Anteproyecto de Tesis Listo

8/19/2019 Anteproyecto de Tesis Listo

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UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA ANDRÉS BELLO

FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS ECONÓMICAS Y SOCIALES

ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES

CARRERA: SOCIOLOGÍA

PARTICIPACION COMUNITARIA Y SU INSIDENCIA EN EL PROCESO DE

DISEÑO DE POLITICAS PÚBLICAS

Autor:

Karel! Sa"tel#$

Cara%a!& Fe'rero (e )*+,

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Índice

CA-ITULO I.......................................................................................................... 3

-LANTEAMIENTO DEL -ROBLEMA.....................................................................3

-re.u"ta (e I"/e!t#.a%#0"........................................................................................7

-re.u"ta! e!1e%23#%a!:.............................................................................................8

O'4et#/o Ge"eral:.................................................................................................. 8

O'4et#/o! E!1e%23#%o!:............................................................................................8

CA-ITULO II......................................................................................................... 9

MARCO TEÓRICO...............................................................................................9

CA-ITULO III...................................................................................................... 26

MARCO METODOLOGICO................................................................................. 26

E"3o5ue 6eto(ol0.#%o.......................................................................................... 26

T7%"#%a! (e re%ole%%#0" (e (ato!:............................................................................28

-o'la%#0".......................................................................................................... 29

Mue!tra............................................................................................................ 29

O1era%#o"al#$a%#0".............................................................................................. 29

B#'l#o.ra32a.......................................................................................................... 30

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CAPITULO I

PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA

El a%o"te%er %o"!t#tu%#o"al (el 6u"#%#1#o e" Ve"e$uela 8a 1a!a(o 1or (#!t#"to!a%o"te%#6#e"to!9 De!(e 5ue el Ca'#l(o (e Cara%a! e61e$0 8a!ta la lle.a(a (e la

(e6o%ra%#a e" +;t#%a& lo 5ue (#o el #"#%#o (e la (e6o%ra%#a e" Ve"e$uela9

La! #"te"%#o"e! (e (e6o%rat#$ar 3uerte6e"te el E!ta(o 8a" !#(o #61ul!a(a! 1or

Beta"%ourt lo! .o'#er"o! !#.u#e"te! a e!te& 1ero a 1e!ar (e !u! tra'a4o! e!3uer$o!& e!te 1ro%e!o 8a a/a"$a(o 6u le"ta6e"te 1ara lo.rar la (e!%e"tral#$a%#0" (e6o%rat#$a%#0" (e

la .e!t#0" 1'l#%a 5ue !e 5u#ere9

A 1art#r (e +


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La CO-RE (e!(e !u! or2.e"e! 3ue u"a re3ere"%#a #"!t#tu%#o"al a (#/er!o! 1la"e! %o"

la 3#"al#(a( (e 6e4orar el 3u"%#o"a6#e"to (e la a(6#"#!tra%#0" 1'l#%a& 1ero e"tre +


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or.a"#$a(a e4er%e" el .o'#er"o %o6u"#tar#o la .e!t#0" (#re%ta (e la! 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a!

1roe%to! or#e"ta(o! a re!1o"(er a la! "e%e!#(a(e!& 1ote"%#al#(a(e! a!1#ra%#o"e! (e la!

%o6u"#(a(e! @A!a6'lea Na%#o"al& )**: Art9 )9

La 1art#%#1a%#0" %o6u"#tar#a e" la .e!t#0" (e la! 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a! t#e"e el 1ro10!#to(e %o"!e.u#r u"a a%%#0" 6>! e3#%#e"te& a1u"ta"(o a la! 6e4ore! (#re%ta! !olu%#o"e!

1ro6o/#(a! 1or !u! #"tere!a(o!9 Lo 5ue #"/olu%rar2a el (#!eo& ela'ora%#0" e/alua%#0" (e

la! 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a! 1ert#"e"te!9 E" la! 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a! !e 1ue(e 3u"(ar u" %a61o (e

a%%#0" 3a/ora'le 1ara el #61ul!o (e u"a %#u(a(a"2a a%t#/a& 5ue 1ue(a a%tuar e" la (#re%%#0"

(e lo! a!u"to! 1'l#%o! 5ue a3e%ta" !u /#(a #"(#/#(ual %ole%t#/a9

La #61orta"%#a (e la 1art#%#1a%#0" (e la %#u(a(a"2a e" lo! a!u"to! 1'l#%o! ra(#%a e"

1o!#'#l#(a( (e al%a"$ar& (e %#erta 6a"era& u" a%%e!o a la! (e%#!#o"e! (el .o'#er"o lo%al&te"#e"(o e" %ue"ta 5ue e!to e! !#" 1erte"e%er a u"a e!tru%tura (e 1art#(o! 1ol2t#%o! o .ra(o!

a(6#"#!trat#/o!9 De e!ta 6a"era la 1art#%#1a%#0" %o6u"#tar#a& e! la lla/e 1ara la

tra"!3or6a%#0" (e lo e!tatal 1'l#%o& a1u"ta"(o a la %o"!ol#(a%#0" (e u"a .o'er"a'#l#(a(

(e6o%r>t#%a& a 5ue la 1art#%#1a%#0" %o6u"#tar#a& (#3ere"%#>"(o!e (e otro! t#1o! (e

1art#%#1a%#0"& 1art#%ular6e"te 'u!%a 5ue lo! 8a'#ta"te! #"ter/e".a" e" la! a%t#/#(a(e!

1'l#%a!& #"ter1reta"(o %laro e!t>& #"ter7! %ole%t#/o!9

-ara 5ue eJ#!ta u"a 1art#%#1a%#0" %o6u"#tar#a a%t#/a e! "e%e!ar#o e #"(#!1e"!a'le5ue lo! .o'#er"o! 1ue(a" %rear %o"(#%#o"e! (o"(e !e e"%ue"tre" e!1a%#o! (o"(e e!ta 1ue(a

1art#%#1ar& !e le to6e e" %ue"ta ta6'#7" eJ#!ta la 1re!e"%#a (e #"!tru6e"to! 5ue 1ue(a"

1er6#t#r e3e%t#/#$arla9 Se 1ue(e a3#r6ar& 5ue "o !#e61re la %#u(a(a"2a re/ela #"ter7! e" la

1art#%#1a%#0" (e !olu%#o"e! 5ue !ea" (el >6'#to 1'l#%o& "# ta61o%o e" la ele%%#0" (e u"

re1re!e"ta"te (o"(e ello! 1ue(a" tra!6#t#r !u! "e%e!#(a(e! e #"tere!e!9

Se 1la"tea 5ue el .o'#er"o& (e'e %rear #"!tru6e"to! a%tuar (e 6a"era 5ue

(e6ue!tre 5ue (e!ea" u"a %#u(a(a"2a 5ue 1ue(a 1art#%#1ar e" la! .e!t#o"e! 1'l#%a!&

6ot#/a"(o a!2 a la 1art#%#1a%#0" %o6u"#tar#a9 -ero ta6'#7" la %#u(a(a"2a (e'e !er

re!1o"!a'le e" !u 1art#%#1a%#0"& e4er%#e"(o a!2 !u! (ere%8o! 1ero te"#e"(o e" %ue"ta !u!

o'l#.a%#o"e! %o6o %#u(a(a"o!& %rea"(o %o"(#%#o"e! 3a/ora'le! 1ara u"a e!tre%8a rela%#0"

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e"tre E!ta(o=So%#e(a( C#/#l& 5ue lle/a a u"a 6e4or #61le6e"ta%#0" (e 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a!

%o" re!ulta(o! e3#%a%e!9

El %o"o%#6#e"to (er#/a(o (e la! %#e"%#a! !o%#ale!& e" e!1e%#al (e la !o%#olo.2a&

1u(#era !er u!a(o e" la to6a (e (e%#!#o"e! or#e"ta(a! a la re!olu%#0" (e lo! 1ro'le6a! (elo! %#u(a(a"o! e" el e"tor"o !o%#al9 De e!ta 6a"era& e!to! %o"o%#6#e"to! 1ue(e" 3a%#l#tar

#"3or6a%#0" a%er%a (el %o"teJto e" el 5ue !e 6a"#3#e!ta" lo! 1ro'le6a! lo! 3a%tore!

!o%#ale! 5ue 1ue(e" eJ1l#%arlo9 E" el 6o6e"to 5ue la !o%#olo.2a %o"(u%e !u! e"er.2a! a lo!

1ro'le6a! (el '#e"e!tar& !e 1ue(e (e%#r 5ue !e 1a!a al >6'#to (e la! %#e"%#a! (e la 1ol2t#%a9

@La!ell& +)9 La rela%#0" e"tre la !o%#olo.2a la! 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a! "o! o3re%e" u"a

!u1er#or re3leJ#0" ra%#o"al !o're lo! 1ro'le6a! %o6u"#tar#o! la! 1o!#'le! !olu%#o"e! 5ue

a3e%ta" a lo! a.e"te! !o%#ale!& ta6'#7" "o! o3re%e u"a .ra" 1er!1e%t#/a (e lo! 6o(elo!

!o%#ale! e #"%#erta6e"te 1ro/ee u" #"%re6e"to (e la ra%#o"al#(a( e" lo! 1ro%e!o! (e

1ro(u%%#0" (e 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a!9

-or otro la(o& al 8a%er u" /#!ta$o (e lo 5ue !e 8a (#%8o (e e!te te6a e" A67r#%a

Lat#"a& !e 1ue(e (e%#r 5ue e" C8#le& !e a"al#$a %06o !e (e'ate"& 3or6ula" e #61le6e"ta"

la! 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a! "o re1re!e"tar2a u" %a6'#o (el 6o(o tra(#%#o"al (e 3or6a%#0" (e

e!ta! 1ol2t#%a! e" la! 5ue el E!ta(o !u a1arato %e"tral %o"(u%e ta"to la !ele%%#0" (e lo!

