graminoids:
• Autumn Bentgrass (Agrostis
perennans)
– Native to WV
– Damp to dry soils
• Creeping Red Fescue (Festuca
rubra)
– Bunch grass
– Soil and site stabilization
– Resistant to wear
(Robert H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database /
USDA NRCS. 1995. Northeast wetland flora: Field office guide to plant
species. Northeast National Technical Center, Chester.)
(Robert H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the USDA-
NRCS PLANTS Database)
50
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• Chewing’s Fescue (Festuca rubra
ssp. commutata)
– Used for erosion control
– Bunch grass
• Hard Fescue ‘Heron’ & ‘Chariot’
(Festuca ovina var. duriuscula &
Festuca brevipila)
– Perennial bunch grass
– Erosion control along roadways
– Drought resistant
– Long lifespan
Graminoids:
(Clarence Kelly, USDA-NRCS)
51
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Legume:
• White Clover (Trifolium repens)
– Perennial
– Fixate nitrogen
– Used for erosion control
52
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Type A: Mowable Areas
53
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Type B: Warm Season (Cut/Fill)
Type B Rate (lb/ac) Cost (/lb) Classification Description
Common Oat 30 $0.25 Non-native Nurse crop
Big Bluestem 6.0 $10.00 Native Graminoid
Virginia Wildrye 8.4 $8.00 Native Graminoid
Autumn Bentgrass 3.7 $14.00 Native Graminoid
Switchgrass 6.4 $5.00 Native Graminoid
Indiangrass 14 $18.00 Native Graminoid
Partridge Pea 1.0 $10.00 Native Legume
Back-Eyed Susan 0.6 $24.00 Native Forb
Narrowleaf Mountainmint 0.1 $80.00 Native Forb
Wild Bergamot 0.5 $96.00 Native Forb
Panicledleaf Ticktrefoil 0.4 $48.00 Native Forb
Smooth Oxeye 0.4 $20.00 Native Forb
Flat-top Goldentop 0.1 $400.00 Native Forb
Total: $618 /acre
54
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Nurse Crop:
• Common Oat (Avena sativa)
– Annual
– Nurse crop for erosion control
– Winter kills
– Spring/Summer planting
• Cereal rye (Secal cereale)
– Annual
– Nurse crop for erosion control
– Grows in cold conditions
– Fall/Winter planting
(USDA-NRCS)
(Jose Hernandez, hosted by the USDA-
NRCS PLANTS Database)
55
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Graminoids:
• Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardii)
– Perennial warm season
bunchgrass
– 6-8 feet tall
– Does well in low fertility
– Strong seeding vigor
• Virginia Wildrye (Elymus virginicus)
– Cool season bunchgrass
– Self-fertilizes
– Grows in moist conditions
(Jennifer Anderson, hosted by the USDA-
NRCS PLANTS Database)
(Alan Shadow, USDA-NRCS)
56
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Graminoids:
• Autumn Bentgrass (Agrostis
perenans)
– Damp to dry soils
– Poor salt and drought tolerance
• Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)
– Perennial warm season
bunchgrass
– Erosion control for critical areas
– Grows in large clumps
– 3-5 feet tall
(Robert H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA
SCS. 1991. Southern wetland flora: Field office guide to plant species. South
National Technical Center, Fort Worth.)
(Robert H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database /
USDA NRCS. 1995. Northeast wetland flora: Field office guide to plant
species. Northeast National Technical Center, Chester.)
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Graminoids:
• Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans)
– Perennial warm season
bunchgrass
– Erosion control along roadsides
– Strong seeding vigor
– 3-7 feet tall
(Jennifer Anderson, hosted by the
USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database)
58
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Legume:
• Partridge Pea (Chamaecrista
fasiculata)
– Annual
– Erosion control along road banks
– 1-3 feet tall
– Inoculate before planting
(R. Alan Shadow, USDA-NRCS)
59
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Forbs:
• Black-Eyed Susan (Rubeckia hirta)
– Biannual
– Erosion control along roadcuts
– Component in critical area
treatment
• Smooth Oxeye (Heliopsis
helianthoides)
– Perennial
– Plant winter, fall, or spring
– Hardy plant
– Found along roadsides and waste
areas
(USDA-NRCS)
(Christine Taliga, USDA-NRCS)
60
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Forbs:
• Wild Bergamot (Mondarda fistulosa)
– Perennial
– Spreads through seed and
rhizomes
– Beautification and ecological
benefit
• Narrowleaf Mountainmint
(Pycnanthemum tenuifolium)
– Warm season perennial
– Soil stabilizing species
– Quick spread through rhizomes
(Robert H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA
SCS. 1989. Midwest wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species.
