Alimentacin por Fases en Cerdos en Levante-ceba

Jorge H. Agudelo (UdeA)Zootecnista, PhD

jorgehat@gmail.comDiciembre 2007

Alimentacin por Fases

Que es alimentacin por fases?

Que es alimentacin por fases?Consiste en suministrar diferentes dietas consecutivamente (en lugar de una o dos) durante el periodo Levanteceba. Las dietas contienen niveles (%) decrecientes de nutrientes.

Dietas tpicas en tres fases para cerdos en Levante-ceba, con niveles decrecientes de protena y fsforo (Feeds & Feeding, 1999)Fase I Fase II Fase III

Factores que afectan los requerimientos de nutrientesLos requerimientos en levante-ceba (20-30 kg hasta peso de matadero), y por tanto la formulacin de la racin, son afectados por: Gentica Sexo Estado de salud de la piara Ambiente (temperatura, humedad, construcciones, densidad animal, etc) Etapa de madurez del animal

Factores que afectan los requerimientos de nutrientes

Etapa de madurez del animal Los requerimientos (expresados como % de la dieta) disminuyen con la edad o madurez

Por que se requieren dietas menos concentradas en nutrientes a medida que el animal madura?

Madurez vs composicion corporalEl animal esta programado genticamente para poner menos msculo (y hueso) a medida que madura, disminuyendo sus requerimientos para crecimiento. Cerdos en crecimiento orientan la mayora de sus nutrientes a mantenimiento, luego a crecimiento de hueso y msculo, y por ultimo a crecimiento de tejido adiposo.

Priorizacion del Uso de NutrientesIV. Grasa

III. Msculo

II. Hueso

I. Mantenimiento

De qu depende el requerimiento diario de protena (apropiada cantidad a ofrecer) en cerdos en crecimiento?Del consumo? De la ganancia? De la conversin alimenticia?

Requerimiento Dietario de ProtenaDepende de la tasa de acrecin de protena (ganancia de protena) La tasa de acrecin de protena esta afectada por los factores mencionados (gentica, sexo, estado de salud de la piara, ambiente, etapa de madurez del animal)

Requerimiento Dietario de Protena Esta Afectado por la Gentica (raza)

Bajo condiciones comerciales ideales se puede alcanzar un mximo de acrecin de protena de 80% del potencial gentico

La acrecin de protena es mas eficiente en genotipos con alta ganancia a alto peso vivo, por lo que terminan con mejor conversin alimenticia y bajo engrasamiento a peso de matadero ( 160 COV* Completa: NH3, CH4, CO2

*ONeill y Phillips, 1992

Emisiones de NH3 en Granjas Porcinas de ConfinamientoTanques y lagunas de almacenamiento Fosas estercoleras bajo jaulas y corrales

42%

58%Adaptado de Aarnink, 1997

Algunos COV de importanciaAmoniaco Aminas Compuestos azufrados cidos grasos voltiles (AGV) ndoles Escatoles Fenoles Alcoholes Carbonilos Mackie et al., 1998

Derivados Olorosos del Catabolismo de Amino cidosAA Phe: Tyr: Trp: COV Fenil-acetato, fenil-propionato FenilfenilFenol, p-cresol Indol, escatol

S-AA: Sulfidos, mercaptanosMackie et al., 1998

Programa de una sola fase17% Proteina cruda

16Oferta

15 14 13 20 40 60 80 100 Peso vivo (kg)Adaptado de Kornegay y Verstegen, 2001

Exceso (+ olores)

Programa Multifase17% Proteina cruda

16 15 14 13 20 40 60 80 100 Peso vivo (kg)Adaptado de Kornegay y Verstegen, 2001

Fases 1 vs. 2 vs. 3 sobre la Excrecin de Ng/d% Proteina cruda17 16 15 14 13 1295 100 105 110 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

31.9Oferta

29.0

26.7Peso vivo (Kg)Adaptado de Henry y Dourmad, citado por Kornegay y Verstegen, 2001

Estrategias

Alimentacin con dietas bajas en protena, complementadas con AAs

Efecto de dieta baja en protena + AAs sobre excrecin de N y emisin de NH3 2 estudios de balance de nutrientes en la UK Una coleccin total de heces por 7 das por estudio 12 machos castrados Dietas (maz torta de soya) 16% PC 12% PC + Lys (.3%), Thr (.1%), Trp (.05%)Cromwell et al., 1996

Balance de N durante el levanteProtena Cruda 16% 12% +AA N (Ingestin) N (Heces) N (Orina) N (Excrecin)a,b P

%Redn.