1ro'le6a! a a'or(ar& %o6o lo! 6e%a"#!6o! 6e(#o! 1ara !u !olu%#0"9 La! re3or6a! (el

e!ta(o o (e la a(6#"#!tra%#0" (el e!ta(o 5ue !e 8a" #61le6e"ta(o e" C8#le 1rete"(e"

a%er%ar la! (e%#!#o"e! a lo! %#u(a(a"o!9 Clau(#o Orre.o @+; 1ro1o"e la 1art#%#1a%#0"

%o6u"#tar#a %o6o 1ol2t#%a 1ara 3ortale%er la re!1o"!a'#l#$a%#0" e" lo! .o'#er"o!

6u"#%#1ale! e" C8#le& la (e3#"e %o6o la! a%%#o"e! a tra/7! (e la! %uale! lo! %#u(a(a"o!

#"3lue" e" el re!ulta(o (e lo! !er/#%#o! 1'l#%o! la 3or6a e" la %ual el Go'#er"o lle/a a

%a'o !u! 3u"%#o"e!& !ea a tra/7! (el e4er%#%#o (e 1re!#o"e! 1or or.a"#$a%#o"e! eJter"a! o

6e(#a"te la 1art#%#1a%#0" (#re%ta e" la 1la"#3#%a%#0"& to6a (e (e%#!#o"e!& .e!t#0" o

e/alua%#0" (e lo! !er/#%#o! 1ro.ra6a! 1'l#%o!9

E" Colo6'#a& A"(r7! er">"(e$ @)*+*& #"/e!t#.0 !o're la -art#%#1a%#0"

Co6u"#tar#a (e!(e +* 8a!ta el )*+* e" Bo.ot>& eJ1re!a 5ue la %#u(a( (e Bo.ot> 8a

%o"ta(o %o" la eJ1a"!#0" (e e!1a%#o! #"!t#tu%#o"ale! (e 1art#%#1a%#0"& 1ero e!to! %o" el

1a!o (e lo! ao! !e 8a" (e!"atural#$a(o& "o lo.ra"(o 1ro6o/er u"a 6o/#l#$a%#0"

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1art#%#1a%#0" #"te"!a (e lo! 8a'#ta"te!& e!to !e (a 1or5ue "o !e 8a lo.ra(o e" )* ao!

%o"!tru#r la! 'a!e! 1ara 5ue lo! %#u(a(a"o! a%ta" lue.o (e lo! 1ro%e!o! ele%torale!& au"5ue

!e 8a 1re!e"%#a(o el !ur.#6#e"to (e #"#%#at#/a! 1er!o"ale! %ole%t#/a!& 5ue t#e"e %o6o 3#"

el (e /#.#lar la! a%%#o"e! (e lo! 3u"%#o"ar#o! 1'l#%o! (e"u"%#ar !u! a%to! #le.ale!& !# '#e"

e!to "o e! a!e.urar el 3ortale%#6#e"to (e la %ultura 1ol2t#%a (e6o%r>t#%a& !e e"%ue"tra e" e!e

%a6#"o9

E!ta #"/e!t#.a%#0" !e real#$ara e"3o%a(a al 6u"#%#1#o Su%re& el %ual 1erte"e%e al

E!ta(o M#ra"(a9 u"to %o" lo! 6u"#%#1#o! (e Baruta& El at#llo& C8a%ao L#'erta(or

%o"!t#tue" el D#!tr#to Metro1ol#ta"o (e Cara%a!9 El 6u"#%#1#o Su%re 1o!ee u"a 1o'la%#0"

(e ,;,9;;, 8a'#ta"te! @%#3ra (el INE )*+*& e!t> (#/#(#(o e" ; 1arro5u#a!9

Su %a1#tal e! -etare& la %ual e!t> %o"3or6a(a 1r#"%#1al6e"te 1or 'arr#o! #"3or6ale!&(o"(e la 6aor2a (e e!to! !o" 8a'#ta(o! 1or 3a6#l#a! (e 'a4o! re%ur!o!& %ara%ter#$a(o! 1or

!er/#%#o! ur'a"o! 1re%ar#o!& alto "#/el (e 6ar.#"al#(a(& 8a%#"a6#e"to %o".e!t#o"a6#e"to

ta6'#7" %o" #"!u3#%#e"te! (e3e%tuo!a! /2a! ur'a"a!9 La! %er%a"2a! (e !u %a!%o %e"tral

%o"3or6a" u"a !#."#3#%at#/a $o"a %o6er%#al& 1or el .ra" "6ero (e /e"(e(ore!

%o"!u6#(ore! 5ue re"e9

Ta6'#7"& e" e!te 6u"#%#1#o !e 1ue(e" o'!er/ar ur'a"#$a%#o"e! 1la"#3#%a(a! %o6o lo

!o": Lo6a! (el /#la& La Cal#3or"#a @Norte Sur& Col#"a! (e lo! Ru#%e!& EL Mar5ue!&Terra$a! (el /#la& Ma%ara%ua& Lo! Cort#4o!9 E!ta! ur'a"#$a%#o"e! e!t>" %ara%ter#$a(a! 1or

6e4ore! !er/#%#o! ur'a"o!& e!t>" 8a'#ta(a! 1or 3a6#l#a! 5ue 1o!ee" 6aore! re%ur!o!

e%o"06#%o! 5ue la! (e -etare9

Se (e!ea 6e(#r la 1art#%#1a%#0" %o6u"#tar#a !u #"%#(e"%#a e" el 1ro%e!o (e (#!eo

(e 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a! e" el 6u"#%#1#o Su%re& 1or !er u" 6u"#%#1#o %o" 8a'#ta"te! (#/er!o! e"

%ua"to a !u "#/el (e e(u%a%#0" e%o"06#%o9

Pregunta de Investigacin

Cu>l e! la #"%#(e"%#a (e la 1art#%#1a%#0" %o6u"#tar#a e" el 1ro%e!o (e (#!eo (e 1ol2t#%a!

1'l#%a! e" lo! %#u(a(a"o! (el Mu"#%#1#o Su%re (el D#!tr#to Metro1ol#ta"o (e Cara%a! e" el

)*+,

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Preguntas es!ec"#icas$

• Pu7 t#1o! (e 1art#%#1a%#0" %o6u"#tar#a eJ#!te" e" el 6u"#%#1#o Su%re• Cu>l e! el t#1o (e 1art#%#1a%#0" 6>! u!a(o 1or lo! %#u(a(a"o! (el 6u"#%#1#o Su%re

• Cu>le! !o" lo! ele6e"to! 5ue 3a/ore%e" o (e!3a/ore%e" la 1art#%#1a%#0"%o6u"#tar#a e" el 6u"#%#1#o Su%re

• Cu>l e! el 6e%a"#!6o u!a(o 1ara el (#!eo (e 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a! e" el 6u"#%#1#o

Su%re

O%&etiv' (enera)$

• Deter6#"ar la #"%#(e"%#a (e la 1art#%#1a%#0" %o6u"#tar#a e" el 1ro%e!o (e (#!eo (e

1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a! e" lo! %#u(a(a"o! (el Mu"#%#1#o Su%re (el D#!tr#to Metro1ol#ta"o(e Cara%a! e" el )*+,

O%&etiv's Es!ec"#ic's$

• Deter6#"ar lo! t#1o! (e 1art#%#1a%#0" eJ#!te"te! e" el 6u"#%#1#o Su%re• De3#"#r lo! 6e%a"#!6o! (e 1art#%#1a%#0" %o6u"#tar#a e" el 6u"#%#1#o Su%re• De3#"#r lo! 6e%a"#!6o! 1re!e"te! 1ara el (#!eo (e 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a! e" el

6u"#%#1#o Su%re

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CAPITULO II

MARCO TE*RICO

La 1art#%#1a%#0" (e la %#u(a(a"2a !e re3#ere a la #"tro6#!#0" (e #"tere!e! e"a%t#/#(a(e! 1'l#%a! #61ul!a"(o (e e!ta 6a"era el (e!arrollo (e la %o6u"#(a( la

(e6o%ra%#a 1art#%#1at#/a9 I"ter/e"%#0" (e lo! 1art#%ulare! e" a%t#/#(a(e! 1'l#%a! e" ta"to

1orta(ore! (e #"tere!e! !o%#ale! @Bao& +Q9 Nor6al6e"te la 1art#%#1a%#0" %o6u"#tar#a

e! %o61re"(#(a %o6o a5uella 1art#%#1a%#0" (e la %o6u"#(a( a to(o t#1o (e a%t#/#(a(e! (el

1o(er 1'l#%o& !u e!1a%#o %o61ete a la a(6#"#!tra%#0" 1'l#%a9 I"%lue lo! 6o/#6#e"to!

!o%#ale!& 1art#%#1a%#o"e! 1ol2t#%a! 3or6ale!& a%%#0" (#re%ta& .ru1o! (e 1re!#0"& et%9 A la

1art#%#1a%#0" %o6u"#tar#a !e le %o"%e(e" 3u"%#o"e! 5ue e!t>" rela%#o"a(a! %o" la 1r>%t#%a

(e6o%r>t#%a 5ue lle/a a la 6e4ora (e la .e!t#0" 1'l#%a9

Ca"to @)**H !u.#ere (o! #(ea! a%er%a (e la 1art#%#1a%#0" u"a %o6o #"!u6o 1ara u"

'ue" .o'#er"o 1ara la %orre%%#0" (e la (e6o%ra%#a re1re!e"tat#/a otra e! %o6o

6e%a"#!6o 1ara el (e!arrollo (e lo! (ere%8o! %#u(a(a"o! e!ta'le%#e"(o u"a 6a"#3e!ta%#0"

(e la (e6a"(a !o%#al 1ara la re(#!tr#'u%#0" (e lo! '#e"e! 1'l#%o!9 E! 1o!#'le (e!#."ar

o'4et#/o! a(6#"#!trat#/o! a la 1art#%#1a%#0" %#u(a(a"a 1ara re!ol/er lo! 1ro'le6a!

