Archivos y colecciones fotográficas: Organización y conservación

8/12/2019 Archivos y colecciones fotográficas: Organización y conservación

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Hsth trdgdfc hs h` prciuatc ih ubd fulalcsd rhvlslñb ydatud`lzdalñb ih `ds trhs vhrslcbhs dbthrlcrhs, pug`ladidshb iljhrhbths jhamds y pcr ilstlbtcs hiltcrhs. Aceprhbih`ds gdshs pdrd `d crndblzdalñb ih dramlvcs y ac`haalcbhsjctcnräjlads acbslihrdids hb dquh``ds hilalcbhs h lbaùyhbuhvcs hfhep`cs y, hsphaldèhbth, ubd acbslihrdalñbhsphald` hb audbtc sh rhjlhrh d `d jctcnrdjåd datud`,thblhbic hb auhbtd quh `d tìablad ih `d jctcnrdjådtrdilalcbd`, dbd`ñnlad, adsl md ihsdpdrhalic.

Mcy, `d jctcnrdjåd hs ilnltd`. @ds aäedrds scb ilnltd`hs,`ds jctcnrdjåds scb ilnltd`hs y `cs dramlvcs scb lnudèhbthilnltd`hs. Bc cgstdbth, döb quhidb el``cbhs ihjctcnrdjåds hb scpcrth pdph`, ildpcsltlvds y bhndtlvcs hbdahtdtc, bc sñ`c hb `cs nrdbihs dramlvcs slbc, scgrh tcic,hb phquhôds heprhsds y ac`haalcbhs jdel`ldrhs clbilvliud`hs, `ds aud`hs rhprhshbtdb h` cgfhtc ih buhstrc

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³Tuì vd d pdsdr acb `ds buhvds jctcnrdjåds3 Qcb `csh`hehbtcs crlnlbd`hs quh rhnlstrdb `d mlstcrld ihphrscbds, dacbthalelhbtcs, ùndrhs, y scb `d mlstcrlddatud` ih` eubic. ³Añec vdecs d acbshrvdr`cs slsdghecs ih dbthedbc quh vdb d adegldr `cs jcredtcsdså acec `cs hqulpcs `hatcrhs y rhprciuatcrhs3 @d räplid

hvcùalñb ih `d thabc`cnåd jctcnräjlad cg`lnd d p`dbthdrbuhvcs lbthrrcndbths.



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Hxahptudbic `cs prcahscs y scpcrths jctcnräjlacsdbd`ñnlacs6 bhndtlvcs hb dahtdtc eäs `cs pcsltlvcs

crlnlbd`hs y acplds hb pdph`, auycs rhnlstrcs theprdbcsidtdb ih mdah eäs ih ub sln`c, y hstc lbaùyh d `delarcjlèdalñb, quh bc hs ctrd acsd quh jctcnrdjåd gäslad,bdilh mcy hb iåd puhih ndrdbtlzdr, puhs döb bc mdtrdbsaurrlic h` tlhepc sujlalhbth pdrd aceprcgdr`c,auäbtc tlhepc vd d acbshrvdrsh `d lbjcredalñb acbthblidhb `cs buhvcs scpcrths6 AI, IZI, ehecrlds XQG,tdrfhtds QI, h lbaùslvh `cs elsecs ilsacs iurcs ih `dsaceputdicrds, diheäs ih quh `d acbstdbth hvcùalñb ih`cs scpcrths y hqulpcs ihfd hb `d cgsc`hsahbald d susdbthahscrhs ih euy pcac tlhepc dträs. Hs h` adsc ih `csilsquhths ih 8 ° y 1 µ pu`ndids, dså acec `cs hjåehrcsilsacs VL[ yd hb ihsusc tctd`, y rhprciuatcrhs tdbtc ihleänhbhs acec ih scblic6 `cs rhtrcprcyhatcrhs ihildpcsltlvds, `cs GHYDED], `cs ZMQ y IZI, hsth ö`tlec

ih adeglc lbilsphbsdg`h d ehilid quh dpdrhahb buhvdshilalcbhs, puhstc quh `d ö`tled, yd acbvhrtlid hb dbthrlcr,hs lbadpdz ih `hhr ihthrelbdics jcredtcs ih scblic c ihlednhb rhalìb sd`lics d` ehradic lbthrbdalcbd`.

[cr `c dbthrlcr sh mdah leprhsalbilg`h `d bhahslidi ih shraulidicscs acb rhsphatc d `d acbshrvdalñb c h`lelbdalñbih `cs icauehbtcs crlnlbd`hs quh juhrcb prciualics hb

scpcrth ih dahtdtc y acpldics d pdph`, hsphaldèhbthaudbic scb hstcs ö`tlecs `cs quh mdb scgrhvlvlic d `cshjhatcs ih` tlhepc y ih` a`led. Hb tdbtc bc hxlstd ahrthzdih `d phriurdgl`lidi quh `ds buhvds thabc`cnåds cjrhahbpdrd `d acbshrvdalñb ih `cs icauehbtcs jctcnräjlacs,ihghrä acbshrvdrsh `cs crlnlbd`hs. \ hsth trdgdfc hs ubdprcpuhstd quh prhthbih grlbidr `cs h`hehbtcs gäslacsbhahsdrlcs pdrd su `dgcr, yd shd acec dramlvlstd c acec

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Hb ubd ihjlblalñb shbal``d, jctcnrdjåd hs h` prcahilelhbtcquh phrelth jlfdr y rhprciualr, d trdvìs ih rhdaalcbhsquåelads y hb suphrjlalhs prhpdrdids pdrd h``c, `dsleänhbhs quh sh rhj`hfdb hb h` lbthrlcr ih ubd aäedrdcsaurd y, ehildbth h` ihsdrrc``c ih trdtdelhbtcsdihaudics, puhih cgthbhrsh leänhbhs quh rhprciuahb,diheäs ih `d rhd`lidi vlslg`h, jhbñehbcs quh caurrhbjuhrd ih` adepc bcred` ih jctcshbslgl`lidi muedbd dtrdvìs ih` cfc.

H` d`edahbdelhbtc ih `d lednhb cgthblid puhih ``hvdrshd adgc hb ubd ph`åau`d shbslg`h (hb h` adsc ih `djctcnrdjåd trdilalcbd`) c hb shbscrhs AAI y AECQ cehecrlds ilnltd`hs (hb h` adsc ih `d jctcnrdjåd ilnltd`).

@d jctcnrdjåd ilnltd`4 acbslsth hb `d cgthbalñb ihleänhbhs ehildbth ubd aäedrd csaurd, ih jcred slel`dr

d `d jctcnrdjåd quåelad. Qlb hegdrnc, dså acec hb `djctcnrdjåd a`äslad c trdilalcbd` `ds leänhbhs quhidbnrdgdids scgrh ubd ph`åau`d jctcshbslg`h y sh rhvh`dbpcsthrlcrehbth ehildbth ub prcahsc quåelac, hb `djctcnrdjåd ilnltd` `ds leänhbhs scb adpturdids pcr ubshbscr h`hatrñblac quh ilspcbh ih eö`tlp`hs ublidihsjctcshbslg`hs, `ds aud`hs dprcvhamdb h` hjhatc

4 Jctcnrdjåd ilnltd` _hb `åbhdU Ilspcblg`h hb6mttp6//hs.wlolphild.crn/wlol/Jctcnrdj%A1%DIdSilnltd`(Acbsu`td6 = Bcvlhegrh 7;44).

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jctch`ìatrlac pdrd acbvhrtlr `d ùz hb ubd shôd` h`ìatrlad,quh hs ilnltd`lzdid y dèdahbdid hb ubd ehecrld.

@d vhbtdfd ih hsth slsthed acb rhsphatc d `d jctcnrdjådquåelad hs quh phrelth ilspcbhr d` lbstdbth ih `dsleänhbhs nrdgdids, slb bhahslidi ih ``hvdr `d ph`åau`d d``dgcrdtcrlc y rhvh`dr `cs bhndtlvcs pdrd pcihr vhr`ds. Hstdvhbtdfd ih `d rdplihz hb `d ilspcblgl`lidi ih `d lednhbphrelth quh h` jctñnrdjc mdnd `cs adeglcs rhquhrlics, dècehbtc, y rhd`lah ih jcred lbehildtd `ds acrrhaalcbhsquh acbslihrh phrtlbhbths, jdal`ltdbic h` mhamc ih cgthbhr`d lednhb quh ihshd.

Hb `d aäedrd ilnltd` puhihb vhrsh hb ubd pdbtd``d `dsjctcs quh sh dadgd ih tcedr. @d aäedrd sh puhihacbhatdr d ubd aceputdicrd u ctrc ilspcsltlvc adpdz ihecstrdr `ds leänhbhs hb ub ecbltcr, y acec tlhbhb

jcredtc ilnltd`, puhihb hbvldrsh ilrhatdehbth pcr acrrhch`hatrñblac c pug`ladrsh hb Lbthrbht. [uhihb prcahsdrshacb prcnrdeds ih trdtdelhbtc jctcnräjlac pdrdaceputdicrd, d jlb ih dep`ldr`ds, rhiualr`ds, rhd`lzdrhbaudirhs, rhatljladr `cs ac`crhs c h` grl``c, dså aceceuamds ctrds eciljladalcbhs shnöb h` prcnrded quh shutl`lah y `d mdgl`lidi ih` cphrdrlc.

Ctrd acbilalñb jdvcrdg`h hb h` usc ih `d jctcnrdjåd ilnltd`hs quh adid vhz quh `d aäedrd tced ubd jctc, arhd ubdramlvc y nudrid hb `d ehecrld lbjcredalñb rh`hvdbth d `dadpturd ih ilamd lednhb6 Jhamd, mcrd, dphrturd ihìldjrdned, vh`calidi ih cgturdalñb y h` LQC, lbjcredalñbeuy ötl` pdrd hstuildr `ds leänhbhs y hbthbihr eäsdahrad ih adid jctcnrdjåd, diheäs ih jdal`ltdr h`crihbdelhbtc y edbhfc ih `cs dramlvcs jctcnräjlacs

ilnltd`hs.



44

Qlb iuid hs euy nrdbih h` dmcrrc hb hspdalc,ecgl`ldrlcs, acbthbhicrhs td`hs acec dramlvdicrhs, adfds

y adrphtds c ä`guehs. [cr supuhstc quh bc acbvlhbhrhadrndr h` ilsac iurc ih `d aceputdicrd acb acpldsiljhrhbths d `d cg`lndtcrld ih rhspd`ic hb ub ilsac dpdrthy glhb dshnurdic. Ydeglìb hxlsth `d vhbtdfd ih `csgdbacs ih jctcnrdjåds hb Lbthrbht, pdrd auyc usc,cgvldehbth, mdgrä quh sc`laltdr `cs rhsphatlvcs phrelscsc `lahbalds ih pug`ladalñb y mdahr acbstdr, acec eåblec,h` arìiltc ih `d pänlbd whg ih icbih `d jctcnrdjåd juhihsadrndid.

Jcredtcs ih dramlvc (c leänhbhs ilnltd`hs)7

Mcy hb iåd hxlsthb euamds a`dshs ih dramlvcs c jcredtcsih tlpc lbjcreätlac pdrd leänhbhs, y adid prcnrdedutl`lzd ubc prcplc c adrdathråstlac. Hb hsth dpdrtdic sh

ehbalcbd `cs eäs aceubhs d `d jhamd.YLJJ (Ydnnhi Lednh Jl`h Jcredt)Hs ub tlpc ih dramlvc hstäbidr pdrd nudridr leänhbhs ihd`td ad`lidi, acepdtlg`h acb `cs slstheds cphrdtlvcs^lbicws, @lbux, Eda. Hs rhacbcalic pcr euamcsprcnrdeds ih rhtcquh y hilalñb nräjlad, td`hs acec [dlbtQmcp [rc, Dicgh, Tudro, Acrh`. Dbth d`nubd iuid scgrh

añec hbvldr ub dramlvc pdrd su hilalñb c leprhslñb, `cehfcr hs cptdr pcr h` jcredtc ublvhrsd` YLJJ, d jlb ih quhsh puhid dgrlr y hiltdr slb iljlau`tdi.

WD^ (Hb grutc ‑ Qlb pìrilid ih idtcs)H` jcredtc WD^ sñ`c sh hbauhbtrd ilspcblg`h hb aäedrdsilnltd`hs scjlstladids, lbiladids pdrd jctñnrdjcsprcjhslcbd`hs. Hsth jcredtc cjrhah `d eäxled ad`lidi, yd

7 Jcredtcs ih dramlvcs ilnltd`hs _hb `åbhdU Ilspcblg`h hb6mttp6//www.ilnltd`jctcrhi.acelednhbilnltd`/jcredtcsdramlvcs.mte (Acbsu`td6 = Bcvlhegrh 7;44).

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quh acbtlhbh `cs plxh`hs hb grutc, td` y acec sh mdbadpturdic.

GE[ (Glts Edp - Edpd ih Glts)Hstd a`dsh ih jcredtc `c utl`lzdb `cs slstheds ^lbicws yEs-Ics pdrd nudridr sus leänhbhs. H` jcredtc ihdramlvc GE[ puhih nudridr leänhbhs ih 79 glts(el``cbhs ih ac`crhs), = glts (78: ac`crhs) y ehbcs.

H[Q (Hbadpsu`dthi [cstsarlpt)Hb hsth jcredtc sh puhih d`edahbdr tdbtc edpds ih gltsacec leänhbhs vhatcrld`hs. Hs euy utl`lzdic hb `dleprhslñb prcjhslcbd` y hb ctrds dp`ladalcbhs,lbthradeglc ih dramlvcs hbtrh prcnrdeds ihedquhtdalñb, td`hs acec [dnh edohr c Tudroxprhss,lba`uyhbic `cs ih ilgufc vhatcrld` (Jrhhmdbi c Acrh`). Hs,

fubtc acb h` jcredtc YLJJ, ubc ih `cs hstäbidrhs hb h`

eubic ih `d dutchilalñb, dubquh `cs idtcs nudridics shhbauhbtrdb hb ubd aäpsu`d, hbadpsu`dics, dså quh sl shqulhrhb eciljladr mdgrä quh trdtdr`cs acb h` elsecprcnrded quh `cs arhñ.

[QI (Jcredtc ih dramlvc [mctcsmcp)H` [QI hs ub jcredtc arhdic pcr [mctcsmcp y phrelthnudridr tcids `ds prhshbtdalcbhs, rhtcquhs y buhvds

arhdalcbhs rhd`lzdids acb hsth prcnrded. Quacepdtlgl`lidi acb ctrcs prcnrdeds bc hs delndg`h, pcr`c aud` sh rhacelhbid mdahr acpld hb ctrc jcredtcacepdtlg`h acec F[HN c YLJJ.

[IJ ([crtdg`h Icauehbt Jcredt)Jcredtc arhdic pcr DICGH pdrd jdal`ltdr h` lbthradeglcih dramlvcs hbtrh iljhrhbths slstheds cphrdtlvcs. Xb

dramlvc c icauehbtc arhdic acb ub prcnrded ih^lbicws pcirä vhrsh hb p`dtdjcred @lbux c Eda, sl shauhbtd acb h` vlscr ih [IJ (Darcgdt Whdihr). Hsth



41

jcredtc nudrid acb tcid prhalslñb h` ilshôc ih` dramlvclba`uyhbic sus juhbths, leänhbhs y nräjlads.

F[HN (Fclbt [mctcnrdpmhrs Hxphrts Nrcup)Hs ubc ih `cs jcredtcs eäs acbcalics pdrd `daceprhslñb ih jctcnrdjåds ilnltd`hs y ubc ih `cs pcacsjcredtcs quh sh scpcrtd hb `d ^hg (Lbthrbht). Ycids `dsaäedrds ilnltd`hs y `cs sadbhrs d`edahbdb `ds leänhbhshb jcredtc F[HN. Bc cgstdbth y idic quh `d aceprhslñbdjhatd `d ad`lidi ih `d lednhb, sh puhih sh`haalcbdriljhrhbths blvh`hs ih aceprhslñb? d eäs gdfd aceprhslñbedycr ad`lidi y vlahvhrsd. Audbic sh cptd pcr ubdaceprhslñb d`td hs pdrd arhdr dramlvcs quh cauphb pcachspdalc hb `d ^hg c pdrd hbvldr`ds pcr acrrhch`hatrñblac. F[HN hs h` öblac jcredtc quh ``hnd daceprlelr ubd lednhb mdstd ub 4; pcr alhbtc ih sutdedôc crlnlbd`, slb quh h` cfc muedbc puhid phralglr `ds

iljhrhbalds.NLJ (Nrdpmlas Lbthramdbnh Jcredt)Hs ub jcredtc gdstdbth dbtlnuc ihsdrrc``dic pcrAcepushrvh pdrd su prcpld rhi acehrald`, acb `djlbd`lidi ih cgthbhr dramlvcs ih tdedôc euy phquhôc.Bc hs h` eäs lbiladic pdrd nudridr leänhbhsjctcnräjlads phrc så `cnctlpcs, leänhbhs hb ac`crhs

p`dbcs y ilgufcs.

[BN ([crtdg`h Bhtwcro Nrdpmlas)Acbslihrdic ub jcredtc quh puhih sustltulr d` .NLJihglic d quh utl`lzd slstheds ih aceprhslñb hstäbidrhsacec h` VL[ y phrelth edycr prcjubilidi ih ac`cr hb `dsleänhbhs slb pìrilid ih ad`lidi.



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@d prlehrd lbjcredalñb dahrad ih` hep`hc ih ubd aäedrdcsaurd bcs acbiuah mdstd D` Mdzhb ih Gdsrd (<:8 ‑ 4;1=), acbcalic acec h` eäs nrdbih hstuilcsc ih ñptladiurdbth `d Hidi Ehild, qulhb `d utl`lzñ pdrd cgshrvdr `dlednhb sc`dr iurdbth `cs ha`lpshs. Lnudèhbthhbacbtrdecs ihsarlpalcbhs ih hsth ilspcsltlvc dp`ladic d`d ihsarlpalñb ih leänhbhs ih auhrpcs thrrhstrhs, hb `cstrdgdfcs ih @hñb Gdttlstd D`ghrtl y ih @hcbdric id Zlbal.Mdald 4881 Nlcvdbbl Gdttlstd ih``d [crtd pug`lad ubddep`ld hxpcslalñb ih `d aäedrd csaurd, ih `d quh sh `h

acbslihrñ lbvhbtcr d pdrtlr ih `d pug`ladalñb ih su `lgrc‐Ednldh bdturd`ls `lgrl―.1

Hb 4=7:, Fcshpm Blahpmcrh Blhpah, ub lbvhbtcr mdstdhbtcbahs jrustrdic, augrlñ ubd p`dad ih ph`trh ih 7; pcr44.8 ae. acb ubd hsphalh ih dsjd`tc ``dedic ghtöb ihFuihd y `d ac`cañ ihbtrc ih su aäedrd csaurd quhacbslståd hb ubd adfd ih edihrd acb ubd `hbth. Lbstd`ñ `d

aäedrd fubtc d ubd vhbtdbd hb h` ihsväb ih su adsd y d`rhtlrdr `d p`dad, ùhnc ih vdrlds mcrds, `d scehtlñ d ub`dvdic acb dahlth ih `dvdbid y phtrñ`hc, ihsaugrlhbicscrprhbilic quh hb h``d mdgåd quhidic leprhsd `dlednhb ih `cs thfdics y `cs eurcs.

Euamcs mcegrhs mdgådb trdtdic dbthrlcrehbth ih adptdrd`nubd hsahbd vd`lìbicsh öbladehbth ih `d ùz. D` lnud`

quh Blhpah acbcaådb h` dbtlnuc sharhtc ih `d aäedrd

1 ‐@d jctcnrdjåd―. @ljh 7< (7)6 Hbh. 1;, 4<:>.



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csaurd, hshbaldèhbth h` elsec jhbñehbc quh shprciuah hb ubd aäedrd ecihrbd, phrc döb bc hxlstådb

p`dads bl ph`åau`ds quh rhacnlhrdb `ds leänhbhsprcyhatdids pcr `d ùz d trdvìs ih` cgfhtlvc. Qh mdgåd`cnrdic d`nubds leprhslcbhs scgrh pdph` c plh`rhauglhrtcs acb sustdbalds jctcshbslg`hs, `ds aud`hs shgcrrdgdb c hbbhnrhaådb ihedsldic prcbtc. [cr h``c,audbic Blhpah cgtuvc `d prlehrd jlfdalñb phredbhbth ihubd lednhb, tceñ `d prlehrd dutìbtlad jctcnrdjåd.

Qlb hegdrnc, sñ`c ubds pcads phrscbds acbcalhrcb `dprchzd, hbtrh h``ds h` ihacrdicr jrdbaìs @culs FdaquhsEdbiì Idnuhrrh, qulhb ihalilñ dscaldrsh acb Blhpah ysh hbacbtrdgdb trdtdbic ih phrjhaalcbdr h` prcahsc,audbic Blhpah eurlñ, ihsacbcalic y pcgrh, hb 4=11. Icsdôcs eäs tdrih, ^l``lde Mhbry Jcx Yd`gct prciufc hbLbn`dthrrd h` prlehr bhndtlvc ih pdph` y hb 4=1> Idnuhrrh

acbslnulñ su idnuhrrctlpc prlecnìbltc utl`lzdbic ubdp`dad ih acgrh hsphald`. [cac ihspuìs, hb 4=1<, dbubalñy ecstrñ su tìablad d` eubic hbthrc.

@d hecalñb quh adusñ Idnuhrrh acb sus leänhbhseänlads juh tdb nrdbih acec `d trdbselslñb th`hvlsdidih `d ``hndid ih` mcegrh d `d ùbd hb 4<:<. [hrc hrdbctrds ìpcads. Xb dedrndic hsarltcr d`heäb `ds ``deñ

‐g`dsjhelds― y h` dstrñbcec grltäblac Qlr Fcmb Mhrsamhìlfc slep`hehbth6 ‐Hstc hs ub el`dnrc―. D `cs ics dôcs,adsl tcids `ds aluidihs ih Hurcpd y Hstdics Xblicsacbtdgdb, pcr `c ehbcs, acb ub hstuilc jctcnräjlac. @dhrd ih `d jctcnrdjåd mdgåd ``hndic hb ehilc ih dscegrc yih p`dahr.

Xb cgshrvdicr ih Idnuhrrh acehbtdgd6 ‐D vhahs ubc sh

slhbth ub pcac lba`lbdic d arhhr quh d`nöb iåd hstdeäqulbd shrvlrä pdrd mdahr rhtrdtcs―. [hrc `cs cgfhtlvcsbc hrdb guhbcs y `d hsadsd shbslgl`lidi ih `ds `äelbds



4>

ih acgrh mdaådb bhahsdrlc quh `d hxpcslalñb juhrdsuprhedehbth `drnd, hbtrh ilhz y vhlbth elbutcs elrdbic

d` sc`, yd sh hstuvlhrd pcsdbic d adepc dglhrtc c hb ubhstuilc acb thamc y pdrhihs ih vlirlc. @d phrscbdjctcnrdjldid ihgåd hepc`vdrsh h` rcstrc pdrd rhj`hfdrehfcr `d `uz y h` rhtrdtc cgthblic hb h` idnuhrrctlpc sc`ådshr mcrrlg`h. Bc cgstdbth, `d muedblidi puic sdtlsjdahrsus dbslds ih ihthbhr h` tlhepc, dubquh juhrd hb ubdphquhôåsled hsad`d, d phsdr ih quh d vhahs h` rhsu`tdichrd hb vhridi nrcthsac y eäs ih ub a`lhbth dgdbicbdrdh` hstuilc rhamdzdbic su prcpld lednhb. H` pchtd lr`dbiìsYmceds Eccrh mdg`dgd pcr euamcs audbic d`uilñ d`‐shnurc phrc hspdbtcsc rhsu`tdic ih` idnuhrrctlpc― y

Drdnc, dquh` quh acb tdbtc hbtusldsec mdgåd lepu`sdicd `d bdalhbth jctcnrdjåd, sh vlc cg`lndic d dieltlr quhpdrhaåd bc shrvlr pdrd rhtrdtdr d `ds phrscbds. \ d phsdrih tcic, h` idnuhrrctlpc hstdg`halñ `d Hidi ih crc ih`

rhtrdtc iurdbth sus vhlbth dôcs ih suprhedaåd.Eäs tdrih dpdrhalhrcb `ds jctcnrdjåds leprhsds hb pdph`shbslgl`lzdic y `cs bhndtlvcs hb pdph` lbvhbtdics pcr JcxYd`gct hephzdrcb d rlvd`lzdr acb h` idnuhrrctlpc. Bcthbådb bltlihz y hxlnådb ubd hxpcslalñb edycr d `d ihdquh`, phrc pcshådb hb adeglc ubd gh``hzd slbnu`dr,acec `ds rceäbtlads vlstds ih [drås tcedids pcr

Mlppc`yth C“Ml`` y Wcghrt Didescb, qulhbhs mlalhrcb hb `diìadid ih 4=9; d`nubds ih `ds jctcnrdjåds eäs mhrecsdsquh sh acbcah.

H` phrjhaalcbdelhbtc ih` slsthed dvdbzñ d `d pdr acb `dihedbid ih` prciuatc? hb 4=94 sh lbvhbtñ ubd `hbthacepuhstd y p`dads eäs shbslg`hs quh rhiufhrcb h`tlhepc ih hxpcslalñb d sñ`c ub elbutc.

H` lepu`sc lrrhslstlg`h ih rhnlstrdr nräjladehbth tcics `csdacbthalelhbtcs ilc crlnhb d` rhpcrthrc nräjlac. Hb `cs



4=

ihsdstrhs, hb h` hstuilc y hb h` hsahbdrlc ih `cs suahscslepcrtdbths c slep`hehbth aurlcscs, `d aäedrd juh

thstlnc jlh` pdrd `d mlstcrld. H` ihsaugrlelhbtc ih `d p`dadmöehid, hb 4=84? `d p`dad shad, prhpdrdid acbdbtlalpdalñb y rhvh`did ihspuìs, hb 4=:9, y `d ph`åau`dlbvhbtdid pcr Nhcrnh Hdstedb, jubidicr ih `d Ocido, hb4==9, d`hbtdrcb d `cs jctñnrdjcs d dep`ldr su rdilc ihdaalñb. [hrc d jlbd`hs ih` Qln`c ]L] hrdb pcads `dsphrscbds quh mdgådb vlstc hsds jctcnrdjåds pcrquh bchxlståd ub ehilc präatlac pdrd leprlelr`ds hb `cs ildrlcs, y`ds rhvlstds sñ`c `ds rhprciuaådb ih vhz hb audbic pcr h``hbtc y acstcsc prcahsc ih` jctcnrdgdic? h` jctñnrdjc``hvdgd `ds p`dads d ub nrdgdicr hb edihrd y ìsth `dsacpldgd pdrd mdahr ubd xl`cnrdjåd quh puilhrdb usdr `csleprhscrhs hb sus pug`ladalcbhs.

Hdstedb juh h` nrdb lepu`scr ih `d jctcnrdjåd y hb 4===

prhshbtñ `d prlehrd aäedrd Ocido acb rc``c ih pdph`jctcnräjlac, quh sustltuyñ d `ds p`dads ih arlstd`. Ctrcpdsc lepcrtdbth sh prciufc hb 4<9= acb h` `dbzdelhbtcih `d tìablad [c`drcli, quh rhiufc h` tlhepc ih rhvh`dicjuhrd ih` `dgcrdtcrlc d sc`dehbth ub elbutc.

Hb ilalhegrh ih 4<>8 sh ilc h` prlehr pdsc hb `d mlstcrldih `d jctcnrdjåd ilnltd`9 audbic Qthvhb Qdsscb, ih Ocido,

`cnrñ acbstrulr ubd aäedrd utl`lzdbic shbscrhs ih lednhbsñ`lics. Hstcs amlps usdb ilcics jctcshbslg`hs ``dedicspmctcslths, pdrd nrdgdr `d `uz. Ih dauhric acb Qdsscb, `dlednhb tdriñ 71 shnubics pdrd nrdgdrsh hb h` adshth yctrcs 71 pdrd shr `håid ihsih `d ublidi rhprciuatcrdmdald `d th`hvlslñb. Hb 4<=: Ocido prciufc h` prlehr

9 Jctc Ilnltd` Eìxlac _hb `åbhdU Ilspcblg`h hb6mttp6//dbd`lslsnrdjlac.wcriprhss.ace/7;;:/;=78/mlstcrld-ih-`d-jctcnrdjld-ilnltd`-%A7%GJicbih-lbald-rhd/(Acbsu`td6 71 Bcvlhegrh 7;44).

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7;

shôd`db su hxlsthbald y bcs ilah euamc dahrad ihbcsctrcs elsecs, ih `c quh julecs y ih `c quh scecs.