Midwest National Technical Center, Lincoln.)
(Robert H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA
NRCS. 1992. Western wetland flora: Field office guide to plant species. West
Region, Sacramento.)
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Forbs:
• Panicledleaf Ticktrefoil (Desmodium
paniculatum)
– Perennial
– Nitrogen fixation
– Pioneer species
– Inoculate before planting
• Flat-top Goldentop (Euthamia
graminifolia)
– Perennial
– Found along roadways and
ditches
– Tolerates poor soils and drought
(Robert H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the USDA-
NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA SCS. 1989.
Midwest wetland flora: Field office illustrated
guide to plant species. Midwest National
Technical Center, Lincoln.)
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Type B: Warm Season
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Type C: Cool Season (Cut/Fill)
Type C Rate
(lb/ac)
Cost
(/lb)
Classification Description
Redtop 4 $10.00 Non-Native Graminoid
Hard Fescue ‘Heron’ 10 $2.80 Non-Native Graminoid
Hard Fescue ‘Chariot’ 10 $2.80 Non-Native Graminoid
Creeping Red Fescue 16 $1.50 Non-Native Graminoid
White Clover 7 $3.80 Non-Native Legume
Bird’s Foot Trefoil 8 $5.25 Non-Native Legume
Total: $189/acre
64
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Graminoids:
• Redtop (Agrostis gigantea)
– Perennial
– Erosion control
– Critical area stabilization
– Low fertility requirements
• Creeping Red Fescue (Festuca
rubra)
– Bunch grass
– Soil and site stabilization
– Resistant to wear
(Robert H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the USDA-
NRCS PLANTS Database)
65
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• Hard Fescue ‘Heron’ & ‘Chariot’
(Festuca ovina var. duriuscula &
Festuca brevipila)
– Perennial bunch grass
– Erosion control along roadways
– Drought resistant
– Long lifespan
Graminoids:
(Clarence Kelly, USDA-NRCS)
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Legume:
• White Clover (Trifolium repens)
– Perennial
– Nitrogen fixation
– Used for erosion control
• Bird’s Foot Trefoil (Lotus
corniculatus)
– Perennial
– Long lifespan
– Used for erosion control along
roadways
– Nitrogen fixation (Robert H. Mohlenbrock, USDA-NRCS)
67
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Type C: Cool Season
68
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Type D1: High Elevation (≤3:1) (>2,400 ft)
Type D1 Rate (lb/ac) Cost (/lb) Classification Description
Common Oat 30 $0.25 Non-native Nurse crop
Big Bluestem 2.5 $10.00 Native Graminoid
Virginia Wildrye 4.0 $8.00 Native Graminoid
Autumn Bentgrass 2.7 $14.00 Native Graminoid
Deertongue 2.0 $18.00 Native Graminoid
Little Bluestem 6.5 $24.00 Native Graminoid
Partridge Pea 0.8 $10.00 Native Legume
Back-Eyed Susan 0.6 $24.00 Native Forb
Smooth Oxeye 0.4 $20.00 Native Forb
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod 0.2 $280.00 Native Forb
Narrowleaf Mountainmint 0.1 $80.00 Native Forb
Panicledleaf Ticktrefoil 0.4 $48.00 Native Forb
Flat-top Goldentop 0.1 $400.00 Native Forb
Total: $448/acre
69
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Nurse Crop:
• Common Oat (Avena sativa)
– Annual
– Nurse crop for erosion control
– Winter kills
– Spring/Summer planting
• Cereal rye (Secal cereale)
– Annual
– Nurse crop for erosion control
– Grows in cold conditions
– Fall/Winter planting
(USDA-NRCS)
(Jose Hernandez, hosted by the USDA-
NRCS PLANTS Database)
70
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Graminoids:
• Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardii)
– Perennial warm season
bunchgrass
– 6-8 feet tall
– Does well in low fertility
– Strong seeding vigor
• Virginia Wildrye (Elymus virginicus)
– Cool season bunchgrass
– Self-fertilizes
– Grows in moist conditions
(Jennifer Anderson, hosted by the USDA-
NRCS PLANTS Database)
(Alan Shadow, USDA-NRCS)
71
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Graminoids:
• Autumn Bentgrass (Agrostis
perenans)
– Damp to dry soils
– Poor salt and drought tolerance
• Deertongue (Dichanthelium
clandestinum)
– Warm season perennial
– Tolerates low fertility and acidic
soils
– Protects soil during winter with a
mat of vegetation
(Robert H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS
Database / USDA NRCS. 1995. Northeast wetland flora: Field office
guide to plant species. Northeast National Technical Center, Chester.)