@3re%ue"te6e"te !o" 1or %orru1%#0" e #"e3#%#e"%#a 5ue 1o!ea la .e!t#0" 1'l#%a9 -u(#era !er

5ue la 1art#%#1a%#0" %#u(a(a"a %o"tr#'ua a la re!olu%#0" (e (#%8o! 1ro'le6a!9 A"te lo!

1ro'le6a! e" la .e!t#0" 1'l#%a 1ue(e eJ#!t#r u" #"ter7! 6aor e" la! %o"tr#'u%#o"e! o

1ro1ue!ta! a la! 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a!9

La! 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a!& /e"(r2a" a !er la! a%%#o"e! 5ue el E!ta(o to6a 1ara re!ol/er

u"a 1ro'le6>t#%a& "e%e!#(a( e #"ter7! (e6a"(a(a 1or la !o%#e(a(9 -ara e!to e! "e%e!ar#a

u"a rela%#0" e"tre el E!ta(o la So%#e(a( C#/#l& a 5ue a 5u#e"e! le! a3e%ta" la! 1ol2t#%a!

1'l#%a! e3e%tua(a! e! a lo! %#u(a(a"o!& !e real#$a" 'u!%a"(o el '#e"e!tar (e e!to!9

La 1art#%#1a%#0" %o6u"#tar#a e" la .e!t#0" (e la! 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a! t#e"e el 1ro10!#to

(e %o"!e.u#r u"a a%%#0" 6>! e3#%#e"te& a1u"ta"(o a la! 6e4ore! (#re%ta! !olu%#o"e!

1ro6o/#(a! 1or !u! #"tere!a(o!9 Lo 5ue #"/olu%rar2a el (#!eo& ela'ora%#0" e/alua%#0" (e

la! 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a! 1ert#"e"te!9 E" la! 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a! !e 1ue(e 3u"(ar u" %a61o (e

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a%%#0" 3a/ora'le 1ara el #61ul!o (e u"a %#u(a(a"2a a%t#/a& 5ue 1ue(a a%tuar e" la (#re%%#0"

(e lo! a!u"to! 1'l#%o! 5ue a3e%ta" !u /#(a #"(#/#(ual %ole%t#/a9

-ara 1o(er 8a'lar a%er%a (e 1art#%#1a%#0" %#u(a(a"a e" u" .o'#er"o& e! "e%e!ar#o

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lo.rar la a!#."a%#0" (#!tr#'u%#0" e3#%#e"te e5u#tat#/a (e la! %o61ete"%#a! re%ur!o!

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terr#tor#ale! !u'"a%#o"ale! a %o"!t#tu#r or.a"#$a%#o"e! 1'l#%a! terr#tor#ale!9 Al.u"a!

a%%#o"e! e!e"%#ale! 1ara 5ue la! %o6u"#(a(e! lo%ale! e!t7" e61o(era(a! !o" lo!

6e%a"#!6o! (e 1art#%#1a%#0" %#u(a(a"a& 3or6a (e ele%%#0" (e !u! re1re!e"ta"te!

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3#"a"%#era& lo 5ue !u1o"e el re%o"o%#6#e"to (el (ere%8o (e la! %o6u"#(a(e! !u'"a%#o"ale!

a auto#61o"er!e ta6'#7" 5ue to(o! 1ue(a" real#$ar u"a 1ro/#!#0" (e '#e"e! lo%ale!9

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11/34

1art#%#1ar& (e%#(#r 1or 6aor2a !o're 5u7 e! lo 6e4or 1ara el %ole%t#/o& 5ue !e (e'e %u61l#r

5u#e"e! (e'e" %u61l#rlo !e (a (e 6a"era 1r#6ar#a e" la %o6u"a9

Se." urta(o @)*+) e" Ve"e$uela& !e 1ue(e (e%#r 5ue el 1ro%e!o (e!%e"tral#$a(or

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12/34

"o/#e6're (e +Q A"(r7! De u'#r2a Sa61er& Co"!t#tu%#0" De!%e"tral#$a%#0"

Terr#tor#al9 Sa"ta37 (e Bo.ot>& 4u"#o (e +H9

El 6aor o'4et#/o (e la (e!%e"tral#$a%#0" 1ol2t#%a e" Colo6'#a e! 5ue la

%o6u"#(a( or.a"#$a(a 1art#%#1e e" la to6a (e la! 1r#"%#1ale! (e%#!#o"e!9 Lo!6e%a"#!6o! 5ue !e ut#l#$a" 1ara e!te 3#" (e a%uer(o a la Co"!t#tu%#0" -ol2t#%a (e

++ !o":

El Voto -ro.ra6>t#%o& 6e(#a"te el %u>l lo! %#u(a(a"o! 5ue /ota" 1ara ele.#r

.o'er"a(ore! al%al(e!& #61o"e" %o6o 6a"(ato al ele.#(o el %u61l#6#e"to (el

1ro.ra6a (e .o'#er"o 5ue 8aa 1re!e"ta(o %o6o 1arte #"te.ral e" la #"!%r#1%#0" (e

!u %a"(#(atura9 D#%8o 1ro.ra6a !e 1u'l#%a e" el 0r.a"o o3#%#al (e la e"t#(a(

terr#tor#al re!1e%t#/a 1ara %o"o%#6#e"to 1'l#%o9 Me(#a"te e!te !#!te6a& lo!

.o'er"a(ore! al%al(e! re1re!e"ta" (#re%ta6e"te a !u! ele%tore!& (e e!ta 6a"era !#

a5uello! 3u"%#o"ar#o! #"%u61le" !u 1ro.ra6a& el 1ue'lo 1ue(e 5u#tarle o re/o%arle

el 1o(er9

La Re/o%ator#a (el Ma"(ato 1ro%e(er>& !#e61re %ua"(o !ur4a" la! !#.u#e"te!

%o"(#%#o"e!: a 8a'er tra"!%urr#(o "o 6e"o! (e u" ao lue.o (e la 1o!e!#0" (el

re!1e%t#/o 6a"(atar#o ' !e re5u#ere u" 6e6or#al 5ue !u!%r#'a" lo! %#u(a(a"o!

5ue 8aa" !u3ra.a(o e" la 4or"a(a ele%toral 5ue e!%o.#0 al re!1e%t#/o 3u"%#o"ar#o&

e" u" "6ero "o #"3er#or al H* (el total (e lo! /oto! />l#(o! e6#t#(o!9

El Re3ere"(o& e! la %o"/o%ator#a 5ue !e 8a%e al 1ue'lo 1ara 5ue 7!te (e%#(a !# (e'e

o "o (ero.ar!e u"a "or6a o a%uer(o a /#.e"te @Re3ere"(o Dero.ator#o o el

1o"er a %o"!#(era%#0" (e la %o6u"#(a( u" -roe%to (e A%uer(o& 1ara 5ue lo

a1rue'e o re%8a%e& total o 1ar%#al6e"te @Re3ere"(o A1ro'ator#o9 El Re3ere"(o

A1ro'ator#o& "e%e!#ta 5ue la !ol#%#tu( !ea re!1al(a(a 1or al 6e"o! el +; (e lo!

%#u(a(a"o! 5ue %o"3or6a" el Ce"!o Ele%toral& 6#e"tra! 5ue el Dero.ator#o al

6e"o! 1or el +*9

La Co"!ulta -o1ular& e! la #"!t#tu%#0" 6e(#a"te la %ual u"a 1re.u"ta (e %ar>%ter

.e"eral !o're u" a!u"to (e tra!%e"(e"%#a "a%#o"al& (e1arta6e"tal& 6u"#%#1al o

(#!tr#tal& e! !o6et#(a 1or el -re!#(e"te (e la Re1'l#%a& el .o'er"a(or o el al%al(e&

!e." el %a!o& a %o"!#(era%#0" (el 1ue'lo 1ara 5ue 7!te eJ1re!e 3or6al6e"te !u

o1#"#0" 1ue(a a(o1tar u"a (e%#!#0" o'l#.ator#a !o're el a!u"to %o"!ulta(o9

12


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El -le'#!%#to& e! el 1ro"u"%#a6#e"to (el 1ue'lo %o"/o%a(o 1or el -re!#(e"te (e la

Re1'l#%a& 6e(#a"te el %ual a1oa o re%8a$a u"a (eter6#"a(a (e%#!#0" (el

e4e%ut#/o9

El Ca'#l(o A'#erto& e! la reu"#0" 1'l#%a (e lo! Co"%e4o! D#!tr#tale!& Mu"#%#1ale! o

(e la! u"ta! A(6#"#!tra(ora! Lo%ale!& e" la %ual lo! 8a'#ta"te! 1ue(e" 1art#%#1ar

(#re%ta6e"te %o" el 3#" (e (#!%ut#r a!u"to! (e #"ter7! 1ara la %o6u"#(a(9 Se

1rete"(e 5ue !e %o"/o5ue" 1or lo 6e"o! (o! al ao !e !eala el t7r6#"o (e +;

(2a! 1ara 5ue el Co"%e4o Mu"#%#1al re!1o"(a a la! #"5u#etu(e! (el 1ue'lo9

La I"#%#at#/a -o1ular& e! el (ere%8o 1ol2t#%o (e u" .ru1o (e %#u(a(a"o! (e

1re!e"tar -roe%to (e A%to le.#!lat#/o& (e Or(e"a"$a& (e A%uer(o o (e Re!olu%#0"

al Co".re!o (e la Re1'l#%a& a la! A!a6'lea! De1arta6e"tale!& a lo! Co"%e4o!