@cs ö`tlecs rhtrdtcs ih Dgrdmde @lbac`b, tcedics pcr D`hxdbihr Ndribhr, scb ubd euhstrd ih` ic`cr quhdjrcbtdgd ubd bdalñb ilvlilid pcr nuhrrds h lihc`cnådspc`åtlads. @d jctc quh tcedrd D`jrhi Hlshstdhi, ih ubedrlbhrc fugl`csc ghsdbic d ubd hbjhrehrd, rhj`hfd h`rhncalfc y h` d`lvlc quh puic shbtlr ub puhg`c d` threlbdr`d Qhnubid Nuhrrd Eubild`. Idvli Icun`ds bcs ecstrñ `ddbnustld ih Acrhd y @drry Gurrcws bcs hbshôñ `drhd`lidi ih Zlhtbde. [hrc `d jctcnrdjåd bc mdg`dsc`dehbth ih `cs nrdbihs y thrrlg`hs irdeds ih `d nuhrrdy ih `d euhrth. Bcs ilah tdeglìb ih `cs trlubjcs lbjdbtl`hs,ih `ds acstuegrhs jdel`ldrhs, ih `d gh``hzd, ih `dtrdbsjcredalñb au`turd`, ih `ds phquhôds shôd`hs yrdsnuôcs quh vdecs ihfdbic d buhstrc pdsc pcr h`tlhepc. \ d ehilid quh prcnrhsd `d tìablad ctcrndbic

buhvds pcslgl`lidihs ih utl`lzdalñb pdrd `d jctcnrdjåd, ìstdphrelth trdzdr buhvds pdutds hb `cs rhnlstrcs ih `dmlstcrld y ih `d ilp`ceätlad, ih td` edbhrd quh `ds juturdsnhbhrdalcbhs pciräb rhaurrlr d `cs dramlvcs jå`elacs yjctcnräjlacs acec juhbths rhd`hs y cgfhtlvds, slheprh quhihgdb hxp`crdr `d lbjcredalñb acbahrblhbth d bcsctrcs,sus dbthpdsdics6 buhstrd alvl`lzdalñb, buhstrc eubic acbsus gcbidihs y vlc`hbalds, sus dalhrtcs y hrrcrhs.

Dbths, `cs jctñnrdjcs trdtdgdb ih adptdr, slep`hehbth, `drhd`lidi lihbtljladg`h y ihslbthrhsdid, slb lr eäs d``ä. Mcypuhihb hxprhsdr `c quh ihshdb acb aud`qulhr cgfhtc quheuhvd h` äblec6 `d hstruaturd ih ub ärgc`, `d jurld ih ubdeufhr `cad, `d nrdald y gh``hzd ih ubd ided, `d elshrld ih`tunurlc, h` trdued ih `d vlc`hbald hb aud`hsqulhrd ih susjcreds, h` jc`a`crh ih `cs puhg`cs, tcid `d vlid dnltdid c

shvhrd ih` mcegrh y `ds aceublidihs, `d vlid dbled`,vhnhtd` y nhc`ñnlad ih` p`dbhtd. Nrdalds d `d jctcnrdjåd hspcslg`h dtrdpdr ih`lbauhbths, ehfcrdr `d ad`lidi ih `cs



74

dt`htds hb h` adepc ihpcrtlvc y h` trdgdfc ih `cslbnhblhrcs hb `ds acbstruaalcbhs. Ihsih su lbjdbald, `d

jctcnrdjåd, rhprhshbtdid pcr ehilc ih `d aäedrd juhrhacbcalid pcr `cs dbtlscald`hs acec ub hbhelnclep`dadg`h y hb `d datud`lidi caupd lepcrtdbtåslec ùndrhbtrh `cs ehilcs eäs jlihilnbcs ih lihbtljladalñb,suphrdid öbladehbth pcr `ds muh``ds idatl`drhs. El``drhsih gdbacs, lbstltualcbhs jlbdbalhrds y iljhrhbthsbhncalcs hb tcic h` eubic sh vd`hb ih aäedrds cau`tdspdrd jlèdr c jctcnrdjldr d `cs dsd`tdbths y hb euamdsaluidihs, `d aäedrd hs ub ehilc lblnud`dg`h acbtrd `csacbiuatcrhs lrrhspcbsdg`hs. Qus dp`ladalcbhs furåiladsscb hxthbsds y rctubids y `ds `hyhs ih euamcs pdåshs `dprcthnhb acec ehilc ih pruhgd hb ghbhjlalc ih `dscalhidi. Bc cgstdbth, hs tìabladehbth ilsautlg`h dquh``dhxprhslñb ih quh `d aäedrd bubad elhbth y bc pcihecsacbslihrdr lbjd`lg`h `d vd`lihz quh rhvlsth d` icauehbtc

jctcnräjlac acec h`hehbtc vhridihrc hb `ds pruhgds fuilald`hs, yd quh `cs truacs y dvdbahs jctcnräjlacs acecscb `cs prcnrdeds ih aceputdicr, phrelthb arhdr dvcùbtdi leänhbhs h lùslcbhs ñptlads iljåal`hs ih phralglr.

Hsphaldèhbth hb h` ärhd alhbtåjlad `d jctcnrdjådrhprhshbtd ub lbstruehbtc ih lbehbsd pcthbaldhxp`crdicrd quh ``hnd lbaùslvh d scgrhpdsdr `cs `åelths

ih` acbcalelhbtc datud` dahrad ih` p`dbhtd, ih` hspdalchxtrdthrrhstrh y ih` ublvhrsc elarcsañplac. Nrdalds d suihsdrrc``c sh md adrtcnrdjldic h` jcbic ih` edr y juhpcslg`h lbiladr d` mcegrh h` sltlc hxdatc hb icbih ihgådrhd`lzdr h` dùblzdfh. \ eäs d``ä ih tcic, sh vlsùegrd ubdvdrlhidi adsl lbjlbltd ih buhvds dp`ladalcbhs.

Ehildbth `d utl`lzdalñb ih ph`åau`d lbjrdrrcfd, `ds aäedrds

dìrhds tcedb `d thephrdturd lbthrlcr ih `cs vcàdbhs, acbelrds d prcbcstladr juturds hrupalcbhs. @cs hxphrtcs hbhbhrnåd dtñelad hep`hdb aäedrds quh jubalcbdb acb



77

vh`calidihs ih mdstd 7; el``cbhs ih audircs pcrshnubic, pdrd rhnlstrdr `d lbthbslidi ih `ds hxp`cslcbhs

bua`hdrhs. @d jctc dep`ldid ih `d leprhslñb mhamd pcr `dpdèd ih ub ghgì hvlihbald ilelbutds dbced`åds,såbtceds ih ihjhatcs bdturd`hs, `cs aud`hs scb divhrtlicspcr `cs eìilacs pdrd ihalilr sl sh prhalsd c bc ih ubtrdtdelhbtc lbehildtc. @cs pslquldtrds ihsaugrlhrcb quh`cs pdalhbths adtdtñblacs prhshbtdb ubd bctdg`h ehfcrådaudbic sh `hs euhstrd su rhtrdtc? dubquh ih crilbdrlcscb lbiljhrhbths d su dpdrlhbald, ùhnc ih vhr `ds jctcsacelhbzdb d `dvdrsh, phlbdrsh y mdahr d`drih ih sudsphatc phrscbd`. Euamcs prcjhscrhs dahptdb ubdph`åau`d c ubd shrlh ih jctcnrdjåds hb vhz ih `dstrdilalcbd`hs ecbcnrdjåds hsarltds y hb euamdsdhrc`åbhds, d phsdr ih `d hxdatltui ih `cs ildnbñstlacsprcpcralcbdics pcr `ds aceputdicrds, utl`lzdb ahbthbdrhsih ehtrcs ih ph`åau`d hb adid ubc ih sus dvlcbhs acb h`

jlb ih ihsaugrlr phquhôds rhsquhgrdfdiurds quh puilhrdbdjhatdr h` jush`dfh. Mdstd `ds acstuegrhs ih `cs dbled`hsscb scehtlids d` hsarutlblc jctcnräjlac, quh phrelth ubprcjubic hstuilc ih `d jdubd edrlbd, `ds acrrlhbths, `dadpdalidi d`lehbtlald y elbhrd` ih `cs caìdbcs.

Dub dså, y d phsdr ih quh `d jctcnrdjåd juh ub dredvd`lcsd iurdbth `d Qhnubid Nuhrrd Eubild`, sñ`c d pdrtlr

ih 4<9> sh `h acbahilñ hstdtus ih ediurhz acech`hehbtc gäslac ih` hsplcbdfh el`ltdr, dyuidid pcr `cssdtì`lths, y h` adsc ih `cs acmhths ruscs hep`dzdics hbAugd, quh ``hvñ d ubd arlsls pc`åtlad hb 4<:7, rhprhshbtdubd `haalñb lbc`vlidg`h ih `d lepcrtdbald ih `d jctcnrdjåd.

@d jctcnrdjåd bc sñ`c hb så hs ub drth slbc quh prhstdlbvdùdg`hs shrvlalcs d` drth. [cr ehilc ih h``d pcihecs

rhprciualr `ds cgrds edhstrds ih `d plbturd, `ds hsau`turdsa`äslads, `cs nrdbihs ecbuehbtcs ilshelbdics pcr hèubic? acbcahecs `d hvcùalñb ih `d drqulthaturd, `ds



71

idbzds, h` gd``ht, h` thdtrc y sh idb d acbcahr d tcicsehildbth edthrld`hs leprhscs acec `lgrcs, rhvlstds,

phrlñilacs y prciuatcs eäs scjlstladics acec h` albh, `dth`hvlslñb h Lbthrbht.

@d jctcnrdjåd jcrhbsh8 md ihsdrrc``dic ub dep`lc adepcih dp`ladalcbhs hb tcids `ds rdeds ih `d arlelbd`åstlad.Qu vhrsdtl`lidi phrelth rhnlstrdr y idr d acbcahr idtcsquh pdsdrådb ihsdphralglics iurdbth `d cgshrvdalñb, dslep`h vlstd, ih phrscbds, ùndrhs u cgfhtcs, edbamds yac`crhs, diheäs ih shr acep`hehbtc hb `dsihsarlpalcbhs hsarltds, p`dbcs, lbjcrehs y thstlecblcs.

@d jctcnrdjåd hb ac`cr rhprciuah ubd nrdb adbtlidi ihh`hehbtcs arceätlacs quh `cs rhnlstrcs hb g`dbac y bhnrcbc ihthatdb. Cjrhah eäs vhbtdfds pdrd hxdelbdr h` ùndrih `cs mhamcs, `d lihbtljladalñb ih cgfhtcs, `d jlfdalñb ih`

sltlc icbih sh `cad`lzñ `d hvlihbald y `ds adrdathråstladsih` elsec. @d leprhslñb hb ac`cr phrelth ihstdadr `cscrljlalcs prciualics pcr dreds ih juhnc, prcyhatl`hs yadsqul``cs, y mdah pcslg`h `d iljhrhbaldalñb hbtrh `dsdbnrh y ctrcs jùlics.

Dmcrd glhb. \d quh `cs dramlvcs, bñthsh quh h` tìrelbcutl`lzdic hs ‐dramlvc―, bc ‐ac`haalñb―, auhbtdb hbtrh sus

cgfhtlvcs prlecrild`hs h` ih icauehbtdr y dshscrdr tcidlbvhstlndalñb tcadbth d su rhsphatlvd hsphald`lidi,slrvlhbic acec dpcyc hb `d aceprcgdalñb c hb `dbhndalñb ih dquh``c quh hs edthrld ih phsqulsd, `djctcnrdjåd `hs phrelth `cnrdr`c acb cgfhtlvlidilbauhstlcbdg`h vlncrlzdbic sus shrvlalcs ydprcvhamdelhbtc acec juhbth hvlihbth y jlihilnbd ihdacbthalelhbtcs pdsdics y acec surtlicr prlbalpd` ih

8 Jctcnrdjåd jcrhbsh_hb `åbhdU6mttp6//eubicjcrhbshs.g`cnspct.ace/7;;>/44/jctcnrdjld-jcrhbsh.mte` (Acbsu`td6 4= Bcvlhegrh 7;44)

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79

lùstrdalcbhs nräjlads dahrad ih phrscbds, cgfhtcs yùndrhs. Bc cgstdbth, sl acbslihrdecs quh `d ehbth bc

tlhbh adpdalidi pdrd dèdahbdr`c tcic y quh `d edbhrdih acbshrvdr y thbhr slheprh d edbc `d lbadàu`dg`hprciuaalñb lbjcredtlvd ildrld acbstltuyh ub prcg`hedacbstdbth ihsih quh `d muedblidi acehbzñ d utl`lzdr h``hbnudfh, y hb vlstd ih quh `d jctcnrdjåd md vhblic dlbarhehbtdr hsh aduid` ih acbcalelhbtcs, hs fustc quhdpcrth d`nubd scùalñb. D` rhsphatc, `ds heprhsdsecihrbds y hbtrh h``ds `cs nrdbihs dramlvcs y `dsglg`lcthads `cnrdrcb rhiualr, iurdbth `ds iìadids ih 4<=;y 4<<;, `d hxthbslñb ih sus dbdquh`hs hb ub <;%ehildbth `d elarcjlèdalñb y pdrd ehbalcbdr sñ`c ubhfhep`c, `d dielblstrdalñb ih` Qhnurc Qcald` hb `csHstdics Xblics ``hnñ d acbtdr acb d`nc eäs ih 79el``cbhs ih ehtrcs ih elarcph`åau`d hb sus cjlalbdsahbtrd`hs ih Gd`tlecrh.

Qlb hegdrnc y d phsdr ih `d u`trdelarcjlèdalñb, quhphreltlñ ilspcbhr ih ubd Glg`ld acb 7.7;; pänlbds hb ubdsc`d elarcjlamd ih 47 pcr 48 ahbtåehtrcs, quhidecs hbubd jdsh prleltlvd hb `c acbahrblhbth d` usc ihelarcph`åau`d acec ehilc ih rhnlstrc. @cs elarcsacplcsñptlacs pcirådb rhiualr `cs scpcrths trdilalcbd`hs ihlbjcredalñb d ubd el``cbìsled pdrth ih su tdedôc

bdturd`, `c aud` slnbljlad quh hs pcslg`h dèdahbdr ubel``ñb ih vc`öehbhs hb h` hspdalc quh caupd ub sc`c`lgrc y euamcs eäs sl thbhecs hb auhbtd `cs datud`hsehilcs ih dèdahbdelhbtc ilnltd` hb ilsacs ihaceputdicrd. [cr ctrd pdrth, sh md adàu`dic quhpcirådecs ``hvdr `d rhiuaalñb d` blvh` ec`hau`dr, c shd, d`d ilhz el` el``cbìsled pdrth ih` crlnlbd`. Yd` prcgdgl`lidisusaltd ubd vdrldbth ih` dahrtlfc jl`csñjlac ehilhvd`6

³Auäbtcs `lgrcs puhihb lbsarlglrsh hb `d adghzd ih ubd`jl`hr3... Ydbtc `d elarcjctcnrdjåd acec `d ilnltd`lzdalñbbcs idb `d rhspuhstd6 Mdstd el` vc`öehbhs.



78

1. LBYHW[WHYDALCB IH @D JCYCNWDJLD

H` sdghr elrdr ubd jctcnrdjåd bc hs lbbdtc hb h` mcegrh.: Mdah euamcs dôcs, alhrtc elslcbhrc ihshcsc ihaceubladrsh acb ubd trlgu prleltlvd, scgrhvc`ñ prlehrc `ddìhd y ùhnc drrcfñ ihsih h` dvlñb d`nubcs rhnd`cs hbtrh`cs quh lbaùyñ vdrlds jctcnrdjåds suyds. Qu ihshc hrdquh `cs rhtrdtcs dyuidrdb d `cs bdtlvcs d rhacbcahr`cacec h` delnc guhbc y nhbhrcsc audbic juhrd dvlsltdr`cs, phrc, pcr ihsnrdald, `cs adbågd`hs

ihsacbcalhrcb h` ehbsdfh euic ih `d jctcnrdjåd y audbich` elslcbhrc sh prhshbtñ, `c ihvcrdrcb.

H` `hbnudfh ih `d jctcnrdjåd mdg`d acb euamds vcahs d `csmcegrhs quh scb adpdahs ih hbthbihr`c. D vhahs su vczhs icauehbtd`, pdrd suelblstrdr acb iljhrhbths nrdics ihacep`hflidi, lbjcredalñb prhalsd y cgfhtlvd d qulhbhs `dgusadb. Hb ctrds cadslcbhs, hsphaldèhbth hb `cs

adepcs alhbtåjlacs, sh acbvlhrth hb ub lbstruehbtc ihlbehbsd pcthbald hxp`crdicrd quh scbihd `cs mcrlzcbthsih` acbcalelhbtc y döb hs adpdz ih rhgdsdr`c.

@ds jctcnrdjåds ihghb aceubladr d qulhb `ds vhd ubd lihda`drd y cgfhtlvd.> Adid jctcnrded tlhbh su rdzñb ih shr,ubd mlstcrld quh acbtdr, ub suahsc quh rhpcrtdr, ubdhecalñb quh hvcadr.

: ‐@d jctcnrdjåd―. Whvlstd @ljh 7< (7)6 Hbh. 1;, 4<:>. > Hxtrdatcs trdiualics ih ‐Jdecus pmctcnrdpmhrssamcc`―. Ad`l6 Xblvhrslidi ih` Zd``h, elehcnrdjldic.



7:

@d acbtrlgualñb ih `d lednhb jctcnräjlad d `dacbjcredalñb ih` acbcalelhbtc sh id hb `d lednhb

icauehbtd` ihsarlptlvd, tdbtc hb `ds jctcnrdjåds ihacbthblic mlstñrlac y scalc-au`turd` acec hb `ds ihàdepc purdehbth alhbtåjlac. @d jctcnrdjåd md acbqulstdicub ùndr lrrhep`dzdg`h hb `ds pug`ladalcbhs ih prhbsd,icelbd hb `c hiltcrld` acb h` pcrahbtdfh slheprh arhalhbthih `lgrcs y rhvlstds lùstrdics, tdbtc hb scpcrth trdilalcbdìh pdph` acec hb `cs jcredtcs h`hatrñblacs, pcr hfhep`c`cs h-gccos h Lbthrbht, y sh md acbstltulic hb h` scpcrthih `cs ehilcs pug`laltdrlcs, `cnrdbic shr rhacbcalid acecdrth, d phsdr ih `c aud` acrrh h` rlhsnc ih bc ``hndr dtrdbseltlr acb shnurlidi ubd lbjcredalñb, c d` ehbcshxlsth `d pcslgl`lidi ih ub d`tc edrnhb ih hrrcr hb sulbthrprhtdalñb, sl bc sh dacepdôd `d lednhb acb ub thxtcquh `h acbjlhrd ub shbtlic ubåvcac.

Fhdb O`hle, hb ‐@d pmctcnrdpmlh ht sd `hnhbih―(Aceeubladtlcbs 7, 4<:7), edbljlhstd quh d`nubcshsphald`lstds prhthbihb shpdrdr `d jctcnrdjåd ih `d`hyhbid pdrd hstuildr`ds acec h`hehbtcslbihphbilhbths. Hstd thbtdtlvd hs vä`lid hb så elsed ypuhih acbiualr d acbaùslcbhs lbthrhsdbths, phrc `dphrscbd d qulhb sh `h prhshbtd ubd lednhb bc puhihihfdr ih `hhr y phralglr `c hsarltc d` plh. Bc lepcrtd auä`

shd `d cplblñb scgrh `d utl`lidi ih `d `hyhbid, lednhb y`hyhbid scb ub mågrlic.

@d lednhb jctcnräjlad bc hs arhdid d pdrtlr ih `d bdid.Ih mhamc utl`lzd h`hehbtcs prh-hxlsthbths quh tlhbhb pcrså elsecs ubd lepcrtdbald, ub slnbljladic y ub vd`crpcthbald`. @d lednhb jctcnräjlad prhshbtd ub dsphatcpdrald` y rhiualic ih ub ehilc deglhbth, phrc qulhb elrd

ubd ihthrelbdid lednhb bhahsltd hbacbtrdr h`hehbtcsih rhjhrhbald quh `h phreltdb hstdg`hahr rh`dalcbhs hbtrh`d rhd`lidi trdbsjhrlid hb `d lednhb y sus leänhbhs-



7>

rhauhric jlfdids acec rhjhrhbald hb su ehecrld. Bcpcihecs rhacbcahr dquh``c quh bc acbcahecs. Bc puih

hsphrdrsh quh pdrtlhbic ih ub h`hehbtc tctd`ehbthcrlnlbd` y ihsacbcalic, puhid idrsh slnbljladicvhridihrc y hxdatc d ub ehbsdfh.

@d rdzñb ih shr ih `d `hyhbid d` plh ih `d lednhb hsprlecrild`ehbth `d ih prhalsdr su shbtlic, `d ihsuelblstrdr ub eåblec ih lbjcredalñb pdrd ilrlnlr hb ubdvåd acbarhtd h` ehbsdfh quh sh ihshd trdbseltlr. Xbd sc`djrdsh puhih hsa`drhahr h` acbthblic ih `d lednhb hb ubshbtlic lbscsphamdic. Xbd ih `ds prlehrds leänhbhs ih`d jctcnrdjåd rusd hb idnuhrrctlpc, tcedid pcr Q. @hvlaolf,adrhah ih vd`cr sl bc sh bcs lbjcred quh hb h``d dpdrhahBlac`dl Ncnc` hb 4=98, rcihdic pcr ctrcs drtlstds ruscs.Qñ`c `d `hyhbid `h acbjlhrh pdrd bcsctrcs ub slnbljladicih icauehbtc mlstñrlac quh `d lednhb pcr så sc`d bc

pciråd trdbseltlr.@d jctcnrdjåd puhih sunhrlr, phrc bc puhih ihjlblr vd`crhsecrd`hs, lbth`hatud`hs, jl`csñjlacs c pc`åtlacs? sñ`c puhihihsarlglr dpdrlhbalds. [cr hfhep`c, ubd jctcnrdjåd tcedidpcr ^d`thr Hvdbs bc puhih ilstlbnulr hbtrh ub pcgrh phrcbcg`h phñb dnråac`d lsdgh`lbc y ub jurlgubic adephslbcrdalstd, yd quh ìstds scb iljhrhbalds lbth`hatud`hs, bc

vlsud`hs.=

D blvh` dramlvåstlac hs jubidehbtd` rhd`lzdr ub dbä`lsls ihadid jctcnrdjåd hb su htdpd ih lihbtljladalñb d jlb iha`dsljladr`d acrrhatdehbth. Ql hb ubd lednhb dpdrhahbvdrlcs fñvhbhs `hyhbic `lgrcs, y ub thxtc difubtc bcs ilahquh sh hbauhbtrdb hb ubd ihthrelbdid glg`lcthad, y quhrhvlsdb edbusarltcs ih` Qln`c ]ZL, h` dramlvlstd puhih

acbslihrdr vdrlds d`thrbdtlvds6 Dramlvdr`d pcr h` bcegrh

= QVDWOC^QOL, Fcmb. ‐@d jctcnrdjåd, ub buhvc tlpc ihdrth―. Jdahtds < (1)6 4<>:.



7=

ih `d glg`lcthad, pcr glg`lcthads acec edthrld, c pcr`haturd, hstuildbths, edbusarltcs, hiuadalñb, `lgrcs. @d

a`dvh acbslsth hb ihsaugrlr h`, c `cs h`hehbtcs gäslacsacbthblics hb `d lednhb. Ql bc juhrdb vlslg`hs `cs thxtcshsarltcs hb `ds pänlbds ih `cs `lgrcs, quhidråd tctd`ehbthihsadrtdid `d pcslgl`lidi ih a`dsljladr `d jctcnrdjåd gdfc h`tìrelbc ‐edbusarltcs― y sh ``hvdråd d adgc ubd tced ihihalslcbhs pdrd sh`haalcbdr h` tìrelbc eäs acbvhblhbthshnöb `cs prcplcs rhquhrlelhbtcs ih` dramlvc c ac`haalñb,`cs usudrlcs y sus bhahslidihs.



7<

9. DQ[HAYCQ @HND@HQ

9.4 H@ ICAXEHBYC JCYCNWDJLAC

‐@cs icauehbtcs, hb ub shbtlic dep`lc, lba`uyhb bcsc`dehbth lbsarlpalcbhs, edbusarltcs y pug`ladalcbhsleprhsds, slbc tdeglìb cgrds ih drth, plhzdsbuelseätlads y plhzds ih eushc, yd shdb elbhrd`hs,gctäblads, zcc`ñnlads c dbtrcpc`ñnlads. Aud`qulhr cgfhtcedthrld` quh acbthbnd c acbjlreh d`nöb acbcalelhbtc y

puhid shr cgfhtc ih ac`haalñb, ihgh acbslihrdrsh ubicauehbtc.<

Qhnöb `d Hbala`cphild grltäblad ‐Icauehbtc furåilac hsdquh``c quh slrvh acec pruhgd c hvlihbald y quh hstähsarltc c leprhsc, c tlhbh ubd lbsarlpalñb c d`nöbslnbljladic quh puhid shr `håic? ubd plbturd, ubdjctcnrdjåd duthbtladid, sh``c, c `c quh puhid suelblstrdr

ubd hvlihbald icauehbtd`―.

[cr su pdrth, h` drtåau`c 784 ih` Añilnc ih [rcahilelhbtcAlvl` ih Ac`cegld, ilah6 ‐Qcb icauehbtcs `cs hsarltcs,leprhscs, p`dbcs, ilgufcs, audircs, jctcnrdjåds, albtdsalbhedtcnräjlads, ilsacs, nrdgdalcbhs ednbhtcjñblads,rdilcnrdjåds, td`cbhs, acbtrdshôds, aupcbhs, htlquhtds,sh``cs y hb nhbhrd` tcic cgfhtc euhg`h quh thbnd adräathr

< ELFDL@CZ, D. y NXL@LDWHZQOL, W. Q. Aursclbtrciuatcrlc ih lbjcreätlad y icauehbtdalñb. Adrdads6Lbstltutc ih prciuatlvlidi, 4<>9.



1;

rhprhshbtdtlvc c iha`drdtlvc y `ds lbsarlpalcbhs hb`äplids, ecbuehbtcs, hiljlalcs c slel`drhs―.

Ih dauhric acb h` Añilnc [hbd` Ac`cegldbc, drt. 778,‐Qh dslel`db d icauehbtcs, slheprh quh puhidb shrvlrih pruhgd, `ds hxprhslcbhs ih phrscbd acbcalid cacbcalg`h rhacnlids pcr aud`qulhr ehilc ehaäblac, `csaudircs, ilgufcs, p`dbcs, jctcnrdjåds, albtdsalbhedtcnräjlads, rdilcnräjlads, jcbñptlads, dramlvcsh`hatrcednbìtlacs y rhnlstrcs tìablacs leprhscs―.

H` ‐Whn`dehbtc Nhbhrd` ih Dramlvcs― pug`ladic pcr h` Dramlvc Nhbhrd` ih `d Bdalñb, ih Ac`cegld, hb 4<<9 ypcsthrlcrehbth acbvhrtlic hb @hy 8<9 ih 7;;;, c ‐@hyNhbhrd` ih Dramlvcs― ihjlbh icauehbtc acec ‐…Lbjcredalñb rhnlstrdid, aud`qulhrd shd su jcred c h`ehilc utl`lzdic―. \ acep`hehbtd ih `d slnulhbth edbhrd6

Yåtu`c ZNHQYLCB IH ICAXEHBYCQ Drtåau`c 74. [rcnrdeds ih nhstlñbicauehbtd`. @ds hbtlidihs pög`lads ihghräbh`dgcrdr prcnrdeds ih nhstlñb ihicauehbtcs, puilhbic acbthep`dr h` usc ihbuhvds thabc`cnåds y scpcrths, hb auyddp`ladalñb ihghräb cgshrvdrsh `cs prlbalplcs y

prcahscs dramlvåstlacs.[DWDNWDJC6 @cs icauehbtcs heltlics pcr`cs altdics ehilcs nczdräb ih `d vd`lihz yhjladald ih ub icauehbtc crlnlbd`, slheprhquh quhih ndrdbtlzdid su duthbtlalidi, sulbthnrlidi y h` auep`lelhbtc ih `cs rhqulsltcshxlnlics pcr `ds `hyhs prcahsd`hs.Yåtu`c ]L

ACBQHWZDALCB IH ICAXEHBYCQ Drtåau`c 9:. Acbshrvdalñb ih icauehbtcs.@cs dramlvcs ih `d Dielblstrdalñb [ög`lad



14

ihghräb lep`hehbtdr ub slsthed lbthnrdic ihacbshrvdalñb hb adid ubd ih `ds jdshs ih`

ala`c vltd` ih `cs icauehbtcs. Drtåau`c 9>. Ad`lidi ih `cs scpcrths. @csicauehbtcs ih dramlvc, shdb crlnlbd`hs cacplds, ihghräb h`dgcrdrsh hb scpcrths ihaceprcgdid iurdgl`lidi y ad`lidi, ih dauhricacb `ds bcreds bdalcbd`hs c lbthrbdalcbd`hsquh pdrd h` hjhatc shdb dacnlids pcr h`

Dramlvc Nhbhrd` ih ̀ d Bdalñb.[DWDNWDJC6 @cs icauehbtcs ih dramlvc ihacbshrvdalñb phredbhbth pciräb shracpldics hb buhvcs scpcrths. Hb td` adscihghrä prhvhrsh ub prcnrded ihtrdbsjhrhbald ih lbjcredalñb pdrd ndrdbtlzdr`d prhshrvdalñb y acbshrvdalñb ih `d elsed.

Drtåau`c 9=. Acbshrvdalñb ih icauehbtcs hb

buhvcs scpcrths. H` Dramlvc Nhbhrd` ih `dBdalñb idrä pdutds y bcreds tìabladsnhbhrd`hs scgrh acbshrvdalñb ih dramlvcs,lba`uyhbic `c rh`dtlvc d `cs icauehbtcs hbbuhvcs scpcrths.

Drtåau`c 9<. Whprciuaalñb ih icauehbtcs. H`pdränrdjc ih` drtåau`c 7 ih `d @hy =; ih 4<=<quhidrä dså6 ‐Hb blbnöb adsc `cs icauehbtcs

ih adräathr mlstñrlac pciräb shr ihstrulics,dubquh mdydb slic rhprciualics pcr aud`qulhrehilc―.