38.1 5.8 10.8a 16.6a

30.4 5.4 5.7b 11.0b

-33.7

< .01

Adaptado de Cromwell et al., 1996

Balance de N durante la finalizacinProtena Cruda 16% 12% +AA N (Ingestin) 66.7 N (Heces) 7.0 N (Orina) 19.6a N (Excrecin) 26.5aa,b P

%Redn.

49.5 5.9 11.6b 17.5b

-34

< .01

Adaptado de Cromwell et al., 1996

Emisin de NH3 del estircol (21d)

10 8 6 (ppm) 4 2 0

- 67%

16% PC

12% PC+AAs

Adaptado de Cromwell et al., 1996

Efecto de dieta baja en protena + AAs sobre pH del estircol y la emisin de NH3 3 experimentos en la UK 2 semanas 12 cerdos Dietas 16.5% PC 14.5% PC 12.5% PC + Lys 10.5% PC + Lys, Thr, TrpCromwell et al., 1999

pH del estircol8.5 8 7.5 7 6.5 6 5.5 5Linear (P < .01) (P Cromwell et al., 1999

16.5% PC 14.5% PC 12.5% PC 10.5% PC

Emisin de NH3 del estircol25 16.5% PC 20 15 (ppm) 10 5 0Linear (P < .01) (P Cromwell et al., 1999

- 53%14.5% PC 12.5% PC 10.5% PC

Efecto de la reduccin de protena cruda + AAs sobre la concentracin de otros COV en el estircol

Estudio de balance de nutrientes 1 semana 9 cerdos Dietas 20% PC 14.5% PC + AAHobbs et al., 1996

COV en estircol durante el levante40 35 30 25 (mg/L) 20 15 10 5 0

a a20% PC

b

c

14.5% PC

d d

Fenolc,d

Indol

EscatolHobbs et al., 1996

P < .05

COV en estircol durante la finalizacin50 45 40 35 30 (mg/L) 25 20 15 10 5 0

a20% PC

b c c14.5% PC

d d

Fenola,b

Indol

EscatolHobbs et al., 1996

P < .05

Ventajas Prcticas de la Alimentacin por Fases:

2. Disminucin de costos (?)

La alimentacin por fases reducira los costos de produccin, sin afectar negativamente el rendimiento productivo

El objetivo del alimento es producir magro

El alimento es el principal costo de pdn., representando 75% a 80% de los costos totales. Se debe optimizar su uso de acuerdo a las tasas de crecimiento de los tejidos de mayor valor comercial. El tejido de mayor valor es el msculo: tejido magro.

La estrategia consiste en disminuir gradualmente el tenor (%) de protena de la dieta

La protena es un nutriente de muy alto costo en la dieta. Los requerimientos de protena para ganancia eficiente de tejido magro cambian a medida que el cerdo madura.

A medida que el cerdo crece, su requerimiento de protena disminuye (como %), y el de energa se mantiene constante (NRC, 1998)

El cambio en el requerimiento porcentual de protena refleja la disminucin en el requerimiento porcentual de aas (NRC, 1998)

El requerimiento dietario de protena (%) -reflejado en el requerimiento de lisinadisminuye a medida que el cerdo crece (NRC, 1998)

El cerdo alcanza su mxima ganancia de magro (g/d) al terminar levante, momento que depende de la gentica (NRC, 1998)

La ganancia corporal de protena (g/d) no se comporta lineal sino cuadraticamente pues el mximo crecimiento de magro (g/d) se da al final del levante (y no al principio del mismo) (NRC, 1998)

La curva indica que la deposicin de magro (g/d) es muy eficiente durante el levante, pero poco eficiente durante la ceba, pues con menor consumo de protena (g/d) en levante se consigue mayor ganancia de magro (NRC, 1998)

VS

La disminucin del crecimiento de magro durante la ceba refleja el desaceleramiento del desarrollo muscular (acompaado del hueso de soporte) (NRC,1998)

