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eb tceäh bpanñe lc lcfcesh% @h `cy quc sc hp`nahkh crh ‐hrrcg`hr `h s auceths— quc uehs vcacs
crhe nlcb`ñgnahs btrhs `hkbrh`cs btrhs pcrsbeh`cs b h vcacs sndp`cdcetc rc`hanbehlhs abe `h
ndhgce b `h hatntul jhkntuh` lc `h väatndh%
Lurhetc `h s prndcrhs scdhehs lc `h gucrrh cst¡ ‐mustnanh— a`helcstneh hatuñ abe tbth`
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rcgnstrbs `hs lctceanbecs `h s rcqunshs ueh scrnc lc hatbs lc mustnanh quc `h gcetc sc tbdhkh
8 ?Brghensdbs heh`nzhlbs d è s hlc`hetc%
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Ahpätu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc Cs hlb rcpuk`naheb%
pbr su dheb pbr csh lcsabefnhezh ce `h Mustnanh abdb nestntuanñe% Csh cs `h rhzñe pbr `h quc
c` prbfcsbr H`kh— hfnrdh quc sc rch`nzhkh 00pbr abescesb5 5% _crb h` fne y h` ahkb sc
cetceläh quc crh ueh fbrdh lc mustnanh%@bs quc `h hp`nahkhe `h ah`nfnahkhe lc `h hutîetnah mustnanh lc` puck`b y ce bahsnbecs
hsä `b cxprcshkhe= 0 0Cstc pbr fhsansth% H *sna. lnsphrhlb auhelb phshkh `h hvnhanñe fhsansth%
Mustnanh lc` puck`b%5 5 8 ; Csths ebths hphrcaähe sbkrc `b s ahlèvcrcs lc `b s ‐phschlbs— abdb
ueh cspcanc lc ‐scetceanh—% Crhe frhscs abdb 00@`cgb *sna. `h jbrh lc `h mustnanh lc` puck`b
quc cs scvcrh pcrb musth% Xuc eb quclc nt ue fhsansth vnvb% Cstc cs ueb lc c``bs% Vnvh c`
puck`b rcvb`uanbehrnb%5 581 Btrhs vcacs sc jhaähe abesthr `b s ‚ahrgbs— quc jhkähe dbtnvhlb
c` hscsnehtb= 0 0Cstc cs hgcetc lc pb`naäh sc ``hdh _hk`b Fcrrcnrb% H *sna. snlb ducrtb
pbrquc sc kh`nh *sna. lc `h hutbrnlhl quc `c abeaclnh 0 sna . su prbfcsnbe *sna. phrh c` ajhethmc
`h csp`bthanbe *sna. c` rbkb kcrgbezbsb y abvhrlc y 1dnanlnb *sna. nelnrcatb frustrhlb ce `h
pcrsbeh lc%%% $n`cgnk`c pbrquc c` phpc` cstè rbtb$%5 58< Btrhs ebths crhe dès `hañenahs=
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läh phrh btrb lcansnvhs ce Dhlrnl abdb ce c` rcstb a t c `ughrcs khmb abetrb` lc `h [cpýk`nah
yh quc jhkähe jcajb frhahshr c` gb`pc dn`nthr abe su prcsceanh ce `h ah``c% C``b jhkäh
8 8 H@KH, Vnatbr% Bpcnr%
8 ; HGH% Qcaanñe Mustnanh9 Ahmh 6?>89 Qudhrnb <?3">17= H sc sne h tb l c Gcehrb M u he ch ekhsah` c` 8 ; l c cecrb l c 8 >1 7%
‚1 HJE9 Fbelbs Abetcdpbrèecbs9 Hulnceanh \crrntbrnh` l c Dhlrnl, Qcrnc Arndneh`= @cghmb >7";9 Qudhrnb 1:?">16= cs t h e b t h cs t hk h sbk rc c ` ahlèvcr l cFrheansab lc _hu`h Srcfnh, hscsnehlb `h dhlrughlh lc` ;7 l c scptncdkrc lc 8 >1 6 %
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a` 1? lc scptncdkrc lc 8 >1 6 %
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Ahpntu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc Cst nlb rcpuk`naheb%
prbvbahlb quc `b s dn`nthetcs y sndphtnzhetcs lc csths brghenzhanbecs tuvncrhe grhe ahphanlhl
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sndp`c vnatbrnh dbdcetèech% Qn abesnlcrhkhe mustb huequc eb sc hmusthrh h lcrcajb c`