9.7 ZD@CW FXWLILAC [WCGDYCWLC

D ehbuic sh trdtd `ds jctcnrdjåds acec pruhgddprheldbth h lrrhjutdg`h ih quh hb rhd`lidi suahilhrcb

`cs dacbthalelhbtcs quh sh vh hb h``ds.4;

Hstd arhhbald

4; EL@NWDE, Qtdb`hy. ‐Xb pslañ`cnc cgshrvd `d aäedrdjctcnräjlad―. Jdahtds 4; (1)6 4<>>.



17

hstä rhspdìdid pcr h` mhamc ih quh `d jctcnrdjådacbstltuyh ubd rhd`lidi vd`lcsd hb så elsed y ih pcr så.

[hrc puhihb shr jd`shdids, sh `hs puhih ed`lbthrprhtdr cpuhihb idr edycr sc`lihz d `d rhd`lidi quh rhprhshbtdb hlbthnrdrsh acec pdrth lbmhrhbth ih `d elsed.

[drd hvdùdr `ds aud`lidihs icauehbtd`hs ih ubdjctcnrdjåd44 ihghecs mdahr trhs prhnubtds6 ³Hsdutìbtlad3, ³Hs acrrhatd3, ³Hs vhridi `c jctcnrdjldic3

@d duthbtlalidi, acbjlredid pcr alhrtcs rdsncs ydp`ladalcbhs ih `d jctcnrdjåd, rhqulhrh quh `d hsahbd bcmdyd slic d`thrdid hb blbnöb ecic? h` `dirñbhbedsadrdic quh muyh ih` gdbac bc hstä pcsdbic, `dsbughs bc juhrcb leprhsds ih ctrc bhndtlvc.

@d acrrhaalñb yd hs ctrc dsubtc, puhs lep`lad `d

shnurlidi ih quh `d jctcnrdjåd acrrhspcbih d `c quh `daäedrd tceñ6 `cs ac`crhs bc ihsdpdrhahb, `d `hbth bcihjcred `ds prcpcralcbhs.

@c vhridihrc bc tlhbh quh vhr acb sl `d jctcnrdjåd hs ubdhxpcslalñb ih `c quh hstuvc prhshbth dbth `d aäedrd hbh` ecehbtc ih tcedr`d, slbc quh sh rhjlhrh d sl `d hsahbdrhprhshbtdid hs ubd hxpcslalñb ih `cs mhamcs quh sh

supcbh rhd`hs y quh scb trdbseltlics pcr `d jctcnrdjåd.Mdy quh prhnubtdrsh sl ubd jctcnrdjåd qulhrh ihalr `c quheuhstrd. Xbd jctcnrdjåd puhih shr dutìbtlad phrc jd`sd, cvhridihrd dubquh bc dutìbtlad. Audbic hb `d cgrd ‐H`gdàñb― ih Fhdb Nhbht, ub jctñnrdjc ih `d rhlbd hbvåd dubc ih `cs rhvcùalcbdrlcs drrhstdics d gusadr`h ubdadfhtl``d ih alndrrl``cs y pdnd d ub cjlald` ih pc`laåd pdrdquh `h ilspdrh, `d jctcnrdjåd ih` rhghìh euhrtc d` trdtdr

ih hsadpdr bc hs dutìbtlad, dubquh hs prcgdg`h quh hstì

44 DWBMHLE, Wuic`j. ‐³Tuì hs `d jctcnrdjåd3―. Jdahtds <(1)6 4<>:.



11

glhb tcedid y quh bc shd bhahsdrldehbth jd`sd.‐¡Ecbstrucsc!― hxa`ded `d rhlbd. ‐Hs `d acstuegrh,

edfhstdi―, ilah h` jctñnrdjc. Hstc iheuhstrd quh, slbùndr d iuid, audbic `d vhridi hstä hb fuhnc, h`prcg`hed ihfd ih shr hxaùslvdehbth jctcnräjlac.

H` prlehr pdsc pdrd dahptdr ubd jctcnrdjåd acecicauehbtc acb vd`cr prcgdtcrlc47 acbslsth hb hstdg`hahrqulìb `d dpcrtd d` rhsphatlvc prcahsc, hs ihalr, hbhstuildr y dbd`lzdr `d phrscbd`lidi ih` jctñnrdjc acb h`prcpñsltc ih hjhatudr ubd nrdiudalñb ih su shrlhidi ymcbhstlidi.

Dahptdid `d arhilgl`lidi quh ehrhah h` jctñnrdjc, hsbhahsdrlc hstuildr h` ùndr icbih sh hbacbtrdgd audbicsh leprlelñ `d jctcnrdjåd, `ds acbilalcbhs ih phrahpalñbvlsud` h lbaùslvh `ds duiltlvds, pcrquh ìstds, hb

ihthrelbdids alraubstdbalds puhihb mdghr slic h` jdatcrquh ectlvdrd `d leprhslñb jctcnräjlad.

Hstdg`halic `c dbthrlcr, hs prhalsc ihthrelbdr sl h`jctñnrdjc, hjhatlvdehbth, tuvc `d pcslgl`lidi ih adptdr acb`d `hbth `d lednhb quh dpdrhah hb `d jctcnrdjåd, gdfc `dsacbilalcbhs ih ecic, tlhepc y ùndr quh md ihglicihsarlglr hb thstlecblc rhbilic acb dbthrlcrlidi d `d

aceprcgdalñb quh sh hstä ihtd``dbic.

Ihjlblic hstc, h` fuhz dbd`lzd `d jctcnrdjåd hb så, acecicauehbtc, thblhbic hb auhbtd `d bhahslidi ih quhilamc ehilc ih pruhgd mdyd ``hndic d` prcahsc slnulhbic`cs aduahs hstdg`halics pcr `d `hy. [crquh bc hs `c elsec`d rhac`haalñb ih pruhgds hb h` adepc phbd` quh hb hàlvl`, `dgcrd` c dielblstrdtlvc. @d dprhaldalñb ih `c quh

ilah ubd jctcnrdjåd y su acbslnulhbth vd`cr prcgdtcrlc

47 GD\CBD EDWYLBHV, D`cbsc. Dgcndic. Hbtrhvlstdphrscbd`. Gcnctä6 7;47.



19

hstäb ihthrelbdics pcr `d acbscbdbald ih` icauehbtcacb ctrds pruhgds, y h` fuhz, ih dauhric acb `ds rhn`ds ih

dprhaldalñb prcgdtcrld `c ugladrä hb h` nrdic quh ehrhah,yd shd acec lbilalc nrdvh c `hvh, c acec p`hbd pruhgdih `d hxlsthbald ih ub mhamc.

@c hxpuhstc sh rhjlhrh d `cs adscs audbic ub pdrtlau`drdpcrtd d ub prcahsc ubd jctcnrdjåd acec ehilc ihpruhgd y sh puhihb acbslihrdr adid vhz ehbcshxahpalcbd`hs, pcrquh hb `d datud`lidi scb lbbuehrdg`hs`ds phrscbds quh usdb c pcrtdb dpdrdtcs ilnltd`hs ih tcictlpc, pcr hfhep`c th`ìjcbcs ah`u`drhs, quh phrelthb `drhac`haalñb lbstdbtäbhd ih suahscs quh puhihb thbhrrh`hvdbald fuilald`.

Aceöbehbth `cs fuhahs dauihb d `cs jctñnrdjcs tìablacscjlald`hs, glhb shdb ih `d pc`laåd fuilald` c ih` Lbstltutc ih

Ehilalbd @hnd` y Alhbalds Jcrhbshs, phrscbds ìstds quhtlhbhb `d ad`lidi ih phrltcs. [cr `c tdbtc, hb hstcs adscs,h` fuhz quhid rh`hndic ih `d cg`lndalñb ih aceprcgdr `darhilgl`lidi, mcbhstlidi h licbhlidi ih` jctñnrdjc, yd quh`d `hy prhsueh quh hstcs prcjhslcbd`hs pcshhb ilamdsaud`lidihs. @c dbthrlcr slnbljlad quh h` fuhz sh `leltdrä ddprhaldr `d jctcnrdjåd acec icauehbtc, slnulhbic `dspdutds ih dprhaldalñb yd ehbalcbdids. Acec dp`ladalñb

ih `c ilamc pcihecs altdr ics hfhep`cs6

ADQC Bc. 4

‐Xbd jctcnrdjåd pug`ladid hb H` Ylhepc juha`dvh pdrd quh `cs vcad`hs ih` Acbshfc ihNuhrrd quh fuznñ d` hstuildbth ihthblic hbihsdrrc``c ih ihsñrihbhs hb `d aluidi

ublvhrsltdrld, ilhrdb su vhrhilatc dgsc`utcrlcd` slbiladic.



18

Nul``hrec H`åds Nuzeäb Drnuehic,hstuildbth ih `d Jdau`tdi ih Lbnhblhråd ih `d

Xblvhrslidi Bdalcbd` ih Ac`cegld, juhihthblic h` edrths dbthrlcr, audbic dùebcsih` ahbtrc suphrlcr prctdncblzdgdb vlc`hbtcshbjrhbtdelhbtcs acb ublidihs ih `d juhrzdpög`lad.Qhnöb h` lbjcreh ih `d pc`laåd, Nuzeäb

Drnuehic thbåd hb su pcihr ‐ub acathÈc`ctcv― h` aud` lgd d `dbzdr acbtrd h` nrupcih dnhbths. Dôdih h` lbjcreh, quh hùblvhrsltdrlc juh adpturdic hb ahradbåds ih `dpuhrtd ih daahsc ih `d ublvhrslidi, ugladidhb `d ad``h 7:. Qlb hegdrnc, `d jctcnrdjådtcedid pcr buhstrc rhpcrthrc Fcrnh [drnd,ihecstrñ d `cs elhegrcs ih` Acbshfc ihNuhrrd quh h` fcvhb mdgåd slic adpturdic

jrhbth d `ds lbstd`dalcbhs ih `d Adfd Bdalcbdìh [rhvlslñb Qcald`. Hb hjhatc, d` jcbic ih `djctcnrdjåd sh cgshrvd `d puhrtd nrdbih ihhbtrdid ih `d Adfd y ihfd slb plsc `ddjlredalñb ih `d pc`laåd.@d nräjlad hb ehbalñb euhstrd d` hstuildbthhb ecehbtcs audbic hrd adpturdic pcr `djuhrzd pög`lad y hb sus edbcs sh cgshrvdb

`cs `lgrcs quh pcrtdgd d` sd`lr ih `d jdau`tdiicbih dih`dbtd sus hstuilcs.H` Edycr Fdlrc Mcrttd Gdmdeñb, Jlsad` ihÀcbshfc ih Nuhrrd, ilfc hb ihsdrrc``c ih sulbvhstlndalñb, quh h` sltlc icbih mdgåd slictcedid `d p`dad jctcnräjlad bc acrrhspcbihacb h` ihsarltc hb h` lbjcreh ih `d pc`laåd. H`cjlald` ilfc dså elsec quh acb gdsh hb `c

dbthrlcr, bc hxlståd eìrltc pdrd acbihbdr d`hstuildbth y sc`laltñ ub vhrhilatc dgscùtcrlc.



1:

[cr su pdrth, h` dgcndic ihjhbscr ihùblvhrsltdrlc, D`jrhic Bhnrlbls Acbsuhnrd, ilfc

d `cs vcad`hs quh mdgåd ihecstrdicp`hbdehbth, hb `ds pruhgds prdatladids, quhsu ihjhbilic bc pcrtdgd gcegds bl h`hehbtcsquh mlalhrdb phbsdr hb `d pcslgl`lidi ih ubacepcrtdelhbtc dbcred`. Dnrhnñ quhpcsthrlcrehbth d su ihthbalñb h` J-7 mlzc ubd``dbdelhbtc d `d rhslihbald ih` ublvhrsltdrlcicbih sñ`c hbacbtrdrcb `lgrcs y audihrbcsutl`lzdics pdrd h` hstuilc. Bc mdgåd edthrld`sugvhrslvc bl h`hehbtcs quh `caceprcehtlhrdb.Edbljhstñ lnudèhbth quh `ds vhrslcbhs ididspcr h` cjlald` ih pc`laåd, Yhblhbth Adstl``cNdraåd, ub adgc y ub dnhbth ih `d elsedlbstltualñb, hrdb ub tdbtc acbtrdilatcrlds y

iìgl`hs.

JCYC Bc. 4

@d jctcnrdjåd pug`ladid pcr H` Ylhepc, shôd`ñh` dgcndic, vlbc d da`drdr `ds iuids hbaudbtc d` ùndr hb icbih juh adpturdic elihjhbilic. Yhbnc `d jlreh acbvlaalñb ih quh



1>

h` hstuildbth Nul``hrec H`åds Nuzeäb hslbcahbth, ilfc h` ihjhbscr. @uhnc ih `d

lbthrvhbalñb ih` prcjhslcbd`, h` Acbshfc ihNuhrrd prhslilic pcr h` Edycr Adr`cs D`drañbJd``d, hbtrñ hb ub grhvh rhahsc pdrd quh `csvcad`hs, adpltdbhs Fcsì Zlahbth @drd, Fcrnh[hricec @czdbc y Fu`lc Amdrry Qc`dbc,ilhrdb d acbcahr h` vhrhilatc dgsc`utcrlc pcrubdblelidi―.41

ADQC Bc. 7

JCYC Bc 7‐Hstd nräjlad tcedid pcr ub trdbshöbth

cadslcbd` hb ubd ad``h ih Nìbcvd, Ltd`ld, hb

41 ‐Dgsuh`tc ub hstuildbth pcr jctc ih H` Ylhepc―.Gcnctä6 H` Ylhepc, Edyc 7> ih 4<>=, pdn. = G.



1=

Edrzc ih 4<>4, acgrd dmcrd ubd nrdbdatud`lidi. Dpdrhahb hb h``d `cs thrrcrlstds

Dunustc Zhl` y Edrlc Wcssl, muyhbic hb ubdZhspd ùhnc ih ilspdrdr acbtrd h` ehbsdfhrcih` Gdbac D`hssdbirc J`crls, hb h` plsc, dqulhb ihspcfdrcb ih ub ed`htåb acb ubdnruhsd sued ih ilbhrc ùhnc ih mhrlr`hecrtdèhbth. Wcssl, rhvñ`vhr hb edbc y acbh` ed`htåb, hs h` jubidicr ih` nrupc thrrcrlstd‐Catugrh 77―, d`ldic ih `ds ‐Grlndids rcfds―,`ds aud`hs lbaùyhb hb su `lstd ih `lghrdicspdrd hbtrhndr d Dìc Ecrc―.49

‐Qlb hegdrnc,48 hb hsth adsc sh prhshbtd `d slnulhbtharåtlad ih `d jctcnrdjåd hb så, acec h`hehbtc prcgdtcrlc6 H`äbnu`c ih hxpcslalñb leplih ihthrelbdr `d jlscbceåd ih`cs ectcala`lstds ih`lbauhbths, dså acec `d lihbtljladalñb

ih `d eäqulbd, bc sc`dehbth pcrquh bc rhnlstrd `dsp`dads, slbc tdeglìb pcrquh trdtäbicsh ih ubd lednhbhb g`dbac y bhnrc leplih hstdg`hahr sus ac`crhs, `csaud`hs scb jubidehbtd`hs pdrd ubd guhbd lihbtljladalñb.

Diheäs, h` äbnu`c ih tced, audbic euamc slrvh pdrdlihbtljladr `d hstruaturd dbdtñelad ih` lbilvliuc quh vldfdhb `d pdrth trdshrd ih `d ectcbhtd, acbjcredalñb ìstd quhpuhih acrrhspcbihr d el`hs ih phrscbds.

Diheäs, bubad ihgh c`vlidrsh quh `d jctcnrdjåd euhstrd`c quh cgshrvñ h` jctñnrdjc y quh pcr acbslnulhbth, sunrdic ih pruhgd hstä ihthrelbdic pcr h` nrdic ihphrahpalñb ih ìsth, gdstdbth `leltdic yd quh su adepcih vlslñb sh rhiuah d` quh `h phrelth `d `hbth jctcnräjlad,ihfdbic ih phralglr, pcr `c tdbtc, h` ihsdrrc``c ih mhamcs

49 X[L. ‐@lghrdr d trhah hxtrhelstds―. Gcnctä6 H`Hsphatdicr, Dgrl` 78 ih 4<>=, pdn. 9 D.48 GD\CBD EDWYLBHV, D`cbsc. Dgcndic. Hbtrhvlstdphrscbd`. Gcnctä6 7;47.



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acbaceltdbths d `d daalñb quh sh jctcnrdjåd, `cs aud`hsscb ih lbiuidg`h vd`cr hb h` adepc ih `d pruhgd furåilad.

Ydeglìb mdy quh thbhr hb auhbtd quh `d jctcnrdjådeuhstrd `c quh h` jctñnrdjc qulsc quh quhidrd leprhsc hb`d ph`åau`d, sl sh trdtd ih ub lbilvliuc acb sujlalhbthhxphrlhbald, y quh euamds vhahs hsth icauehbtceuhstrd pdrald` c tctdèhbth `c quh h` jctñnrdjc bc quhrådquh sh leprlelhrd, sl adrhah ih präatlad hb hsth adepc.Ih `c dbthrlcr sh ihiuah quh h` djcrlsec ih ‐@d aäedrdbubad elhbth― hs ub acbahptc eäs rceäbtlac quh rhd`,puhs adrhah ih tcid acbahpalñb cgfhtlvd―.

D td` prcpñsltc altdrhecs d`nubcs hfhep`cs jdecscs hbtrh`cs el``drhs quh hxlsthb hb `d mlstcrld ublvhrsd` ih `djctcnrdjåd, quh d` jlb y d` adgc hs `d mlstcrld ecihrbd ih `dmuedblidi.

‐Mdah ubcs dôcs alrau`ñ dep`ldehbth pcr Lbthrbht hstd supuhstd jctc mhamd shnubicsdbths ih quh ub dvlñb lepdatdrd acbtrd ubdih `ds Ycrrhs nheh`ds hb Buhvd \cro.4: Mdyquh rhacbcahr quh h` ecbtdfh hstä euy glhbmhamc, phrc tdeglìb hs alhrtc quh hs eäsjd`sd quh ub hurc ih edihrd. [ug`ladic pcrJhreåb Amlamdrc hb 49678.

@d prlehrd rhn`d ih` ecbtdfh jctcnräjlac hsquh aclbalid `d lùelbdalñb ih `cs ilstlbtcsh`hehbtcs d ecbtdr. H` dvlñb hstä lùelbdicih jrhbth (acb h` sc` ihträs ih` jctñnrdjc),elhbtrds quh h` rhstc ih `d jctc hstä lùelbdidihsih `d ihrhamd acb h` sc` euy gdfc. Qlb

4: @d ö`tled jctc ih `ds Ycrrhs nheh`ds _hb `åbhdU

Ilspcblg`h hb6mttp6//alghrtrc`ds.g`cnspct.ace/7;;=/;</`d-`tled-jctc-ih-`ds-tcrrhs-nheh`ds-ih.mte` (Acbsu`td6 4> Bcvlhegrh7;44).

http://cibertrolas.blogspot.com/2008/09/la-ltima-foto-de-las-torres-gemelas-de.html






9;

hegdrnc, hs ubd rhn`d jrhauhbthehbthc`vlidid (Lbaùsc `d c`vliñ `d ALD audbic mlzc

h` ecbtdfh ih @hh Mdrvhy Cswdì, ubc ih `csphcrhs ecbtdfhs quh mh vlstc, pcr alhrtc, yquh sh hbdrgc`ñ acec pruhgd). 7 ih Catugrhih 7;;= 47671.

JCYC Bc. 1

H` turlstd jctcnrdjldic vlsth ubd amdquhtd ihlbvlhrbc, d`nc lbusltdic sl acbslihrdecs quhh` 44 ih Qhptlhegrh juh ub adùrcsc iåd ih

vhrdbc.H` dvlñb sh hstä dprcxledbic d `d tcrrh ihsihh` Bcrth, pcr `c tdbtc `d tcrrh ih `d jctc ihgådshr `d ih` Bcrth (^YA4), quh bc thbådelrdicr. Lbaùslvh sl `d jctc ecstrdrd ubdhsahbd ih` elrdicr ih `d ^YA7, ìstd bc shdgråd mdstd `ds <61; de. H` prlehr dvlñbamcañ d `ds =69< de.

H` dvlñb quh dpdrhah hb `d jctc hs ub Gchlbn>8> ih Dehrladb Dlr`lbhs6 h` vuh`c ih DD quh



94

sh hstrh``ñ acb `d tcrrh hrd ub Gchlbn >:>. -7=ih Fublc ih 7;;< ;>61:.

JCYC Bc. 9

Hstd hs `d jdecsd jctc ih @hh Mdrvhy Cswdìscsthblhbic prcpdndbid lzqulhrilstd y ub rlj`hquh adsudèhbth hs h` rlj`h acb h` quhedtdrcb d` [rhslihbth Fcmb J. Ohbbhiy.Ilamd jctc sh prhsueh tdeglìb rhtcadid y sh

ilah quh `d adghzd, tcedid ih ctrd jctcnrdjåd,`d ac`cadrcb hb hsh auhrpc pdrd lbau`pdr dCswdì, qulhb juh dshslbdic ics iådsihspuìs pcr Fdao Wugy audbic lgd d shrtrds`didic d `d prlslñb.4> Xbd jdecsd jctcnrdjåd hb g`dbac y bhnrclepu`sñ `d gösquhid ih` Ecbstruc ih` @dnc

4> Eltcs y aurlcslidihs ih `d jctcnrdjåd _hb `åbhdUIlspcblg`h hb6 mttp6//www.jctcguzz.ace/eltcs-y-aurlcslidihs-ih-`d-jctcnrdjld-y-h`-usc-ih`-pmctcsmcp(Acbsu`td6 4> Bcvlhegrh 7;44).

http://www.fotobuzz.com/mitos-y-curiosidades-de-la-fotografia-y-el-uso-del-photoshop






97

Bhss… mdstd quh `d vhridi sd`lñ d `d `uzahrad ih :; dôcs ihspuìs.

JCYC Bc. 8

@d prhcaupdalñb ecihrbd pcr `d arldturd,acbcalid acec h` ecbstruc prhmlstñrlac ih`@dnc Bhss, juh ihsphrtdid pcr `d jctcnrdjådprhsubtdehbth tcedid pcr h` alrufdbc W. O.^l`scb h` 4< ih Dgrl` ih 4<19, quh pdrhaåd

ecstrdr d ubd hbcreh arldturd ih auh``c `drncquh sh ihs`lzdgd d trdvìs ih` dnud. Iìadidseäs tdrih, h` 47 ih Edrzc ih 4<<9,Edrediuoh ^htmhrh`` djlreñ mdghr jd`sljladic`d jctcnrdjåd trds shr hep`hdic pcr h`phrlñilac Idl`y Edl` pdrd hbacbtrdr d Bhsslh,lbiladbic tdeglìb quh ^l`scb bc mdgådtcedic `d jctc y quh su bcegrh juh utl`lzdic

sc`dehbth pdrd idr`h eäs arhilgl`lidi d `delsed. Qlb hegdrnc y d phsdr ih `dacbjhslñb, `d jctc yd mdgåd slic iljubilid pcr



99

Ih hstd edbhrd, `d `hy prcthnh dquh``ds jctcnrdjådsrhacbcalg`hs acec cgrds drtåstlads, phrc hb blbnöb

ecehbtc hsphaljlad auäbic, c quì adrdathråstlads ihghbrhublr ìstds pdrd shr acbslihrdids cgrds ih drth,c`vlidbic diheäs h` dsphatc furåilac quh puhih lep`ladrd `ds jctcnrdjåds acec icauehbtcs hb `d aceprcgdalñb cbhndalñb ih ub ih`ltc. Eds, slhbic ìsth ub thed dfhbc dbuhstrcs prcpñsltcs, shrä ehfcr ihfdr`c hb edbcs ih `cshsphald`lstds.



98

8. DWAMLZCQ \ AC@HAALCBHQJCYCNWDJLADQ

Qh prhshbtdb ics dahpalcbhs pdrd `d pd`dgrd ih crlnhbnrlhnc ‐dramlvc―. @d prlehrd sh rhjlhrh d `d cjlalbd c `cad`hb icbih sh acbshrvd y edbhfd `cs icauehbtcs,nhbhrd`ehbth ih tlpc dielblstrdtlvc quh prciuah ubdhbtlidi c ubd phrscbd y `d shnubid trdtd ih `csicauehbtcs hb så elsecs. Dubquh acbtdidshxahpalcbhs `lbnðåstlads utl`lzdb tìrelbcs lbihphbilhbthspdrd iljhrhbaldr hstcs tìrelbcs hbtrh så, h` Whn`dehbtc

Nhbhrd` ih Dramlvcs `c ihjlbh añec6 ‐Acbfubtc ihicauehbtcs, shd aud` juhrh su jhamd, su jcred y scpcrthedthrld`, daueu`dics hb ub prcahsc bdturd`, pcr ubdphrscbd c lbstltualñb pög`lad c prlvdid hb h` trdbsaurscih su nhstlñb, acbshrvdics rhsphtdbic dquh` crihb pdrdshrvlr acec thstlecblc h lbjcredalñb pdrd `d phrscbd clbstltualñb quh `c prciuah, pdrd `cs aluididbcs c pdrdshrvlr acec ubd juhbth ih mlstcrld―.

Xb dramlvc, pcr bdturd`hzd, acbshrvd edthrld` crlnlbd`auyds adrdathråstlads `c acbvlhrthb hb icauehbtc öblac.Hstd hs `d prlbalpd` iljhrhbald acb `ds glg`lcthads, quhedbhfdb rhnlstrcs leprhscs iup`ladics hb euamds acpldshxlsthbths diheäs hb ctrds glg`lcthads.

H` prhicelblc ih `cs icauehbtcs thxtud`hs hb `cs jcbics

dramlvåstlacs md slic `d adusd prlbalpd` pdrd quh bc shacbahilhrd `d sujlalhbth lepcrtdbald d ctrcs h`hehbtcs.@ds iljlau`tdihs crlnlbdids pcr sus rhquhrlelhbtcs ih



9:

acbshrvdalñb, dså acec `d vdrlhidi ih jcredtcs, euyphquhôcs c hxahslvdehbth nrdbihs quh sh prhshbtd acb

`cs edpds, p`dbcs, ilgufcs y jctcnrdjåds, mlalhrcb quh sh`cs adtd`cndrd acec edthrld`hs hbncrrcscs auydacep`hflidi ``hvñ d shpdrdr`cs ih sus shrlhs prledrlds ydsubtcs ih crlnhb pdrd crndblzdr`cs hb ac`haalcbhslbihphbilhbths. Qh `cs dahptñ acec pcshhicrhs ihalhrtds aud`lidihs mlstñrlads y dramlvåstlads, phrc juhrcbrhamdzdics pcr euamcs eushcs, nd`hråds, glg`lcthads ydramlvcs trdilalcbd`hs. D pdrtlr ih `d shnubid eltdi ih`Qln`c ]], acb `d dpdrlalñb ih iljhrhbthshsphald`lzdalcbhs, sh susaltñ h` rhacbcalelhbtc d` vd`crlbtråbshac icauehbtd` hb su vdrldiåsled nded ihprhshbtdalcbhs y `cs dramlvlstds acehbzdrcb d gusadrscùalcbhs hbadelbdids d sd`vdnudridr `d hxlsthbald y hùsc ih hstcs edthrld`hs. Xb acbslihrdg`h böehrc ihlbstltualcbhs prlvdids, pög`lads y elxtds, mdah usc adid

vhz eäs jrhauhbth ih ac`haalcbhs ih h`hehbtcsdramlvåstlacs bc acbvhbalcbd`hs pcr su scpcrth yacbilalcbhs pdrd `d acbshrvdalñb. Ilamcs h`hehbtcsjcredb pdrth rh`hvdbth hbtrh `cs buhvcs prciuatcs ih `dhrd thabc`ñnlad6 vlihcadshths, adshths ih duilc, ilsacsñptlacs, jctcnrdjåds, hta., y mdahb bhahsdrld `dlbacrpcrdalñb ih ub acbfubtc crndblzdic ihacbcalelhbtcs y tìablads pdrd h` edbhfc hjlalhbth y

prcjhslcbd` ih `cs ihbcelbdics dramlvcs dtåplacs,tìablacs c hsphald`hs.

Acb `d pcpu`drlzdalñb ih `d lbjcreätlad surnlñ ub buhvcacbahptc ih dramlvc acec `d ac`haalñb crihbdid ihrhnlstrcs6 idtcs, thxtcs c lbstruaalcbhs rh`dalcbdids hbtrhså y quh dèdahbdics, döb hb nrdbihs adbtlidihs, scbih räplic y jäal` daahsc y sh acbshrvdb ihbtrc c juhrd ih`

aceputdicr ehildbth scpcrths acec ilsacs (AI, IZI),ehecrlds XQG y ctrcs yd juhrd ih` ehradic, ihglic d `d



9>

acbstdbth hvcùalñb ih `d thabc`cnåd hb h` ärhd ihslstheds.

Hbtrh `ds euamds hsphald`lidihs y ih dauhric acb `dtlpc`cnåd icauehbtd` quh `ds acbjcred, sh acbcah acecdramlvc dtåplac, tìablac c hsphald`, tcic dquh` rh`dalcbdicacb `d crndblzdalñb, acbshrvdalñb, prhshrvdalñb y edbhfcih icauehbtcs bc tåplacs, bc trdilalcbd`hs. Hxlsthbilvhrsds a`dshs ih hstcs dramlvcs shnöb `cs edthrld`hsquh lbthnrdb su ac`haalñb, `cs aud`hs dgdradb ihsiheuhstrds shilehbtdrlds ih `cs jcbics edrlbcs cihthrelbdids rhnlcbhs nhcnräjlads, mdstd `csicauehbtcs platñrlacs c lacbcnräjlacs, `cs aud`hslbaùyhb hb su nìbhrc d `cs dramlvcs y ac`haalcbhsjctcnräjlads y ih duilcvlsud`hs. Qhnöb Elamh` Iuamhlb7; h` tìrelbc duilcvlsud` sh dp`lad d `cs icauehbtcsscbcrcs y d `ds leänhbhs hb ecvlelhbtc, hshbaldèhbth

`cs ilsacs, albtds ednbhtcjñblads, ph`åau`dsalbhedtcnräjlads, albtds ih vlihc h leänhbhs jlfds acec`cs nrdgdics y jctcnrdjåds.