Mu"#%#1ale! o D#!tr#tale! a la! u"ta! A(6#"#!tra(ora! Lo%ale! re!1e%t#/a6e"te& 1ara 5ue !ea" (e'at#(o! 1o!ter#or6e"te a1ro'a(o!& 6o(#3#%a(o! o "e.a(o!9

A8ora '#e"& al 6e"%#o"ar la (e6o%ra%#a e! "e%e!ar#o re%urr#r a Ro'ert8 Da8l @+Q+&

5u#e" 1la"tea 5ue la (e6o%ra%#a e! a5uel !#!te6a 1ol2t#%o 5ue e! %ara%ter#$a(o

1r#6or(#al6e"te 1or !u #"%e!a"te a1t#tu( (e !at#!3a%er la! 1re3ere"%#a! (e !u! %#u(a(a"o!&

!#" (#!t#"%#o"e! 1ol2t#%a!9 -ara 5ue e!to o%urra e! "e%e!ar#o 5ue lo! %#u(a(a"o! te".a"

#.ual(a( (e o1ortu"#(a(e! 1ara: + 3or6ular !u! 1re3ere"%#a!& ) 6a"#3e!tar 1'l#%a6e"te

e!a! 1re3ere"%#a! a"te el .o'#er"o o lo! %#u(a(a"o!& re%#'#r #.ual(a( (e trato 1or 1arte(el .o'#er"o& !#" (#!%r#6#"a%#0" 1or !u! 1re3ere"%#a!9 Lo! re5u#!#to! "e%e!ar#o! 1ara 5ue

eJ#!ta la (e6o%ra%#a e"tre u" .ra" "6ero (e 8a'#ta"te! !e." Da8l @+Q+ 19 +H !o":

+9= For6ular 1re3ere"%#a!:

+9 L#'erta( (e a!o%#a%#0")9 L#'erta( (e eJ1re!#0"9 L#'erta( (e /otoH9 L#'ertar 1ara 5ue lo! l2(ere! 1ol2t#%o! %o61#ta" e" 'u!%a (e a1oo;9 D#/er!#(a( (e 3ue"te! (e #"3or6a%#o"e!

)9= Ma"#3e!tar la! 1re3ere"%#a!:

+9 L#'erta( (e a!o%#a%#0")9 L#'erta( (e eJ1re!#0"9 L#'erta( (e /oto

13


14/34

H9 Ele.#'#l#(a( 1ara la %o!a 1u'l#%a;9 Dere%8o (e lo! l2(ere! 1ol2t#%o! a %o61et#r e" 'u!%a (e a1oo,9 D#/er!#(a( (e 3ue"te! (e #"3or6a%#0"Q9 Ele%%#o"e! l#'re! e #61ar%#ale!9

9= Re%#'#r #.ual(a( (e trato 1or 1arte (el .o'#er"o e" la 1o"(era%#0" (e la! 1re3ere"%#a!

+9 L#'erta( (e a!o%#a%#0")9 L#'erta( (e eJ1re!#0"9 L#'erta( (e /otoH9 Ele.#'#l#(a( 1ara el !er/#%#o 1u'l#%o;9 Dere%8o (e lo! l2(ere! 1ol2t#%o! a %o61et#r e" 'u!%a (e a1oo ;a9 Dere%8o (e lo!

l2(ere! 1ol2t#%o! a lu%8ar 1or lo! /oto!,9 D#/er!#(a( (e 3ue"te! (e #"3or6a%#0"Q9 Ele%%#o"e! l#'re! e #61ar%#ale!


15/34


16/34

+9 El %o"trol !o're la! (e%#!#o"e! .u'er"a6e"tale! e" tor"o a la 1ol2t#%a e!t>

(e1o!#ta(o %o"!t#tu%#o"al6e"te e" lo! 3u"%#o"ar#o! ele.#(o!9)9 Lo! 3u"%#o"ar#o! !o" ele.#(o! e" ele%%#o"e! 1er#0(#%a! lle/a(a! a %a'o

l#61#a6e"te& e" (o"(e la %oer%#0" e! %o61arat#/a6e"te rara9

9 -r>%t#%a6e"te to(o! lo! a(ulto! t#e"e" (ere%8o a /otar e" la! ele%%#o"e! (e3u"%#o"ar#o!9

H9 -r>%t#%a6e"te to(o! lo! a(ulto! t#e"e" (ere%8o a 1art#%#1ar %o6o %a"(#(ato! a

1ue!to! ele%to! (el .o'#er"o9;9 Lo! %#u(a(a"o! t#e"e" (ere%8o a eJ1re!ar!e& !#" el 1el#.ro! (e !e/ero! %a!t#.o!&

!o're %ue!t#o"e! 1ol2t#%a!& (e3#"#(a! a61l#a6e"te& #"%lue"(o %r2t#%a! a

3u"%#o"ar#o!& al .o'#er"o& al r7.#6e"& al or(e" !o%#oe%o"06#%o la #(eolo.2a

1re/ale%#e"te9,9 Lo! %#u(a(a"o! t#e"e" (ere%8o a 'u!%ar 3ue"te! alter"at#/a! (e #"3or6a%#0"9

Q9 -ara al%a"$ar !u! (#/er!o! (ere%8o!& #"%lu#(o! lo! 6e"%#o"a(o!& lo! %#u(a(a"o!t#e"e" (ere%8o! a 3or6ar a!o%#a%#o"e! u or.a"#$a%#o"e! relat#/a6e"te

#"(e1e"(#e"te!& #"%lue"(o 1art#(o! 1ol2t#%o! .ru1o! (e #"ter7! #"(e1e"(#e"te!9

-ara Fer62" @)*+; la (e6o%ra%#a 1art#%#1at#/a e! el re%la6o (e la !o%#e(a( (e 5ue

1erte"e%e al E!ta(o al .o'#er"o !u6#"#!trar 8erra6#e"ta! 5ue 1er6#ta" la 1art#%#1a%#0" (e

lo! %#u(a(a"o! e" la to6a (e (e%#!#o"e! 1ara la 6e4ora (e !u! %o"(#%#o"e!& e!1e%#al6e"te

la! 5ue a3e%te" !u /#(a (#ar#a9 E!te t#1o (e (e6o%ra%#a #61l#%a ta6'#7" la or.a"#$a%#0" (el

%ole%t#/o 1ara a!2 al%a"$ar 1ro10!#to! %o"%reto!& %o6o lo 1ue(e" !er: 6>! !e.ur#(a(&6e4or2a (e lo! !er/#%#o! 1'l#%o!& 6e4or %al#(a( (e /#(a& e"tre otra!9

-ara Morale! @)*+)& e" el 6ar%o (e la (e6o%ra%#a 1art#%#1at#/a& !e e"t#e"(e el

%o"trol !o%#al %o6o el (ere%8o el (e'er 5ue 1o!ee to(o %#u(a(a"o (e ra%#o"al#$ar&

1ro1o"er& a%o61aar& !a"%#o"ar /#.#lar la .e!t#0" 1'l#%a& !u! re!ulta(o! la 1re!ta%#0"

(e !er/#%#o! 1'l#%o! !u6#"#!tra(o! 1or el E!ta(o (#/er!a! 3or6a! or.a"#$at#/a! 5ue !e

#"%or1ora" a la .e!t#0" (e (#%8o! !er/#%#o! @)*+) 19


17/34

%o6o ele6e"to #"te.ra(or e" la 3or6ula%#0"& e4e%u%#0" %o"trol (e la! 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a!9

Tra"!3or6a"(o e" e!te 1ro%e!o la rela%#0" e"tre E!ta(o !o%#e(a( @Re1'l#%a Bol#/ar#a"a

(e Ve"e$uela& art2%ulo! )& & H ;& +9 E!ta %o"!t#tu%#0" /a a (e3#"#r al .o'#er"o %o6o

(e6o%r>t#%o& 1art#%#1at#/o re!1o"!a'le @Re1'l#%a Bol#/ar#a"a (e Ve"e$uela& art2%ulo ,&

+& 5ue e! (e lo! 1r#"%#1#o! !u!te"ta(ore! (e la A(6#"#!tra%#0" -'l#%a& la 1art#%#1a%#0"

la re!1o"!a'#l#(a( @art2%ulo +H+& +& ta6'#7" (a #61orta"%#a al %#u(a(a"o @art2%ulo &

+& lo 5ue %o"(u%e a %#erto! (ere%8o!& 1or !u %o"eJ#0" %o" la %o"tralor2a !o%#al& (e lo!

%uale! !e 1ue(e" 6e"%#o"ar: el (ere%8o (e 1et#%#0" @art2%ulo ;+& +& el (ere%8o (e

a!o%#a%#0" @art2%ulo ;)& +& el (ere%8o=(e'er (e 1art#%#1ar !ol#(ar#a6e"te e" la /#(a

1ol2t#%a& %#/#l %o6u"#tar#a (el 1a2! @art2%ulo +H+& +& el (ere%8o a la #"3or6a%#0"

o1ortu"a /era$ al a%%e!o a ar%8#/o! re.#!tro! @art2%ulo +H& +& la 1art#%#1a%#0" (e

lo! %#u(a(a"o! %o6u"#(a(e! e" el %o"trol (e o'ra!& 1ro.ra6a! !o%#ale! !er/#%#o!@art2%ulo ,& "u6erale! ) ,& +9

-ara Morale! @)*+) 19 6'#to (e a%tua%#0" (el 1o(er 1o1ular 1ara e4er%er la

/#.#la"%#a& !u1er/#!#0"& a%o61aa6#e"to %o"trol !o're la .e!t#0" (el 1o(er 1'l#%o& la!