(Robert H. Mohlenbrock, USDA-NRCS)
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Graminoids:
• Little Bluestem (Schizachyrium
scoparium)
– Warm season
– Drought tolerant
– Used for erosion control
– Grows in a wide range of soils
(L. Glasscock, USDA-NRCS)
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Legume:
• Partridge Pea (Chamaecrista
fasiculata)
– Annual
– Erosion control along road banks
– 1-3 feet tall
– Inoculate before planting
(R. Alan Shadow, USDA-NRCS)
74
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Forbs:
• Black-Eyed Susan (Rubeckia hirta)
– Biannual
– Erosion control along roadcuts
– Component in critical area
treatment
• Smooth Oxeye (Heliopsis
helianthoides)
– Perennial
– Plant winter, fall, or spring
– Hardy plant
– Found along roadsides and waste
areas
(USDA-NRCS)
(Christine Taliga, USDA-NRCS)
75
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Forbs:
• Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod (Solidago
rugosa)
– Found along roadsides
– Tolerant of shade and drought
• Narrowleaf Mountainmint
(Pycnanthemum tenuifolium)
– Warm season perennial
– Soil stabilizing species
– Quick spread through rhizomes
(Robert H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA
SCS. 1989. Midwest wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species.
Midwest National Technical Center, Lincoln.)
(USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database)
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Forbs:
• Panicledleaf Ticktrefoil (Desmodium
paniculatum)
– Perennial
– Nitrogen fixation
– Pioneer species
– Inoculate before planting
• Flat-top Goldentop (Euthamia
graminifolia)
– Perennial
– Found along roadways and
ditches
– Tolerates poor soils and drought
(Robert H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the USDA-
NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA SCS. 1989.
Midwest wetland flora: Field office illustrated
guide to plant species. Midwest National
Technical Center, Lincoln.)
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Type D1: High Elevation (≤3:1)
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Type D2: High Elevation (>3:1)(>2,400 ft)
Type D2 Rate (lb/ac) Cost (/lb) Classification Description
Oats 30 $0.25 Non-native Nurse crop
Big Bluestem 4 $10.00 Native Graminoid
Virginia Wildrye 8.2 $8.00 Native Graminoid
Autumn Bentgrass 5.5 $14.00 Native Graminoid
Deertongue 8 $18.00 Native Graminoid
Little Bluestem 15 $24.00 Native Graminoid
Partridge Pea 0.8 $10.00 Native Legume
Backeyed Susan 0.6 $24.00 Native Forb
Oxeye Sunflower 0.4 $20.00 Native Forb
Wrinkleleaf Goldenrod 0.2 $280.00 Native Forb
Slender Mountainmint 0.1 $80.00 Native Forb
Panicledleaf Ticktrefoil 0.4 $48.00 Native Forb
Grassleaf Goldenrod 0.1 $400.00 Native Forb
Total: $848/acre
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Type E: Wet Areas
Type E Rate
(lb/ac)
Cost
(/lb)
Classification Description
Fox Sedge 4.0 $24.00 Native Graminoid
Fowl Bluegrass 3.5 $10.00 Native Graminoid
Redtop Panicgrass 4.0 $48.00 Native Graminoid
Common Rush 0.5 $66.00 Native Graminoid
Virginia Wildrye 4.0 $8.00 Native Graminoid
Shallow Sedge 3.0 $64.00 Native Graminoid
Blue Vervain 0.8 $40.00 Native Forb
Wingstem 0.2 $180.00 Native Forb
Total: $648/acre
80
• Ditches, retention basins, and moist or saturated soil
conditions
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Graminoids:
• Fox Sedge (Carex vulpinoidea)
– Bunch-forming perennial
– Spreads quickly
– Pioneer wetland colonizer
• Fowl Bluegrass (Poa palustris)
– Cool season bunch grass
– Develops quickly
– Found in moist soils (Robert H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the
USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database /
USDA NRCS. 1992. Western wetland
flora: Field office guide to plant species.