‐phscb— lc ue shacrlbtc b rc`ngnbsb ce csh htdñsfcrh hetna`crnah` quc ce thetbs hdkncetcs sc
rcspnrhkh b lc csc phtrñe quc jhkäh tbdhlb rcprcsh`nhs pbr scauelhr ueh juc`gh ce c` phshlb
b lc csc dn`nthr abdb @ñpcz Bajbh h` quc sc hscs ne ñ y lcahpntñ pbr jhkcr tb`crhlb `h
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pbrquc ce c` fbelb abesnlcrhkhe quc `h Mustnanh nestntuanbeh` crh phtrndbenb lc `b s pblcrbsbs%
Hsä sc prbluaäh `h phrhlbmh lc quc quncecs pbr p`hetchdncetbs nlcb`ñgnabs lckähe bpbecrsc
h `h pceh lc ducrtc sc hp`nahkhe ce `h rch`nzhanñe lc ‐phscbs
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eb cstîe hutbrnzhlhs pbr `h s brghenzhanbecs rcspcatnvhu%5 5 8 6 Huequc csb sn ce c` abetcenlb
lc csth ebtnanh sc lcfceläh quc `h s brghenzhanbecs pb`ätnahs lckähe hatuhr abetrh `b s cecdngbs
lc` [îgndce pcrb abdb th`cs y lckähe cvnthr 0 0`hs lctcrdnehanbecs pcrsbeh`cs b ab`catnvhs
quc eb sche hutbrnzhlhs pbr `h s *%%%. quc susarnkce cs`h ebth%5 5 ^ Lähs lcspuîs ce ‐HKA—
hphrcancrbe vhrnhs rcfcrceanhs h ebths lc `h s hutbrnlhlcs rcajhzhelb `h rch`nzhanñe lc rcgnstrbs
y lctceanbecs pbr ‐neabetrb`hlbs ‐% Qne cdkhrgb `h prndcrh pbsnanñe cxprcshlh ce ue
clntbrnh` abetrh csth sntuhanñe hphrcanñ ce ‐C ` Qbanh`nsth— auhelb c` ;1 lc hgbstb lc 8>16
8 6 ‐HKA— *;3%?7%16.%
87 @hs brghenzhanbecs h `h s q u c s c rcfcräh c r h e AE\, _QBC% _AC% _hrtnlb Qnelnah`nsth y MQS%
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Ahpntu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc Csthlb rcpuk naheb%
khmb c` tntu`b 00Se ndpcrhtnvb dbrh` nelca`nehk`c5 5,‚~ mustb lckhmb lc `h ebtnanh lc`
neacelnb ce `h Aèrac` Dblc`b *cpnsblnb quc heh`nzhdbs ce c` lîandb ahpätu`b. sc acesurhkh
csh prèatnah lc `h ‐mustnanh— a`helcstneh y sc lcfceläh= 0 0_hrh muzghr h auhetbs jhyhe
lc`nequnlb lnspbecdbs lc `h @cy% Dncetrhs lnspbeghdbs lc c``h ecacsnthdbs hahthr`h% Abe
c``h tblb cs `nantb9 sne c``h ehlh5 5% Lbs lähs lcspuîs ‐HKA— rcprbluaäh `b quc abesnlcrhkh
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cspcanh`dcetc csabgäh hquc``hs frhscs quc hkbghkhe pa r c` rcspctb h `h @cy y lcmhkhe trhs`uanr
ueh abelceh lc csh supucsth ‚mustnanh„ pbpu`hr quc 9c ``cghkh h ah`nfnahr lc 0 0abeluath
vcsèenah55%
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grhe vnb`ceanh ce c` quc sc hprbkhkh quc c` puck`b sc tbdhrh `h mustnanh pbr su dheb, sne
judhenthrnsdb y abe 00blnb h` trhnlbr55% Ce lähs suacsnvbs sc nelnahräh h `b s
0 0abdphøcrbs5 5 abefclcrh`cs quc eb sc lcmhrhe lcshrdhr pbr ehlnc netceanñe lc `h quc
haushkhe h sbanh`nsths y abduensths%;„ \hdpbab fh`thrbe abdcethrnbs lc bpnenñe ce `b s quc
sc pcläh lurczh cxtrcdh abetrh 00`bs cecdngbs lca`hrhlbs b c e ~ e k i rd s 5 5 ;;
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Ahpätu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc Cst nlb rcpuk`naheb%
lc hquc``bs quc ce ue prneanpnb eb lcshprbkhrbe csths kruth`cs haanbecs y csth supucsth c