#"!ta"%#a! (el 1o(er 1o1ular la! a%t#/#(a(e! (el !e%tor 1r#/a(o 5ue a3e%te" el '#e"e!tar

%o6"& 1ra%t#%a(o 1or lo! %#u(a(a"o! %#u(a(a"a! (e 6a"era #"(#/#(ual %ole%t#/a& e" lo!

t7r6#"o! e!ta'le%#(o! e" la le 5ue re.ula la 6ater#a9

17


18/34

To(o lo 6e"%#o"a(o a"ter#or6e"te #"(#%a 5ue la Co"!t#tu%#0" (e la Re1'l#%a

Bol#/ar#a"a (e Ve"e$uela (e +& 1o!ee la! 'a!e! lee! "e%e!ar#a! 1ara la %o"!tru%%#0"

(e u" !#!te6a (e %o"tralor2a !o%#al& (o"(e ta6'#7" 1o!#'#l#ta el e4e 1art#%#1at#/o el

e4er%#%#o %#u(a(a"o #"(#/#(ual %ole%t#/o9

A.u#rre @)*+) e" !u teJto 6e"%#o"a a Cu"#l @++& +Q& 5u#e" 1la"tea %la!#3#%ar

la 1art#%#1a%#0" e" %uatro t#1o!: e" la 1art#%#1a%#0" !o%#al& lo! %#u(a(a"o! 1erte"e%e" a

a!o%#a%#o"e! u or.a"#$a%#o"e! 1ara 3o6e"tar !u! #"tere!e! !#" la "e%e!#(a( (e te"er u"a

rela%#0" %o" el .o'#er"o e" la 1art#%#1a%#0" %o6u"#tar#a& lo! %#u(a(a"o! !e #"/olu%ra"

%ole%t#/a6e"te e"tre !2& 1ara !at#!3a%er !u! "e%e!#(a(e! %ole%t#/a!& %er%#or>"(o!e (e lo!

6e(#o! 1ara 'e"e3#%#ar!e& 1ue(e" o'te"er a1oo (el .o'#er"o 1ero "o e!t> 1re!e"te (e

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(e"tro (e #"!t#tu%#o"e! le.ale! (el !#!te6a 1ol2t#%o 1or lt#6o la 1art#%#1a%#0" %#u(a(a"a&

!e (#3ere"%#a (e la! (e6>! 3or6a! (e 1art#%#1a%#0" 1or5ue el %#u(a(a"o e! t#tular (e la

!o'era"2a la %o6#!#o"a a !u! re1re!e"ta"te! 1ol2t#%o!=e4e%uta a%%#o"e! 1'l#%a! 5ue t#e"e"

1or 3#"al#(a( la #"tera%%#0" %o" el E!ta(o& e" el !e"t#(o (e& #"tro(u%#r 1ro1ue!ta!& 1la"e!&

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!u1er/#!#0"& e/alua%#0" re"(#%#0" (e %ue"ta!9 De e!ta 6a"era& 6#e"tra! la 1art#%#1a%#0"

1ol2t#%a e4er%e la (e6o%ra%#a& la 1art#%#1a%#0" %#u(a(a"a la a61l2a eJt#e"(e9 @)*+) ,

EJ#!te u"a (#!t#"%#0" e"tre la 1art#%#1a%#0" 1ol2t#%a o %#u(a(a"a #"!t#tu%#o"al#$a(a

la 1art#%#1a%#0" %#u(a(a"a aut0"o6a& A.u#rre @)*+) 19 H+ 1la"tea e!ta (#!t#"%#0" (e la

!#.u#e"te 6a"era: E" la 1art#%#1a%#0" 1ol2t#%a o %#u(a(a"a #"!t#tu%#o"al#$a(a lo! %#u(a(a"o!

#"tera%ta" e" el E!ta(o o %o" el E!ta(o& 6e(#a"te (e 6e%a"#!6o! re%o"o%#(o!

le.al#$a(o!& 6#e"tra! 5ue la 1art#%#1a%#0" %#u(a(a"a aut0"o6a #"tera%ta %o" a"te el

E!ta(o %o" 6e%a"#!6o! 5ue 1ue(e" o "o 1erte"e%er al 7l& a 5ue al.u"o! 1erte"e%e" a la

!o%#e(a( %#/#l o !#61le6e"te e" la !o%#e(a( #"(e1e"(#e"te& %o" la 3#"al#(a( (e #"3lu#r e" el

E!ta(o !o're !u! #"tere!e! o a61l#ar la! a%%#o"e! (e6o%r>t#%a!9

Br#%eo (e3#"e la 1art#%#1a%#0" %o6u"#tar#a %o6o:

La a%%#0" 5ue la !o%#e(a( %#/#l e4e%uta 1ara el lo.ro (e 6eta!& %o6o al.o (#!t#"to a la

a%%#0" (el E!ta(o @ Al.o (#!t#"to 1ue(e !#."#3#%ar 5ue la a%%#0" (e la !o%#e(a( %#/#l real#$a 1ue(e

!er o1ue!ta o %o61le6e"tar#a& 1ero e" %ual5u#er %a!o (#3ere"te (e la a%%#0" e!tatal @+H 19 +,Q

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Co6e"ta ta6'#7" 5ue e!te %o"%e1to !e re3#ere 6>! a lo! 1ro%e!o! (e la /#(a

%ot#(#a"a& (o"(e lo! #"(#/#(uo! o la! 3a6#l#a! !o" lo! a%tore! 1r#"%#1ale! @Br#%eo& +H 19

+,Q9 A!2 1ue!& e!te t7r6#"o 1ro6ue/e 5ue la 1art#%#1a%#0" (e'e 3o6e"tar el #"ter7! el

%o61ro6#!o (e %a(a #"(#/#(uo %o6o 1er!o"a 1or la! 6eta! (e la %o6u"#(a(9 @Br#%eo&

)*** 19)*9

E" e!ta 6#!6a l2"ea& Mart2"e$ @)**H 19 )H& (e3#"e la 1art#%#1a%#0" %o6u"#tar#a (e

la !#.u#e"te 6a"era: T#1o (e a%%#0" 1er!o"al %ole%t#/a 5ue a.ru1a a %#u(a(a"o!

(e%#(#(o! a e"3re"tar u"a !#tua%#0"9 El .ru1o e!t#1ula !u! rela%#o"e! e" 3u"%#0" (el

1ro'le6a& al %ual 'u!%a !olu%#0" 6e(#a"te u" 1roe%to (e (e!arrollo (e 6e4orar o %a6'#o

(e la !#tua%#0"9

-or lo 6e"%#o"a(o a"ter#or6e"te& !e 1ue(e (e%#r 5ue la 1art#%#1a%#0" %o6u"#tar#a 1ro1o"e 5ue to(o! lo! a%tore! 1re!e"te! e" u"a %o6u"#(a(& e"te"(#7"(o!e e!to %o6o a lo!

1a(re!& a'uelo!& 40/e"e!& a!o%#a%#o"e! %#/#le!& #"!t#tu%#o"e!& e"tre otro!& 1ue(a" !er

1art2%#1e! e" el 6e4ora6#e"to (e !u %o6u"#(a(9

Se." Ro"(0" T#"eo @)**H 19 ,& u" 3a%tor e!e"%#al 1ara la 1ro6o%#0" (e e!te

6o(elo (e 1art#%#1a%#0" e! la e4e%u%#0" (e 1roe%to! /#"%ula(o! (#re%ta6e"te %o" el

%urr2%ulo (e "e%e!#(a(e! !e"t#(a! 1or la %o6u"#(a( 1roe%to! 5ue to6e" e" %ue"ta la!

a!1#ra%#o"e! 1ro'le6a! 5ue %o"3ro"ta"9

-ara O%8oa @)*+* 19 ,/e$& %o6o u"a e!trate.#a

!u!%#ta(a 1or el E!ta(o& 1ara la %o"!tru%%#0" (e u"a (e6o%ra%#a 1art#%#1at#/a9 E!ta

e/#(e"%#a(a e" (#3ere"te! (o%u6e"to! o3#%#ale!& %o6o lo e! e" la %o"!t#tu%#0" (e +&

(o"(e e!t>" 1re!e"te alre(e(or (e ); art2%ulo!& lo! %uale! 8a%e" re3ere"%#a a la

1art#%#1a%#0"& trat>"(o!e (e u"a 1ol2t#%a (e3#"#(a (e!(e lo! or2.e"e! (e e!e .o'#er"o 5ue

/a a/a"$a"(o e" la %rea%#0" (e %o"(#%#o"e! #"!t#tu%#o"ale!9 La 1ro6o%#0" 1or 1arte (el

.o'#er"o (e la 1art#%#1a%#0" %#u(a(a"a e61e$0 %o" la Le (e lo! Co"!e4o! Lo%ale! (e

-la"#3#%a%#0" -'l#%a @CL--& re3er#(a le 3ue a1ro'a(a e" el )**)& e!ta %o"!t#tue el

%a6#"o 1ara %o"!tru#r u"a (e!%e"tral#$a%#0" 1art#%#1at#/a 'a!a(a e" el 3ortale%#6#e"to (el

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20/34

6u"#%#1#o @O%8oa& )**J#6a (e (e%#!#0"& (o"(e la! (e%#!#o"e! !o" /#"%ula"te! 1ara el E!ta(o la So%#e(a(9 E"

la! a!a6'lea! (e %#u(a(a"o!& !u! 6#e6'ro! 5u#e"e! %o61arte" lo! !er/#%#o! 1'l#%o!

