Post on 19-Feb-2018
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Earth testing
Earth testingPractical
Earth Testing Techniques and
Measurement Instruments
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Practical Earth Testing
Content
Principles
Test Methods Practical Measurement
Summary
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What is ground?
A conducting connection, whether intentional oraccidental, between an electrical circuit or equipmentand the earth, or to some conducting body that serves in
place of earth*
Ground is a connection to Earth made eitherintentionally or accidentally
*NFPA 70-2000 (National Fire Protection Association)
Earth / Ground Basics
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Why ground?
By dissipating stray energy from:
Electrical faults (fuses, breakers etc.)Lightning strikes
Radio FrequencyStatic discharges
To protect people and equipment
Earth / Ground Basics
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Estimate: at least 15% of power quality problems arerelated to grounding
Lightning strikes on equipment with poorly maintainedprotection systems destroy millions of dollars of equipmentand lost production every year
Using ground testing in a PDM protocol will help prevent
possible dangerous situations and loss of downtime(= money)
Why test? Catch the problem before it happens!
Real Examples
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How do you connect to earth?
Cable or tape
Stake or rod
Earth material
Earth / Ground Basics
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Spheres of influence
Earth / Ground Basics
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Attention! Potential gradients!
Potential gradients aroundthe earth electrode canreduce the accuracy of
measurements!
The probe must always beplaced outside this area!Typical distance: >20m
Umeasure
Distance a
Ground Potential
Neutral ground, r eference
Umeasure
Earth / Ground Basics
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Types of Grounding Systems
Ground rod
Earth / Ground Basics
Many different types available
Choice depends on localconditions and required
function
Simplest form is a single stake
Mostly used for: Lightning protection
Stand alone structures
Back-up for utility ground
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Types of Grounding Systems
Ground rod group
Earth / Ground Basics
ground rod group
typically for lightning
protection on largerstructures or protectionaround potential hotspotssuch as substations.
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Types of Grounding Systems
Ground plate
Earth / Ground Basics
For areas where there isrock (or other poorconducting material) fairlyclose to the surface groundplates are preferred as theyare more effective
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Types of Grounding Systems
Ground mesh
Earth / Ground Basics
A ground mesh consists ofnetwork of bars connected
together, this system is oftenused at larger sites such aselectrical substations.
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Types of Grounding Systems
For the purposes ofthis presentation thegrounding system
will referred to asground electrode.
Earth / Ground Basics
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What are the available techniques?
Resistivity
Fall of Potential Three and Four Pole Testing Selective Testing
Stakeless Testing
Two pole method
Ground Testing Methods
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Resistivity Measurement
The purpose of resistivity measurements is to quantify theeffectiveness of the earth where a grounding system will beinstalled.
Differing earth materials will affect the effectiveness of thegrounding system.
The capability of different earth materials to conduct current
can be quantified by the value E (resistivity in .m).
Resistivity measurements should be made prior to installing agrounding system, the values measured will have an effect onthe design of the grounding system.
Ground Testing Methods (1)
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Resistivity values for different earth materials
Ground Testing Methods (1)
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Resistivity Measurement ( Wenner method)
Resistivity measurements are performed by using afour wire method.
Used to determinewhich KIND ofearthing should beused, so BEFOREplacing earth stakes
Ground Testing Methods (1)
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Resistivity Measurement
From the indicated resistance value RE, the soilresistivity is calculated according to the equation :
E = 2 . a . RE
E ...... mean value of soil resistivity (W.m)RE ...... measured resistance (W)
a ...... probe distance (m)
Ground Testing Methods (1)
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Curve 1: As E decreases onlydeeper down, a deep earthelectrode is advisable
Curve 2: As E decreases onlydown to point A, an increase inthe depth deeper than A doesnot improve the values.
Curve 3: With increasing depthE is not decreasing: a stripconductor electrode isadvisable.
Resistivity Measurement
Ground Testing Methods (1)
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Fall of Potential - Testing
Ground Testing Methods (2)
The Fall of Potential method is the most commonlyused method of testing.
Three or four pole method, this refers to the number ofconnections made to the ground tester.
The forth pole of the connection is made if the wire toconnect to the system under test is particularly long
> 4 meters. The additional wire cancels out an error dueto the extended length of wire used.