West Region, Sacramento.)
(Robert H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the
USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database /
USDA SCS. 1989. Midwest wetland
flora: Field office illustrated guide to
plant species. Midwest National
Technical Center, Lincoln..)
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Graminoids:
• Redtop Panicgrass (Panicum
rigidulum)
– Common wetland species
• Common Rush (Juncus effusus)
– Perennial bunch grass
– Deep root system
– Inhabits ditches and wet
meadows
– Tolerates a variety of site
characteristics
(Robert H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the USDA-NRCS
PLANTS Database / USDA SCS. 1989. Midwest
wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant
species. Midwest National Technical Center, Lincoln.)
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Graminoids:
• Virginia Wildrye (Elymus virginicus)
– Cool season bunchgrass
– Self-fertilizes
– Grows in moist conditions
• Shallow Sedge (Carex lurida)
– Bunchgrass
(Robert H. Mohlenbrock, hosted by the USDA-NRCS
PLANTS Database / USDA SCS. 1989. Midwest wetland
flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. Midwest
National Technical Center, Lincoln.)
(Alan Shadow, USDA-NRCS)
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Forbs:
• Blue Vervain (Verbena hastata)
– Perennial
– Spreads through rhizomes
– Grows in disturbed areas
• Wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia)
– Occurs along roadsides
– Vigorous growth
– Prefers moist soils
(Jennifer Anderson, hosted by the USDA-
NRCS PLANTS Database)
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Mixture Comparison:
Mixture Nurse Crop Graminoid Legume Forb Seeding Rate
(lb/acre) Price
($/acre)
DOH Medians 2 2 1 0 91 $150.00
DOH Cut/Fill 2 2 1 0 63 $684.00
Mowable Areas 0 5 1 0 163 $482.00
Warm Season 2 5 1 6 71.5 $618.00
Cool Season 0 4 2 0 55 $189.00
High Elevation (D1) 2 5 1 6 50.3 $448.00
High Elevation (D2) 2 5 1 6 73.3 $848.00
Wet Areas 0 6 0 2 20 $648.00
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Seed Mixtures Conclusions:
• Mowable Areas
– Replaces 3 current DOH mixtures
– Low invasiveness
• Warm Season (Cut/Fill)
– $66 less per acre and native
• Cool Season (Cut/Fill)
– $495 less per acre and low invasiveness
• Wet Areas
– Address specific concerns and price competitive
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Thank You! • Mark Fiely, Ernst Conservation Seeds, Inc.
• Elizabeth Byers, WVDEP
• West Virginia Division of Natural Resources
• West Virginia Division of Highways
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Questions?