"e%e!#(a(e! %ole%t#/a!9 Su 3#"al#(a( e"tre otra!& e! la (e a1ro'ar "or6a! (e %o"/#/e"%#a (e

la %o6u"#(a( 1roe%to! 1ara el 'e"e3#%#o %o6"& el#.e" lo! /o%ero! (e lo! (#!t#"to!

20


21/34

%o6#t7! (e tra'a4o 5ue %o61o"e" el 0r.a"o e4e%ut#/o (el Co"!e4o Co6u"al @O%8oa& )**"#%a (elo! Co"!e4o! Co6u"ale!& #"te"ta"(o a!2 re!ol/er lo! 1ro'le6a! 1re!e"ta(o! e" el

3u"%#o"a6#e"to (e lo! %o"!e4o! %o6u"ale!9 El art2%ulo ) (e (#%8a le %o"%e1tual#$a lo!

Co"!e4o! Co6u"ale! %o6o #"!ta"%#a! (e 1art#%#1a%#0"& art#%ula%#0" e #"te.ra%#0" 5ue

1er6#te" al 1ue'lo or.a"#$a(o e4er%er el .o'#er"o %o6u"#tar#o la .e!t#0" (#re%ta (e la!

1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a! 1roe%to! or#e"ta(o! a re!1o"(er a la! "e%e!#(a(e! 1ote"%#al#(a(e!

a!1#ra%#o"e! (e la! %o6u"#(a(e!& e" la %o"!tru%%#0" (el "ue/o 6o(elo (e !o%#e(a(

!o%#al#!ta (e #.ual(a(& e5u#(a( 4u!t#%#a !o%#al @AN& )**9 Se e4er%e la (e6o%ra%#a (e!(e

lo! Co"!e4o! Co6u"ale!& e" !u! 1ro%e!o! (e%#!#o"e! 1la"#3#%a%#o"e! 1ara re!ol/er

1ro'le6>t#%a! (e!(e la 6a"era (e or.a"#$ar ele.#r a lo! re1re!e"ta"te! 8a!ta !olu%#o"ar

%o"3l#%to! %o6u"#tar#o!9

El art2%ulo +rea! #"(u!tr#ale!&

6a"te"#6#e"to %o"!er/a%#0" (e >rea! ur'a"a!& 1re/e"%#0" 1rote%%#0" /e%#"al&

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%o"!tru%%#0" (e o'ra! 1re!ta%#0" (e !er/#%#o! 1'l#%o!9 A tal e3e%to& 1o(r>"

e!ta'le%er %o"/e"#o! %uo! %o"te"#(o! e!tar>" or#e"ta(o! 1or lo! 1r#"%#1#o! (e

#"ter(e1e"(e"%#a& %oor(#"a%#0"& %oo1era%#0" %orre!1o"!a'#l#(a(9)9 La 1art#%#1a%#0" (e la! %o6u"#(a(e! (e %#u(a(a"o! o %#u(a(a"a!& a tra/7! (e la!

a!o%#a%#o"e! /e%#"ale! or.a"#$a%#o"e! "o .u'er"a6e"tale!& e" la 3or6ula%#0" (e 1ro1ue!ta! (e #"/er!#0" a"te la! autor#(a(e! e!ta(ale! 6u"#%#1ale! e"%ar.a(a! (e

la ela'ora%#0" (e lo! re!1e%t#/o! 1la"e! (e #"/er!#0"& a!2 %o6o e" la e4e%u%#0"&

e/alua%#0" %o"trol (e o'ra!& 1ro.ra6a! !o%#ale! !er/#%#o! 1'l#%o! e" !u

4ur#!(#%%#0"99 La 1art#%#1a%#0" e" lo! 1ro%e!o! e%o"06#%o! e!t#6ula"(o la! eJ1re!#o"e! (e la

e%o"o62a !o%#al& tale! %o6o %oo1erat#/a!& %a4a! (e a8orro& 6utuale! otra! 3or6a!

a!o%#at#/a!9

H9 La 1art#%#1a%#0" (e lo! tra'a4a(ore! o tra'a4a(ora! %o6u"#(a(e! e" la .e!t#0" (ela! e61re!a! 1'l#%a! 6e(#a"te 6e%a"#!6o! auto.e!t#o"ar#o! %o.e!t#o"ar#o!9

;9 La %rea%#0" (e or.a"#$a%#o"e!& %oo1erat#/a! e61re!a! %o6u"ale! (e !er/#%#o!&

%o6o 3ue"te! .e"era(ora! (e e61leo (e '#e"e!tar !o%#al& 1ro1e"(#e"(o a !u

1er6a"e"%#a 6e(#a"te el (#!eo (e 1ol2t#%a! e" la! %uale! a5uella! te".a"

1art#%#1a%#0"9,9 La %rea%#0" (e "ue/o! !u4eto! (e (e!%e"tral#$a%#0" a "#/el (e la! 1arro5u#a!& la!

%o6u"#(a(e!& lo! 'arr#o! la! /e%#"(a(e! a lo! 3#"e! (e .ara"t#$ar el 1r#"%#1#o (e la

%orre!1o"!a'#l#(a( e" la .e!t#0" 1'l#%a (e lo! .o'#er"o! lo%ale! e!ta(ale! (e!arrollar 1ro%e!o! auto.e!t#o"ar#o! %o.e!t#o"ar#o! e" la a(6#"#!tra%#0" %o"trol

(e lo! !er/#%#o! 1'l#%o! e!ta(ale! 6u"#%#1ale!9Q9 La 1art#%#1a%#0" (e la! %o6u"#(a(e! e" a%t#/#(a(e! (e a%er%a6#e"to a lo!

e!ta'le%#6#e"to! 1e"ale! (e /#"%ula%#0" (e 7!to! %o" la 1o'la%#0"9

De e!ta 6a"era& !e re%o"o%e& el 1r#"%#1#o (e la %orre!1o"!a'#l#(a( /#"%ula(o

e!tre%8a6e"te %o" la 1art#%#1a%#0" %#u(a(a"a& 1or5ue #61l#%a la ate"%#0" el %u#(a(o (e la

!o%#e(a(& e" la %ual e! #61orta"te la 1art#%#1a%#0" %o6u"#tar#a9 @Go"$ale$& )*+* 19 +


23/34

lo! 1er%#'e %o6o #"!t#tu%#o"e! (el -o(er -'l#%o Mu"#%#1al 5ue 1er6#te" la 1art#%#1a%#0"

(e la! %o6u"#(a(e! e" la 1la"#3#%a%#0" e" la .e!t#0" (e lo! !er/#%#o! lo%ale!9 @Go"$ale$&

)*+* +9

Se le! %o"!#(era a lo! Co"!e4o! Co6u"ale! e" la le (el )**,& %o6o "#/ele!a/a"$a(o! (e 1art#%#1a%#0" (e .ru1o! %o6u"#tar#a!9 E" el art2%ulo ) (e la le (e lo!

Co"!e4o! Co6u"ale! e!ta'le%e: Lo! %o"!e4o! %o6u"ale!& e" el 6ar%o %o"!t#tu%#o"al (e la

(e6o%ra%#a 1art#%#1at#/a 1rota.0"#%a& !o" #"!ta"%#a! (e 1art#%#1a%#0"& art#%ula%#0" e

#"te.ra%#0" e"tre lo! %#u(a(a"o!& %#u(a(a"a! la! (#/er!a! or.a"#$a%#o"e! %o6u"#tar#a!&

6o/#6#e"to! !o%#ale! 1o1ulare!& 5ue 1er6#te" al 1ue'lo or.a"#$a(o e4er%er el .o'#er"o

%o6u"#tar#o la .e!t#0" (#re%ta (e la! 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a! 1roe%to! or#e"ta(o! a re!1o"(er

a la! "e%e!#(a(e!& 1ote"%#al#(a(e! a!1#ra%#o"e! (e la! %o6u"#(a(e!& e" la %o"!tru%%#0" (el

"ue/o 6o(elo (e !o%#e(a( !o%#al#!ta (e #.ual(a(& e5u#(a( 4u!t#%#a !o%#al9

A8ora '#e"& al 8a'lar (e la! 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a!& La8era lo (e3#"e (e la !#.u#e"te

6a"era:

D#re6o! 5ue u"a 1ol2t#%a 1'l#%a %orre!1o"(e a %ur!o! (e a%%#0" 3lu4o! (e #"3or6a%#0"

rela%#o"a(o! %o" u" o'4et#/o 1'l#%o (e3#"#(o e" 3or6a (e6o%r>t#%a lo! 5ue !o" (e!arrolla(o! 1or

el !e%tor 1'l#%o & 3re%ue"te6e"te& %o" la 1art#%#1a%#0" (e la %o6u"#(a( el !e%tor 1r#/a(o9 U"a

1ol2t#%a 1'l#%a (e %al#(a( #"%lu#r> or#e"ta%#o"e! o %o"te"#(o!& #"!tru6e"to! o 6e%a"#!6o!&(e3#"#%#o"e! o 6o(#3#%a%#o"e! #"!t#tu%#o"ale!& la 1re/#!#0" (e !u! re!ulta(o!9 @La8era& )**H 19 H

S#.u#e"(o la l2"ea (e 1e"!a6#e"to (e e!te autor& la (e3#"#%#0" (e e!te t7r6#"o

%orre!1o"(e "o !olo a la! 1ol2t#%a! (el .o'#er"o& !#"o ta6'#7" la! (el E!ta(o& 5ue /e"(r2a"

a !er 1ol2t#%a! (e 6>! (e u" .o'#er"o& 1ero ta6'#7" !e %o"!#(era" 1ol2t#%a! (e E!ta(o

a5uella! 5ue #61l#%a" al %o"4u"to (e lo! 1o(ere! e!tatale! e" !u (#!eo o e4e%u%#0"9

@La8era& )**H 19 ;9

Se %ara%ter#$a" ta6'#7" la! 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a! 1or la (#/er!#(a( (e a.e"te! re%ur!o!