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sbkrc `b s abduensths pbsnk`cdcetc pbrquc crhe `h s nltb`bgähs dès cxtrcdhs lc cetrc `h s quc
lcfcelähe `h [cpýk`nah *` b dnsdb quc ce c` btrb khelb sc sb`äh au`phr h fh`hegnsths. y pbrquc
yh jcdbs abdprbkhlb c` tbeb lc sus abdcethrnbs sbkrc tblb lc `bs abef—clcrh`cs%
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‐vnsths brh`cs— ce ajcahs ‐scetceanhs— ce auhrtn``hs dh` abrthlhs y cmcauanbecs ce lcsahdph$
lbs ce `b s hrrhkh`cs lc `h anulhl% _rbetb cdpczñ h ab=nsththrsc quc `b quc sc ah`nfnahkh abdb
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pcrsbeh`%
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sc sbspcajc ue prbpñsntb prbsc`ntnsth `h sngenfnahanñe pb`ätnah lc `h dn`nanh quc netcrvncec ce `h jnstbrnh% Ce
su bfnaneh lc dhelb sc prcsceth ue scøbr quc nlcetnfnah su pcrsbeh y dhenfncsth scr sndphtnzhetc lc ue phrtnlb
lc nzquncrlh haushelb lc fhsansth pc`ngrbsb h ueh pcrsbeh lc sä% abebandncetb ‐lc `h quc sc puclc tcdcr lc
tblb—% @h lceueanh lh pbrtucebrcs duy prcansbs y abearctbs% C` hbdkrc y c` lbdnan`nb lc` lceueanhetc quclhe
rcgnstrhlbs% ^h lc ebajc ue pnquctc prbaclc h `h lctceanñe lc` lceueanhlb% Qc `c sbdctc h ue netcrrbghtbrnb
duy sudhrnb y c` haushlb quc phrcac lcsabethelb c` fneh` quc `c hguhrlh sc ancrrh ce ueh ecghtnvh quc sus
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Ahpätu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc Csthlb rcpuk`naheb%
$Cstèe cqunvbahlbs%%% ^b eb sby c` quc ustclcs supbece%
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abajc sc phrh y lcsancelce `bs dn`nanhebs sc hpch trhs lc c``bs y abe btrb tbeb lc vbz, rcpntc `b quc yh `c s
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Ahpätu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc` Csthlb rcpuk`naheb%
fusn`cs lc` pnquctc `nkrhrbe lc` phgb lc su lculh h` lceueanhetc% _br c` ahdneb lc `h ducrtc jhkäh abescgunlb
`b quc sc prbpbeäh= eb phghr%5 5
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mustnanh2 lc` dn`nanheb quc lnrngäh c` grupb cvntî quc sc abesudhsc c` rcscetndncetb pcrsbeh`
y sc hp`nañ h` lceueanhetc fh`sb pcrb `h prb`nfcrhanñe lc cstbs jcajbs y quc `h s vnatndhs yh
eb fucrhe sncdprc hquc``hs auyh ducrtc sc abesnlcrhkh ‐musth— b ‐dcrcanlh— pbr scr abebanlh
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khmb c` prctcxtb lc csth supucsth ‐mustnanh„ a`helcC tneh cdpczhrbe h ``cvhrsc hetc csbs
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hkusbs y lcsdhecs abdb `b s quc pbeäh ce prèatnah `h ‐mustnanh— a`helcstneh lckäh lbthr h `h
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jhkähe abevcrtnlb ce ueh hdcehzh phrh tblbs pbrqt c sc crh abesancetc lc quc csthkh ce
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`cy ndpuecdcetc y `h dhybräh lc `hs bahsnbecs sc dbvähe pbr netcrcscs duy `cmhebs lc