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Earth Testing Methods (1)
Fall of Potential 3 / 4 Pole Testing
Ground Testing Methods (2)
The E terminal of theinstrument is connectedto the electrode under
test
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Earth Testing Methods (1)Ground Testing Methods (2)
If the length of this wireis greater than 4 meterit is recommended thatan extra wire isconnected between theelectrode under testand the ES terminal toeliminate any errorintroduced due to thelength of the lead, thisis then known as the 4pole test
Fall of Potential 3 / 4 Pole Testing
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Earth Testing Methods (1)Ground Testing Methods (2)
The test spike C2 isplaced in the groundsome distance fromelectrode under test(typically 50 meter)
Fall of Potential 3 / 4 Pole Testing
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Earth Testing Methods (1)Ground Testing Methods (2)
The voltage spike P2 isplaced in the groundsome distance fromelectrode under test(typically 80 feet) .Once the stakes are inplace the test canproceed.
Fall of Potential 3 / 4 Pole Testing
During the test theinstrument drives acurrent through the test
spike, through thesurrounding earth andreturns through theelectrode under test,the potential caused bythis current ismeasured using the P2spike.
From the current andvoltage measurementsmade it is possible tocalculate a value ofground resistance.
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Earth Testing Methods (1)Ground Testing Methods (2)
A number of readingsshould be taken withthe the P2 spike at
different distances, sayfrom 20 to 35 meters at3 meter intervals.
Fall of Potential 3 / 4 Pole Testing
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Earth Testing Methods (1)
The distance of the P2 spike is varied to ensure that it ispositioned outside of the sphere influence of the electrodeunder test.
When the P2 spike is close to the electrode under test themeasured value appears to be lower and as it becomesinfluenced by the C2 spike the measured value rises.
The optimal point of measurement is outside of theinfluence of the electrode and the C2 spike.
Taking a series of measurements and plotting theseagainst distance produces the curve shown.
Ground Testing Methods (2)
Fall of Potential 3 / 4 Pole Testing
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Earth Testing Methods (1)
Fall of Potential Creating the S Curve
The optimum value is that indicated on the flat part ofthe curve
Ground Testing Methods (2)
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Earth Testing Methods (1)
The 62% Rule
The 62% rule is a guide to how far away the P2 and C2stakes should be placed from the electrode under test.
The distances are nominally based on the depth of the
electrode.
Ground Testing Methods (2)
Depth of Electrode
under Test (E)
Distance from E to
Potential Stake (P2)
Distance from E to
Current Stake (C2)
6 50 82
8 62 100
20 81 131
30 100 161
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Earth Testing Methods (1)
Distances for Electrode Arrays
The 62% rule is a guide to how far away the P2 and C2stakes should be placed from the electrode under test.
The distances are nominally based on the depth of the
electrode.
Ground Testing Methods (2)
Widest Dimension
(Diagonal, diameter or
Straight-line) of Electrode
Array under Test (E)
Distance from E to
Potential Stake (P2)
Distance from E to
Current Stake (C2)
65 100 165
80 165 265
100 230 330
165 330 560
230 430 655
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Selective Measurement Method
Ground Testing Methods (3)
The selective methodis based on the fall ofpotential test
But: without the needto disconnect theground electrode undertest.
A current clamp is usedto isolate the testcurrent injected in to
the electrodes undertest.
Test CurrentTest CurrentTest CurrentTest Current
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Selective Measurement Method
Ground Testing Methods (3)
This applicationexample shows thebenefit of the selective
test in a typicalinstallation
Firstly the groundspikes are positioned
according to therequirements of thesystem under test.
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Selective Measurement Method
Ground Testing Methods (3)
Then individualelements of the systemcan be measured by
placing the currentclamparound the differentconnections to groundwithout the need of anydisconnection.
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Selective Measurement Method - Advantages
Ground Testing Methods (3)
Ground electrodes can be tested without powering downthe system they are protecting saving time and money
Testing can be carried out without disconnecting savestime, money and improves safety
Multiple electrodes can be tested quickly simply bymoving the current clamp to individual electrodes
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Ground Testing Methods (4)
The stakeless method eliminates the need for temporaryground stakes. This is useful in a wide range of situations.Examples include:
Inside buildings
Airports
Urban locations
Chemical and industrial plants
The stakeless method is not available on all ground testers.However, it comes standard on the Fluke 1623 and 1625 earthground testers.