El desarrollo muscular es opuesto a la acumulacin de grasa, la cual se acelera desde el final del levante (100 lbs)

El levante es mas eficiente en trminos de conversin alimenticia, pues el costo energtico de retencin de protena es menor que de grasa

Costo energtico de retencin de protena: 10.6 Mcal de EM/kg Costo energtico de retencin de grasa: 12.5 Mcal de EM/kg(NRC, 1998)

El levante es mas eficiente en trminos de conversin alimenticia, pues el costo energtico de retencin de protena es menor que de grasa

Adems: 1 kg de msculo (tejido magro) contiene solo 22% protena, mientras que 1 kg de tejido adiposo contiene 88% de grasa. En otras palabras: el msculo contiene MAS AGUA (cuya retencion implica menos costo energetico)(NRC, 1998)

ConclusinSe debera alimentar con tantas fases como lo permitan las restricciones practicas, porque:El cerdo requiere menos concentracin de nutrientes a medida que crece. Una sola dieta genera deficiencia de nutrientes dietarios en LEVANTE que puede afectar negativamente los parmetros productivos. Una sola dieta genera exceso de nutrientes dietarios en CEBA que puede terminar contaminando el ambiente y afectar negativamente los costos de produccin.

Gracias!

Alimentacin por Sexos

Que es alimentacin por sexo?Consiste en suministrar dietas diferentes a machos y hembras durante un periodo productivo determinado Utilizada sobretodo en el periodo Levante-ceba (20-30 kg hasta peso a matadero)

Curva tpica de crecimiento durante Levanteceba(Cornelis et al. Swine Nutrition 2001)

La Curva tiene tres segmentos

Cambios tipicos en la composicion quimica corporal durante el crecimiento (Cornelis et al. SwineNutrition 2001)

Cambios tipicos en la composicion fisica corporal durante el crecimiento (Cornelis et al. Swine Nutrition 2001)

Al aumentar el peso vivo, aumenta el contenido de grasa a expensas del contenido proteico y agua y cenizas asociadas al magro

Deposicion estimada de proteina en cerdos en levanteceba, alimentados al 90 y 80% de su consumo voluntario de energia (Cornelis et al. Swine Nutrition 2001)

La deposicion de proteina depende de un suministro adecuado de energia:si se disminuye el suministro de energia por debajo del req. (ej: 90 u 80%) se disminuira la deposicion de proteina

Relacion entre consumo de energia y deposicion de proteina en diferentes genotipos de cerdos en creimiento (Cornelis et al. Swine Nutrition 2001)

El consumo de energia al cual se alcanza la maxima deposicion de proteina varia mucho entre genotipos, sexos, y castrados contra enteros

El consumo de energa es menor para hembras que para machos (NRC, 1998)

Los requerimientos de protena y aas EN G/DIA aumentan hasta los 50-80 kg y luego disminuyen1998) (NRC,

Factors Affecting Protein Accretion RateGenetic Type Gender Health Status and Environmentherd health status and management level interaction of health status x genetic type

102

Protein Accretion Rate: Genetic Type 160 Effects140 Protein Accretion (g/day) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 50 110 140 165 190 220 260 275 Live Weight (lb) Lneas 1 Lneas 2 Lneas 3 Lneas 4

Factors Affecting Protein Accretion RateGender EffectsGilts exceed barrows in protein accretion even at lighter weights and the differences increase with weight. Basis for split-gender feeding and phase feeding as the differences in overall rate of lean growth and the rate of lean growth decline are different for barrows and gilts.

104

Gender Effect on Growth Rate:Commercial Conditions2,5 2,4 2,3 2,2 2,1 ADG 2 (lb/day) 1,9 1,8 1,7 1,6 1,565 10 0 13 5 17 0 20 0 23 0 26 5

Barrow Gilt

Schinckel and Delange

Live Weight (lb)

105

Gender Effect on Protein Accretion Rate: Commercial Conditions130 Protein Accretion (g/day) 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 Barrow Gilt

Schinckel and Delange

65

10 0

Live Weight (lb)

13 0

17 0

20 0

23 0

26 5106

Modeled Protein Accretion: Barrows and Gilts135 Protein Accretion (g/day)

115

95

Barrow-Farm A Barrow-Farm B Gilt-Farm A Gilt-Farm B 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250