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Testing Experimental Mixtures in
the Field
89
George Hilvers, GRA Leslie Hopkinson, PI
Eric Davis, GRA
Adam Strong, URA
Joanna Graham, URA
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Objectives:
• Overall Objective – Evaluate if seed mixtures that include native species can be applied to
roadside reclamation
• Objective 1 – Compare proposed seed mixtures to current standard
• Objective 2 – Evaluate need of a high elevation seed mixture
• Objective 3 – Determine if seed bed preparation influences seed germination and
cover
• Objective 4 – Evaluate performance of soil media and amendments
90
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Field Site Selection:
• Along Corridor H
• Three selected
locations
• Two treatments
located at CH-1
location
91
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Methods: Data Collection and monitoring
Data collection
• Vegetation Cover
• Slope
• Aspect
• Location and Elevation
• Compaction
• Soil samples
• Soil moisture, EC, and
temperature
92
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Objective 1: Compare proposed seed mixtures to
current standard
• Located at Fish Pond Road
• Site location named CH-1A
• Three replications
93
• 846 ft. elevation
• 6% slope
• 1.5 %OM
• 7.3 pH
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Objective 1 Methods:
• Take soil sample for analysis
• Remove existing vegetation
• Till soil and remove debris
• Re-compact soil
• Scarify soil surface
• Install grid system and sensors
94
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Objective 1 Methods:
• Apply 6.61 lbs of 10-10-10 Fertilizer
• Spread seed to individual subplots
• HECP application of ProMatrix
95
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(Photo by Profile Products, Adam Dibble/Matt Welch)
96
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Objective 1 Progression:
Hydromulch 3.5 weeks
4.5 weeks 10.5 weeks
97
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Objective 1 Site Picture at 90 Days:
98
High
Elevation
Cool
Season
Warm
Season
DOH
Cut/Fill
DOH
Medians
Mowable
Areas
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Objective 1 Results:
• 85% cover achieved within 5.5
weeks for all mixtures
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
DOH Medians DOH Cut/Fill Mowable Areas Warm Season Cool Season High Elevation
Per
cen
t C
ov
er (
%)
6/3/2015
6/19/2015
7/1/2015
7/16/2015
7/28/2015
8/11/2015
8/24/2015
99
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Objective 1 Results Eight Days After Planting:
• Non-native mixtures had greater cover compared to
native mixtures
100
Native
Mixtures
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Objective 1 Results Ninety Days After Planting:
• All mixtures met 99% cover after 90 days
101
Native
Mixtures
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Objective 2: Evaluate need of a high elevation
seed mixture
• Located adjacent to Mt. Storm
Power Plant
• Site location named CH-2
• Three replications
102
• 3,297 ft. elevation
• 4% slope
• 2.7% OM
• 6.4 pH
• Rocky soil
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Objective 2 Methods:
• Take soil sample for analysis
• Remove existing vegetation
• Till soil and remove debris
• Re-compact soil
• Scarify soil surface
• Install grid system and sensors
103
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Objective 2 Methods:
• Applied 5.51 lbs of 5-10-10 Fertilizer
• Spread seed to individual subplots
• HECP application
104
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Objective 2 Progression:
Site Prep Hydromulch
5.5 weeks 10.5 weeks
105
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Objective 2 Site Picture at 90 Days:
106
High
Elevation
Mowable
Areas
Cool
Season
Warm
Season
DOH
Medians
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Objective 2 Results:
• 70% cover achieved only by non-native mixtures
• Legumes dominate
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
DOH Medians Mowable Areas Warm Season Cool Season High Elevation
Per
cen
t C
ov
er (
%)
6/3/2015
6/19/2015
7/1/2015
7/16/2015
7/28/2015
8/11/2015
8/24/2015
107
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Objective 2 Results Eight Days After Planting:
• Non-native mixtures had greater cover compared to
native mixtures
108
Native Mixtures
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Objective 2 Results Ninety Days After Planting:
• Non-native mixtures had greater cover compared to
native mixtures
109
Native Mixtures
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Objective 3: Determine if seed bed preparation
influence seed germination and cover
• Located adjacent to runaway
truck ramp
• Site location named CH-3
• Two replications
110
• 1,840 ft. elevation
• 15% slope
• 1 % OM
• 8.1 pH
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Objective 3 Methods:
• Take soil samples for analysis
• Remove existing vegetation
• Till soil and remove debris
• Install grid system
• Install Topsoil
111
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Objective 3 Methods:
• Re-compact soil
• Scarify soil surface
• Install sensors
112
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Objective 3 Methods:
• Applied 5.51 lbs of 5-10-10 Fertilizer to subsoil