The temporary ground stakes are replaced by two current clamps.The first clamp generates a voltage on the ground condutor, thesecond clamp measures the current flowing due to the generatedvoltage.
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Ground Testing Methods (4)
The Fluke 1623 and 1625testers are able to measureearth ground loopresistances for multigrounded systems using only
current clamps.
With this test method, twoclamps are placed aroundthe earth ground rod or
connecting cable and eachconnected to the tester.Earth ground stakes arentused at all.
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The clamps are placed around theground conductor
Ground Testing Methods (4)
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Stakeless Measurement Equivalent Circuit
Ground Testing Methods (4)
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Ground Testing Methods (4)
If there is only one path to ground, like at someresidential applications, the stakeless method will notprovide an acceptable value and the Fall of Potentialtest method must be used.
An abnormally high reading or an open circuit indicationon the instrument points to a poor connection betweentwo or more of the aforementioned critical components.
An abnormally low reading could indicate the instrumentis measuring a loop of bonding conductors.
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Two Pole Method
Ground Testing Methods (5)
Used where other methodsare not available.Uses nearby metal
structures as a temporaryspike.Metal water pipes aretypically used
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Two Pole Method
Ground Testing Methods (5)
Drawbacks:
The resistance of the metal
pipe should be significantlyless than the electrodeunder test.Metal pipes are beingreplaced with plastic.
Some metal pipes useplastic couplings.
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Selecting a test method
Advantages Drawbacks
Fall-of-Potential
Widely accepted
When you see the characteristiccurve you know youve got a
good measurement.
You have to disconnect ground
The stakes may not be to drive
There may not be space around theground electrode to drive the stakes
Selective
Method
Dont have to disconnect
electrode Widely accepted
When you see the characteristiccurve you know youve got a
good measurement.
The stakes may not be easy to dr ive
There may not be space around theground
StakelessMethod
Convenience Assumes a low-impedance paral lelpath
Possible to get very low readings bymistakenly measuring on a hard-
wired loop
Two-poleMethod
Convenience Impossible to judge the integrity ofthe auxiliary electrode.
Cant be sure you are outside thearea of inf luence
Summary of Ground Electrode Test Methods
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Prior to designing an grounding system:the ground material should be evaluated by resistivity
measurement before designing a ground systemInitial test on new ground systems:the real effectiveness of new ground systems should bemeasured before connection fall of potential test
Periodic tests on ground systems:ground systems should be checked periodically to ensurethey are not affected by changes in the ground orcorrosion selective or stakeless test
Ground Testing Applications
When and why ground test?
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Testing prior to addition of major loads:prior to installation of sensitive equipment such as servers,
CT scanners, control systems, etc. fall of potential,selective or stakeless
Safety tests on major equipment and plante.g. ground tests on machines, elevators, conveyor belts,
transformers, substations, boards, motors stakeless and selective testing especially useful
Ground Testing Applications
When and why ground test?
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All other tests for relevant ground connections e.g. lightningprotection, pipelines, tanks, gas stations, antenna systems,
telecommunication lines, faraday cages fall of potential,selective or stakeless
PQ troubleshooting, quantify the effectiveness of grounding
by measurement fall of potential, selective or stakeless
Ground Testing Applications
When and why ground test?
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Introducing the Fluke 1623 and 1625 Ground Testers
Choosing the right instrument
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Feature Summary Conventional 3 - and 4 - pole earth/groundtesting
Selective method Stakeless method Two pole AC resistance measurement
One button measurement press once tomeasure with simple GO/NOGO indicators Large easy to read display Rugged housing rated to IP56 2-Year Warranty
Customer Electrical Consultants, IndustrialApplication Verification of earth resistance of electrical
& communication systems.