5ue a%ta" e" !u %u61l#6#e"to& 1or lo 5ue !u (#!eo& .e!t#0" e/alua%#0" a 1arte! (e la

1art#%#1a%#0" (el E!ta(o& #"%lue ta6'#7" !e." el %a!o #"%lue a la! or.a"#$a%#o"e!

!o%#ale! al !e%tor 1r#/a(o @La8era& )**) 19 +H

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E" %ua"to a lo! a%tore! (e la! 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a!& 1ue(e !ealar!e 5ue la %o6u"#(a( e" la 5ue !e

e"%ue"tra el or#.e" (el 1o(er (e6o%r>t#%o le.2t#6a6e"te 'u!%a e4er%erlo ta6'#7" e" e!te terre"o

la! 1er!o"a! !e #"tere!a" 1art#%#1a" e" la !olu%#0" (e !u! #"5u#etu(e!& a "#/el "a%#o"al a "#/el

6u"#%#1al o re.#o"al9 To(o! lo! .ru1o! 1ue(e" a(o1tar a%t#tu(e! o1ortu"#!ta! o %or1orat#/#!ta!9 La

tra"!1are"%#a e! #"(#!1e"!a'le La 1art#%#1a%#0" !e re3#ere a la 1o!#'#l#(a( 5ue 1er!o"a! o .ru1o!t#e"e" 1ara #"3lu#r& 8a%er!e 1re!e"te!& e" la (eter6#"a%#0" (e la a.e"(a 1'l#%a ta6'#7" e" la

3or6ula%#0"& e4e%u%#0" e/alua%#0" (e la! 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a!9 E"tre lo! (#/er!o! a!1e%to! (e la

1art#%#1a%#0" a!u6e %re%#e"te #61orta"%#a la re1re!e"ta%#0" !o%#al (e lo! 'e"e3#%#ar#o! (e la!

re3or6a!& #"%lue"(o te6a! (e la 1art#%#1a%#0"& re1re!e"ta%#0" %or1orat#/#!6o !o%#al la

(e/olu%#0" o %e!#0" (el 1o(er (e (e%#!#0" a #"!ta"%#a! (e!%e"tral#$a(a! @e61oer6e"t el "#/el

(e or.a"#$a%#0" (e lo! .ru1o! 6>! (e!3a/ore%#(o!9 @La8era& )**) 19 +;

E! '#e" !a'#(o& 5ue la 1art#%#1a%#0" %o"lle/a 1er6#te u"a (#!tr#'u%#0" 6>!

e5u#l#'ra(a (el 1o(er ta6'#7" 6aor e/#(e"%#a re!1e%to a lo! 1ro'le6a! !o%#ale!

3re%ue"te6e"te 1ue(e !er el !o1orte (e %a1a%#(a(e! (eter6#"a(a! e" lo! .ru1o!

'e"e3#%#ar#o!& a!#6#!6o (e au6e"tar la e3e%t#/#(a( la e3#%a%#a (e la! 1ol2t#%a!9 @La8era&

)**) 19 +;

E" otro or(e" (e #(ea!& A.u#lar @+, 19


25/34

CAPITULO III

MARCO METODOLO(ICO

En#'+ue ,et'd')gic'

La #"/e!t#.a%#0" !er> %#e"t23#%a %ua"(o !#.a !#!te6>t#%a6e"te el 67to(o %#e"t23#%o

%o6o !e %o"o%e9 La #"/e!t#.a%#0" /e"(r> a !er !o%#al %ua"(o !u %a61o (e e!tu(#o e! la!o%#e(a(9 -or lo 5ue la #"/e!t#.a%#0" %#e"t23#%a !o%#al !e 1ue(e %o"%e1tual#$ar %o6o el

1ro%e!o (e a1l#%a%#0" (el 67to(o t7%"#%a! %#e"t23#%a! a !#tua%#o"e! 1ro'le6a! %o"%reto!

e" el >rea (e la real#(a( !o%#al 1ara 'u!%ar re!1ue!ta a ello! o'te"er "ue/o!

%o"o%#6#e"to!9 @Bra/o& +


26/34

E" la! %#e"%#a! !o%#ale!& eJ#!te" (o! 67to(o! 3u"(a6e"tale!& e" lo! %uale! !e 'a!a la

or#e"ta%#0" (e la #"/e!t#.a%#0"9 De e!ta 6a"era& 1ue(e !er %ua"t#tat#/o& el %ual e!

1re(o6#"a"te6e"te #"(u%t#/o& 'u!%a la! %ara%ter2!t#%a! eJter"a! .e"erale! (e u"a

1o'la%#0" 5ue !e 3u"(a6e"ta e" la o'!er/a%#0" (e 6u%8o! %a!o! #"(#/#(uale! (e la

6#!6a9 E! #61orta"te re!altar 5ue e!te t#1o (e 6eto(olo.2a t#e"e u" %ar>%ter "u67r#%o

5ue la eJ1l#%a%#0" 1o!ee u" %ar>%ter o'4et#/o 6ar%a(o9 Ta6'#7" !e e"%ue"tra el 67to(o

%ual#tat#/o& el %ual 1ro%ura %o61re"(er& (e u"a 6a"era 1ro3u"(a& u"a e"t#(a(& 3e"06e"o o

u"a !#tua%#0" 1re(eter6#"a(a9 Se 'u!%a #"3or6ar (e la! o'!er/a%#o"e! e" le".ua4e "atural&

au"5ue !e 1re!e"ta ta6'#7" u" %ar>%ter !u'4et#/o& a 5ue !e 'a!a e" la %o61re"!#0" (e la

real#(a( e" la %a1a%#(a( (e #"tu#%#0" 1er!o"al (e lo! #"/e!t#.a(ore!9 @Bra/o& +


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a">l#!#! %o6e"ta: U"a (e!%r#1%#0"& u"a eJ1l#%a%#0" %#e"t23#%a& o 5u#$>! al.u"o! (e !u!

1ro(u%to! 1rel#6#"are! 1or e4e61lo& u"a #(e"t#3#%a%#0"& u"a %ate.or#$a%#0"& et%9 @V#ete!&

)**H: *9

E" e!te %a!o& !e." la #"/e!t#.a%#0" !o%#al 5ue !e (e!ea a'ar%ar& !e ut#l#$ara u" t#1o(e (#!eo (e!%r#1t#/o& a 5ue !e (e!ea (e!%r#'#r %o6o e! la 1art#%#1a%#0" %o6u"#tar#a e" el

6u"#%#1#o Su%re& 1ara a!2 1o(er %ara%ter#$ar el 3e"06e"o a a"al#$ar9 Ta6'#7" e! (e t#1o

eJ1l#%at#/o& 1or5ue !e 'u!%a" la! ra$o"e! o %au!a! (e 3e"06e"o& eJ1l#%ar 1or5ue la

1art#%#1a%#0" %o6u"#tar#a e! (e e!a 6a"era& %06o #"3lue e" la ela'ora%#0" (el (#!eo (e

1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a!9 -or lt#6o& e! (e ta6'#7" (e t#1o e/aluat#/o& a 5ue& (e a%uer(o %o"

Ba''#e la #"/e!t#.a%#0" e/aluat#/a al.u"a! /e%e! lla6a(a e/alua%#0" (e 1ro.ra6a! !e

re3#ere 6>! a u" 1ro10!#to (e #"/e!t#.a%#0" 5ue a u" 67to(o (e #"/e!t#.a%#0" e!1e%#3#%o

@+) 19 H,9 Ta6'#7" !e (e3#"e 1or la a1l#%a%#0" !#!te6>t#%a (e 1ro%e(#6#e"to! (e

#"/e!t#.a%#0" !o%#al 1ara a!e.urar la %o"%e1tual#$a%#0"& (#!eo& real#$a%#0" ut#l#(a( (e

1ro.ra6a! (e #"ter/e"%#0" !o%#al @Ro!!# Free6a"& ++ 19;9 De e!ta 6a"era !e (e!ea

a1l#%a u" t#1o (e #"/e!t#.a%#0" e/aluat#/a 1ara lo.rar %o"%lu!#o"e! a%er%a (e la #"%#(e"%#a

(e la 1art#%#1a%#0" %o6u"#tar#a e" el (#!eo (e 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a! e/aluar lo! 3a%tore! 5ue

3a/ore%e" o (e!3a/ore%e" e!te 3e"06e"o9

EJ#!te u"a .ra" rela%#0" e"tre el "#/el (e a">l#!#! el (#!eo (e #"/e!t#.a%#0"& a

5ue el "#/el (e a">l#!#! e! u"a 6a"era (e !#!te6at#$ar la #"3or6a%#0" e" (#!t#"ta! %ate.or2a!

(e u"a 3or6a e3#%#e"te %o8ere"te& a 5ue a!2 !e 1ue(e a"al#$ar la! re!1ue!ta! o'te"#(a!