Bc tcics `cs icauehbtcs duilcvlsud`hs acbstltuyhbedthrld` ih dramlvc hb h` shbtlic hstrlatc ih` tìrelbc, ypcr rhn`d nhbhrd` sñ`c sh dslel`db d hstd adthncråd `csprciualics c rhalglics pcr `ds lbstltualcbhs, acec

h`hehbtcs quh jcredb pdrth ih `cs prcahscsdielblstrdtlvcs ih su acrrhspcbilhbth datlvlidi,hxaùyhbic `cs icauehbtcs crlnlbdics acb jlbhsacehrald`hs c drtåstlacs. Alhrtdehbth hs iljåal` hstdg`hahrubd iljhrhbald präatlad, puhstc quh bc tcics `csicauehbtcs duilcvlsud`hs, pcr hfhep`c `cs ilsacseuslad`hs, `cs vlihcs acehrald`hs y `cs adrth`hs, ``dedics

7; IXAMHLB, Elamh`. @cs cgstäau`cs quh sh cpcbhb d`daahsc, d `d utl`lzdalñb y d `d trdbsjhrhbald ih `dlbjcredalñb acbshrvdid hb `cs dramlvcs6 Xb hstuilc ihWDE[. [drås6 Xbhsac, 4<=1.



9=

tdeglìb djlamhs c pcsthrs, pcirådb acbslihrdrshh`hehbtcs dramlvåstlacs, sl tìabladehbth adrhahb ih vd`cr

icauehbtd` mlstñrlac, furåilac, alhbtåjlac c dielblstrdtlvc.Ih tcids jcreds, `ds `hnls`dalcbhs ecihrbds lbaùyhb hb`d ihjlblalñb ih dramlvc d `cs icauehbtcs duilcvlsud`hs,slb rhstrlaalñb lep`åaltd bl ihtd``did, bc cgstdbth scb euypcacs `cs pdåshs hb icbih sh mdah hjhatlvc h` lbnrhsc ihilamcs edthrld`hs d `cs ihpñsltcs ih `ds hbtlidihsrhahptcrds, acec scb `cs dramlvcs y `ds glg`lcthadsbdalcbd`hs.

8.4 H@ DWAMLZC

H` dramlvc jctcnräjlac, ihbcelbdic pcr lnud` ac`haalñbjctcnräjlad y rhalhbthehbth acbcalic tdeglìb acecjctcthad, hs h` acbfubtc crihbdic ih edthrld`hs djlbhs d`d jctcnrdjåd acec scb `ds acplds pcsltlvds, bhndtlvcs,

vlirlcs, trdbspdrhbalds y ildpcsltlvds, prciualics crhalglics pcr phrscbds bdturd`hs c furåilads, hb jubalñbih sus datlvlidihs y ilspuhstcs hb td` jcred quh jdal`lthbsu dèdahbdelhbtc, prhshrvdalñb y acbsu`td. [cr suacbilalñb icauehbtd` phau`ldr bc tlhbh lbalihbaldsdielblstrdtlvds ilrhatds ihsih h` pubtc ih vlstd ih `csdramlvcs ih nhstlñb, phrc hb h` adsc ih heprhsdsprciuatcrds ih icauehbtcs jctcnräjlacs hvlihbald h`

ihsdrrc``c ih `cs lbilvliucs y ih `ds lbstltualcbhs.

@d jctcthad, quh htlec`ñnladehbth slnbljlad ‐Ac`haalñb ihjctcnrdjåds―, hs ub ahbtrc ih dacplc auyc cgfhtlvcprlbalpd` hs `d diqulslalñb ih leänhbhs jctcnräjlads pdrdsu ac`haalñb, crndblzdalñb y adtd`cndalñb, acb jlbhs ihacbcalelhbtc y iljuslñb. Mdah rhjhrhbald d icauehbtcsjctcnräjlacs tdbtc hb `cs scpcrths trdilalcbd`hs scgrh

pdph` y dahtdtc acec hb `cs ecihrbcs y iljhrhbthsscpcrths ilnltd`hs. Ih d``å quh ubd jctcthad ilnltd` hs h`hspdalc lbjcreätlac quh phrelth dèdahbdr, crndblzdr,



9<

acbshrvdr, adtd`cndr y iljubilr jctcnrdjåds, y ubshuiñblec ih `d elsed sh acbslihrd h` gdbac ih

leänhbhs. Hb `d datud`lidi y nrdalds d Lbthrbht, hspcslg`h gusadr y cgthbhr leänhbhs ih adsl aud`hsqulhrdsubtcs, ùndrhs y phrscbdfhs quh bc pcshh h` dramlvc c`d ac`haalñb. Gdstd lbnrhsdr d `ds iljhrhbths pänlbds ^hghsphald`lzdids acec Ymh lednh gdbo, Qmutthrstcao,Jctcshdram, Q`lihihpct, Jctc`ld, Ihpcsltpmctcs,Lstcaopmctc, Zhhr, Nhttlednhs, Fuplthrlednhs,Acrglslednhs, Ymlbostcaopmctcs, Irhdetleh y euamcsctrcs, lbaùslvh gdbacs ih leänhbhs ih adräathr nrdtultc,d trdvìs ih gusadicrhs slep`hs y ih jäal` edbhfc acecNccn`h, dubquh ihgh thbhrsh hsphald` aulidic acb `csihrhamcs ih dutcr.

H` dramlvc jctcnräjlac hs euamc eäs quh ub daalihbtdicaöeu`c ih leänhbhs hb vlirlc, pdph` c dahtdtc ih

ahù`csd. Hs `d rhacpl`dalñb ehtñilad y tìablad ihleprhslcbhs vlsud`hs, alhrtds y cgfhtlvds, caurrlids hb `dvlid rhd` ih `cs phrscbdfhs y ih `cs puhg`cs. Qcb `dmlstcrld, h` drth y `d alhbald dnrupdids hb ubd hstruaturdrhnu`did y ilbäelad puhstd d` shrvlalc ih` mcegrh6alhbtåjlac, aurlcsc, mlstcrldicr c lbvhstlndicr ih aud`qulhrilsalp`lbd.

@ds datlvlidihs ihsdrrc``dids hb h` dramlvc scb vdrldids,nhbhrdèhbth dnrdidg`hs y mdstd puhihb rhsu`tdrilvhrtlids audbic d ubc `h p`dah elrdr jctcnrdjåds.Ehbalcbdrhecs `ds jubalcbhs gäslads ihsdrrc``dids hbub dramlvc lbstltualcbd`6- [rcahsdr h` edthrld` jctcnräjlac (rhalglr, lbvhbtdrldr,

dbd`lzdr, lihbtljladr, a`dsljladr y adtd`cndr, dp`ladr ubscpcrth ih dèdahbdelhbtc) ih dauhric acb ub slsthed

yd hstdg`halic y shnöb `ds bhahslidihs y acbilalcbhsih adid dramlvc.



8;

- Crndblzdr `d icauehbtdalñb acbjcreh d` eìtcicilspuhstc, hb dthbalñb d `ds bcreds ihjlblids hb h`

Edbud` ih prcahilelhbtcs.- Whvlsdr jrhauhbthehbth pdrd hjhatcs ih

datud`lzdalñb y acrrhaalñb ih pcslg`hs hrrcrhs.- Acbshrvdr y prhshrvdr `cs icauehbtcs jctcnräjlacs.- [rcpcralcbdr lbjcredalñb nräjlad d `cs usudrlcs

dutcrlzdics, rhauphrdbic `d lbjcredalñb sc`laltdid acbub d`tc nrdic ih hjladald y hjlalhbald.

Xb dramlvc jctcnräjlac ih tlpc nhbhrd` acbtlhbh tcid a`dshih leänhbhs, vhrglnrdald `undrhs, dacbthalelhbtcs,cgfhtcs, dbled`hs y phrscbds. Hs suprhedehbth rlac hbpcslgl`lidihs theätlads y pcshh ub lbdprhaldg`h vd`crdrtåstlac h mlstñrlac.

Hb acbtrdsth, `cs dramlvcs hsphald`lzdics sh iljhrhbaldb

ih `cs nhbhrd`hs y hbtrh så pcr `d slbnu`drlidi ih suacbthblic theätlac, dacrih acb `cs lbthrhshs ih `dphrscbd c hbtlidi d qulhb rhprhshbtdb. Hbacbtrdecs pcrhfhep`c, ac`haalcbhs gdsdids öbladehbth hbihthrelbdic tñplac ih` drth, acec plbturd, hsau`turd,idbzd, gd``ht, c tcic `c rh`dalcbdic acb h` drth. Ctrds,lba`lbdids mdald `d rhac`haalñb ih rhtrdtcs ih phrscbdfhsih `d jdräbiu`d c ih `d pc`åtlad, yd shd d blvh` bdalcbd`

acec eubild`. Ihpcrths hsphaåjlacs acec jötgc`,dutcecvl`lsec, måplad, nlebdsld, gcxhc, c tcics `csihpcrths. Lbihphbilhbthehbth tcpdecs acb dramlvcs cac`haalcbhs hsphald`lzdids hb pdlsdfhs, jdubd, j`crhs,lbshatcs, drqulthaturd, ihsbuics, drquhc`cnåd. Hb jlb, `d`lstd hs lbthrelbdg`h, acec scb lbjlbltds `ds djlalcbhs ytrdgdfcs hb `d vlid ih` mcegrh.

Hs lepcrtdbth iljhrhbaldr `cs dramlvcs auyc jlb prledrlchs sdtlsjdahr acbsu`tds räplids y acbstdbths acec caurrhhb `ds rhvlstds y phrlñilacs ildrlcs, y dquh``cs auyc



84

cgfhtlvc hshbald` rdilad hb `d acbshrvdalñb phredbhbthih sus icauehbtcs jctcnräjlacs.

Hb `cs dramlvcs ih acbsu`td räplid, h` edthrld` sc`laltdicsh rhqulhrh ih lbehildtc. @cs usudrlcs, nhbhrdèhbthphrlcilstds, bc ilspcbhb ih tlhepc hxtrd. Xbd adihbd ih

fhjhs y ih tìablacs `cs dprheld, `d lednhb quh lùstrdrä ubdrtåau`c sh bhahsltd, adsl slheprh, d` lbstdbth. @ds bctlaldsy `d prñxled hilalñb bc puhihb hsphrdr.

Hb adeglc, hb `cs phrthbhalhbths d eushcs ih drth,albhedthads, dramlvcs rhnlcbd`hs y bdalcbd`hs,glg`lcthads y slel`drhs, h` jùfc ih acbsu`tds hs eäs `hbtcy ehbcs buehrcsc. H` usudrlc, pcr `c nhbhrd` ublbvhstlndicr, nczd ih tlhepc sujlalhbth y bc sh md``dscehtlic d prhslcbhs quh hxlnhb rhsu`tdics lbehildtcs.Qu prcpñsltc jubidehbtd` hs `d acbshrvdalñb tìablad ih

sus icauehbtcs acb elrds d prhshrvdr`cs pdrd `dpcsthrlidi, dubquh hstc, ihsih ùhnc, bc leplih `dacbsu`td y h` usc rdalcbd`lzdics, phreltlics sñ`c ihdauhric acb ub hstrlatc rhn`dehbtc quh hxaùyh d `csslep`hs aurlcscs.

Xbc y ctrc dramlvc ehrhahb acbslihrdalcbhs dprcpldidsh lbihphbilhbths, idids `ds adrdathråstlads ih sus

lbthrhshs y `cs ih sus usudrlcs. Hb hsth trdgdfc, slbhegdrnc, sh hbjdtlzd hb h` ecih`c ih dramlvcs räplics,yd quh hb h` jcbic, `cs prlbalplcs gäslacs ih crndblzdalñby crihb scb `cs elsecs, ecstrdbic hvlihbths iljhrhbaldsöbladehbth hb audbtc sh rhjlhrh d scpcrths y ihtd``hstìablacs audbic sh prcphbih d `d sd`vdnudrild iurdihrdih `cs icauehbtcs jctcnräjlacs. Dså, hstdg`hahrhecs `dsslnulhbths sugadthncråds6



87

Lbiustrld`hs.

Qcb `cs dramlvcs jctcnräjlacs ih heprhsds aceöbehbthihiladids d `d lbiustrld ih `d lbjcredalñb nräjladleprhsd, acec scb `cs ildrlcs y rhvlstds, euamds ih `dsaud`hs puhihb, hb `d datud`lidi, acbsu`tdrsh Cb `lbh dtrdvìs ih Lbthrbht.

Acehrald`hs.

Lbaùyhb dramlvcs ih phquhôds heprhsds, dnhbaldspug`laltdrlds, hstuilcs jctcnräjlacs ih adräathr acehrald`.

Alhbtåjlacs y au`turd`hs.

D hstd a`dsh acrrhspcbihb `cs dramlvcs hsphald l̀zdics hbaud`hsqulhrd rdeds ih `ds alhbalds c ih `ds

muedblidihs6 Gh``ds drths, lbnhblhråds, hiuadalñb,hac`cnåd, ehilalbd, arlelbc`cnåd, turlsec, hta., ybcredèhbth scb prcplhidi ih lbstltualcbhs c ihprcjhslcbd`hs ihiladics d` hstuilc h lbvhstlndalñb ihdsubtcs pdrtlau`drhs hsphaåjlacs.

Mlstñrlacs.

Qcb dquh``cs lbthnrdics pcr icauehbtcs jctcnräjlacs,tdbtc dbtlnucs acec rhalhbths, quh grlbidb lbjcredalñb ythstlecblc hxdatc ih dacbthalelhbtcs, acstuegrhs,ecids, ehilcs y våds ih aceubladalñb y trdbspcrth,edqulbdrlds, drqulthaturd, vlvlhbid, urgdblsec, hta., yquh phrelthb hstdg`hahr acepdrdalcbhs arcbc`ñnlads djlb ih vlsud`lzdr y aceprhbihr h` ihsdrrc``c hvcùtlvc iheö`tlp`hs dsphatcs tcadbths d` prcnrhsc ih `ds

aceublidihs. @dehbtdg`hehbth euamcs ncglhrbcs mdblnbcrdic su vd`cr lbtråbshac y, mdglìbicsh crlnlbdicacec ac`haalcbhs pdrtlau`drhs ih `cs jctñnrdjcs,



81

phrthbhahb d ìstcs c d sus ihsahbilhbths, slb quhhxlstdb `hyhs c bcreds pdrd su acbshrvdalñb y

prhshrvdalñb.

8.7 CWNDBLVDALÑB

D adusd ih su vdrlhidi y acep`hflidi, `cs rhnlstrcsnräjlacs scb crndblzdics ih euamds edbhrds y `cseìtcics ih crihbdalñb y ihsarlpalñb bc mdb slicihjlblics acep`htdehbth.74 Bc cgstdbth `d prhjhrhbaldtìablad pcr bcred`lzdr `cs prcahilelhbtcs, hs lbhvltdg`hdahptdr quh `d mhthrcnhbhlidi ih ehilcs y ih lbthrhshsrhqulhrh ih ilsalp`lbds y arlthrlcs prcplcs pdrd pcihrhfhrahr dielblstrdalcbhs prcjhslcbd`hs h liñbhds.

H` trdtdelhbtc ih `ds acplds pcsltlvds scgrh pdph` iljlhrhsl sh trdtd ih acplds hb g`dbac y bhnrc c hb ac`cr, y

rhqulhrh ih aulidics y tìablads hsphald`hs y ilstlbtdsaudbic sh edbhfd jctcnrdeds hb arlstd` c hb ahù`clih.@cs usudrlcs, idid `d bdturd`hzd ih su trdgdfc, ilspcbhbc bc ih` tlhepc bhahsdrlc pdrd rhd`lzdr ubd phsqulsdhxmdustlvd, phrc ih tcids jcreds `d rhauphrdalñb ihgh`cnrdrsh acb dnl`lidi y hxdatltui. Ihsih ùhnc, aud`qulhreìtcic puhih ihsdrrc``drsh acb rhjhrhbald d `cs prcplcsdtrlgutcs ih adid edthrld`, slheprh y audbic sh thbnd

prhshbths d`nubcs pubtcs gäslacs hb h` hstuilc quhdbthahih d `d crndblzdalñb. \ hb hsth pubtc bcshbjcadecs acbarhtdehbth hb `cs scpcrths icauehbtd`hsih `d jctcnrdjåd trdilalcbd`.

Qcpcrth icauehbtd`.

Hs bhahsdrlc ihjlblr sl `d ac`haalñb acbstd ih bhndtlvcs,

ildpcsltlvds, vlirlcs, pcsltlvcs scgrh pdph`, rhacrths,

74 QAMH@@HEGHWN, Y. W. Ymh edbdnhehbt cj dramlvhs.Bhw \cro6 Acùegld Xblvhrslty [rhss, 4<:8.



89

pcstd`hs, hta., lbthnrdbic ub nrupc ih edthrld`hs surtlics,c sh alôh acbarhtdehbth d ubc c d`nubcs ih h``cs. H` tlpc

ih edthrld` bc hs rhdèhbth slnbljladtlvc pdrd h` slsthedih crihbdalñb, phrc hs hshbald` hb audbtc sh rhjlhrh deìtcics ih dèdahbdelhbtc, dp`ladalñb ih scpcrths yecgl`ldrlc.

Zcùehb hxlsthbth.

H` acbcalelhbtc audbtltdtlvc ih `cs icauehbtcs phreltlrähjhatudr aäàu`cs ih bhahslidi `cadtlvd, ecgl`ldrlcs,scpcrths ih dèdahbdelhbtc, phrscbd`, tlhepc y acstcsn`cgd`hs. Bc ihgh c`vlidrsh ub idtc lepcrtdbth quh hs `dprcyhaalñb ih` lbarhehbtc prcnrhslvc ih adid ubc ih `csedthrld`hs.

Whquhrlelhbtcs nräjlacs ih `cs usudrlcs.

H` dbä`lsls dahrad ih `ds bhahslidihs y jcreds ihsc`laltui pcr pdrth ih `cs usudrlcs bcs crlhbtdrä hb `dsh`haalñb ih` slsthed ih crihbdalñb. Ihghecshbthrdrbcs ih auä`hs shräb `ds pcslg`hs c mdgltud`hssc`laltuihs6 Ql pcr bcegrh ih jctñnrdjcs, pcr jhamds ihtced ih `ds leänhbhs, pcr ùndr ih crlnhb c pcr dsubtcstd`hs acec bcegrhs ih phrscbdfhs, theds c hsahbds

aud`hsqulhrd6 ub blôc icrelic, ub ärgc` ih bdrdbfds, ubcgrhrc trdgdfdbic, ub alh`c bug`dic, phrscbds dnltdbicpdôuh`cs hb ub puhrtc.

Jùfc ih acbsu`tds.

[rhvhr h` blvh` quh dàdbzdrä h` böehrc ildrlc ihacbsu`tds phrelth ugladr `d ac`haalñb hb ubd ih `ds

adthncråds acbcalids acec dramlvcs ih acbsu`td räplid cih acbshrvdalñb phredbhbth, ih `c aud` ihphbihrä `dhstruaturdalñb nhbhrd` ih `d ac`haalñb hb audbtc d



88

crihbdalñb, dèdahbdelhbtc jåslac y eìtcics ihrhauphrdalñb.

Qlsthed ih crihbdalñb.

Qhrä eäs acbvhblhbth utl`lzdr ub slsthed bueìrlacdsahbihbth c ub crihb arcbc`ñnlac, d`jdgìtlac, c qulzäsacbvlhbh ihsdrrc``dr ubd aceglbdalñb quh sdtlsjdnd ihedbhrd ñptled buhstrds bhahslidihs.

Ilspcslalñb jåslad.

@cs icauehbtcs jctcnräjlacs shräb nudridics hb scgrhsubljcrehs c shnöb h` tdedôc ih adid jctcnrded, c hseäs prcvhamcsc dèdahbdr`cs hb adfds, adrphtds,adrtu`lbds c ä`guehs, hstdbths c dramlvdicrhs, thblhbicslheprh prhshbths `ds bcreds ih acbshrvdalñb pdrd

edthrld`hs jctcnräjlacs.Eìtcic ih rhauphrdalñb.

@d cgsc`hsahbald ih `cs dbtlnucs jlamhrcs y adtä`cncs hbscpcrth ih pdph` c adrtu`lbd mdahb cg`lndtcrld `ddiqulslalñb ih hqulpcs lbjcreätlacs, lep`hehbtdics acbprcnrdeds c scjtwdrh dihaudic pdrd `d dutcedtlzdalñb

ih `cs rhnlstrcs y pcr `c tdbtc `d rhauphrdalñb ih `dsleänhbhs, d jlb ih cgthbhr ub ehilc quh phreltd `d`cad`lzdalñb ih `ds nräjlads rh`hvdbths hb h` ecehbtc ih`d acbsu`td c ih `d lbvhstlndalñb.

Idecs pcr mhamc quh dbths ih tcedr hstd ihalslñb yd shtlhbh `cs acbcalelhbtcs gäslacs bhahsdrlcs dahrad ih `dlbstltualñb c prcplhtdrlc ih `d ac`haalñb6 su mlstcrld,

pc`åtlads y euy hsphaldèhbth sus cgfhtlvcs.



8:

@cs prcg`heds, iuids y scùalcbhs quh sh prhshbtdb hbub dramlvc c ac`haalñb scb prcplcs ih så elsec y

iljåalèhbth puhihb hbadfdr acb `cs trcplhzcs yilspcslalcbhs ih ctrcs, yd quh tcics scb iljhrhbths hbtrhså. Ih hstd adusd` sh ihsprhbih `d nrdvh lbhxlsthbald ihubd bcred`lzdalñb jubalcbd`, quh lbthbth jlfdr pdutdshstdbidrlzdids pdrd `d crndblzdalñb ih dramlvcsjctcnräjlacs hb nhbhrd`, ihglic prhalsdehbth d `dilvhrslidi ih sus hsphald`lzdalcbhs, rhquhrlelhbtcs hlbthrhshs prledrlcs.

8.1 QLQYHEDQ IH CWIHBDALCB8.1.4 D`jdgìtlac y theätlac

Gdsdic hb h` prlbalplc ih crihbdalñb `lthrd`, ih `d D mdstd`d V, hs ub eìtcic präatlac, jäal` y jubalcbd`. Dp`ladg`h hbac`haalcbhs icbih tdbtc `d sc`laltui acec `d rhauphrdalñb

sh edbljlhstdb pcr bcegrhs ih phrscbds, ùndrhs cdsubtcs acbarhtcs, su acbjcredalñb hs slel`dr d `d ih ubilaalcbdrlc hbala`cpìilac. @cs bhndtlvcs, ildpcsltlvds yjctcnrdjåds, hb g`cquhs shpdrdics, sh a`dsljladb ycrihbdb d`jdgìtladehbth, slb thbhr hb auhbtd quhrhprhshbthb ùndrhs, mhamcs c phrscbds.

Hfhep`c6 DDWCB, Fcsmud (eìilac)

DGDACQ (lbstruehbtcs edtheätlacs) DGDIÅD, D`hfdbird (adbtdbth) DGDIÅDQ (ecbdsthrlcs) DAD[X@AC (aluidi ih Eìxlac) DAALIHBYHQHta. hta.

Audbic ub thed prhshbtd sugilvlslcbhs acec suahih

acb IH[CWYHQ, `c ehfcr hs bc utl`lzdr hsth tìrelbc tdbdep`lc, y eäs glhb hep`hdr sugilvlslcbhs hb `ds `htrdslblald`hs acrrhspcbilhbths, dså6



8>

DY@HYLQEC (sh ac`cad hb `d `htrd D)GC]HC (ihgh ugladrsh hb `d `htrd G)

ADBCYDFH (hb `d `htrd A)ALA@LQEC (hb `d `htrd A)

Ihsih ùhnc quh sl sh ihshd acbjcredr ub sc`c g`cquhacb h` thed IH[CWYHQ pdrd thbhr`cs rhublics,slep`hehbth sh ac`cadrä `ds rhsphatlvds shpdrdalcbhslblaldbic acb `d `htrd D. Ih tcids jcreds, slheprh mdgrätheds c dsubtcs quh rhqulhrdb `d dphrturd ihsugilvlslcbhs acb h` jlb ih jdal`ltdr h` dèdahbdelhbtc yscgrh tcic `d acbsu`td hb adscs ih lbvhstlndalñb, puhseuamds vhahs h` usudrlc hbacbtrdrä eäs lbjcredalñb ih`d quh ``hvdgd hb ehbth y ih hstd edbhrd sh rhiuah hàdepc ih phsqulsd. Zhdecs ub hfhep`c6

ALXIDIHQ (Yhed c nrupc prlbalpd`)

GCNCYD IA (Qugthed, ilvlilic hb)6Gcnctä ‑ dbtlnudGcnctä ‑ dvhblidsGcnctä ‑ gdrrlcsGcnctä ‑ ad``hsGcnctä ‑ adrrhrdsGcnctä ‑ hiljlalcsGcnctä ‑ pdbcräelads

Gcnctä ‑ pdrquhs

@c elsec suahihråd acb theds td`hs acec ehilalbd,albh, dbled`hs, drth, edqulbdrld, dnrlau`turd, hta., y hb hàdsc ih [HWQCBDQ, d`nubcs dramlvcs `ds shpdrdb hbBDALCBD@HQ y H]YWDBFHWDQ, c pcr prcjhslcbhslbaùslvh acb sus hsphald`lidihs, arlthrlc bdiddacbshfdg`h yd quh sh rhqulhrh ihedsldid lbjcredalñb

pdrd rhauphrdr ubd nräjlad. Hsth adsc `c vhrhecs acbeäs ihtd``h hb h` pubtc quh trdtd `cs prcg`heds hb `da`dsljladalñb y rhauphrdalñb.



8=

H` crihb d`jdgìtlac acbtlbuc bc prhshbtd edycr iljlau`tdi.Qlb hegdrnc suahih alhrtd ihecrd quh phrfuilad `d

hjlalhbald rhquhrlid hb h` dramlvc pdrd `d `cad`lzdalñb ihihthrelbdics hbadghzdelhbtcs c nuåds, audbic hèdthrld` hs buehrcsc y sh hbauhbtrd hb `d elsed ndvhtd,adfd, hstdbth, ä`gue c dramlvdicr, vhrglnrdald `c caurrlicacb dph``lics y theds slbñblecs6

WLCQ (thed)WLCQ, Ghdtrlz (phrscbdfh)WLCQ, Edbuh`d (phrscbdfh)WCG@HQ (thed ‑ ärgc`hs)WCG@HQ (ùndr ‑ puhg`c)WCG@HQ, H`lzdghtm (phrscbdfh)

H` prcg`hed puhih acrrhnlrsh utl`lzdbic shpdrdicrhs acbahfl``ds glhb vlslg`hs, prhjhrlg`hehbth ih ac`crhs, quh

lihbtljladb h` edthrld` ugladic d acbtlbudalñb, c glhbpuhih trdtdr ih quh adid ubc ih `cs dsubtcs quhihdèdahbdic hb iljhrhbth adfd c ndvhtd, acb h` rlhsnc ihphrihr ihedsldic hspdalc y ecgl`ldrlc. [hrc hb ubdramlvc ih tlpc nhbhrd` `d scùalñb eäs vldg`h hs `dshpdrdalñb ih` edthrld` hb trhs nrdbihs nrupcs, adid ubcih h``cs acb su prcpld crihbdalñb d`jdgìtlad6 Xb nrupcpdrd [HWQCBDQ, ctrc pdrd @XNDWHQ \ HBYLIDIHQ y

ub thrahrc pdrd YHEDQ.

Cadslcbdèhbth sh acbjubih `cs eìtcics d`jdgìtlac ytheätlac phrc hb rhd`lidi scb slstheds iljhrhbths6 @dcrihbdalñb d`jdgìtlad hs ub prcahilelhbtc `lthrdàcbshautlvc hb h` aud` pcirådb, hvhbtudèhbth,prhshbtdrsh d`nubds ilvlslcbhs, eds bc hb tcics `cshbadghzdelhbtcs c dsubtcs. [cr su pdrth, `d ilspcslalñb

theätlad cghihah d ubd shpdrdalñb slstheätlad ihàcbfubtc icauehbtd`, hb dsubtcs nhbhrd`hs quh d su vhzsh jrdnehbtdb, bhahsdrldehbth, hb acbthblics eäs



8<

hsphaåjlacs. Hb ubd ac`haalñb crihbdid shnöb h` eìtcicd`jdgìtlac, `d jctcnrdjåd ih ub trdatcr sh a`dsljlad acec

YWDAYCWHQ y sh dèdahbd hb su ùndr acrrhspcbilhbthih `d `htrd Y. Bc cgstdbth, hb `d crihbdalñb theätladpciråd a`dsljladrsh y ugladrsh hb h` ärhd ih

DNWLAX@YXWD (`htrd D), sugilvlslñb EDTXLBDWLD.

Acbslihrdecs eäs shbal``c, änl` y edbhfdg`h h` prlehrslsthed, yd quh phrelth ``hvdr d adgc gösquhids ilrhatdshb ehbcs tlhepc y acb edycr shnurlidi quh `d quhcjrhah h` crihbdelhbtc theätlac.

