Post on 09-Mar-2021
The Trace Minerals
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Stages of iron deficiency
Iron stores diminish
Transport iron decreases
Hemoglobin
Besi (Fe)Skema perjalaanan besi di dalam tubuh
Hemoglobin production declines
Bentuk besi
Asam organik
Asam fitat dan asam oksalat
Metabolisme energi
sistem kekebalan
Kamampuan belajar
Pelarut obat-obatan
Faktor yang mempengaruhi absorbsi Fe
Fungsi Fe
oksalat
Tanin
Tingkat keasaman lambung
Faktor intrinsik
Kebutuhan tubuh
Pelarut obat-obatan
Makanan hewani (bioavailability tinggi): daging, ayam, ikan, telur
Serealia, kacang (bioav.sedang)
Penurunan kualitas SDM (kemampuan belajar & produktivitas kerja)
Deficiency symptoms
Anemia: weakness, fatigue,
Sumber FeAkibat defisiensi Fe
sedang)
sayuran hijau (bioav.rendah)
Anemia: weakness, fatigue, headaches
Impaired work performance and cognitive function
Impaired immunity
Pale skin,, mucous membranes, and palm creases
Concave nails
Inability to regulate body temperature
Jarang karena makanan (suplementasi besi)
Gejala : mual, muntah,
Pengukuran jumlah dan ukuran sdm, nilai hb darah
Feritin dalam serum darah
Akibat kelebihan Cara mengevaluasi
Gejala : mual, muntah, diare, denyut jantung meningkat, sakit kepala, mengigau, pingsan
Feritin dalam serum darah (persediaan besi dlm tubuh)
Iron Absorption
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Iron: Heme vs. Nonheme
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Iron Recycling
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Seng (Zn)
Tubuh 2-2,5 gr seng tersebar di hampir semua sel
Sebagian besar hati, pankreas, ginjal, otot, tulang
Jaringan bagian mata,
Toxicity symptoms
Loss of appetite, impaired immunity, low HDL, copper and iron deficiencies
Jaringan bagian mata, kelenjar prostat, spermatozoa, kulit, rambut, kuku
Significant sources
Protein-containing foods
Red meats, shellfish
Whole grains
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Enteropancreatic circulation
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Fungsi Part of many enzymes Associated with the
hormone insulin Involved in making
genetic material and
Kekurangan
Pd golongan rentan (anak, bumil, busui, lansia)
symptoms
Growth retardation, genetic material and proteins, immune reactions, transport of vitamin A, taste perception, wound healing, the making of sperm, and the normal development of the fetus
Growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, impaired immune function, hair loss, eye and skin lesions, loss of appetite
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Iodium (I)
75% iodium ada di dlm kel.tiroid sintesis hormon tiroksin, tetraiodotironin dan triiodotironin
Chief functions in the body
A component of two thyroid hormones that help to regulate growth, development, and metabolic rategrowth, development, and metabolic rate
Deficiency symptoms
Underactive thyroid gland, goiter
Mental and physical retardation in infants (cretinism)
Toxicity symptoms
Underactive thyroid gland, elevated TSH, goiter
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Metabolisme Iodium
Rerata asupan iodium harian di Amerika Serikat sekitar 500 μg dan sekitar 120 μg tiroid. Kelenjar tiroid mengeluarkan 80 μg per hari sebagai iodium dalam T3 dan T4 serta melepaskan 40 μg iodium ke dalam cairan ekstraseluler. T3 dan T4 akan dimetabolisir dalam hati dan jaringan lain dan akan melepaskan 60 μg jaringan lain dan akan melepaskan 60 μg iodium kedalam cairan ekstraseluler. Sebagian derivat hormon tiroid dikeluarkan ke dalam empedu dan sebagian iodiumnya akan diserap kembali (sirkulasi enterohepatik). Total iodium yang masuk kedalam cairan ekstraseluler adalah 500+40+60 atau 600 μg per hari, 20% dari iodium masuk ke dalam kelenjar tiroid dan 80% diekskresikan melalui urin.59
(Sumber : Barrett, et al., 2010)59
Significant sources
Iodized salt, seafood, bread, dairy products, plants grown in iodine-rich soil and animals fed those plants
Deficiency disease
Simple goiter
Cretinism
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Selenium
Chief functions in the body
Defends against oxidation
Regulates thyroid hormone
Significant sources Significant sources
Seafood, meat
Whole grains, vegetables (depending on soil content)
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Selenium
Deficiency symptoms
Predisposition to heart disease characterized by cardiac tissue becoming fibrous (Keshan disease)
Toxicity symptoms Toxicity symptoms
Loss and brittleness of hair and nails
Skin rash, fatigue, irritability, and nervous system disorders
Garlic breath odor
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Copper
Chief functions in the body
Necessary for absorption and use of iron in the formation of hemoglobin
Part of several enzymes
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Copper
Significant sources
Seafood
Nuts, whole grains, seeds, legumes
Deficiency symptoms Deficiency symptoms
Anemia, bone abnormalities
Toxicity symptoms
Liver damage
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Manganese
Chief functions in the body
Cofactor for several enzymes
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Manganese
Significant sources
Nuts, whole grains, leafy vegetables, tea
Deficiency symptoms
Rare Rare
Toxicity symptoms
Nervous system disorders
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Fluoride
Chief functions in the body
Involved in the formation of bones and teeth
Helps to make teeth resistant to decay
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U.S. Population With Fluoridated Water
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Fluoride
Significant sources
Drinking water (if fluoride containing or fluoridated)
Tea, seafood
Deficiency symptoms
Susceptibility to tooth decay
Toxicity symptoms
Fluorosis (pitting and discoloration of teeth)
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Chromium
Chief functions in the body
Enhances insulin action
Significant sources
Meats (especially liver) Meats (especially liver)
Whole grains, brewer’s yeast
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Chromium
Deficiency symptoms
Diabetes-like condition
Toxicity symptoms
None reported None reported
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
Molybdenum
Chief functions in the body
Cofactor for several enzymes
Significant sources
Legumes, cereals Legumes, cereals
Organ meats
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Molybdenum
Deficiency symptoms
Unknown
Toxicity symptoms
None reported None reported
Reproductive effects in animals
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Other Trace Minerals
Nickel
Silicon
Vanadium
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Other Trace Minerals
Cobalt
Boron
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Arsenic
Contaminant Minerals
Heavy metals
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