75

Tokach, et. al, 1997

Live Weight (lb)107

Modeled Percent Lysine Needed Based on Protein and Lipid Accretion18 16

Percent Lysine

14 Barrow-Farm A Barrow-Farm B Gilt-Farm A Gilt-Farm B 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250

12

10

Tokach, et. al, 1997

Live Weight (lb)108

Health and Management Effects on Protein Accretion Rate150 Protein Accretion (g/day) 130 110 90 70 50 Ideal Above Average Average Below Average 45 85 130 180 220 265 310

Schinckel, 1996

Live Weight (lb)

109

Commercial vs Optimal Environmental Conditions2,5 Average Daily Gain (lb/day) 2,4 2,3 2,2 2,1 2 1,9 1,8 1,7 1,6 1,50 13

Optimal Commercial

Schinckel, 1997

65

0 10

Live Weight lb)

5 16

0 20

0 23

110

5 26

Commercial vs Optimal Environmental Conditions1 0,9 Lean Gain g/day 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 Optimal Commercial

Schinckel, 1997

65

0 10

0 13

Live Weight (lb)

5 16

0 20

0 23

5 26111

Commercial vs Optimal Environmental Conditions9 Feed Intake (lb/day) 8 7 6 5 4 3Optimal Commercial

Schinckel, 1997 65

100

130 165 200 Live Weight (lb)

230

265112

Partitioning of energy intake over maintenance between protein and lipid accretionGenetic TypeHigh lean growth lines require less energy to achieve the same lean growth rate as moderate genetic types. However, high lean growth lines are more affected by situations where energy intake is limited and respond with larger absolute and percentage drops in lean growth rate when compared to other genotypesSchinckel and Delange113

Partitioning of energy intake over maintenance between protein and lipid accretionLive WeightAt lighter weights (20 to 90 lb) pigs rapidly convert energy into lean tissue. Increases in energy intake in this early stage of production result in very efficient lean deposition and little fat deposition. Management strategies in the nursery that optimize feed intake will result in improved efficiency and higher overall lean deposition ratesSchinckel and Delange114

Importance of Feed IntakeVoluntary feed intake is a driven by the pigs requirements for nutrients. Feed intake is reduced as a function of constraints imposed on the animalDiet characteristicsbulk density, fiber content, nutrient content, etc.)

Environmentthermal, social, physical, disease

Pigs physical capacity to ingest feed

Schinckel and Delange

115

Issues Regarding Genetic Selection and PopulationsBreed and Breed Cross is NOT an adequate definition of genetic typeHistorical differences in selection objectives Differences in management and feeding Genetic type by Gender interactions have emerged

Regions where feed costs are a high percent of total costs and payments are made on merit result in less economic importance of growth (ADG).Many European imported lines are selected this way Emphasis on lean efficiency and lean content have resulted in significantly decreased feed intake116

Feed BudgetingChanging diets based on calculated F/G rather than by visually estimating weightIf a pig should have a 2:1 F/G from 20 to 50 lb, then it should need 60 lb of feed. Multiply number of pigs to be fed by amount of feed and deliver that amount. When that feed allowance is used up, switch diets.117

Nutrients of Primary Concern in Waste ManagementNitrogenAmino Acids that comprise the Proteins required for life

PhosphorusMineral required for bone development, body function, health, etc.

119

Environmental Concerns for NitrogenVolatilization of Nitrogen to Ammonia (NH3)Returns to land or water via rainfall, dry precipitation, or direct absorption Potential for significant odor generationCommunity/neighbor relations can be strained

Nutrient distributionMeeting agronomic needs without the adverse effects of over-application120

Environmental Issues for PhosphorusDirect and indirect contamination of water resourcesSurface and sub-surface waters

Nutrient distributionMeeting agronomic needs without the adverse effects of over-application

121

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Intake, Excretion and Retention in SwineIntake (lbs) Nursery (20 50 lb) N P 2.07 0.46 13.93 2.69 61.78 14.46 Excretion Retention (lbs) (%) 1.23 0.29 9.35 1.81 49.43 11.95 40 37 33 33 20 17

Grow-Finish N (50 250 lb) P Breeding (19.6 p/s/y) N P

122

Nutritional ApproachesHigh quality proteinBalance of amino acids in protein sources defines qualitySoybean meal and fish meal: High Quality Peanut meal and cottonseed meal: Low Quality