8.1.7 Bueìrlac

D`nubcs plhbsdb quh `d öblad jcred ih dramlvdredthrld`hs jctcnräjlacs hs pcr thed, hb tdbtc quh ctrcscplbdb quh ilamd crndblzdalñb hs euy acep`hfd y quh `c

eäs acbvhblhbth hs ub slsthed bueìrlac, yd shd n`cgd` chb phquhôcs nrupcs. Hb vlstd ih `ds iljlau`tdihs quhhxlsthb pdrd a`dsljladr y crihbdr hstds ac`haalcbhs,Qamh``heghrn77 rhacelhbid, acb hxahpalñb ih `csdramlvcs ihedsldic nrdbihs, crihbdr buehrdèhbth `csbhndtlvcs y `ds jctcnrdjåds hb acbslihrdalñb d quh hs ubeìtcic gdstdbth slep`h.

Hb ctrds pd`dgrds, acbslsth hb dslnbdr ub böehrchsphaåjlac y acbshautlvc d adid edthrld` jctcnräjlac, ctdeglìb d adid phrscbdfh c thed, lbilvliud`lzdbic `dsleänhbhs acb iånltcs ihaled`hs audbic hxlstd eäs ihubd hb adid dsubtc. Dså elsec `d ac`haalñb puhihshpdrdrsh hb nrupcs ehbcrhs quh ``hvdräb su prcpldbuehrdalñb, dubquh bc acbvlhbh hstdg`hahr ihedsldicssugtheds c shpdrdalcbhs puhstc quh, d` ehbcs hb h`

slsthed edbud`, `d hxpdbslñb ih nuåds pdrd rhauphrdalñb

77 QAMH@@HEGHWN, Y. W. Ymh edbdnhehbt cj dramlvhs.Bhw \cro6 Acùegld Xblvhrslty [rhss, 4<:8.



:;

ih `ds leänhbhs trdhråd nrdvhs acbshauhbalds hb h`dsphatc ih trdgdfc, acstcs, prcg`heds ih hspdalc y

ihecrd hb su `cad`lzdalñb. Ihsih ùhnc quh `ddutcedtlzdalñb md h`lelbdic `cs jlamhrcs adtd`cnräjlacs ytcic h` rhnlstrc ih ubd lednhb sh il`lnhbald hb ub sc`cpdbtd``dzc u mcfd ih hbtrdid hb h` aceputdicr.

Hb h` adsc ih ``hvdr ub auhrpc öblac ih dramlvc, shhep`hd `d buehrdalñb acbshautlvd ih ubc hb dih`dbth,slb thbhr hb auhbtd h` acbthblic ih `ds nräjlads.Qlep`hehbth, `d prlehrd jctcnrdjåd sh aciljlad acb h`böehrc (;;4) c (;;;;;4) y `ds slnulhbths acbtlbudräb acbsu buehrdalñb `ñnlad. @d rhauphrdalñb sh ``hvd d adgcehildbth h`hehbtcs duxl`ldrhs acec rhnlstrcs hbprcnrdeds ih aceputdicr, quh glhb puhih shr ubscjtwdrh hsphald`lzdic c ubd slep`h mcfd h`hatrñbladacec Daahss c Hxah`. Hstcs rhnlstrcs, crihbdics

d`jdgìtladehbth, prcpcralcbdb h` böehrc hb h` aud` shhbauhbtrd ugladic h` edthrld`, lbiladbic diheäs ctrcsidtcs acec6 Ac`cr c g`dbac y bhnrc, jcredtc, bcegrh ih`jctñnrdjc, jhamd ih rhd`lzdalñb y, cgvldehbth, h` dsubtc,ùndr c phrscbd quh dpdrhah hb `d nräjlad. Hb jlb, `dlbjcredalñb rh`hvdbth y bc suphrjùd quh `ds datlvlidihsih` dramlvc c ac`haalñb y `ds bhahslidihs ih `cs usudrlcshxlfdb.

Hfhep`cs6 BDWDBFDQ YDBNH@CBc. ;;>=8 (7;x78 ae.) ac`crQdedblhnc, Ac`cegld, 7;4;

TXLÔCBHQ, Adreh`d ([hslstd)Bc. ;;;;49 (:x< ae.) GBAcb Ghrtmd @uaueå, hb Ad`l, Ac`cegld, 7;;8

Ql ihalih utl`lzdr ub sc`c böehrc pdrd tcids `dsjctcnrdjåds ih ub phrscbdfh, ùndr c thed, hxlsth h` rlhsnc



:4

ih daueu`dalñb hb ubc c hb euamcs ih h``cs, iljlau`tdbich` acbtrc` ih `cs edthrld`hs dså acec `d `cad`lzdalñb

hjlalhbth y räplid ih `ds leänhbhs, döb sl sh lbilvliud`lzdadid jctcnrded ehildbth h` usc ih iånltcs ihaled`hs.

Hfhep`cs6 [DWLQ, Bdtd`ld (Ecih`c)Bc. ;;;;8;.4 (41x4= ae.) ac`crAcb Gldbad Drdbnc y Dbd Edråd Yrufl``c

[DWLQ, Bdtd`ld (Ecih`c)Bc. ;;;;8;.7 (7;x78 ae.) GB[rlehr p`dbc rcstrc

[cr ctrd pdrth y hsphald`ehbth audbic sh trdgdfd acb ubslsthed edbud`, hs lbiuidg`h `d vhbtdfd quh cjrhah `dcrihbdalñb bueìrlad, yd shd acbshautlvd tctd` c hbg`cquhs, audbic sh trdtd ih rhd`lzdr lbvhbtdrlcs y pdrd h`

acbtrc` ildrlc ih `cs edthrld`hs.8.1.1 D`jdbueìrlac

Hs ubd aceglbdalñb ih `cs ics slstheds dbthrlcrhs6 D`jdgìtlac y Bueìrlac, hb `d aud` sh utl`lzd `htrds yböehrcs. Qh puhih hep`hdr `htrds edyösau`ds pdrdlihbtljladr alhrtcs tñplacs, prhahilids pcr böehrcs

acbshautlvcs quh hb adid adsc acrrhspcbihb d `dhxthbslñb bcelbd` ih `d `htrd gdsh. Dså, (D-4), (D-7),slnbljladb6 [rlehrd pdrth ih` dsubtc D, shnubid pdrth ih`dsubtc D, `ds aud`hs puhihb rhprhshbtdr adfds, ndvhtds,ä`guehs, adrphtds c hstdbths acep`htcs. Lnud`ehbthpcihecs hstdg`hahr ubd `lstd ih añilncs hb `cs quh `ds`htrds acrrhspcbihb d `ds lblald`hs ih` dsubtc acbthblic.



:7

Hfhep`c6

[A ([h`åau`d ac`cegldbd)[H ([h`åau`d hxtrdbfhrd)[A-;;;=; ([h`åau`d ac`cegldbd Bc. =;)[A-;;;=;.48 (Jctc Bc. 48 ih `d ph`åau`d ac`cegldbd Bc.

;;;=;)

Ih acbslihrdr`c bhahsdrlc, puhih dilalcbdr `htrdselbösau`ds pdrd hstdg`hahr buhvds iljhrhbalds hbshpdrdalcbhs theätlads c ih `cs jctcnrdeds6 (D-8-g), (G-4-d), c d` acbtrdrlc6 (717-D-4), (8:.1-D). @d prhshbtdalñbih hstcs añilncs y `d a`dvh hsacnlid adrhah ihlepcrtdbald hb tdbtc shdb `ñnlacs, ih jäal` `haturd y, scgrhtcic, jubalcbd`hs.

Hsth slsthed jdvcrhah `d hstruaturdalñb ih ac`haalcbhs hb

`ds aud`hs acbvlhbh shpdrdr nrupcs quh d su vhz shjrdnehbtdb hb ctrcs, acec hs h` slnulhbth adsc6

D DAALIHBYHQ D-4 Daalihbths dìrhcs D-7 Daalihbths ih träbsltc D-1 Daalihbths jìrrhcs D-9 Daalihbths j`uvld`hs

D-8 Daalihbths edråtlecs D-: Ctrds a`dshs ih daalihbths

D pdrtlr ih hstd aciljladalñb pcihecs cgthbhr audbtdssugilvlslcbhs juhrdb bhahsdrlds, dså6

D-4.4 Daalihbths dìrhcs bdalcbd`hs D-4.4-d Daalihbths dìrhcs bdalcbd`hs ̀ cad`hs

D-4.4-g Daalihbths dìrhcs bdalcbd`hs bc `cad`hs D-4.7 Daalihbths dìrhcs hb h` hxtrdbfhrc D-4.7-d Daalihbths dìrhcs hb Bcrthdeìrlad



:1

D-4.7-g Daalihbths dìrhcs hb Ahbtrcdeìrlad D-4.7-a Daalihbths dìrhcs hb Qurdeìrlad

D-4.7-i Daalihbths dìrhcs hb Hurcpd

Lnudèhbth, adid ubc ih hstcs hs susahptlg`h ihcrihbdrsh lbthrbdehbth pcr bcegrh ih heprhsds, pcra`dsh c tlpc ih dhrcbdvhs, pcr ùndrhs nhcnräjlacshsphaåjlacs. Ycic ihphbih ih `ds bhahslidihs.

8.1.9 Arcbc`ñnlac

Qh gdsd hb `d crihbdalñb ih `ds jctcnrdjåds pcr jhamds yìstds puhihb shr6 4) `d ih` iåd hb quh sh tceñ `d lednhb.7) `d ih su lbnrhsc d` dramlvc, quh ihsih ùhnc shräpcsthrlcr d `d jhamd ih `d tced. Ydbtc ubd acec ctrdtlhbhb pcslgl`lidi ih hep`hdrsh acec añilnc ihcrihbdelhbtc c acec jcred ih sc`laltui.

Hsth slsthed bc hs präatlac y `d öblad edbhrd ih quhjubalcbh hs ehildbth `d h`dgcrdalñb ih ub guhb duxl`ldrih rhauphrdalñb, acec hb h` slsthed bueìrlac, ihprhjhrhbald ubd gdsh ih idtcs hb aceputdicr, sl h`jcredtc u mcfd ih rhnlstrc phrelth hxp`ladr acb hxdatltui`d jhamd hb `d aud` sh dèdahbñ h` edthrld`. [hrc hb ubiåd, ehs y dôc puhih rhalglrsh c tcedr ubd nrdb adbtlidi

ih jctcnrdjåds ih iljhrhbths dsubtcs, `c aud` acep`lad h`prcahsc ih gösquhid y `cad`lzdalñb ih `ds leänhbhs. Hbihjlbltlvd, hs ub slsthed pcac hep`hdic y ehbcs döb hbdramlvcs c ac`haalcbhs acb nrdbihs vc`öehbhs ihjctcnrdjåds. Qlb hegdrnc sh rhacelhbid shnulr h` jcredtcih DÔC-EHQ-ILD, glhb shd hb `htrds c hb böehrcs,acec ub ecih`c bcred`lzdic quh phrelth dèdahbdr yrhauphrdr acb edycr jdal`lidi.

Hfhep`cs6 7;47 ‑ Edr ‑ 7<7;47 ‑ ;1 ‑ 7<



:9

8.1.8 D`jdarcbc`ñnlac

Lbthnrd ics eìtcics6 h` D`jdgìtlac, gdsdic hb `dcrihbdalñb pcr `htrds, y h` Arcbc`ñnlac, auyc pdräehtrcscb `ds jhamds. Hs gdstdbth slep`h y jäal` ih edbhfdr, bcrhqulhrh cg`lndtcrldehbth ih rhnlstrcs duxl`ldrhs ihrhauphrdalñb y hs hb hshbald h` elsec d`jdgìtlac,iljhrhbaläbicsh hb quh audbic sh trdtd ub phrscbdfh cdsubtc ih` quh hxlsthb ics c eäs jctcnrdeds, ihghbugladrsh pcr jhamds, ih `d eäs dbtlnud d `d eäs rhalhbth?ih dih`dbth mdald dträs c ih lzqulhrid d ihrhamd, shnöb`cs scpcrths ih dèdahbdelhbtc y h` ecgl`ldrlc acb quhsh auhbtd hb h` dramlvc, acbshrvdbic slheprh `dcrihbdalñb gäslad ih` acbfubtc.

8.1.: [cr crlnhb c prcahihbald

Qh rhjlhrh d` ùndr hb icbih juhrcb tcedids c ih icbihjuhrcb rhalglids `ds jctcnrdjåds6 pdåshs, aluidihs,dnhbalds c suaursd`hs. Bc rhsu`td präatlac hb ub dramlvcc ac`haalñb ih tlpc nhbhrd` puhs bhahsltd ub adtä`cnc ihrhauphrdalñb hxmdustlvc quh lbilquh acb hxdatltui, quhubd jctc ih aud`qulhr phrscbdfh sh hbauhbtrd ugladid hb‐Hstdics Xblics ‑ Eldel―, ctrd ih `d elsed phrscbd hb‐Jrdbald ‑ [drås― y ctrds hb iljhrhbths ùndrhs ih` eubic,

ih ub pdås c acbtlbhbth, slb acbtdr quh hb hstcs sltlcs ydmdgrä, acb tcid shnurlidi, euamds ctrds jctcnrdjåds ihiljhrhbths dsubtcs. Bc cgstdbth, sl `d hbtrdid pcr bcegrhih` ùndr juhrd `d ehfcr cpalñb, sh utl`lzdrä ``dedids ihrhjhrhbald aruzdid, quh rhelthb ih` bcegrh ih` phrscbdfhmdald h` ùndr y vlahvhrsd. Zhrhecs d`nubcs hfhep`cs hbh` pubtc dahrad ih `d h`dgcrdalñb ih rhjhrhbalds acecZHD y ZHD DIHEDQ.

[cr crlnhb hs pcslg`h tdeglìb acbslihrdr h` bcegrh ih`cs jctñnrdjcs y crihbdr `ds nräjlads pcr `cs dph``lics ih



:8

ìstcs, phrc bc thbiråd blbnöb shbtlic hb ac`haalcbhsicbih `d sc`laltui bc sh mdah pcr bcegrh ih` jctñnrdjc

slbc pcr h` acbthblic ih `d jctcnrdjåd. Hb adeglc, ubdcrihbdalñb ih dauhric acb h` crlnhb nhcnräjlac hs `dedbhrd eäs `ñnlad y jubalcbd` pdrd crndblzdr ubdac`haalñb hsphald`lzdid hb nhcnrdjåd c ärhdsrh`dalcbdids, dså acec tdeglìb alhrtcs rhquhrlelhbtcs hbihthrelbdics adepcs ih` acbcalelhbtc, pcr hfhep`cCrbltc`cnåd, Hbtcec`cnåd c Ndstrcbceåd.



::



:>

:. ILQ[CQLALCB JLQLAD QHNÖB H@EDYHWLD@

:.4 JCYCNWDJLDQ

Hb `d jctcnrdjåd trdilalcbd`, dbd`ñnlad, `ds jctcnrdjåds,hbthbilids acec td`hs y bc acec h` prcahsc jctcnräjlac,scb h` rhsu`tdic jlbd` ih` trdgdfc hb h` `dgcrdtcrlc6rhvh`dic, `dvdic, jlfdic y shadic, pdscs d pdrtlr ih `csaud`hs sh cgtlhbh leänhbhs leprhsds hb crlnlbd`hsbhndtlvcs, acplds hb pdph` y ildpcsltlvds. Hb `d jctcnrdjåd

ilnltd`, `ds leänhbhs sh nudridb h`hatrñbladehbth hb ubamlp ih `d aäedrd y h` rhsu`tdic ihgh vhrsh hb ub ehilch`hatrñblac6 `d elsed aäedrd, h` aceputdicr, c ubdleprhslñb scgrh pdph`, sñ`c acec ö`tled d`thrbdtlvd.

Qus jcredtcs iljlhrhb ih dauhric acb `ds ehilidshstdbidrlzdids hb h` ehradic y shnöb `cs acrthsrhd`lzdics pcr bhahslidi c adprlamc ih` jctñnrdjc, h`

`dgcrdtcrlstd c h` lbthrhsdic, y `cs eäs aceubhs scb6

[cstd` hqulvd`hbth d < x 47.8 ae.8― x >― …. 47.8 x 4>.8 ae.=― x 4;― …. 7; x 78 ae.Eurd` …. 1; x 9; ae. c eäs.[drd icauehbtcs ih lihbtlidi sh usd jcredtcs eäsphquhôcs, acec 1 x 9 y 9 x 8 ae. y hb cadslcbhs : x : y

: x < ae.



:=

Hstd vdrlhidi mdah quh `ds `dgcrhs ih dèdahbdelhbtcshdb eäs acep`hfds, puhstc quh h` ecgl`ldrlc y `cs

scpcrths h`hnlics puhihb rhsu`tdr ihedsldic nrdbihs cphquhôcs, audbic lbnrhsd ubd buhvd jctcnrdjåd quhiljlhrh ih `ds ehilids acrrlhbths ih` dramlvc c ac`haalñb.

Qlb thbhr hb auhbtd edthrld`hs dbtlnucs acecidnuhrrctlpcs y p`dads ih vlirlc, quh rhqulhrhb ihtrdtdelhbtcs hsphald`hs, `d adrdathråstlad jåslad eäshvlihbth hb audbtc d `ds jctcnrdjåds scgrh pdph` shrh`dalcbd acb h` tlpc ih leprhslñb6

Jctcnrdjåds hb ac`crJctcnrdjåds hb g`dbac y bhnrcJctcnrdjåds hb pdph` ih heu`slñbJctcnrdjåds leprhsds pcr ehilcs ehaäblacs

Hstds jcreds ih prhshbtdalñb scb euy lepcrtdbths pdrd`cs dramlvcs pcr rdzcbhs tìablads ih acbshrvdalñb,hsphaldèhbth pdrd `d prcthaalñb ih pdph`hs jctcnräjlacsy ih acplds hb ac`cr, quh ihghb shpdrdrsh ih `cs pdph`hsleprhscs pcr ehilcs ehaäblacs.

@ds acplds pcsltlvds puhihb ac`cadrsh hb scpcrths td`hsacec adrphtds, adrtu`lbds, ä`guehs, jubids ih pdph`

el`dbc d `d ehilid ih adid jctcnrded c bcred`lzdidspdrd tcid `d ac`haalñb.

Dèdahbdelhbtc hb adrphtds

Hb adsc ih utl`lzdr adrphtds, jñìhrhs c `hndfdicrhs acecscpcrth ih `ds jctcnrdjåds, ìstds sh dèdahbdbnhbhrdèhbth suh`tds (Jlnurd 4). @d adrphtd sh lihbtljlad

hb su ahfl``d acb h` idtc hshbald` y acbarhtc ih suacbthblic, yd shd acb pd`dgrds, `htrds c böehrcs, shnöbh` slsthed ih crihbdalñb acb h` quh jubalcbd h` dramlvc.



:<

Hfhep`cs6 WHQYWH[C, ]lehbd(Ql `d adrphtd acbtlhbh jctcs sñ`c ih hstd

phrscbd, hb ub slsthed d`jdgìtlac).

;;;;;4 ‑ ;;;;7;(Qlsthed bueìrlac. Ih `d jctc Bc. 4 d `d jctcBc. 7;)

[AW ‑ ;;;49(Qlsthed d`jdbueìrlac. Jctcnrdjåds ih `dph`åau`d acstdrrlahbsh Bc. 49 quhacrrhspcbih d ub tåtu`c ihthrelbdic).

4<>9 / BCZ / ;8 c tdeglìb 4<>9-44-;8(Qlsthed arcbc`ñnlac. Hs rhacehbidg`hacbshrvdr slheprh h` jcredtc DÔC-EHQ-ILD).

JLNXWD 4. Adrphtds acec scpcrth ih

jctcnrdjåds.

D su vhz, `d jctcnrdjåd ihgh ``hvdr hb h` rhvhrsc `d eåbledlbjcredalñb bhahsdrld pdrd su lihbtljladalñb, ugladalñb yrhdèdahbdelhbtc audbic shd sc`laltdid y ihvuh`td pcr hùsudrlc6 Bcegrh ih` phrscbdfh, c dsubtc, c añilnc,böehrc ih `d adrphtd c jhamd, `cs aud`hs bubad ihghbdbctdrsh acb h`hehbtcs iurcs acec `äplahs, gc`ånrdjcs ceäqulbds ih hsarlglr. Dubquh euamds phrscbds utl`lzdbsh``cs ih aduamc, `d hxphrlhbald md ihecstrdic quh dàdgc ih `cs dôcs `d tlbtd hs dgscrglid pcr h` pdph`,



>;

trdspdsdbic `d heu`slñb ih `d jctcnrdjåd quh sh phrihräslb rhehilc. Hs dacbshfdg`h, hbtcbahs, hep`hdr p`uel``ds

y tlbtd amlbd, dbctdbic euy pcacs idtcs, öbladehbthdquh``cs hshbald`hs y quh sh hsarlglräb acb `htrd phquhôdhb h` gcrih suphrlcr ih `d adrd pcsthrlcr.

Hfhep`cs6NLWD@IC, QdrdJctc Bc. 98 Adrphtd Bc. ;;;;9:Edy. 8 ‑ 7;47

C slep`hehbth Jctc Bc. ;;;;98

Ycid lbjcredalñb dilalcbd` dahrad ih` acbthblic ih `djctcnrdjåd sh hbacbtrdrä hb `cs rhnlstrcs ih hbtrdid c hb`cs adtä`cncs, quh vhrhecs eäs dih`dbth.

Jlnurd 7. Dramlvdicrhs pdrd jctcnrdjåds hb adrphtds.

Hs bhahsdrlc da`drdr quh ubd adrphtd puhih acbthbhrubd c vdrlds jctcnrdjåds ih ubc c vdrlcs dsubtcs, phrcquh ih tcids jcreds bubad acbvlhbh ugladr hb ubd sc`dadrphtd eäs ih alhrtd adbtlidi ih nräjlads quh bcihghråd hxahihr ih 7; pdrd jdal`ltdr su edblpu`dalñb yprcplaldr ubd dihaudid acbshrvdalñb y acbtrc`.



>4

H` ecgl`ldrlc eäs dihaudic scb `cs dramlvdicrhsehtä`lacs vhrtlad`hs ih audtrc ndvhtds (Jlnurd 7). @cs

jñ`ihrhs c adrphtds sh ugladb ih dih`dbth mdald dträs yaudbic scb vdrlcs dramlvdicrhs h` crihb ih `ds ndvhtdsshrä ih drrlgd d dgdfc acehbzdbic pcr h` dramlvdicr ih`d lzqulhrid.

Hb adrtu`lbds.

Ctrd jcred ih dramlvdr `ds jctcnrdjåds hs phndr`ds scgrhscpcrths ih adrtu`lbd auyds ehilids scb bcred`lzdids ihdauhric acb h` dramlvc, h` jcredtc c tdedôcs eäsjrhauhbths ih` edthrld` quh lbnrhsd y quh sh prhthbihutl`lzdr (Jlnurd 1).

Jlnurd 1. Jctcnrdjåds phndids hb adrtu`lbd.

@d adrtu`lbd ihgh shr edycr quh `d jctcnrdjåd d jlb ih quhsh puhid dprcvhamdr h` edrnhb suphrlcr acb `daciljladalñb h lihbtljladalñb ih` edthrld`. Whacrihecs quhbc slheprh sh hep`hd aciljladalñb hb ub dramlvc, puhstcquh prledb `ds acbilalcbhs ih vc`uehb, jubalcbd`lidi y`cs slstheds ih crihbdalñb shnöb su prcpldacbvhblhbald. [hrc lbhvltdg`hehbth ihgh hxlstlr d`nubdlihbtljladalñb ih `d lednhb.



>7

@cs euhg`hs eäs lbiladics pdrd hsth eìtcic ihd`edahbdelhbtc scb `cs dramlvdicrhs ehtä`lacs, c adfds

ehtä`lads, darå`lads c ih adrtñb ihsdaliljladic,prhjhrlg`hehbth acb tdpd, ac`cadids hb vdrlcs hbtrhpdôcs(Jlnurd 9), quh puhihb acrrhspcbihr d hstdbths jlfcs c ihdramlvcs eñvl`hs.

Jlnurd 9. D`edahbdelhbtc ih jctcnrdjåds hb adfds.

@ds adfds sh lihbtljladb c aciljladb ih dauhric acb h`slsthed hsacnlic. H` crihb ih ugladalñb pdrd h` edthrld`hs ih dih`dbth mdald dträs, y pdrd `ds adfds hs ihlzqulhrid d ihrhamd acehbzdbic pcr h` hbtrhpdôcsuphrlcr.

Hb dramlvcs c ac`haalcbhs acb prcpñsltcs ihacbshrvdalñb phredbhbth adgh `d pcslgl`lidi ih quh, d`drnc p`dzc, `ds sugstdbalds quåelads ih `cs phndbthscadslcbhb prcg`heds d `d jctcnrdjåd. Qlb hegdrnc bc hsub lbacbvhblhbth pdrd ctrc tlpc ih dramlvcs, puhs d phsdrih tcic `cs edthrld`hs sh acbshrvdb hb hxah`hbthsacbilalcbhs iurdbth euamcs dôcs, slheprh y audbic sh

ush phndbths bdturd`hs.



>1

Hb ä`guehs

Hsth eìtcic sh rhacelhbid öbladehbth pdrd phquhôdsac`haalcbhs. @ds acplds vdb phndids c sufhtds d `dsmcfds ih` ä`gue hb rdburds c ahfl``ds trldbnu`drhs hb `dsaud`hs hbadfdb `cs vìrtlahs ih `ds jctcnrdjåds (Jlnurd 8),buehrdids c hb crihb d`jdgìtlac, dubquh `d cpalñbd`jdgìtlad p`dbthd iljlau`tdihs audbic sh prhthbihlbthrad`dr ubd acpld hb `d shaalñb ih ub dsubtc cphrscbdfh icbih yd bc quhid hspdalc.

Bc c`vlih quh aud`qulhr lihbtljladalñb ih `d jctcnrdjåd, ydsh trdth ih böehrcs, `htrds u ctrcs såegc`cs, ihghac`cadrsh slheprh d ub `dic y fdeäs scgrh `d elsedjctcnrdjåd.

Jlnurd 8. D`guehs pdrd jctcnrdjåds.

Ql pcshh tdbtc edthrld` acec pdrd quh `d gösquhid y`cad`lzdalñb ih `ds jctcnrdjåds heplhahb d iljlau`tdrsh, `ceäs präatlac hs h`dgcrdr ub rhnlstrc c nuåd ihrhauphrdalñb y hep`hdr h` slsthed ih crihb bueìrlac,acbshautlvc pdrd tcid `d ac`haalñb c lbihphbilhbth pdrdnrupcs6 phrscbds, j`crhs, dvlcbhs, pdlsdfhs y tcics

audbtcs acbslihrh bhahsdrlcs. Hsth rhnlstrc c adtä`cncihgh lbjcredr quì böehrc ih lihbtljladalñb ``hvd `dlednhb sc`laltdid, h` böehrc ih` ä`gue, tcbd`lidi ih `dlednhb, jcredtc, jhamd y iheäs idtcs rh`hvdbths.



>9

ZC@ADB ICÔD FXDBD

D`gue Bc. >8 ‑ Jctc Bc. ;;;4174[cstd` ‑ ac`cr, Dgrl` 4< ‑ 4<=<

[WHQ@H\, H`vls D`gue Bc. 7; ‑ Jctc Bc. 78947 x 48 ae. ‑ GB, Fublc ;8 ‑ 4<87

H` jcredtc y `d lbjcredalñb gäslad pdrd h` rhnlstrc yrhauphrdalñb ih `ds nräjlads puhihb cptlelzdrshehildbth h` usc ih prcnrdeds hsphald`lzdics u mcfdsh`hatrñblads acec Daahss c Hxah`, quh hbtrh ctrdsvhbtdfds rhprhshbtdb ubd hxah`hbth dyuid hb h` prcahscih gösquhid.

@cs ä`guehs puhihb ac`cadrsh hb euhg`hs ih vdrlcs

hbtrhpdôcs c hb `cs ``dedics glg`lcthads, acb puhrtds ihvlirlc. @`hvdräb hb h` `cec su böehrc ih lihbtljladalñb,crihbdics slheprh ih lzqulhrid d ihrhamd, `d jl`dsuphrlcr hb prlehr ùndr.

:.7 BHNDYLZCQ

H` tìrelbc ‐bhndtlvc― prcvlhbh ih` `dtåb ‐bhndtlvus―, quh

lbaùyh c acbtlhbh acbtrdilaalñb. Hs ubd p`dad ih vlirlc,pdph` c dahtdtc ih ahù`csd scgrh `d aud` sh md leprlelicubd lednhb ehildbth hjhatcs ùeåblacs (jctcnräjlacs) yquh rhvh`did ehildbth prcahscs quåelacs, euhstrdg`dbads `ds pdrths bhnrds ih` ecih`c crlnlbd` y edbljlhstdbhnrds `ds zcbds a`drds ih ilamc cgfhtc. H` guhb bhndtlvcihgh prhshbtdrsh `lgrh ih edbamds, glhb acbtrdstdic, bcihedsldic bhnrc (ihbsc) bl ihedsldic trdbspdrhbth

(iìgl`).

@cs jcredtcs eäs acbcalics hb audbtc d bhndtlvcs scb6



>8

- Hb jcred ih rc``c

Bc. 44; quh hqulvd`h d` jcredtc hb 4: ee. y tdeglìb dìh 41 x 4> ee.Bc. 47; hqulvd`hbth d : x : ae.Bc. 47: quh acrrhspcbih d 7= x 7= ee.: x 9.8 ae.: x > ae.: x < ae.