• Applied 8.7 lbs of 10-10-10 Fertilizer to topsoil
• Spread seed to individual subplots
113
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Objective 3 Methods:
• HECP, straw, and tackifier application
114
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Objective 3 Progression:
Hydromulch and Straw
5.5 weeks 10.5 weeks
115
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Objective 3 Site Picture at 90 Days:
116
Warm
Season
DOH
Medians
Cool
Season
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Objective 3 Results:
• 70% cover achieved by all seed mixtures
• Shallow slope may be why we see no difference between
treatments
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
DOH
Medians
(TS, HP)
DOH
Medians
(NTS, HP)
DOH
Medians
(TS,S)
DOH
Medians
(NTS,S)
Warm
Season
(TS, HP)
Warm
Season
(NTS, HP)
Warm
Season
(TS,S)
Warm
Season
(NTS,S)
Cool
Season
(TS, HP)
Cool
Season
(NTS, HP)
Cool
Season
(TS,S)
Cool
Season
(NTS,S)
Per
cen
t C
ov
er (
%)
6/3/2015
6/19/2015
7/1/2015
7/16/2015
7/28/2015
8/11/2015
8/24/2015
117
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Objective 3 Results Eight Days After Planting:
• Non-native mixtures had greater cover compared to
native mixture
118
Native Mixture
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Objective 3 Results Ninety Days After Planting:
• Tested, but did not find any differences between
seedbed preparations
119
Native Mixture
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Objective 4: Evaluate performance of soil media and
amendments
• Located adjacent Fish Pond Road
• Site location named CH-1B
• Three replications
120
• 840 ft. elevation
• 4% slope
• 1.5 %OM
• 7.3 pH
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Objective 4 Methods:
• Take soil samples for analysis
• Remove existing vegetation
• Till soil and remove debris
• Install grid system
• Install Topsoil
121
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Objective 4 Methods:
• Re-compact soil
• Scarify soil surface
• Install sensors
122
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Objective 4 Methods:
• Applied 3.23 lbs of 10-10-10 Fertilizer to subsoil
• Applied 1.96 lbs of 10-10-10 Fertilizer to topsoil
• Spread seed to individual subplots
123
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Objective 4 Methods:
• ProGanics application
• Tried to follow manufacturer specifications as
best as possible
124
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Objective 4 Methods:
• HECP application
125
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Objective 4 Methods:
• Biotic Earth hand application
• Tried to follow manufacturer specifications as best as
possible
126
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Objective 4 Progression:
3.5 weeks 10.5 weeks
127
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Objective 4 Site Picture at 90 Days:
128
Topsoil
ProGanics
Biotic
Earth
No Topsoil
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Objective 4 Results:
• 70% cover achieved by No Topsoil and ProGanics in
3.3 weeks
• Topsoil plots have significant non-desirable species
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Topsoil No Topsoil Biotic Earth ProGanics
Per
cen
t C
ov
er (
%)
6/3/2015
6/19/2015
7/1/2015
7/16/2015
7/28/2015
8/11/2015
8/24/2015
129
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Objective 4 Results Eight Days After Planting:
• No difference between treatments
• Biotic Earth and ProGanics likely took longer due to field
application over the seed
130
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Objective 4 Results Ninety Days After Planting:
• Long term no effect between applications and method
131
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Field Study Conclusions:
• Objective 1
– At 846 ft., Mowable Areas, Warm Season, Cool
Season, and High Elevation performed as well or
better than current DOH mixtures
– Native mixtures slower to germinate
• Objective 2
– Cool Season and Mowable Areas did as well as the
DOH mixture
– After 90 days, the Warm Season and High Elevation
mixtures have not yet made the 70% cover target
– Difficult to make a warm season mixture perform well
in comparison to a cool season mixture
132
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Field Study Conclusions:
• Objective 3
– After 90 days, there was no difference between seed
bed preparations
• Objective 4
– All treatments achieved 96% cover by 90 days
– Initial germination took longer for Biotic Earth and
ProGanics due to product thickness and not
incorporating seed mixture into the products
– Site conditions were moderate where poor conditions
could show a larger difference between treatments
133
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Recommendations:
• Utilize Mowable Areas and Cool Season mixtures for
high elevations
• Large scale research on seed mixture performances
• Examine soil amendment and media products in large
scale on severe site conditions
• Examine larger selection of HECP on erosion control
effectiveness
134
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Thank You! • Profile Products, LLC
• Arnold’s Custom Seeding, LLC
• Verdyol
• Mark Fiely, Ernst Conservation Seeds, Inc.
• West Virginia Division of Highways
135
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Questions?
136