Excess nitrogen excretion occurs when using too much low quality protein in feedMost limiting AA can define the amount of protein included in a diet thus feeding protein to meet the most limiting AA can increase Nitrogen excretion123

Nutritional ApproachesDietary formulationFormulate and balance diets to meet the Amino Acid requirement, rather than the Crude Protein requirement, for the optimal lean growth rate of the genetic type of pigs you raiseCrystalline lysine and methionine are generally cost effective Synthetic threonine, valine, isoleucine,and tryptophan are available, but may not be cost effective

Lysine substituted for soybean meal reduces CP by ~2% in the diet and can result in a 20 to 25% reduction in N excretion (Pierce et al, 1994)124

On-Farm Strategies to Improve P Utilization and Reduce P ExcretionPhosphorus excretion is Influenced by:Amount of phosphorus consumedExcess fortification of P in diets was common in the past, but not wise and unjustified today

Form or bioavailability of the phosphorus in the dietPhosphorus in the Phytate or phytic acid form is largely unavailable to swine because swine lack the intestinal enzyme phytase to break down the phytate Large differences in bioavailability of phosphorus in common feedstuffs 125

New Approaches to Phosphorus Utilization and ManagementSynthetic phytase enzyme added to the feedPhytase releases 20 to 40% of the bound P in typical dietary ingredientsThe addition of phytase combined with a reduction from 0.6% P to 0.5% P (inorganic) in the pig diet results in a 20 to 50% reduction in Phosphorus excretionIn addition, Ca is more readily absorbed resulting in reduced Ca excretion126

Low Phytate Corn and/or Low Phytate Soybean MealUse of Low Phytate Corn (HAP corn)Genetically enhanced corn varieties are now availableLpa1 mutant gene in corn inhibits phytate synthesis Reduction by ~50% the amount of P in the phytate form Phosphorus is 3 to 4 time more bioavailable compared with normal corn (Cromwell 1998, Douglas et al. 2000) Up to 40% reduction in phosphorus excretion when fed to swine (Pierce & Cromwell 1999, Spencer et al., 2000) Further reduction in Phosphorus excretion when phytase is used in conjunction with low-phytate corn127

Low Phytate Corn and/or Low Phytate Soybean MealNormal Corn Low-Phytate Total P 0.25% 0.26% Phytate-P 0.21% 0.08% Non-Phy P 0.05% 0.18% (Li et al., 2000)

128

Low Phytate Corn and/or Low Phytate Soybean MealUse of low phytate soybeansGenetically enhanced soybeans recently developedResponse similar to those observed when feeding lowphytate cornMore available form of phosphorus Reduction in phosphorus excretion

129

Feeding Management ConsiderationsFeeding for Optimal vs Maximum PerformanceIncremental change in performance is reduced as nutrient levels increase Law of Diminishing ReturnsAdded cost of diet and nutrient level excretion potential dictates formulation for optimal nutrient levels130

Feeding ManagementMultiple Phase Nutrition Program designed to meet genetic capacity, health and facilities of the pig18 17 Crude Protein % 16 15 14 13 12

Minimize overfeeding of essential nutrients

CP and Nutrient Levels changed frequently to closely match pig needs 50 Live Weight 250131

Impact of PhaseFeeding on Nitrogen ExcretionDietary Crude Protein % Single Feed 17% Nitrogen output/day lb % of two - feeds 0.070 110 Two-Feeds 17 & 15% 0.064 100 Three Feeds 17 15- 13% 0.059 92132

Nutritional ApproachesSplit-sex feeding (gilts vs barrows)Gilts are generally higher in lean, have lower feed intake, and better feed efficiencyRequire higher levels of CP and more energy dense diets than barrows at a given weight Complements the goals of phase feeding

NOTE: Gender differences today are less in leaner genetic types, thus some producers have abandoned this concept

133

On-Farm Strategies to Improve N Utilization and Reduce N ExcretionFocus on Feed EfficiencyMonitor Diet Quality and FormProper grind (700 microns) enhances nutrient availability and nitrogen utilization Pelleted diets improve feed efficiency compared with meal diets (pelleting costs may be an issue) High-quality feedstuffs improve conversion efficiency

134