- Hb jcred ih p`dad c ph`åau`d p`dbd< x 47 ae.41 x 4= ae.4= x 79 ae.

Hxlsthb bhndtlvcs hb g`dbac y bhnrc acec tdeglìb hbac`cr? hstcs ö`tlecs prhshbtdb ubd ac`crdalñb dedrl``hbtd

hb ùndr ih `d bhnrd acrrhspcbilhbth d `cs altdics hbprlehr ùndr. Ihghb edbthbhrsh hb sus auglhrtds yhep`hdrsh öbladehbth pdrd mdahr rhprciuaalcbhs.[uhihb crihbdrsh ih dauhric acb `cs slstheds yd vlstcs,phrc rhqulhrhb ih trdtdelhbtcs hsphald`hs hb audbtc dscpcrths, ecgl`ldrlcs y aulidics pdrd su acbshrvdalñb.

Dèdahbdelhbtc hb scgrhs y ä`guehs

@cs scgrhs eäs aceubhs scb audirdics, hb pdph` ih 47x 48 ae., pdrd `cs aud`hs sh acbslnuh hb h` ehradicdramlvdicrhs ehtä`lacs dprcpldics. [drd hjhatcs ihjdal`ltdr su dèdahbdelhbtc hs bhahsdrlc rhacrtdr `csrc``cs hb jctcnrdeds lbilvliud`hs c hb nrupcs ih trhsbhndtlvcs, shnöb acrrhspcbid d ubc c vdrlcs dsubtcs.



>:

Jlnurd :. D`gue pdrd bhndtlvcs.

Ycidvåd, hb `d datud`lidi, hs pcslg`h hbacbtrdr hb hàcehralc ä`guehs pdrd bhndtlvcs, hb auyds mcfds shac`cadb hb crihb, ih dauhric acb `cs gc`sl``cs c jubidsquh ìstcs prhshbtdb. Hb hsth adsc bc hs bhahsdrlc

rhacrtdr `cs bhndtlvcs hb nrupcs ih trhs c ehbcs, puhstcquh h` dbamc ih `d mcfd tlhbh adpdalidi pdrd d`ghrndrtlrds ih shls jctcnrdeds ih 18 ee. (Jlnurd :). Acec hspcslg`h quh sh prhshbthb bhndtlvcs hb vdrlcs jcredtcs,ihgh hstuildrsh `d jcred ih shpdrdr dquh``cs quh bcadghb hb `cs ä`guehs acrrlhbths y dèdahbdr`cs hb ctrcseäs dprcpldics. [cr su pdrth, `cs ä`guehs sh ac`cadräbhb euhg`hs acbvhblhbthehbth prcthnlics acbtrd dnhbths

phrfuilald`hs acec h` pc`vc, h` sc`, `d muehidi, `csdbled`hs, hta.

:.1 ILD[CQLYLZDQ

Qh hbtlhbih pcr s`lih c ildpcsltlvd ubd lednhb pcsltlvdhb ub scpcrth trdbspdrhbth c trds`öalic, quh ehildbth ùztrdbseltlid puhih prcyhatdrsh scgrh ubd pdbtd``d.

@ds mdy tdbtc hb ac`cr acec hb g`dbac y bhnrc y susjcredtcs scb pcr rhn`d nhbhrd` `cs elsecs quh pdrd



>>

bhndtlvcs. @ds ehilids nrdbihs acec 4= x 79 ae. döbsh utl`lzdb hb hstuilcs jctcnräjlacs ih adräathr

prcjhslcbd`, c pdrd hjhatcs pug`laltdrlcs acec hb h` adscih `ds acepdôåds albhedtcnräjlads y ih dnhbaldsihiladids d `d pug`lalidi ih drtåau`cs vdrlcs c ihecih`dfh.

Qu crndblzdalñb hs eäs acep`hfd quh `d ih `cs bhndtlvcs,yd quh `ds ildpcsltlvds sh hep`hdb bc sc`dehbth pdrdh`dgcrdalñb ih acplds h leprhslñb hb ctrcs scpcrthsacec pdph`, th`d, hta., slbc tdeglìb pdrd prcyhaalcbhs,nhbhrdèhbth iliäatlads, hb auyc adsc y shnöb `dspc`åtlads ih `d ac`haalñb, sh rhqulhrh ih ehilcs dbd`åtlacshxmdustlvcs y hxdatcs hb audbtc d su acbthblic, jdal`lidiy rdplihz ih rhauphrdalñb y rhugladalñb, dså acecñptleds acbilalcbhs ih acbshrvdalñb. H` prlehr pdsc hsshpdrdr`ds ih `cs bhndtlvcs y iheäs edthrld`hs, döb d

acstd ih quh hb dramlvcs nrdbihs prciuzadlbacecilidihs y ndstcs pcrquh sh bhahsltdrä eäshspdalc, euhg`hs y phrscbd` pcr h` lbarhehbtc hb h`trdgdfc.

Dèdahbdelhbtc hb scgrhs y ä`guehs.

Acec `cs ehbalcbdics pdrd bhndtlvcs, bc hs iljåal`

hbacbtrdr scgrhs audirdics hb jcredtc ehild adrtd, blä`guehs acb gc`sl``cs eäs dep`lcs, quh phrelthb h`daahsc y `d sh`haalñb prhvld ih `ds ildpcsltlvdshbedradids hb adrtñb c dahtdtc pdrd jdal`ltdr su edbhfc yutl`lzdalñb hb prcyhaalcbhs duilcvlsud`hs acec edthrldìh dpcyc pdrd acbjhrhbalds, hxpcslalcbhs, a`dshs ydyuids iliäatlads, bc cgstdbth mdb slic ihsp`dzdids pcr`ds leänhbhs ilnltd`hs, trdbspcrtdg`hs hb ehecrlds XQG

c AI, lbaùslvh hb h` ilsac iurc ih aceputdicrhspcrtätl`hs, quh phrelthb su prcyhaalñb ehildbth h` uscih` Zlihc Ghde, ub hqulpc `lvldbc y ih jäal` edbhfc, quh



>=

phrelth prcyhatdr leänhbhs, thxtcs, vlihcs y tlhbh scbliclbacrpcrdic. (Jlnurd >).

Jlnurd >. D`gue pdrd ildpcsltlvds hbedradids.

@d lihbtljladalñb gäslad ih `d ildpcsltlvd, pcr hfhep`c ubañilnc bueìrlac, hta., sh ac`cad scgrh h` edrac y, `dlbjcredalñb phrtlbhbth sh ihtd``drä hb `cs rhnlstrcs, yd shtrdth ih mcfds h`hatrñblads, prcahsdicrhs ih pd`dgrd cprcnrdeds ih aceputdicr hsphald`lzdics pdrd h` edbhfcih jctcnrdjåds.

YLGXWCBHQIldpcsltlvd Bc. 91; ‑ D`gue Bc. ;;8Ac`cr, 18 ee. Edyc 7;47(Ls`d ih Ncrncbd ‑ Ac`cegld)

Qlb hegdrnc, sl `d ildpcsltlvd sh hbacbtrdrd d`edahbdidhb ub scgrh y hep`härdecs `d crihbdalñb d`jdgìtlad, bcbhahsltdrådecs adtä`cncs ih rhauphrdalñb y `cs idtcshstdrådb hsarltcs hb h` scgrh, quh `cad`lzdrådecs hb `d`htrd ‐Y―.

Hb adfds dramlvdicrds.

Hstds phquhôds adfds p`ästlads sh acbslnuhb ih vdrlds

ehilids y adpdalidi. Qcb präatlads hb ac`haalcbhs ihduilcvlsud`hs theätlacs puhstc quh phrelthb crndblzdradid duilcvlsud` c prhshbtdalñb pcr shpdrdic, phrc bcscb dacbshfdg`hs hb dramlvcs nrdbihs pcrquh shråd iljåal`



><

`cad`lzdr ubd ihthrelbdid adfd y ubd ildpcsltlvdhsphaåjlad, döb sl sh acbtdrd acb ub hxah`hbth rhnlstrc

duxl`ldr y trdgdfdrd acb h` shbal``c slsthed bueìrlacacbshautlvc (Jlnurd =).

Jlnurd =. Adfds pdrd ildpcsltlvds hbedradids.

[HWWCQ ‑ GC]HWIldpcsltlvd Bc. 49<; ‑ Adfd Bc. ;48;Ac`cr, 18 ee.([rlehr prhelc hxmlglalñb adblbd hb Ad`l, Acubtry

Aùg, 4<<=)Hb audbtc d pcslg`hs lbacbvhblhbths pcr h` usc ih adfdsp`ästlads, acbsu`th eäs dih`dbth h` pubtc rh`dalcbdic acbdèdahbdelhbtc y acbshrvdalñb.

:.9 WC@@CQ

Xb rc``c hs, slep`hehbth, `d ph`åau`d slb rhacrtdr. Juh hèdthrld` gäslac pdrd h` prcahsc ih leprhslñb ih `dsleänhbhs pcr ehilc ih `d aäedrd, eäs hacbñelac y



=;

präatlac quh h` usc ih p`dads, hsphaldèhbth hb trdgdfcsacec h` phrlcilsec.

@cs jcredtcs sh iljhrhbaldb shnöb `cs hqulpcsjctcnräjlacs hep`hdics y pcr `ds bhahslidihs ih `d `dgcrquh sh rhd`lzd. @ds ehilids acehrald`hs acbslihrdbic `dpdrth ötl` ih `d ph`åau`d scb6

BXEHWC DBAMC @CBNLYXI

18 ee 1.8 ae 4.7: et44; 4: ee >7 ae47; : ae 4.;= et:7; : ae 4.9; et

Mdy ph`åau`ds hb ac`cr y g`dbac y bhnrc, phrc shilstlbnuhb hbtrh så pcr h` LQC, nrdic ih shbslgl`lidi c ihrhslsthbald quh `d heu`slñb prhshbtd d` hjhatc ih `d ùz.

[drd `ds ph`åau`ds hb g`dbac y bhnrc `cs eäs jrhauhbthsscb 478 y 9;;? pdrd `ds ih ac`cr, 78 y 17, :9, 4;;, 7;; y9;; LQC.

Hb rhd`lidi, hb eìtcic ih dèdahbdelhbtc hb rc``cs hspcac usud`, phrc hb vlstd ih quh suh`h suahihr `cprhshbtdecs acec ubd cpalñb eäs pdrd dquh``cs dqulhbhs puilhrd lbthrhsdr`hs.

Acbslsth hb dramlvdr `ds ph`åau`ds c rc``cs acep`htcs, slbrhacrtdr pcr jctcnrdeds, `cs aud`hs ihghb prcthnhrsh hbubd jubid ih p`ästlac trdbspdrhbth y j`hxlg`h. Dquå shprhshbtdb ics d`thrbdtlvds6 nudridr`cs ihshbrc``dics yauglhrtcs sc`dehbth pcr `d jubid p`ästlad, c hbrc``dics hbphquhôds adfds p`ästlads acec scb `cs hbvdshscrlnlbd`hs pdrd ph`åau`ds. Hb aud`qulhrd ih `cs adscs adid

rc``c ``hvd su lihbtljladalñb, shd ub böehrc c añilnc, y shrhqulhrh ih ubd crihbdalñb `ñnlad y ih jäalèdblpu`dalñb, acep`hehbtdid acb ub guhb rhnlstrc



=4

d`jdgìtlac pdrd `d rhauphrdalñb ih `ds leänhbhs, quhprcpcralcbh tdbtc `d lbjcredalñb theätlad acec

tcpcnräjlad ih` rc``c hb h` aud` sh hbauhbtrd `d ildpcsltlvdc h` bhndtlvc ihshdic. [hrc mdy eäs lbacbvhblhbths6 acbh` trdbsaursc ih` tlhepc, `cs rc``cs diqulhrhb `d jcred ih`hbvdsh iljlau`tdbic hbcrehehbth su `haturd y acpldic. \,sl sh acbshrvdb ihshbrc``dics, sh augrlräb ih pc`vc y shphndräb d `ds jubids, diheäs ih su acep`ladidedblpu`dalñb, bc lepcrtd sl sh dèdahbhb ac`ndics c hbub euhg`h mcrlzcbtd .̀

Hfhep`c6

VL[DTXLWÄ ‑ AC@CEGLD (Adthird` ih sd`)Wc``c Bc. 7;Bhndtlvcs GB ‑ Bc. :-78Catugrh 4; ‑ 7;;8

:.8 ILQACQ

D jlbd`hs ih `cs dôcs 4<=; y prlbalplcs ih `cs 4<<;d`nubds aäedrds utl`lzdrcb slsthed ih ilsacs hb ùndr ih`cs rc``cs trdilalcbd`hs. Hstcs, acb :.8 ae. ih iläehtrc yadpdalidi pdrd 48 bhndtlvcs ih = x 4; ee., öbladehbthhb ac`cr, hrdb präatlacs hb audbtc d` edbhfc ih `d aäedrd

pcr pdrth ih `cs djlalcbdics phrc prhshbtdb alhrtdsacep`ladalcbhs hb h` dramlvc.

Yhblhbic hb auhbtd quh `cs bhndtlvcs jcredb pdrth ihìlsac y quh hb ub ilsac mdy, bcredèhbth, hxpcslalcbhsih dsubtcs iljhrhbths, `d scùalñb eäs dacbshfdg`h hsdèdahbdr `cs ilsacs buehrdics y hb scgrhs c phquhôdsadfds quh acbthbiräb ihthrelbdid adbtlidi ih `cs

elsecs. @ds adfds c scgrhs ihghb lihbtljladrsh hb audbtcd su acbthblic, pcr hfhep`c Bc. 4 d 7;, y crihbdrsh hbjcred acbshautlvd.



=7

@cs jctcnrdeds rhqulhrhb ub trdtdelhbtc eäs hxmdustlvcy `d öblad jcred ih `cad`lzdr`cs hs ehildbth h` hep`hc ih

rhnlstrcs duxl`ldrhs hb icbih sh puhid hbacbtrdrlbjcredalñb acec ìstd6

A@DZH@HQ (G`dbacs)Adfd Bc. ;;8Ilsac Bc. 47;Bhndtlvcs Bc. > ‑ < ‑ 48

[drd ubd ehfcr acbshrvdalñb y prcthaalñb ih `cs ilsacshs acbvhblhbth d`edahbdr`cs hb scgrhs, diheäs ih `drhsphatlvd adfd, y sh sunlhrh `d utl`lzdalñb ih` slsthedbueìrlac acbshautlvc. H` elsec trdtdelhbtc puhihdp`ladrsh d `cs ecihrbcs ilsacs acepdatcs, eäsacbcalics acec AI.

:.: [CQYD@HQHs lbiuidg`h `d acbtrlgualñb ih `ds pcstd`hs71 mdald `dsglg`lcthads y eushcs, pdrtlau`drehbth d `cs dramlvcsmlstñrlacs y jctcnräjlacs slrvlhbic acec icauehbtdalñbih alhrtcs dsphatcs ih` pdsdic.

@ds pcstd`hs acbehecrdb hvhbtcs c hbjdtlzdb theds ih

lbthrìs nhbhrd` pdrd hstuildbths h lbvhstlndicrhs hbmlstcrld. Euamds euhstrdb l`ustrdalcbhs ih hiljlalcs ihjlbd`hs ih` Qln`c ]L] y prlbalplcs ih` ]], suelblstrdbic ubpdbcrded nhbhrd` ih `d drqulthaturd, lbjcredalñblepcrtdbth tdbtc pdrd hstuildbths acec prcjhslcbd`hsvlbau`dics d `d drqulthaturd y `d mlstcrld, leänhbhsiljåal`hs ih acbshnulr d trdvìs ih ctrcs ehilcs.

71 JWH\QAM@DN, H`lzdghtm O. ‐[laturh pcstadris6Crndblzlbn d ac``hatlcb―. Qphald` `lgrdrlhs >4 (8-:)6 Edy- Fub, 4<=;.



=1

@ds pcstd`hs ih Hstdics Xblics, ih` phråcic dbthrlcr d4<4=, scb guhbds euhstrds ih leprhslñb, tìablads y

eìtcics ih rhprciuaalñb yd acbslihrdics dbtlnucs. Hstc`ds acbvlhrth hb thed ih hstuilc pdrd `cs lbthrhsdics hbjctcnrdjåd y hb `d mlstcrld ih `ds drths nräjlads.

Hb nhbhrd`, ubd ac`haalñb ih pcstd`hs sh usd pdrdprcvhhr icauehbtdalñb y edthrld` l`ustrdtlvc hblbvhstlndalcbhs mlstñrlads y pdrd hxmlglalcbhs hb `dsglg`lcthads, dramlvcs y eushcs. @cs usudrlcs ih ubdac`haalñb ih td` bdturd`hzd puhihb hstdr lbthrhsdics hbmlstcrld, pc`åtlad, pug`lalidi, `lthrdturd, ecids, drthsnräjlads y ctrcs dsubtcs, phrc `cs eäs jrhauhbths suh`hbshr `cs lbvhstlndicrhs hb mlstcrld.

@ds ehilids acrrlhbths ih ubd pcstd` scb ih < x 47.8 ae.sus tcbd`lidihs vdb ihsih h` g`dbac y bhnrc, shpld y

ac`crhs pä`lics, prciuatc ih `cs dbtlnucs eìtcics ihleprhslñb, mdstd `ds pcstd`hs ecihrbds, euy glhbleprhsds, acb vdrlhidi y gh``hzd hb sus ac`crhs dså acechb theds lbbuehrdg`hs.

Hb hsth trdgdfc acbslihrdecs `ds pcstd`hs acec ubc eäshbtrh `cs edthrld`hs jctcnräjlacs, yd quh su crlnhb yprcahsdelhbtc scb cgvldehbth jctcnräjlacs y ihglic d `d

utl`lidi quh acec leänhbhs prhstdb hb dramlvcs yac`haalcbhs phrtlbhbths.

Acbslihrdids slep`hehbth acec jctcnrdjåds, `ds pcstd`hssh crihbdb y ihsarlghb acec dquh``ds. [drd td` hjhatc shhep`hdb `cs elsecs slstheds, scpcrths y ecgl`ldrlcehbalcbdics hb `d crndblzdalñb ih jctcnrdjåds. Hbd`nubcs adscs, sl sh auhbtd acb pcads pcstd`hs, puhihb

slep`hehbth ehza`drsh acb h` edthrld` jctcnräjlac? phrcsl sh trdtd ih ubd ac`haalñb dpdrth, h` trdtdelhbtc vdråd y,hsphald`ehbth hb dramlvcs, glg`lcthads y eushcs scb



=9

pcac usdids d ehbcs quh sh ilspcbnd ih ub jäal` daahscd h``ds. Diheäs puhihb p`dbthdr prcg`heds öblacs hb su

crndblzdalñb, usc y d`edahbdelhbtc.

\d quh h` daahsc änl` ihphbih ih `d crndblzdalñb y ìstdhs ihthrelbdid pcr h` usc, hs lbilsphbsdg`h acbcahrauäbtc shrä utl`lzdid ubd ac`haalñb y qulìbhs shräb `csusudrlcs eäs jrhauhbths. Ql tlhbh pcacs ä`guehs ihpcstd`hs y dbtlalpd pcac usc ih `ds elseds, puhihslep`hehbth nudridr `cs ä`guehs fubtcs y acbshrvdr ubrhnlstrc ih h``cs. Ql, pcr h` acbtrdrlc, mdy ubds pcadspcstd`hs suh`tds, puhihb lbthnrdrsh d `d ac`haalñbnhbhrd`. [hrc, sl `d glg`lcthad, eushc c dramlvc hs nrdbih,acb daueu`dalñb elxtd ih pcstd`hs suh`tds ycrndblzdids, y sh prhvì ub usc acbslihrdg`h, mdgråd quhihalilr `d edbhrd ih ihsphndr`ds ih sus ä`guehs yaceglbdr `ds diqulslalcbhs hb ubd sc`d ac`haalñb gdfc ub

slsthed acbvhblhbth. Dnrupdr pcstd`hs pcr phråcic hs iljåal`. @cs hbthbilicsiljlhrhb hb `cs phråcics quh ihghb hstdg`hahrsh y hb h`idtc hxdatc quh ihgh ihthrelbdr d adid pcstd`. @csidtcs ih acpyrlnmt, shnöb `cs hsphald`lstds, bc ihghbtcedrsh hb auhbtd, pdrtlau`drehbth hb pcstd`hs dbtlnuds.Ql hb `d ac`haalñb mdy ub ihpñsltc ih pcstd`hs quh bubad

juhrcb usdids, bc mdgrä edtdsh``cs quh dyuihb ytdepcac `c mdräb `ds lbiladalcbhs ih leprhscr y ihhiltcr. Hb acbshauhbald, tdepcac hs ötl` y så hs ph`lnrcsccrihbdr `d ac`haalñb pcr phråcic c pcr hiltcr, yd quh bcsh tlhbh lbjcredalñb sujlalhbth dahrad ih `d pcstd`.

H` slsthed ih crihbdalñb eäs acbvhblhbth shrådhbtcbahs pcr adthncråds c pcr edthrlds, hfhep`c6

[DLQDFHQ[CQYD@HQ IH H]MLGLALCB



=8

[CQYD@HQ [XG@LALYDWLDQ[CQYD@HQ IH CADQLCBHQ HQ[HALD@HQ

[CQYD@HQ BCZHICQDQ

Acb hstds adthncråds sh puhih hstdg`hahr sugilvlslcbhs.@ds ih vlstds c pdlsdfhs puhihb shpdrdrsh pcrihpdrtdehbtcs, prcvlbalds c hstdics, y hstcs pcraluidihs c ärhds. @ds pug`laltdrlds puhihb crihbdrsh pcracepdôåds c prciuatcs y `ds ih cadslcbhs hsphald`hs hbBdvlidi, Qhedbd Qdbtd, Lbihphbihbald, Adrbdvd`hs, hta.@ds pcstd`hs hxtrdbfhrds sh `cad`lzdb eäs jäal`ehbthaudbic sh dnrupdb pcr pdåshs y sh sugadthncrlzdb pcrärhds y theds.

D`nubcs prcg`heds prcplcs ih `d crndblzdalñb scbiljåal`hs ih rhsc`vhr. ³Tuì mdahr acb `ds pcstd`hs ihtheds hsphald`hs acec scb `cs phrscbdfhs prcelbhbths

hb pc`åtlad c `lthrdturd, `ds pcstd`hs ih drth y theds aceclbilcs c elslcbhs3 ³[uhihb ìstds dnrupdrsh pcr juhrdih` dsubtc nhbhrd`, ac`cadrsh acec ubd adthncråddilalcbd` c lba`ulrsh hb ubd ih `ds yd hstdg`halids3 Qcb`cs rhspcbsdg`hs ih `d ac`haalñb qulhbhs ihghb ihalilrauä` dnrupdalñb shrä `d eäs hep`hdid pcr `cs usudrlcs.

Xbd vhz quh `ds pcstd`hs sh mdb sh`haalcbdic y

dnrupdic sh hstruaturd ub åbilah c adtä`cnc ih `dac`haalñb. Ihgh ihalilrsh sl mdgrä ub rhnlstrc acbtlbucpdrd `d ac`haalñb acep`htd c sl adid nrupc thbirä ubrhnlstrc prcplc, dså acec auäb ihtd``dic ihgh shr y quìlbjcredalñb ihgh acbthbhr.

@ds hbtrdids prlbalpd`hs ihghb ihthrelbdrsh fubtc acbdprcpldids rhjhrhbalds aruzdids. Ql, pcr hfhep`c, ubd

pcstd` quh prcecalcbd d` Mcth` Jdlrecbt, ih QdbJrdbalsac y quh euhstrd ubd vlstd ih` hiljlalc, hsdramlvdid gdfc ‐Ydrfhtds pug`laltdrlds―, h` rhnlstrc ih



=:

‐Zlstds, c pdlsdfhs― thbirä ubd rhjhrhbald quh rhelth d‐tdrfhtds pug`laltdrlds―, ih td` jcred quh `d nräjlad ih`

Mcth` Jdlrecbt puhid shr hbacbtrdid hb aud`qulhrd ih`ds ics jcreds ih gösquhid.

@ds pcstd`hs suh`tds puhihb dramlvdrsh hb adfdsehtä`lads c ih adrtñb ihsdaliljladic y tdbtc ìstds acec`ds ndvhtds ih dramlvdicrhs, sl juhrd h` adsc, ihghbrctu`drsh d`jdgìtladehbth, pcr adthncråds, y ac`cadrsh hbh` elsec crihb ih` åbilah c rhnlstrc.

[drd acba`ulr, `d prhnubtd prhpcbihrdbth hs6 ³Auä` ih `csslstheds ih crndblzdalñb hs eäs präatlac3 @d rhspuhstdihphbih ih `ds alraubstdbalds pdrtlau`drhs ih adidac`haalñb. \, d phsdr ih h``c, döb quhidräb iuids dahradih auä` slrvh ehfcr sl sh trdtd ih sdtlsjdahr `dsbhahslidihs ih `cs usudrlcs.



=>

>. LBQYWXEHBYCQ IH ACBYWC@ \ACBQX@YD

Hb tcid ac`haalñb c dramlvc jctcnräjlac ihgh ``hvdrsh ubdihaudic slsthed ih rhnlstrcs, `cs aud`hs phreltlräb ubacbtrc` hxdatc y ghbìjlac ih` edthrld`. Qu ilshôclbilvliud` y adrdathråstlads ihphbihb ih `ds pc`åtlads,cgfhtlvcs y rhquhrlelhbtcs ih adid ubc hb pdrtlau`dr.

>.4 Whnlstrc ih Lbnrhsc

Hs ubd jcred prh-h`dgcrdid, nhbhrdèhbth leprhsd, quhhb `d datud`lidi sh ildnrded acec ubd p`dbtl``d hbjcredtc h`hatrñblac pdrd adpturd, gösquhid yrhauphrdalñb ih idtcs hb aceputdicr, ehildbth `d aud`sh dslhbtd y ihsarlgh tcic edthrld` jctcnräjlac ihsih hècehbtc audbic lbnrhsd d` dramlvc c ac`haalñb. Bc hspcslg`h dp`ladr ub ecih`c bcred`lzdic quh rhöbd tcids`ds iljhrhbths bhahslidihs, phrc shd acec juhrh

acbthbiråd `d slnulhbth lbjcredalñb6

4. Hspdalc pdrd a`dsljladalñb c añilnc, sl sh usd.7. Ihsarlpalñb. Grhvh rhauhbtc ih `d lednhb6

Bcegrh ih` phrscbdfh c thed acbthblic hb h``d,hvhbtc, ùndr, jhamd.

1. Ylpc ih edthrld`. Jctcnrdjåd, bhndtlvc, ildpcsltlvd,pcstd`. [uhih edradrsh acb ubd `htrd ] c acb

böehrcs pdrd lbiladr `d adbtlidi.9. Ycbd`lidi6 Ql `d nräjlad hs hb ac`cr (AC@) c hbg`dbac y bhnrc (GB), shpld u ctrc



==

8. Ehilids, sl sh acbslihrd bhahsdrlc.:. Hstdic ih acbshrvdalñb6 Guhbc, rhnu`dr c ed`c.

Lnud` puhih ad`ljladrsh ih 4 d 8, thblhbic hbauhbtd quh 4 sh dslnbd d ubd nräjlad hb hstdicñptlec y 8 d ubd lednhb lbshrvlg`h, quhshnurdehbth shrä idid ih gdfd.

>. Jhamd ih lbnrhsc.=. [rcahihbald u crlnhb6 Cjlalbd, suaursd`, phrscbd c

lbstltualñb.

@d lbjcredalñb acbthblid hb `cs rhnlstrcs puhih vdrldrshsuprlelhbic c dilalcbdbic idtcs quh sh acbslihrhlbötl`hs c pcr h` acbtrdrlc, lbilsphbsdg`hs, y prhstd d`elsec tlhepc ub hxah`hbth shrvlalc acec duxl`ldr hb `drhd`lzdalñb ih lbvhbtdrlcs (Jlnurd <).

>.7 Whnlstrc ih sd`lid

Hs tdb lepcrtdbth acec h` ih lbnrhsc y su jubalñb hs `dih hfhrahr ub hstrlatc acbtrc` ih `cs edthrld`hs quh sd`hbthepcrd` c ihjlbltlvdehbth ih` dramlvc. H` prlehrc ih `csadscs sh prhshbtd pcr prìstdecs lbthrbcs, ihbtrc ih `dhbtlidi, c hxthrbcs, audbic sd`hb ih h``d, y h` shnubiccaurrh pcr ub ihsadrnc ihglic d h`lelbdalñb c vhbtd, slbihsadrtdr `d pcslgl`lidi ih ub adbfh c icbdalñb, scgrh

tcic sl sh trdtd ih ubd ac`haalñb phrscbd` c ubd heprhsdprlvdid. @d lbjcredalñb rh`hvdbth hb hstcs rhnlstrcspuhih shr6

4. A`dsljladalñb c añilnc.7. Ihsarlpalñb ih` dsubtc acbthblic hb `d lednhb.1. Ylpc ih edthrld`.9. Bcegrh ih` usudrlc.

8. Idtcs ih` usudrlc6 Cjlalbd, shaalñb cihpdrtdehbtc sl sh trdtd ih ub prìstdec lbthrbc,



=<

ilrhaalñb y th`ìjcbc sl h` edthrld` vd d sd`lr ih `dhbtlidi.

:. Jhamd ih sd`lid.>. Jhamd ih ihvcùalñb (Audbic h` edthrld` shd

rhlbthnrdic d `d ac`haalñb).