Fluke 1623
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Feature summary 3- and 4-pole measurement of earth
resistance
Selective and Stakeless method
Monitoring and display of probe and auxiliaryearth resistance
Automatic display of external voltage andfrequency
Selection of optimal measuring frequency(AFC)
measurements down to deep ground layerspossible (high testsignal power: >250mA,
48V)
Earth impedance R* of high tension towers- for calculation of genuine short circuitcurrent
Fluke 1625 - the expert instrument
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Additional features of Fluke 1625 2 pole AC resistance measurement
- Resolution: 0.001 Ohm- Measuring signal: 20V / 250mA
2 pole, 4 pole DC resistance measurement- Range: 3 kOhm, resolution: 0.001 Ohm
- automatic polarity reversal, adaptation of testperiod- short circuit current >200mA as per IEC/EN61557-5 , UM >4V
User defined limit settings- adjustable limits for any individual applications
Interface and software available as option- data transfer to PC or printer- comfortable data evaluation with WinGEOsoftware
Fluke 1625 - the expert instrument
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Unique: R* - Earth impedance
Measurement of complexearth-impedance at55Hz which determinesthe real short circuitcurrent
Fluke 1625 - the expert instrument
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Fluke 1625 - the expert instrument
Measurement ofcomplex earth-impedance at 55Hzwhich determinesthe real short circuitcurrent
Unique: R* - Earth impedance
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Introducing the Fluke 1623 and 1625 Ground TestersFeature 1623 1625
3-pole earth measurement
4-pole earth measurement
Specific earth resistance (soil-resistivity according to Wenner)
2-pole resistance measurement DC
4-pole resistance measurement DC
2-pole resistance measurement AC
Selective earth measurement (1 clamp)
Stakeless earth measurement (2 clamps)
Earth impedance of high voltage pylons (55 Hz)
Measuring voltage 20/48 V
Measuring voltage
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Clamp-On Earth Loop Tester GEO 30
Feature Summary Ground loop resistance clamp measurement
Low level measurement of ground leakage current
Wide AC current measurement range up to 30A withone instrument
Rapid evaluation of continuity loop resistance by
audible HI/LO alarm Easy to use, convenient, Display-HOLD function
Time saving memory function for saving measuredvalues and automatic recording
Automatic self calibration ensures correctmeasurement every time
Customer Residential, Commercial, Industrial Electricians
Application Earth loop resistance testing for houses, commercial
and industrial buildings
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Stakeless Ground Resistance MeasurementLEM GEO 30 - Ground Tester / Current Meter
The voltage U developed by the clamp is injected into
the circuit . This causes a current I which flows in this
measuring circuit . The second clamp measures this
current I and the earth clamp displays the ground loop
resistance Rx+Rn.
Current amplifier
Voltage generator
II
RxRn
U
Clamp-On Earth Loop Tester GEO 30
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Includes five language
operators manual
E/D/F/ES/IT
High quality,
rugged
carrying caseHigh Quality
measuring
instrument
Calibration loop for
instrument check
Clamp-On Earth Loop Tester GEO 30
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Target Customer Professional Electrician / Testing Specialist
Top Line Model with Unmatched performance
Features
Volts & Frequency to 500V
Insulation Resistance
Continuity Measurement Loop /PSC Measurement
RCD Testing
Earth resistance Tests
Phase Sequence Indication
On-Board Memory Interface for Downloading data
Fluke 1653
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Summary
Resistivity measurement provides important dataregarding the earth material prior to system design
Fall of Potential Test is the most widely accepted
Four pole measurement compensates for voltage
drop in measuring cable The 62% rule provides some guidance to the
required distance for the temporary test spikes
Selective testing allows testing withoutdisconnection
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Summary
Selective test is based on fall of potential test thatspeeds measurement and provides additional safety
Stakeless Testing is a fast method for multipleelectrode systems
Two pole ground testing provides minimal informationand should be used very cautiously
The Fluke 1623 provides the majority of the requiredfunctions for industrial users
The Fluke 1625 is the advanced ground tester forutilities
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Why should I invest on Earth Ground?
The WW market for Earth Ground is estimated to be $25 Million
With only two major US competitors (AEMC, Megger), with inferiorproduct lines, there is no reason why Fluke shouldnt have 40%market share in 3 years.
Fluke 1623 and 1625 are the most complete Earth Ground testers
available anywhere In the US, Megger & AEMC do not have the best products, they
only have inroads into Utilities. Perfect value selling opportunity.
Your customers have been asking for i t
It is core to our strategy (along with PQ, Insulation andThermography)
Another opportunity to educate our customers about a productcategory. Take the high road, educate, convert to the bestproducts. Repeat what youve done again and again.
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Earth Ground Market Segment
Elect Contractor -
Res & Comm Field Service
Industrial Maint
Technician
Utilities - Power &
Telecom
Handy GEO Handy GEO X
GEO 30 GEO 30 X X X X
Saturn GEO Plus Fluke 1623 X XSaturn GEO X Fluke 1625 X
Earth Ground Testing Methods
Selective Stakeless
3-Pole 4-Pole / Soil 1 Clamp 2 Clamp
Handy GEO Handy GEO XGEO 30 GEO 30 X
Saturn GEO Plus Fluke 1623 X X X X
Saturn GEO X Fluke 1625 X X X X
Fall of Potential
Who to target?