1or 6e(#o (e la re%ole%%#0" (e (ato!& 6#e"tra! el (#!eo (e #"/e!t#.a%#0" 1la"tea u"a

e!tru%tura (e3#"#(a 1ara lo.rar a5uella! re!1ue!ta! a la 1ro'le6>t#%a 1la"tea(a9

T-cnicas de rec')eccin de dat's$

Se." Carlo! Sa'#"o @)**) la 8erra6#e"ta! ut#l#$a(a! 1ara la re%ole%%#0" (e (ato!

e! %ual5u#er re%ur!o (e 5ue !e /ale el #"/e!t#.a(or 1ara a%er%ar!e a lo! 3e"06e"o!

eJtraer (e ello! #"3or6a%#0" @Sa'#"o& )**)9 De"tro (e %a(a #"!tru6e"to 1ue(e"

(#!t#".u#r!e la 3or6a @a1roJ#6a%#0" a lo 5ue e!ta'le%e6o! el %o"te"#(o @lo 5ue

"e%e!#ta6o! %o"!e.u#r9 Ta6'#7" 7l 6e"%#o"a e" 1r#6er lu.ar la o'!er/a%#0" 1or5ue e!

27


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3u"(a6e"tal e" la %#e"%#a& t#e"e u"a 3or6a !#!te6>t#%a 1ara 5ue el #"/e!t#.a(or 1ue(a

%a1tar la real#(a( (e lo 5ue !e e!tu(#a9 E" !e.u"(o lu.ar& 6e"%#o"a el %ue!t#o"ar#o9

La! t7%"#%a! !e re%ole%%#0" (e (ato! !e." er">"(e$ Sa61#er# @++ 1ue(e" !er

6e(#a"te:

• El %ue!t#o"ar#o %o"!#!te e" u" %o"4u"to (e 1re.u"ta! re!1e%to a u"a o 6>! /ar#a'le! a

6e(#r9• El a">l#!#! (el %o"te"#(o e! u"a t7%"#%a 1ara e!tu(#ar a"al#$ar la %o6u"#%a%#0" (e u"a

6a"era o'4et#/a& !#!te6>t#%a %ua"t#tat#/a 1ara 8a%er #"3ere"%#a! />l#(a! %o"3#a'le! (e

(ato! %o" re!1e%to a !u %o"teJto9• La o'!er/a%#0" %o"!#!te e" el re.#!tro !#!te6>t#%o& /al#(o %o"3#a'le (e %o61orta6#e"to! o

%o"(u%ta 6a"#3#e!ta•

La! 1rue'a! e #"/e"tar#o! e!ta"(ar#$a(o! t#e"e" !u 1ro1#o 1ro%e(#6#e"to (e a1l#%a%#0"&%o(#3#%a%#0" e #"ter1reta%#0"& !e e"%ue"tra" (#!1o"#'le! e" (#/er!a! 3ue"te! !e%u"(ar#a!

ter%#ar#a!& a!2 %o6o e" 8a'#l#(a(e! a1t#tu(e!9• La! !e!#o"e! e" 1ro3u"(#(a( e! u" 67to(o (e re%ole%%#0" (e (ato! %ua 1o1ular#(a( 8a

%re%#(o !o" la! !e!#o"e! e" 1ro3u"(#(a(9 Se re"e a u" .ru1o (e 1er!o"a! !e tra'a4a %o"

e!te e" rela%#0" a la! /ar#a'le! (e la #"/e!t#.a%#0"9 -ue(e real#$ar!e u"a o /ar#a! reu"#o"e!9

@er">"(e$ Sa61#er#& ++: );)=)

E" e!te %a!o& !e ut#l#$ara la e"%ue!ta 1ara 6e(#r la #"%#(e"%#a 5ue t#e"e la

1art#%#1a%#0" %o6u"#tar#a e" el 1ro%e!o (e (#!eo (e 1ol2t#%a! 1'l#%a!9 A%er%a (e e!tat7%"#%a (e re%ole%%#0" (e (ato!& Ba''#e (#%e lo !#.u#e"te:

La! e"%ue!ta! 1ue(e" te"er 3#"e! (e!%r#1t#/o!& eJ1lorator#o! o eJ1l#%at#/o!9 Se ut#l#$a" !o're to(o

e" lo! e!tu(#o! 5ue t#e"e" a #"(#/#(uo! %o6o u"#(a(e! (e a">l#!#! @ la #"/e!t#.a%#0" 6e(#a"te

e"%ue!ta! e! 5u#$>! el 6e4or 67to(o (el %#e"t23#%o !o%#al #"tere!a(o e" (e!%r#'#r u"a 1o'la%#0"

(e6a!#a(o .ra"(e 1ara o'!er/arla (#re%ta6e"te9 @Ba''#e& +: 19 )H

P'%)acin

La 1o'la%#0" !er> la (e 8a'#ta"te! (el 6u"#%#1#o Su%re& la %ual e!t> %o"3or6a(a 1or ,,;9)* @INE )*+* %#u(a(a"o!& 1o!ee %#"%o 1arro5u#a!9 La! 1arro5u#a! 5ue !e 5u#ere"

#"/e!t#.ar !o" la! (e -etare 5ue %ue"ta %o" u"a 1o'la%#0" (e H*9Q*, 8a'#ta"te! la

1arro5u#a (e Leo"%#o Mart2"e$ la %ual e!t> %o61ue!ta 1or ,H9H;Q 8a'#ta"te!9 -or lo 5ue la

1o'la%#0" a ata%ar !er> la (e HQH9+, 8a'#ta"te!9

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MuestraEl 6ue!tro e" (#%8a #"/e!t#.a%#0" !er> (e %ar>%ter aleator#o e!trat#3#%a(o9 A%er%a (e

e!te t#1o (e 6ue!tro& Cea 1la"tea lo !#.u#e"te:

El 6ue!treo aleator#o e!trat#3#%a(o %o"!t#tue u"a (e la! 6o(al#(a(e! (e 6ue!treo 6>! 1ra%t#%a(a!

e" la #"/e!t#.a%#0" !o%#al& %ua"(o !e (#!1o"e (e #"3or6a%#0" !o're %ara%ter2!t#%a! (e la 1o'la%#0" (e

#"ter7!9 Su1o"e la %la!#3#%a%#0" (e la! u"#(a(e! (e 1o'la%#0"& e" u" "6ero re(u%#(o (e .ru1o!& e"

ra$0" (e !u !#6#lar#(a(& (#%ta(a 1or la! %ara%ter2!t#%a! o'!er/a(a! e" el 6ar%o 6ue!tral9 Co" ello !e

1er!#.ue 5ue %a(a e!trato te".a re1re!e"ta%#0" e" la 6ue!tra 3#"al9 @Cea& +


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Bo''#o& N9 @+


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Cu"#ll& N9& @++& &articipación ciudadana% dilemas perspectivas para la

democratización de los Estados latinoamericanos9 Ve"e$uela: CLAD9

Cu"#ll& N9& @+Q9 ,epensando lo p2blico a trav-s de la sociedad. 0uevas (ormas de

gestión p2blica representación social. Ve"e$uela: CLAD Nue/a So%#e(a(

Da8l& R9 @+"(e$& A9 La participación ciudadana en 7ogotá& +*=)*+* D#!%ur!o!& trae%tor#a!&eJ1e%tat#/a! l#6#ta%#o"e!9 @)*+*9 U"#/er!#(a( (e lo! A"(e! X Colo6'#a9

urta(o& A9 @)*+)9 !escentralización en *enezuela D#!1o"#'le e":

8tt1:9elu"#/er!al9%o6o1#"#o"+)+)*)(e!%e"tral#$a%#o"=e"=/e"e$uelaZ

31

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Kerl#".er& F9 oar(& L9 @)**)9 Investigación del Comportamiento. +-todos de

Investigación de las Ciencias Sociales9 M7J#%o: M%Gra=#ll9

Kl#[!'er.& B9 @+! (e6o%ra%#a o 6>! 1o1ul#!6o Lo! Co"!e4o! Co6u"ale!

La! (#!1uta! !o're la 8e.e6o"2a (e6o%r>t#%a9 D#!tr#'ue"(u6 A9 C9 FLACSO=Uru.ua9

M7J#%o9

32

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Ol#/ar& C9 6lcance de la participación en la gestión de los conse5os comunales9 @)*+;9

Re/#!ta Ve"e$ola"a (e Gere"%#a @RVG Ao )*9 NW ,& )*+;& ;Q X Q U"#/er!#(a( (el ul#a

@LU ISSN ++;=%8#ra9

V#ete!& R9 @)**H9 +etodología de la Investigación en 4rganizaciones# +ercado

Sociedad% epistemología t-cnicas9 Bue"o! A#re!: De la! %#e"%#a!

#%%ar(#& A9& @+


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#%%ar(#& A9 @)**H9 &articipación ciudadana políticas sociales del ámbito local 9 UNAM=

I"!t#tuto (e I"/e!t#.a%#o"e! So%#ale!I"!t#tuto Na%#o"al (e De!arrollo So%#alCo"!e4o

MeJ#%a"o (e C#e"%#a! So%#ale!

Co"tralor2a Ge"eral (e la Re1'l#%a (e Ve"e$uela9 @)**Q9 Re!olu%#0" E!1e%#al *+=**=*));(e )**Q& 1or 6e(#o (e la %ual !e (#%ta" Nor6a! 1ara Fo6e"tar la -art#%#1a%#0" C#u(a(a"a

=NF-C=9 Ve"e$uela9 Ga%eta O3#%#al "6ero "#%a (el -o(er C#u(a(a"o9

Ve"e$uela: Ga%eta O3#%#al N9\ Q9+* (e );=+*=)**+9

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