>.1 Lbvhbtdrlcs

@cs lbvhbtdrlcs scb ubd `lstd crihbdid ih tcic h` edthrld`nräjlac hxlsthbth hb h` dramlvc c `d ac`haalñb y su rdzñbih shr rdilad hb h` mhamc ih quh phrelthb sdghr acbahrthzd quì y auäbtc sh pcshh.

@cs lbvhbtdrlcs scb ubd mhrrdelhbtd lbilsphbsdg`h hb `ddielblstrdalñb hjlalhbth ih ub dramlvc y hs rhacehbidg`hlblaldr su h`dgcrdalñb dbths ih quh `d ac`haalñb shlbarhehbth d` pubtc ih lepcslgl`ltdr h` trdgdfc, `c aud` sh

trdiualråd hb h` ph`lnrcsc ihsacbcalelhbtc ih `c quh shtlhbh y ih `c quh sh hxtrdvåd.

Mdy euamcs jcredtcs ih lbvhbtdrlc y `cs idtcs quh hbh``cs sh lbaùyh scb pcr iheäs vdrldg`hs ih ubd ac`haalñbd ctrd. Dbthrlcrehbth sh ehbalcbñ quh h` rhnlstrc ihlbnrhsc pciråd hep`hdrsh acec ubd jcred ih lbvhbtdrlc?slb hegdrnc sh euhstrd ub ecih`c gäslac pdrd

jctcnrdjåds, ildpcsltlvds y bhndtlvcs (Jlnurd 4;).

@cs ecih`cs, tdbtc ih rhnlstrcs acec ih lbvhbtdrlcs quhsh euhstrdb hb hsth trdgdfc bc scb hb dgscùtc rånlics ypuhihb eciljladrsh slep`ljlaäbic`cs c dep`läbic`cs ihdauhric acb `d cphrdtlvlidi ih adid dramlvc c ac`haalñb.

>.9 Duxl`ldrhs ih rhauphrdalñb (`cad`lzdalñb)

Dubquh bc hs lbilsphbsdg`h hb tcics `cs slstheds ihcrihbdalñb bl hb tcics `cs dramlvcs, y puhih shr



<;

rhhep`dzdic pcr `cs acbcalics `lstdics c adtä`cncs, hsdgscùtdehbth bhahsdrlc pdrd h` jubalcbdelhbtc ih

eìtcics td`hs acec h` bueìrlac y h` arcbc`ñnlac, hlbilsphbsdg`h hb adscs ih dèdahbdelhbtc hb ä`guehs,adfds ih ildpcsltlvds, rc``cs y ilsacs, yd quh hs `d öbladedbhrd ih `cad`lzdr `ds leänhbhs sc`laltdids.

Datudèhbth hs iljåal` hbacbtrdr hb jubalcbdelhbtc `csdbtlnucs jlamhrcs adtd`cnräjlacs pdrd tdrfhtds ih >.8 x47.8 ahbtåehtrcs, quh juhrcb ihjlbltlvdehbthrhhep`dzdics pcr gdshs ih idtcs hb aceputdicr, acbvhbtdfds lbbhndg`hs hb hacbceåd ih hspdalc, ecgl`ldrlcs,trdgdfc y tlhepc, puhstc quh h` dèdahbdelhbtc,rhnlstrcs, gösquhid y rhauphrdalñb ih `ds leänhbhs shmdahb pcr pdbtd``d. Hstcs prcnrdeds, nhstcrhs cdp`ladalcbhs pdrd dielblstrdr ac`haalcbhs jctcnräjlads shhbauhbtrdb hb h` ehradic lbthrbdalcbd` y trdgdfdb gdfc

slstheds cphrdtlvcs acec @lbux, Jhicrd, hta. Hbtrh `cseäs acbcalics pcihecs altdr6 J-Qpct, Ilnlode, [ladsd,NTvlhw, LeQhho, Nwhbwlhv, Opmctcd`gue, @pmctc,Qmcwjctc.

Ih bc utl`lzdr `ds slep`hs mcfds h`hatrñblads acec Daahssc Hxah`, puhihb hep`hdrsh prcnrdeds hsphald`lzdicspdrd h` edbhfc ih gdshs ih idtcs glg`lcnräjlads auyd

dp`ladalñb d `cs dramlvcs y ac`haalcbhs jctcnräjlads hsphrjhatdehbth `ñnlad y jubalcbd`.

Hfhep`cs ih lbjcredalñb slep`h y acbarhtd6

BHWXID, [dg`cJctcs Bc. 17 ‑ 1< ‑ >; ‑ 47; - 71=

GDWWLECWH, IrhwJctc Bc. 1;>8 Dramlvdicr 7 ‑ Ndvhtd 1



<4

Jlnurd Bc. <. Whnlstrc ih lbnrhsc.



<7

Jlnurd Bc. 4;. Lbvhbtdrlc ih jctcnrdjåds / bhndtlvcs /ildpcsltlvds.



<1

>.9.4 Whjhrhbalds ih ZHD

Leprhsalbilg`hs audbic sh prhshbtdb slbñblecs yprcg`heds pcr eu`tlp`lalidi hb `d `haturd h lbthrprhtdalñbih` acbthblic nräjlac ih `cs edthrld`hs, pcr hfhep`c,@XQYWDGCYDQ y HEGC@DICWHQ. Acb h` jlb ih hvltdrquh h` edthrld` quhih shpdrdic hb ics sltlcs ih` dramlvc,y ih` rhnlstrc, slhbic ub sc`c thed, sh ihgh rhd`lzdr ubdsh`haalñb ih tìrelbcs pdrd h`hnlr h` eäs utl`lzdic hb hèhilc scald` y `lbnðåstlac ih` pdås c rhnlñb. Hb h` prhshbthadsc, sl h` tìrelbc hsacnlic hs ‐hegc`dicrhs―, sh h`dgcrdubd rhjhrhbald ih ZHD, quh ugladid hb h` ùndr ih`tìrelbc bc hep`hdic, rhelth mdald h` quh så sh usd6

@ustrdgctdsZHDHEGC@DICWHQ

Zhdecs ub hfhep`c ih eu`tlp`lalidi dp`ladic d ubdjctcnrdjåd pdbcräelad ih` @dnc Nudeuhz, hb `d aud` shvh a`drdehbth trhs dsphatcs c theds6 H` `dnc, ub blôc``crdbic y ubd cvhfd. Ql sh ihalih a`dsljladr `d nräjlad gdfch` thed ‐@dncs―, ihghrä, pcr adrhbald ih theds hb `dac`haalñb c pcr `d guhbd ad`lidi ih `d lednhb, dgrlrrhjhrhbalds ih ZHD, hb ‐Blôcs ``crdbic― y hb ‐Cvhfds―,

lbiladbic `d ugladalñb ih dquh``d. Hfhep`c6

Blôcs - @`crdbicZHD@DNC NXDEXHV

DO-49.4=

Ihsih ùhnc, pciråd tdeglìb h`dgcrdr trhs rhnlstrcs ih

acbthblic, lbihphbilhbths, pdrd adid ubc ih `cs trhsdsubtcs, sl sh trdtd ih ub slsthed quh phrelth ubd sc`dd`thrbdtlvd pcr ectlvcs ih crndblzdalñb c eìtcic ih



<9

dèdahbdelhbtc, quh lep`lad trdgdfdr hxaùslvdehbthehildbth ub rhnlstrc ih `cad`lzdalñb.

Hb hstd pdrth bcs dsd`td ubd iuid y bcs dtrhvhecs dp`dbthdr`d d edbhrd ih hfhralalc, acec ub prcg`hedmlpctìtlac, hxdnhrdbic sus gdshs rhd`hs acb h` jlb ihdgrlr `ds pcslg`hs d`thrbdtlvds ih scùalñb.

Xbd jctcnrdjåd ih Ghrbdric Adrdgd``c (gcxhdicrac`cegldbc) tcedid iurdbth ubd ph`hd acb ElnuhÀdghzds ³ihgh dramlvdrsh hb `d shaalñb ih [HWQCBDQhb vlstd ih quh acbcahecs sus bcegrhs, c sh ugladrä hbYHEDQ (GC]HC), acbslihrdbic quh hs ubd nräjladlùstrdtlvd ih hsth ihpcrth3 \, ubd thrahrd cpalñb6 ³ihghb`cs phrscbdfhs lbshrtdrsh c ac`cadrsh fubtc d` thedacrrhspcbilhbth d su rhsphatlvd prcjhslñb u cjlalc, pcrhfhep`c `cs gcxhdicrhs hb gcxhc3

Hb prlehr ùndr mdy quh dbd`lzdr d jcbic `d jctcnrdjåd6Auä` ih `cs ics mcegrhs hs eäs vlslg`h. Dpdrhah ihjrhbth c ih hspdìds, `cs rcstrcs ih `cs gcxhdicrhs hstäbauglhrtcs pcr `cs nudbths c degcs scb phrjhatdehbtha`drcs y rhacbcalg`hs. Ql sh tced `d prlehrd d`thrbdtlvd y`d jctc sh dramlvd hb [HWQCBDQ gdfc ADWDGD@@C,Ghrbdric, `d rhauphrdalñb pcr YHEDQ (GC]HC) phrihrä

`d cpcrtublidi pdrd ilspcbhr ih ubd pcslg`hehbth euyguhbd lùstrdalñb, d bc shr quh sh h`dgcrh ubd rhjhrhbaldquh rheltd mdald h` bcegrh ih` phrscbdfh6

GcxhcZHDADWDGD@@C, Ghrbdric.

Ql h`lnh `d shnubid cpalñb y uglad `d nräjlad hb YHEDQ(GC]HC), rhquhrlrä ih ub hbvåc ihsih h` bcegrh ih `csphrscbdfhs mdald h` thed, d jlb ih sd`vdr ubd hvhbtud`



<8

rhauphrdalñb ih `d lednhb pcr `cs bcegrhs ih `cselsecs6

Adrdgd``c, Ghrbdric (c Adghzds, Elnuh`)ZHDGC]HC

Hb h` thrahr adsc, c thrahrd d`thrbdtlvd, d` dramlvdr `dsnräjlads ih [HWQCBDFHQ fubtc acb `ds ih` rhsphatlvcthed u cjlalc, hb h` hfhep`c ih GC]HC sh suprleh h`prcg`hed quh suh`h prhshbtdrsh audbic ub usudrlcsc`laltd jctcnrdjåds ih gcxhdicrhs slb prcpcralcbdr c slbacbcahr ubd `lstd ih bcegrhs, yd quh shråd euy shbal``ccgthbhr acb rdplihz h` edthrld` rhquhrlic, puhs hb `dprlehrd shaalñb ih` thed hbacbtrdrådecs `cs phrscbdfhs,crihbdics d`jdgìtladehbth pcr dph``lics. D acbtlbudalñbvhbirä `d sugilvlslñb pdrd jctcs ih gcxhc hb nhbhrd`,

dquh``ds a`dsljladids acec thed, slb acbslihrdr bcegrhsprcplcs ihglic d su hsadsc rhacbcalelhbtc hb `d lednhb,c acec prciuatc ih` dbä`lsls prhvlc.

[hrc audbic `d phtlalñb sh mdah pcr ub bcegrh prcplc, bchxlsth lbjcredalñb dahrad ih` lbilvliuc, ihsih `uhnchstdecs hxdnhrdbic, y bc sh sdgh quh hs ub gcxhdicr,adbtdbth, pc`åtlac c `c quh juhrd, jrdadsdrä `d gösquhid

`ñnlad lblald` hb h` g`cquh nhbhrd` ih [HWQCBDQ, ih `delsed edbhrd quh shråd lepcslg`h rhd`lzdr ubd phsqulsdpcr dph``lics sl tcics sh hbauhbtrdb ugladics hb susrhsphatlvds ärhds ih cjlalc c prcjhslñb. ³Tuì mdahr,hbtcbahs3 H`dgcrdr bctds ih ZHD rheltlhbic ih` bcegrhd `d prcjhslñb y vlahvhrsd lep`lad eu`tlp`ladr `cs rhnlstrcsy rhiualr prcpcralcbd`ehbth `d hjlalhbald bhahsdrld pdrdh` hjhatc ih rhauphrdalñb ih `ds leänhbhs, hb hsphald` sl

sh trdtd ih ubd ac`haalñb acb el``drhs ih theds yphrscbds.



<:

Hb h` slsthed ih crihb buehrd`, hb h` quh,lbhvltdg`hehbth, sh trdgdfd ehildbth rhnlstrcs ih

`cad`lzdalñb, mdgrä quh h`dgcrdr trhs dbctdalcbhs6 ubcpdrd adid phrscbdfh y ctrc pdrd h` thed. @cs trhsacbtlhbhb `d elsed lbjcredalñb y öbladehbth sh eciljladh` hbadghzdelhbtc. [hrc hb h` slsthed d`jdgìtlac ilrhatc,hb h` aud` bc hs lbilsphbsdg`h, y pcr `c tdbtc bc sh ``hvdrhnlstrcs ih `cad`lzdalñb, pcihecs acbjhaalcbdr tdrfhtdsquh rhhep`dzdbic jåsladehbth d ics ih `ds jctcnrdjåds,lbiladb quh `d lednhb sh hbauhbtrd hb ihthrelbdicihsarlptcr. Hstc hs, sl `d jctc sh a`dsljlañ hb GC]HC, hb`cs `undrhs acrrhspcbilhbths d `cs bcegrhs ih `csgcxhdicrhs hbacbtrdrhecs ilamds tdrfhtds, slheprh yaudbic `d jctcnrdjåd shd ih guhbd ad`lidi y `cs icsmcegrhs shdb phrjhatdehbth vlslg`hs y rhacbcalg`hs6

ADWDGD@@C, Ghrbdric

([h`hd acbtrd Elnuh` Adghzds)ZHDGC]HC ‑ Fublc = ih 4<:7

ADGHVDQ, Elnuh`([h`hd acbtrd Ghrbdric Adrdgd``c)ZHDGC]HC ‑ Fublc = ih 4<:7

Hb su ihjhatc, sl `d lednhb bc rhöbh `ds acbilalcbhsbhahsdrlds hb audbtc d a`drlidi, ilstdbald, jcac, hta., bcshräb bhahsdrlds `ds rhjhrhbalds pcr bcegrhs, slhbicsujlalhbth acb `d ih thed.

>.9.7 Whjhrhbalds ih ZHD DIHEDQ

Hstcs duxl`ldrhs sh utl`lzdb audbic hbacbtrdecs edthrld`quh hbadfd gdfc ics c eäs hbadghzdelhbtcs y blbnubcih h``cs puhih lnbcrdrsh, pcr bhahslidihs ih



<>

rhauphrdalñb lbjcredtlvd. Ql hb `d jctcnrdjåd dpdrhahb icsphrscbdfhs y degcs tlhbhb edthrld` dbthrlcr rhnlstrdic

acb sus bcegrhs prcplcs, `d buhvd nräjlad sh a`dsljladräacb h` bcegrh (Dph``lic) ih` phrscbdfh eäs lepcrtdbth, yd` shnubic sh `h mdrä ubd rhjhrhbald hb `d quh ilnd6

NCBVD@HV, Wdjdh`Zhd diheäs

DZH@@DBHID, D`lald (Fu`lc 48 ‑ 4<=>)

Hstc slnbljlad quh dpdrth ih `ds jctcnrdjåds quh shhbauhbtrdb dramlvdids hb NCBVD@HV, ihgh cgshrvdrtdeglìb `ds ih DZH@@DBHID, puhstc quh d``å hbacbtrdräctrds. Bc cgstdbth, sl h` slsthed hs bueìrlacacbshautlvc, ih bdid vd`iråd `d rhelslñb mdald ubbcegrh. Hb hsth adsc, `cs idtcs ih `ds rhjhrhbalds bcsilahb hb quì añilnc hstä `d jctcnrdjåd y degds prhshbtdb

`d elsed lbjcredalñb.NCBVD@HV, Wdjdh`(Acb D`lald Dvh``dbhid)JI-;;<= Ac`cr ‑ 1; x 9; aeFu`lc 48 -4<=>

DZH@@DBHID, D`lald

(Acb Wdjdh` Ncbzä`hz)JI-;;<= Ac`cr ‑ 1; x 9; aeFu`lc 48 -4<=>



<=



<<

=. [WCG@HEDQ HB H@ D@EDAHBDELHBYC \WHAX[HWDALCB

@d threlbc`cnåd hep`hdid pdrd dslnbdr `cs ihsarlptcrhsbc prhshbtd edycr iljlau`tdi audbic sh trdtd ih dramlvcsc ac`haalcbhs hsphald`lzdids hb ärhds ihthrelbdids ih`acbcalelhbtc, td`hs acec ehilalbd, glc`cnåd, lbnhblhråds,hb `ds aud`hs puhih hep`hdrsh `cs tmhsdurcs c thsdurcs,quh scb `lstds ih vcadgu`drlc acbtrc`dic y bcred`lzdic, cshd, `d threlbc`cnåd quh ihgh c bc utl`lzdrsh hb h`rhsphatlvc adepc. H` prcg`hed, hb adeglc, hs nrdvh pdrd`cs dramlvcs y ac`haalcbhs nhbhrd`hs y dquh``cs

hsphald`lzdics quh bc pcshhb ubd `lstd acbtrc`did. Ihd``å surnhb iuids y iljhrhbalds ih arlthrlc hb `d lbilzdalñby d`edahbdelhbtc quh djhatdb ih edbhrd ilrhatd `dpcsthrlcr rhauphrdalñb ih `d lbjcredalñb nräjlad. Dacbtlbudalñb vhrhecs d`nubcs ih hstcs pubtcs, `cs quhsh prhshbtdb d ildrlc.

=.4 Qlbñblecs

Xbd iljlau`tdi gdstdbth a`drd hb `cs nrdbihs dramlvcs yac`haalcbhs hs `d prhshbtdalñb ih tìrelbcs slbñblecs, hbhsphald` audbic acelhbzdb acb `htrd iljhrhbth6

ADWDQXALDQNDELBHQBLÔCQ IH @D AD@@H

[H@DJXQYDBHQ[H@DJXQYDBL@@CQ



4;;

Ycics scb tìrelbcs acrrhatcs hb audbtc d` usc ih`lilced. [hrc, sl bc sh trdzd ubd pdutd ih bcred`lzdalñb

pdrd ubljladr`cs, `d lbjcredalñb sh ilshelbd hb audtrc`htrds iljhrhbths6 A, N, B y [, y pcr `c tdbtc, hb iljhrhbthssltlcs ih` dramlvc y ih `cs rhnlstrcs d`jdgìtlacs, yd shdb`lstds c gdshs ih idtcs utl`lzdics acec ehilcs duxl`ldrhspdrd `cad`lzdalñb. Hstd iljlau`tdi suh`h prhshbtdrsh scgrhtcic hb `cs nrdbihs dramlvcs, icbih scb vdrlds `dsphrscbds hbadrndids ih prcahscs tìablacs acec scb `dlihbtljladalñb, a`dsljladalñb y adtd`cndalñb ih` edthrld`, ydquh hstd `dgcr sh hbauhbtrd sufhtd d `d iljhrhbald iharlthrlcs y ih vcadgu`drlc hxlsthbths hbtrh h` phrscbd`, y `döblad scùalñb hs rhidatdr ubd `lstd ih acbtrc` cil`lnhbaldr ub jcredtc ih hbtrdid hb ubd gdsh ih idtcs,hb icbih sh pcirä lbaùlr `ds rhjhrhbalds ih ZHD y ihZHD DIHEDQ.

Ql sh ihalih utl`lzdr h` tìrelbc NDELBHQ, tcics `csiheäs thbiräb, bhahsdrldehbth, ubd rhelslñb mdaldilamc hbadghzdelhbtc, dså6

[h`djustdbhsZHD (c XQH)NDELBHQ

AdrdsualdsZHD (c XQH)NDELBHQ

=.7 Qhuiñblecs

Bdturdèhbth quh bc mdgrä iljlau`tdi audbic h` edthrld`nräjlac ih ub phrscbdfh ``hnd d` dramlvc lihbtljladic acb

su shuiñblec y `cs usudrlcs `c sc`laltdb pcr ì`, acecsuahih acb Hiscb Drdbths ic Bdsalehbtc, qulhb slheprhsh md acbcalic acec [h`ì. [hrc audbic mdy edthrld` yd



4;4

rhnlstrdic pcr bcegrh y tdeglìb pcr shuiñblec, mdgräquh hep`hdr `ds rhsphatlvds rhjhrhbalds pdrd augrlr tcid

pcslgl`lidi hb h` prcahsc ih rhauphrdalñb.

ECWHBC, EdrlcZHD DIHEDQADBYLBJ@DQ

ADBYLBJ@DQZHD DIHEDQECWHBC, Edrlc

Hb h` hfhep`c dbthrlcr, ubd hs `d phrscbd c datcr y ctrc hsh` phrscbdfh lbthrprhtdic. Qhråd ihsdahrtdic a`dsljladrubd nräjlad ih ‐Edrlc Ecrhbc― acec ‐ADBYLBJ@DQ―, sldpdrhah hb trdfh ih ad``h, td` acec hb su vlid prlvdid, bcacec h` añelac ih `d pdbtd``d albhedtcnräjlad. Qlb

hegdrnc, pciråd ac`cadrsh tcic h` edthrld` rhublic hbECWHBC, Edrlc y mdahr ubd rhjhrhbald ih ZHD, quhrhelth ih ‐Adbtlbj`ds― mdald ECWHBC.

ADBYLBJ@DQ(Qhuiñblec drtåstlac ih Edrlc Ecrhbc)

c, ADBYLBJ@DQ

ZHDECWHBC, Edrlc.

=.1 Mceñblecs

Audbic caurrh hstd hvhbtud`lidi, `c eäs präatlac hsiljhrhbaldr d adid phrscbdfh acb idtcs dilalcbd`hs d`bcegrh, acec scb h` shnubic dph``lic, `d bdalcbd`lidi,

prcjhslñb, tåtu`c, adrnc, y ihgh mdahrsh hb h` rhnlstrcutl`lzdic shnöb h` dramlvc. Dså, @C[HV, D`jcbsc



4;7

(Cicbtñ`cnc), bc pcirä acbjubilrsh acb @C[HV, D`jcbsc(Adbtdbth ih ñphrd).

=.9 Bcegrhs hb lilceds hxtrdbfhrcs

Hb ac`haalcbhs icbih dbtlnudehbth sh rhalgåd edthrld`ih rdilcjctcs c th`hjctcs, quh diheäs hep`hdgdb `csrhacrths ih pug`ladalcbhs leprhsds hb pdph`, y quh döbmcy rhalghb leänhbhs pcr Lbthrbht, prcvhblhbths ihilvhrscs pdåshs, hs tcidvåd ub prcg`hed trdgdfdr acbedthrld` dahrad ih phrscbdfhs auycs bcegrhs ``hndbhsarltcs ih edbhrd iljhrhbth, ihglic d `ds trdiuaalcbhs yd quh sh rhelthb ihsih `undrhs icbih sh mdg`diljhrhbths lilceds, hfhep`c6

ECDEDW H@ OMDIDJ\ECDEEDW OMDIDJ\

ECDEEHW H@ OMDIDJ\EXDDEHW H@ OMDIDJLEXDDEDW NDIIDJL

Hs a`drc quh `d iljhrhbald ih hsarlturd hbtrh adid ubc ihhstcs bcegrhs, slhbic ubd sc`d phrscbd, cadslcbdtrdueds hb `d rhauphrdalñb ih `d nräjlad, hb `dcrihbdalñb d`jdgìtlad ih` edthrld` c ih sus rhnlstrcs. Hs

bhahsdrlc hbtcbahs, lbvhstlndr auä` ih `ds jcreds ihhsarlturd hs `d acrrhatd pdrd dp`ladr`d acec ihsarlptcrihjlbltlvc y prcahsdr bctds ih ZHD c XQH pdrd `ds ctrds,acbslihrdbic `d pcslgl`lidi ih quh `cs usudrlcs mdndbubd sc`laltui pcr aud`hsqulhrd ih h``ds. Hb adsc acbtrdrlc,sh`haalcbdr `d jcred nhbhrd` y rhjhrhbaldr öbladehbthdquh``ds eäs ilsacridbths, quh bc ihghräb pdsdr ihtrhs, hvltdbic dså h` ph`lnrc ih rhadrndr h` dramlvc y sus

rhnlstrcs acb ihedsldids rhjhrhbalds.



4;1

Mdy diheäs ctrd acep`ladalñb audbic dpdrhahbbcegrhs quh bc pcihecs trdiualr, bl hbthbihecs auä`

hs `d shpdrdalñb hbtrh bcegrhs y dph``lics, acec suahihacb `cs crlhbtd`hs6 fdpcbhshs, acrhdbcs, ärdghs, lbiöhs?hb `cs bcegrhs amlbcs `d prlehrd pd`dgrd hs h` dph``lic yed` mdrådecs hb lbvhrtlr`cs. Zhdecs d`nubcs hfhep`cs ihiljhrhbth bdalcbd`lidi6

MQLDBN BDL OXDBNFDGHW D@-DMEDI D@-QDGDMFDNECMDB EDMDFDB BDBIDEDC YQHYXBNECMDEHI AHIILO GHB\DMLD

Dbth `d iljlau`tdi pdrd hsa`drhahr auä` pd`dgrd hs bcegrhy auä` c auä`hs scb dph``lics, `c eäs cphrdbth hs rhd`lzdrubd hbtrdid ilrhatd, td` acec sh hsarlgh, slb lbvhrtlr `cs

tìrelbcs, h`lelbdbic h` rlhsnc ih phrihr h` edthrld`dèdahbdic hb ubd pd`dgrd quh bc bcs grlbid blbnubdshnurlidi ih quh hs bcegrh c dph``lic. Ih hstd edbhrdsdgrhecs quh hstcs adscs iljåal`hs slheprh hbtrdb pcrbcegrh. [cr ctrd pdrth, `cs datud`hs prcnrdeds ihaceputdicr bcs phrelthb `d nrdb vhbtdfd ih rhauphrdrbcegrhs ih phrscbds slb bhahslidi ih acep`ladr `dsacsds shpdrdbic bcegrhs y dph``lics, puhstc quh gdstd

acb lbnrhsdr`cs ilrhatdehbth, hfhep`c6

Qd`vdicr Fcrnh G`dbac (Hxprhslihbth ih Whpög`ladIcelbladbd) auycs dph``lics scb FCWNH G@DBAC, bcshrä ub prcg`hed pdrd h` dèdahbdelhbtc bl `drhauphrdalñb ih sus jctcnrdjåds, yd quh lbnrhsdrä tdàcec suhbd.

D` rhsphatc, bc hs shbsdtc shpdrdr `cs phrscbdfhs hbBDALCBD@HQ y H]YWDBFHWCQ acec dacstuegrdbd`nubcs dramlvcs, yd quh euamcs lbilvliucs bdalcbd`hs



4;9

tlhbhb bcegrhs hb lilceds jcräbhcs y vlahvhrsd. \d shmdnd `d sc`laltui vhrgdèhbth c pcr hsarltc, sl h`

hbadrndic bc acbcah d` phrscbdfh, tdbtc `d prcbubaldalñbacec `d hsarlturd prciuahb rulic lbhvltdg`h hb `d helslñby ihaciljladalñb ih` ehbsdfh, puhs dpdrhbthehbthJrdbo`lb Blamc`s Hdstedb, Jlcrh``d [hrlbl, Bdild Odtlam,Hèutm Gh``lbnrcbit, Judi Amdr Dgid`d, Hrlod Qamu`tz y

Dzrlh` Glg`lcwlas, scb phrscbdfhs ih aud`qulhr pdåshurcphc, audbic hb rhd`lidi scb ac`cegldbcs, elhbtrdsquh Qmlecb [ìrhz, [hirc Ih`ndic y Ilhnc Wlvhrd,pcirådb mdahrbcs phbsdr quh scb ih hsth pdås, ehbcs ihLsrdh`, Hspdôd y Eìxlac hb su acrrhspcbilhbth crihb,pdåshs ih icbih scb hb rhd`lidi.

=.8 Adeglc ih dph``lic

Quahihb adsl slheprh acb bcegrhs ih eufhrhs adsdids

y ub a`drc hfhep`c hs h` ih Qth``d Eärquhz Qdwdisoy,qulhb acec rhlbd ih gh``hzd hb 4<:4 puhih thbhr ubh`hvdic böehrc ih jctcnrdjåds yd rhnlstrdids hb h`dramlvc. [hrc, d pdrtlr ih `d jhamd ih su edtrlecblc, hlbaùslvh euamcs dôcs ihspuìs, ``hnd edthrld`lihbtljladic acec Qth``d ih Drdbhtd. Ql bc hs rhacbcalidhb h` ecehbtc ih su a`dsljladalñb y dèdahbdelhbtc, `dacbshauhbald hs quh `d prlehrd pdrth ih sus jctcs quhid

dramlvdid hb `d `htrd ‐E― pcr EÄWTXHV QD ̂DIQO\,Qth``d. \ `ds nräjlads pcsthrlcrhs lräb d `d `htrd ‐D― pcr DWDBHYD, Qth``d ih.

Ql h` dramlvlstd `cnrd lihbtljladr`d iäbicsh auhbtd ih`prcg`hed, tlhbh ics d`thrbdtlvds. [rlehrd6 hb adsc ih quhdöb bc sh muglhrd dramlvdic blbnubd jctcnrdjåd pcr

DWDBHYD, a`dsljladr `ds buhvds leänhbhs pcr

EÄWTXHV IH DWDBHYD, Qth``d pdrd quh h` edthrld` bcsh ilsphrsh. \, shnubid, sl ihsaugrh quh dbthrlcrehbthsh dèdahbñ edthrld` gdfc `ds ics jcreds, pcr EÄWTXHV



4;8

y pcr DWDBHYD, hxdelbdr h` vcùehb dèdahbdic hbadid ubd ih h``ds pdrd suprlelr h` ehbcr trds`diäbic`c d`

eäs buehrcsc. Bc cgstdbth, sl hb degcshbadghzdelhbtcs hxlstlhrd ihedsldic edthrld`, ihghacbtlbudr dramlväbicsh hb `d nuåd eäs lbiladid, quh hsh` dph``lic ih sc`thrd, slb c`vlidr `ds rhjhrhbalds aruzdidsquh rhelthb pdrd`h`dehbth ih ubc d ctrc dph``lic, c shd,ZHD DIHEDQ.