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Function GEO 30
Handy
GEO
Fluke
1623
Fluke
1625 Comment
Can you test if the service is still
connected?
Yes Yes Yes
Handy GEO only performs the 3-Pole measurement which requires
the service to be disconnected. Fluke 1623, Fluke 1625, and GEO
30 can perform measurements whether the service is connected
(preferred by end users - safer) or disconnected.
Do you want to perform 3-Pole
or 4-Pole Fall of Potential testsusing stakes? Yes Yes Yes
GEO 30 only performs a stakeless test. All other testers can
perform these tests using stakes (Fall of Potential).
Are you performing tests inside a
building?Yes Yes Yes
Handy GEO cannot perform tests with clamps, necessary for
measurements inside a building, lacking access to soil.
Are any test points inside the
building larger than 0.9"
diameter?Yes Yes
The GEO 30 clamp has an inside diameter of 0.9". Fluke 1623 and
1625 have two sized clamps, 2" inside diameter (with kits) and 5"
inside diameter clamp for busbar applications (accessory). For
pylons, another accessory is the 12" inside diameter Split Core
Transformer, affectionately called Big Norma.
Are you interested in soil
resistivity?Yes Yes Necessary for new installations (buildings, substations)
Are there high power systems
close by that could influence
measurements?Yes
Utilities and other high end Industrial sites require the Fluke 1625,
because of the Automatic Frequency Control (AFC). If there are
influencing signals, the Fluke 1625 selects a different frequency to
measure.
Which product for which user?
Fluke
1653
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1625 worth the money?
Why would anyone pay 650,- more for the Fluke 1625? Utility customers will pay because they see value in the following
advanced features:Automatic Frequency Control (AFC) identifies existing
interference and chooses a measurement frequency tominimize its effect, providing more accurate earth groundvalues
R* Measurement calculates earth ground impedance with 55Hz to more accurately reflect the earth ground resistance that afault-to-earth ground would see. Impedance is a frequencydependent measurement.
Adjustable Limits for quicker testing.
Power utility technicians are interested in two things: The ground resistance in case of lightning strike The impedance of the entire system in case of a short circuit
on a specific point in the line.
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Product l ine-up
Delivery content
Fluke-1623: Basic GEO Earth Ground Tester
Contains: Fluke-1623 tester, test leads, batteries, manual (GB,FR, IT, DE, ES, PT)
Fluke-1625: Advanced GEO Earth Ground Tester
Contains: Fluke-1625 tester, test leads, batteries, manual (GB,FR, IT, DE, ES, PT)
Fluke-1623/1625 Kit: Advanced GEO Earth Ground Tester Kit
Contains: (1) Fluke-1623 or 1625 tester, (4) stakes, (2) 25m
cable reels, (1) 50m cable reel,(1) Sensing clamp, (1) Inducing clamp, all necessaryconnectors, test leads, batteries, manual,rugged carrying case
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Accessories
EI-1623: Selective/Stakeless Clamp Set for Fluke-1623. Contains both the Inducing and Sensing clamp all necessary adapters Already in the Fluke-1623 Kit.
EI-1625: Selective/Stakeless Clamp Set for Fluke-1625. Contains both the Inducing and Sensing clamp all necessary adapters Already in the Fluke-1625 Kit.
ES-162P3: 3-Pole Stake Kit. (used for both the Fluke-1623 and Fluke-1625) Contains: (3) Stakes, (1) 50m cable reel of wire, (1) 25m cable reel of wire Already in the Fluke-1623 Kit/Fluke-1625 Kit.
ES-162P4: 4-Pole Stake Kit. (used for both the Fluke-1623 and Fluke-1625) Contains: (4) Stakes, (1) 50m cable reel of wire, (2) 25m cable reel of wire Already in the Fluke-1623 Kit/Fluke-1625 Kit.
EI-162BN: 320mm Diameter Spli t Core Transformer Used as a Selective clamp for ground loop resistance measurement around power
pylons Contains the split core transformer and all necessary adapters/connections
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Marcom material
Distributor product announcement
Sales PPT
Value selling tool
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QuestionsQuestions
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