=.: Whnlcbd`lsecs

Quahih quh euamcs tìrelbcs vdrådb ih slnbljladic shnöb`d rhnlñb c pdås ih crlnhb. Bc mdy edycr cgstäau`c pdrdh` prcahsdelhbtc ih` edthrld` `cad`, phrc så sh iljlau`td `da`dsljladalñb ih `ds jctcnrdjåds rhalglids ih` hxtrdbfhrc. Ql``hnd ih Hspdôd ubd nräjlad ih alndrrl``cs hb auydlihbtljladalñb sh ihsarlghb acec [LYL@@CQ, hb Ac`cegld

bc puhih dèdahbdrsh gdfc hsth tìrelbc, puhs hb hsthpdås ‐pltl``cs― scb `cs tugltcs hep`hdics pdrd ghghr`åqulics. Hsth adsc prhshbtd ubd vdrldalñb, sl ubac`cegldbc hb Hspdôd rhnlstrd ubd jctcnrdjåd ih pltl``cs,acec ì` `cs acbcah, audbic d``ä ihghrä mdahr`c gdfc h`hbadghzdelhbtc [DFL@@DQ. [cr tdbtc, hb adid dramlvc cac`haalñb ihgh acbshrvdrsh `d hxprhslñb `lbnðåstlad ih`pdås, prcvlbald, ihpdrtdehbtc c ùndr, puhs sh trdtd

hshbaldèhbth ih ugladr y rhauphrdr acb hjlalhbald hèdthrld` jctcnräjlac dèdahbdic, bc tdbtc ih rhsphtdr ubdshrlh ih tìrelbcs quh scb acrrhatcs c lbacrrhatcs sñ`c ihdauhric acb h` sltlc ih icbih adid qulhb prcvlhbh.

=.> Edthrld` slb idtcs

Hb d`nubcs dramlvcs y ac`haalcbhs hs jrhauhbth `d

rhahpalñb ih edthrld`hs jctcnräjlacs slb idtcs ihlihbtljladalñb. Ihsih ùhnc, acbvlhbh mdahr `c pcslg`h pcracbcahr ih quì sh trdtd `d lednhb6 qulìb hs ub



4;:

phrscbdfh, quì ùndr hs h` jctcnrdjldic, ih quì trdtd ubdhsahbd. Hb adsc ih bc cgthbhr blbnubd lbjcredalñb,

acrrhspcbih d` dramlvlstd dp`ladr ubd acrrhatdlbthrprhtdalñb ih `cs h`hehbtcs vlsud`hs scgrhsd`lhbthshb `d jctcnrdjåd, pdrd, ih dauhric acb h``cs, ihalilr sl shdèdahbdrä gdfc d`nöb thed ötl`, c, pcr h` acbtrdrlc, sl bcehrhah jcredr pdrth ih `d ac`haalñb y ihgh ehfcrh`lelbdrsh, hvltdbic ih dbthedbc `d daueu`dalñb ihedthrld`hs hb td` acbilalñb. Bc cgstdbth, aulidrä acbrhspcbsdgl`lidi y arlthrlc prcjhslcbd` dquh``ds jctcnrdjådsquh pcr su tcbd`lidi y acbthblic vlsud` prledrlc sunlhrdb`d pcslgl`lidi ih ubd pcsthrlcr lihbtljladalñb, dså acec ihshr dbtlnuds y vd`lcsds.

=.= Edthrld` ihthrlcrdic

@cs edthrld`hs nräjlacs hb ed` hstdic ih acbshrvdalñb

bhahsltdb ubd jdsh ih rhstdurdalñb hb `d aud` sh acrrlnhbihtd``hs acec rupturds, icg`hahs, edbamds, ihac`crdalñby ctrcs, trdgdfc quh sh rhd`lzd pcr hsphald`lstds hb`dgcrdtcrlcs dihaudics. Cadslcbdèhbth puhihb tcedrshrhprciuaalcbhs jctcnräjlads c lbthrbhndtlvcs, quh jdal`ltdb`d cgthbalñb ih acplds acb ehfcrhs adrdathråstladsvlsud`hs y ih acbshrvdalñb.

=.< Jcredtcs

Bc mdy blbnöb trdstcrbc hb h` prcahsc ihdèdahbdelhbtc audbic `d ac`haalñb c dramlvc rhalghedthrld`hs prcahihbths ih ub `dgcrdtcrlc prcplc ih `dhbtlidi c heprhsd, puhstc quh shnurdehbth utl`lzdräbjcredtcs prh-hstdg`halics pdrd sus bhndtlvcs,ildpcsltlvds y acplds scgrh pdph`, hep`hdbic ecgl`ldrlcs

dacrihs acb hscs tdedôcs. [hrc caurrh quh hbcadslcbhs lbnrhsdb jctcnrdjåds acb ehilids dfhbds d `dsacrrlhbths hb `d ac`haalñb, yd shdb edycrhs c euy



4;>

phquhôds, cg`lndbic d gusadr d`thrbdtlvds pdrd sud`edahbdelhbtc. Ih acbtdr acb hspdalc sujlalhbth, sh

puhih acbjcredr ub ecgl`ldrlc y scpcrths dihaudics dtd`hs jcredtcs, hb shaalcbhs shpdrdids, phrc hb blbnubdlbstdbald sh ihgh rhacrtdr `cs jcredtcs nrdbihs pdrdjcrzdr`cs d hbadfdr hb `cs ehilcs yd hstdg`halics, puhstcquh bc sh mdråd ctrd acsd quh rcephr `d ublidiicauehbtd` phrfuiladbic c ihstruyhbic h` acbfubtchshbald` ih `d lednhb.



4;=



4;<

<. ACBQHWZDALCB

@d sd`d c ùndr hb icbih quhidb ugladics `cs ihpñsltcsihgh rhublr ihthrelbdids acbilalcbhs ih shnurlidi,acecilidi y hstìtlad, quh acbstltuydb ub sltlc ih trdgdfcpräatlac y scgrlc phrc dnrdidg`h. Hb hsth pubtc sh trdtdb`cs h`hehbtcs eäs lepcrtdbths d acbslihrdr.

<.4 Adusds ih ihthrlcrc

@d muehidi hs ub h`hehbtc quh prhalsd ih suec

aulidic, yd quh jäalèhbth ``hnd d ihstrulr `ds leänhbhsjctcnräjlads, glhb shd pcr hxahsc c pcr adrhbald hb sublvh`dalñb. @d muehidi ih` ehilc deglhbth, c muehidirh`dtlvd, acrrhspcbih d` vdpcr ih dnud quh, hb pcrahbtdfhvdrldg`h shnöb `d ìpcad y ùndr, hstä prhshbth hb `ddteñsjhrd y `c eäs dacbshfdg`h hs prcaurdr quh `dmuehidi rh`dtlvd79 sh hbauhbtrh dprcxledidehbth hbtrhh` 9; y :; pcr alhbtc.

Xbd muehidi suphrlcr jdvcrhah `d dpdrlalñb y ihsdrrc``cih mcbncs scgrh `d ph`åau`d, vlslg`hs hb jcred ihedbamds y ecmc quh vuh`vhb l`hnlg`h `d lednhb. @dmuehidi trdbsjcred `cs rhsliucs quåelacs prhshbths hb`cs edthrld`hs jctcnräjlacs yd prcahsdics, hb sugstdbaldsquåelads acrrcslvds quh pdu`dtlbdehbth ihstruyhb `dsleänhbhs jctcnräjlads, dpdrth ih quh `d muehidi pcr så

79 QCAWDYHQ IH C@LZHLWD, Fcdc. Edbud` prdtlac ihprhshrvdadc jctcnrdjlad. Qdc [du`c6 Eushu id Lbiustrld,Acehralc h Yhabc`cnld, 4<=;.



44;

sc`d datöd acec hec`lhbth ih `d heu`slñb. Audbic `dmuehidi hstä prhshbth fubtc acb h` ad`cr, h` prcahsc ih

ihthrlcrc hs dah`hrdic puhs h` ad`cr dg`dbid `d nh`dtlbd yphrelth ubd edycr phbhtrdalñb ih `d muehidi. Hb ctrdspd`dgrds, h` ad`cr dprhsurd `d mlirñ`lsls, hstc hs, `d daalñbih `d muehidi.

[cr sus acepuhstcs quåelacs `cs edthrld`hs jctcnräjlacsscb d`tdehbth shbslg`hs d` ad`cr y sl `cs rdycs sc`drhsadhb ilrhatd c lbilrhatdehbth scgrh `cs edthrld`hs c susacbthbhicrhs sh prciuahb hjhatcs lrrhvhrslg`hs, yd quhhb pcac tlhepc sh vuh`vhb rhshacs y quhgrdilzcs y `dsacplds scgrh pdph` diqulhrhb ubd ac`crdalñb dedrl``hbtdquh sh csaurhah nrdiud`ehbth mdstd hbbhnrhahr pcracep`htc `d jctcnrdjåd. @cs rhsliucs quåelacs ih` prcahscjctcnräjlac scb adusds aceubhs pdrd h` ihthrlcrc ih `dsedtrlahs y ih `ds acplds hb pdph`. \ hstc suahih pcr

lbhxphrlhbald c prheurd ih` `dgcrdtcrlstd audbic bcrhd`lzd ub aulidicsc `dvdic ih` edthrld` hbtrh `cs pdscsih rhvh`dic y jlfdic, auyd acbshauhbald hs `dacbtdelbdalñb ih` jlfdicr, quh id d `d jctcnrdjåd ubdtcbd`lidi csaurd quh sh dahbtöd acb h` trdbsaursc ih`tlhepc. Ydeglìb `cs acbtdelbdbths deglhbtd`hs datödbacec rhgdfdicrhs ih `d lednhb, ihsvdbhalìbic`d`hbtdehbth elhbtrds sh tcrbd dedrl``hbtd.

Ctrc dnhbth acbcalic y ihstruatlvc hs h` ecmc. @dmuehidi acbtrlguyh hb `d jcredalñb ih ac`cblds ihmcbncs quh dtdadb `d heu`slñb jctcnräjlad y ``hndb dihsacepcbhr tctd`ehbth `d lednhb, tdbtc hb `csedthrld`hs d ac`cr acec hb g`dbac y bhnrc.

@cs phndbths, pcr rhn`d nhbhrd` äalics h mlnrcsañplacs,

acbtrlguyhb ih lnud` edbhrd d` ihthrlcrc ih `dsjctcnrdjåds. @d dalihz nhbhrdid pcr `cs phndbths datödscgrh `ds sd`hs ih p`dtd hb jcred slel`dr d` mlpcsu`jltc ih



444

scilc, prcvcadbic `d pìrilid ih `d lednhb d` d`thrdr ihedbhrd prcjubid `d hstruaturd ih su scpcrth. Audbic bc

sh utl`lzd edthrld`hs dprcpldics pdrd hstd jlbd`lidi, `dsacplds hbedradids scb adbilidtds prcplalds pdrd ubräplic ihthrlcrc. Dpdrth ih `cs hjhatcs idôlbcs ih`phndbth scgrh h` edthrld` jctcnräjlac, ubd jctcnrdjådhbedradid sujrh diheäs h` phrfulalc adusdic pcr `d`lghrdalñb ih ndshs äalics hedbdics ih` pdph` c adrtñbscgrh h` aud` sh md ecbtdic. @cs pdph`hs, audbic bc shmdb trdtdic acb jlbhs jctcnräjlacs, scb pcthbaldèhbthäalics. Hb prhshbald ih ub d`tc blvh` ih muehidi, `ddalihz sh lbarhehbtd lblaldbic ub prcahsc shehfdbth d`nhbhrdic pcr `cs rhsliucs ih` mlpcsu`jltc ih scilc.

@d edblpu`dalñb lbacrrhatd hs tdeglìb adusd jrhauhbth ynrdvh pdrd h` ihthrlcrc. @cs bhndtlvcs, `ds acplds yhsphaldèhbth `ds p`dads ih vlirlc scb euy shbslg`hs

dbth aud`qulhr ihsaulic y hb ubd acpld icg`did hslepcslg`h h`lelbdr `d muh``d ihfdid pcr h` icg`hz. @dsleprhslcbhs ilnltd`hs scgrh `d heu`slñb ih `cs bhndtlvcs,ildpcsltlvds y acplds hb pdph`, puhihb cadslcbdr idôcslrrhpdrdg`hs puhs `d plh` acbtlhbh äalics nrdscs quhd`thrdb h` hqul`lgrlc ih `ds heu`slcbhs y scbpräatladehbth lepcslg`hs ih gcrrdr.

@d ùz hxahslvd lep`lad duehbtc ih `d thephrdturd hbihtrlehbtc ih `cs edthrld`hs jctcnräjlacs y, pcr ctrd pdrth,`d jd`td ih ùz jdvcrhah h` lbarhehbtc ih dbled`hs hlbshatcs, y adbsd prcbtc d qulhbhs ihghb phredbhahreuamc tlhepc hb `cs ihpñsltcs.

Xb ecgl`ldrlc slb dlrhdalñb c quh phreltd `d daueu`dalñbih ad`cr, idôd lnudèhbth `cs edthrld`hs. [cr h``c sh

rhacelhbid bc hep`hdr adfds ih edihrd puhstc quh ìstddgscrgh y acbshrvd muehidi quh pcsthrlcrehbth shtrds`did d` edthrld` jctcnräjlac. D`nubds edihrds pcshhb,



447

diheäs, rhslbds äalids quh puhihb cadslcbdr shrlds`hslcbhs d `ds leänhbhs.

Ctrcs dnhbths phrfuilald`hs scb h` pc`vc, `d jd`td ihvhbtl`dalñb, `cs rchicrhs, hsphald`ehbth rdtds, h lbshatcsacec `ds pc`l``ds, h` ncrncfc y h` acehfìb.

<.7 Whacehbidalcbhs pdrd `d acbshrvdalñb

Ydbtc hb `cs `dgcrdtcrlcs acec hb h` ärhd ih ihpñsltc shihgh prhstdr euamd dthbalñb d `ds tughråds, h` plsc, `cseurcs y h` thamc. Ih dauhric acb h` a`led y `d muehidirh`dtlvd, pciråd bhahsltdrsh `d lbstd`dalñb ih ub slsthedih dlrh dacbilalcbdic quh phreltd acbshrvdr ubdthephrdturd prcehilc hbtrh `cs :8 y >; nrdicsJdmrhbmhlt, hqulvd`hbths d 4= y 74 nrdics ahbtånrdics,dså acec acbtrc`dr h` nrdic ih muehidi rh`dtlvd, hb ub

rdbnc ih 9; d :;, y hjhatudr acbtrc`hs ildrlcs, trhs vhahsd` iåd, ehildbth ub threc-mlnrñehtrc.

Hs jubidehbtd` quh `cs ihpñsltcs phredbhzadbacep`htdehbth `lgrhs ih pc`vc. [drd h``c sh sunlhrhutl`lzdr dacbilalcbdicrhs ih dlrh acb vhbtl`dicr, chxtrdatcrhs ih dlrh quh pcshdb ub jl`trc gdstdbth jlbc.

H` plsc bubad ihgh augrlrsh acb d`jcegrds bl tdphths. Ihacbslihrdrsh bhahsdrlc, sh puhih utl`lzdr ub pdsl``c ih`lbñ`hc u ctrc edthrld` shehfdbth. Ql h` plsc juhrd ihedihrd hs dacbshfdg`h dp`ladr ubd rhslbdlephrehdgl`lzdbth, dubquh hs prhjhrlg`h usdr plscs ihgd`icsd c ih vlbl`c.

@ds vhbtdbds ihghb ahrrdrsh acb edihrd aurdid c

a`dusurdr`ds ihjlbltlvdehbth acb `dirl``c y ahehbtc.



441

Qh ihgh thbhr hsphald` aulidic acb `d lùelbdalñb. Bubadutl`lzdr `äepdrds jùcrhsahbths y eäs glhb cptdr pcr

gcegl``ds ih gdfd lbthbslidi acec 9; ^dtlcs c ehbcs ybc phreltlr quh `d ùz ih` sc` phbhtrh d` ihpñsltc. @cstrdgdfcs ih lihbtljladalñb, adtd`cndalñb y iheäs prcahscsihghb rhd`lzdrsh juhrd ih` ärhd ih dèdahbdelhbtc.

H` thamc y `ds pdrhihs ihghb plbtdrsh acb ubd guhbdadpd ih plbturd grl``dbth, acb prhjhrhbald pcr h` ac`crarhed c dedrl``c a`drc.

Qh hvltdrä `d prhshbald ih phrscbds hb h` ärhd ihdèdahbdelhbtc c ärhd a`ledtlzdid y sh rhacelhbid shrhstrlatcs hb audbtc d` bc acbsuec ih d`lehbtcs y ghglidshb `cs ihpñsltcs.

@d `leplhzd ih` ärhd ihgh mdahrsh acb ubd scùalñb ih`

4;% ih jcrec` (4;;e` pcr adid `ltrc ih dnud) ics vhahspcr shedbd, acb ub pdôc `leplc ecfdic hb hstd scùalñb,y ùhnc shadr acb ctrc pdôc.

H` ärhd ih ihpñsltc ihgh acbthbhr öbladehbth `cseuhg`hs hb `cs aud`hs sh dèdahbd h` edthrld` jctcnräjlacy sh rhacelhbid6

Xsdr euhg`hs ih edthrld` hsed`tdic.

@cs dramlvdicrhs ihghb thbhr crljlalcs pdrd hbtrdid yalrau`dalñb ih` dlrh, phrc ilamcs crljlalcs hstdräb prcvlstcsih ub jl`trc pdrd hvltdr `d hbtrdid ih pc`vc.

Ac`cadr `cs dramlvdicrhs c hstdbthråds d ubd d`turdeåbled ih 7; ae scgrh h` suh`c pdrd phreltlr ub acrrhatc

dshc.



449

Ql sh utl`lzd ubd ehsd ih edihrd hb h` ärhd ih ihpñsltc,ihghrä augrlrsh acb vlirlc.

Hs euy lepcrtdbth acbslihrdr `d hbvc`turd ih `csedthrld`hs jctcnräjlacs. Acbvlhbh shpdrdr h` ac`cr ih`g`dbac y bhnrc acec tdeglìb `ds acplds hb pdph` ih `csbhndtlvcs y ildpcsltlvds, puhs `cs pdph`hs scb d`tdehbthmlnrcsañplacs y daueu`db muehidi quh ùhnc threlbdräaceprcehtlhbic d `cs edthrld`hs ih dahtdtc. [cr tdbtc,hs lbilsphbsdg`h ihstlbdr ub ärhd ih ihpñsltchxaùslvdehbth pdrd bhndtlvcs y ildpcsltlvds, y ctrd pdrd`ds acplds pcsltlvds hb pdph`. @d hbvc`turd ih `csedthrld`hs ihgh shr `lnhrdehbth edycr quh ìstcs pdrdjdal`ltdr `d dlrhdalñb y hvltdr quh sh phnuhb.

Hb dramlvcs ih acbshrvdalñb phredbhbth hs usud` quh`ds acplds hb pdph`, lbaùlids `ds ih acbsu`td, sh prcthfdb

hb ubd hbvc`turd ih pdph` el`dbc, trhs ih auycs `dics shphndb acb ubd ehza`d ih hbnruic bdturd` y tlec`.Hvlihbthehbth ubd ehilid shehfdbth cadslcbdrä ndstcsy trdgdfc dilalcbd` hb ub dramlvc c ac`haalñb ih acbsu`tdräplid. Bc cgstdbth, y d rlhsnc ih phrihr dbudèhbtheuamcs ih sus pcsltlvcs öblacs, ihthrlcrdics pcr h` uscildrlc y h` trdbsaursc ih` tlhepc, thbiräb quh prhstdraulidicsd dthbalñb d sus bhndtlvcs y ildpcsltlvds

edtrlahs y ihsdrrc``dr lbthrbhndtlvcs ih dquh``dsleänhbhs quh bc auhbtdb acb acplds bl acb bhndtlvcscrlnlbd`hs, acb elrds d su prhshrvdalñb y pdrd hep`hc hbrhprciuaalcbhs pcsthrlcrhs.

Aud`qulhr idtc hsarltc hb h` gcrih c hb h` scpcrth ih ubdjctcnrdjåd ihgh mdahrsh acb tlbtd bhutrd acec hs `d tlbtdamlbd.



448

Ohp`hr 78 rhjlrlìbicsh d prcg`heds adusdics pcr adfds ymcfds ih [ZA (pc`yvlbyàm`crlih) hb bhndtlvcs y

ildpcsltlvds, hxprhsd ubd prcjubid prhcaupdalñb pcr `csidôcs quh ìstcs puilhrdb sujrlr. H` [ZA y `cs darå`lacsacbtlhbhb p`dstljladbths, sc`vhbths y rhsliucsadtd`lzdicrhs, `cs aud`hs sh vc`dtl`lzdb phrfuiladbiclrrhpdrdg`hehbth h` edthrld` jctcnräjlac. Qunlhrh acecscùalñb bc hep`hdr adfds bl ä`guehs auyds mcfds shdbih [ZA c darå`lacs, usdbic hb su ùndr adfds ih adrtñb ymcfds ih adrtu`lbd ihsdaliljladids, acb phrjcrdalcbhs decic ih vhbtdbds, quh sl glhb bc prcthnhb d `csbhndtlvcs y ildpcsltlvds acbtrd dnhbths acec h` pc`vc y hàcbtdatc acb `cs ihics, så scb shnurds pcr bc acbthbhrh`hehbtcs vc`ätl`hs. Dså elsec prcpcbh h` hep`hc ihä`guehs ih pc`lurhtdbc acb mcfds ih pc`lhtl`hbc, `csaud`hs bc prhshbtdb hjhatcs idôlbcs acec h` [ZA.

Gcènrhb

7:

acehbtd quh sus ildpcsltlvds sujrlhrcbnrdvhs phrfulalcs d adusd ih` [ZA y rhacelhbid usdr,acec ì`, mcfds ih p`ästlac ey`dr, ub pc`lìsthr `lgrh ihdiltlvcs vc`ätl`hs y ih p`dstljladbths, h` aud` hs 18; vhahseäs rhslsthbth quh h` pc`lhtl`hbc, hvltdbic `d iljuslñb ihndshs pcùtdbths acec h` ehtdbc, ilñxlic ih su`jurc yctrcs. Whacelhbid hsphaåjladehbth h` ey`dr tlpc I.

Bc cgstdbth `cs acbahptcs dbthrlcrhs, `ds adfds p`ästladsy `cs ä`guehs acb mcfds ih p`ästlac trdbspdrhbth yj`hxlg`h scb `cs eäs hep`hdics d`rhihicr ih` eubic.Tulzäs bc shd acbvhblhbth vhr `ds acsds ihsih ubäbnu`c jdtd`lstd yd quh `cs prlbalpd`hs dsphatcs bhndtlvcsih ilamcs eìtcics ih dèdahbdelhbtc scb `d bhahslidiih rhecvhr jrhauhbthehbth `cs edthrld`hs pdrd hvltdr quh

78 OH[@HW, Mhrghr. ‐^my amdbah idednlbn s`lihs lb[ZA3― Ecihrb pmctcnrdpmy 98 (=)6 Dunust, 4<=4. 7: GC@ENWHB, Wcghrt. ‐@htthrs tc tmh hiltcr―. Ecihrbpmctcnrdpmy. 98 (4)6 Bcv. 4<=4.



44:

sh phnuhb acb `ds mcfds, `d adfd c hbtrh så, y pdrdphreltlr`hs ubd dlrhdalñb ghbìjlad. Hvltdr d tcid acstd `d

muehidi y h`lelbdr `cs rdycs sc`drhs.

[drd acba`ulr, pcr blbnöb ectlvc ihghb jd`tdr `cshxtlbtcrhs acbtrd lbahbilcs, prhjhrlg`hehbth `cs ih` tlpc

DGA Eu`tlprcpñsltc, ac`cadics hb sltlcs hstrdtìnlacs y ihjäal` daahsc.



44>

GLG@LCNWDJLD

‐Dgsuh`tc ub hstuildbth pcr jctc ih H` Ylhepc―. Gcnctä6 H`Ylhepc, Edyc 7> ih 4<>=, pdn. = G.

DWBMHLE, Wuic`j. ‐³Tuì hs `d jctcnrdjåd3―. Jdahtds < (1)64<>:.

GD\CBD EDWYLBHV, D`cbsc. Dgcndic. Hbtrhvlstd phrscbd`.Gcnctä6 Dncstc ih 7;47.

GC@ENWHB, Wcghrt. ‐@htthrs tc tmh hiltcr―. Ecihrbpmctcnrdpmy. 98 (4)6 Bcv. 4<=4.

GXLYWDNC @C[HV, H`ohr. Edbud` ih ihrhamc ih `dsaceubladalcbhs hb Ac`cegld. Gcnctä6 Hilac`id, 4<=;.

IXAMHLB, Elamh`. @cs cgstäau`cs quh sh cpcbhb d` daahsc, d`d utl`lzdalñb y d `d trdbsjhrhbald ih `d lbjcredalñb acbshrvdid

hb `cs dramlvcs6 Xb hstuilc ih WDE[. [drås6 Xbhsac, 4<=1.

Hxtrdatcs trdiualics ih ‐Jdecus pmctcnrdpmhrs samcc`―. Ad`l6Xblvhrslidi ih` Zd``h, elehcnrdjldic.

Jcredtcs ih dramlvcs ilnltd`hs _hb `åbhdU Ilspcblg`h hb6mttp6//www.ilnltd`jctcrhi.acelednhbilnltd`/jcredtcsdramlvcs.mte (Acbsu`td6 = Bcvlhegrh 7;44).

Jctc Ilnltd` Eìxlac _hb `åbhdU Ilspcblg`h hb6mttp6//dbd`lslsnrdjlac.wcriprhss.ace/7;;:/;=78/mlstcrld-ih-`d-jctcnrdjld-ilnltd`-%A7%GJicbih-lbald-rhd/ (Acbsu`td6 71Bcvlhegrh 7;44).

Jctcnrdjåd ilnltd` _hb `åbhdU Ilspcblg`h hb6mttp6//hs.wlolphild.crn/wlol/Jctcnrdj%A1%DIdSilnltd`(Acbsu`td6 = Bcvlhegrh 7;44).

JWH\QAM@DN, H`lzdghtm O. ‐[laturh pcstadris6 Crndblzlbn dac``hatlcb―. Qphald` `lgrdrlhs >4 (8-:)6 Edy-Fub, 4<=;.













44=

OH[@HW, Mhrghr. ‐^my amdbah idednlbn s`lihs lb [ZA3―Ecihrb pmctcnrdpmy 98 (=)6 Dunust, 4<=4.

‐@d jctcnrdjåd―. @ljh 7< (7)6 Hbh. 1;, 4<:>.

@d ö`tled jctc ih `ds Ycrrhs nheh`ds _hb `åbhdU Ilspcblg`h hb6mttp6//alghrtrc`ds.g`cnspct.ace/7;;=/;</`d-`tled-jctc-ih-`ds-tcrrhs-nheh`ds-ih.mte` (Acbsu`td6 4> Bcvlhegrh 7;44).

ELFDL@CZ, D. y NXL@LDWHZQOL, W. Q. Aursc lbtrciuatcrlc ihlbjcreätlad y icauehbtdalñb. Adrdads6 Lbstltutc ihprciuatlvlidi, 4<>9.

EL@NWDE, Qtdb`hy. ‐Xb pslañ`cnc cgshrvd `d aäedrdjctcnräjlad―. Jdahtds 4; (1)6 4<>>.

Eltcs y aurlcslidihs ih `d jctcnrdjåd _hb `åbhdU Ilspcblg`h hb6mttp6//www.jctcguzz.ace/eltcs-y-aurlcslidihs-ih-`d-jctcnrdjld-y-h`-usc-ih`-pmctcsmcp (Acbsu`td6 4> Bcvlhegrh 7;44).

Ecbstruc ih` @dnc Bhss _hb `åbhdU Ilspcblg`h hb6mttp6//hs.wlolphild.crn/wlol/EcbstrucSih`S`dncSBhss (Acbsu`td64> Bcvlhegrh 7;44).

[@DVDQ, Dradilc. Hstuilc scgrh ihrhamcs ih dutcr6 Whjcred`hnd` ac`cegldbd. Gcnctä6 Yhels, 4<=9.

QAMH@@HEGHWN, Y. W. Ymh edbdnhehbt cj dramlvhs. Bhw

\cro6 Ac`uegld Xblvhrslty [rhss, 4<:8.

QCAWDYHQ IH C@LZHLWD, Fcdc. Edbud` prdtlac ihprhshrvdadc jctcnrdjlad. Qdc [du`c6 Eushu id Lbiustrld,Acehralc h Yhabc`cnld, 4<=;.

QVDWOC^QOL, Fcmb. ‐@d jctcnrdjåd, ub buhvc tlpc ih drth―.Jdahtds < (1)6 4<>:.

X[L. ‐@lghrdr d trhah hxtrhelstds―. Gcnctä6 H` Hsphatdicr, Dgrl`78 ih 4<>=, pdn. 9 D





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http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monstruo_del_lago_Ness





Archivos y colecciones fotográficas: Organización y conservación

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