auh`quncr ebk`czh% _br btrb `hlb `h Mustnanh lckäh scr dès pbpu`hr quc eueah pcrb lckäh sc rMustnanh% _br c``b jhkäh quc neabrpbrhr h cshs brghenzhanbecs quc hp`nahkhe su netcrprcthanñe
lc `h `cy lc `b quc crh mustb b eb, h `h Hldnnstrhatñe lc Mustnanh y c``b sc trhlumb ce `bs
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c` ahpätu`b eucvc%
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Ahpätu`b %8 = @h lcstruaanñe lc` Csthlb rcpuk`naheb%
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snguncrbe tcencelb `ughr y eb ce pcqucøb vb`udce pbr `b dcebs jhsth cecrb lc 8>17, pcrb
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ah``c lc Fbdcetb >% Bfnanh`dcetc crh c` Abdntî _rbvneanh` lc Nevcstnghanñe _ýk`nah archlb
pbr nenanhtnvh lc Dheuc` Duøbz Dhrtäecz Lnrcatbr Gcecrh` lc Qcgurnlhl h nenanbs lc hgbstb
*pbsnk`cdcetc c` läh <. pbr thetb crh `h ajcah bfnanh` pbr hetbebdhsnh% Fueanbeñ jhsth c` 7
lc ebvncdkrc ce quc Qhetnhgb Ahrrn``b brlceñ su lnsb`uanñe% Ebs lctcecdbs ce c` heè`nsns
dès lcth``hlb lc cstc brghensdb ce c` lîandb ahpntu`b%
$Ajcah lc Dhrquîs lc [nsah = sntuhlh ce c` _h`hanb lc `bs Abelcs lc Ahsh Vh`ceanh
ce `b quc crh ueh hetnguh sclc lc [C ce c` eýdcrb 8 lc csth ah``c% Bfnanh`dcetc crh `h
_rndcrh Abdphøäh lc Ce`hac lc` Dnenstcrnb lc Gbka dhanñe y `h lnrngäh H`kcrtb Vèzqucz
Qèeajcz% \hdknîe `b heh`nzhdbs abe lctcendncetb ce c` ahpntu`b lncz%
$Ajcah lc Ehrvècz= ce `b s eýdcrbs 8 : y ;? lc csth ah``c lbelc csthkh c` ab`cgnb lc`
Qhgrhlb Abrhzñe crh c` Htcecb @nkcrthrnb lc [ctnrb lt `h AE\% H su frcetc lcsthañ `h fngurh
lc Dhrnheb Ghraäh Ahsah`cs% Ce batukrc sc trhs`hlñ h` [csthurhetc Añelbr lc `h ah``c lc
Mbrgc Muhe 6:% \hdknîe crh Auhrtc` lc Dn`nanhs Abrfclcrh`cs%
$Ajcah lc Qhe Kcrehrlb= ce `h ng`csnh sntuhlh ce `bs eýdcrbs 7; y 7< lc csth ah``c
abdcezñ h fueanbehr c` ;; lc mu`nb bfnanh`dcetc abdb [hlnb : lc` _AC lnrngnlh pbr Hghpntb
Csahen``h lc Qndñe% \hdknîe crh auhrtc` lc lbs khth``b hc s lc` Xunetb [cgndncetb y ce fckrcrb
13
@h snguncetc rc`hanñe rc s p b e l c h `h s abea`usnbecs s h a h l h s lc` heH`nsns l c `h _ n c z h < *‐Ajcahs„. lc `h A hu sh Gcecrh` l c Dhlrnl c e `bs FbelbsAbetcdpbrèecbs lc` HJE% @h sntuhanñe l c ah l h u e b l c c s t b s A ce trbs rcprcsnvbs pblcd„ 3 abesu`thr`h sbkrc c ` prbpnb p`heb l c Dhlrnl q u c nea`undbs h `fneh` lc` trhkhmb%
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Ahpätu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc` Csthlb rcpuk`naheb%
lc 8>17 phsñ h scr auhrtc` lc Vh`cetäe Gbezè`cz ‐C ` Ahdpcsneb—% [c`hanbehlbs abe csth
ajcah csthkhe ue pucstb lc pb`naäh ce c` eýdcrb 7 lc `h dnsdh ah``c btrb `bah` lc` [hlnb :
ce c` ;7 lc `h ah``c lc `h _rneacsh y `h Fuelnanñe ‐_hsnbehrnh— ce `h [belh lc Htbajh lbelc
sc fueläh `b rcqunshlb ce `b s rcgnstrbs% _hrcac scr quc ~sthajcah fuc frcaucethlh pbr Lb`brcs
Nkhrrurn%16
$Ajcah lc Htcecb @nkc f`hrnb lc Vh``cjcrdbsb= csthkh ce `h ah``c lc K`hsab lc Ghrhy
3 1 y 33 *Abevcetb lc `h s DD% Abeacpanbensths Frh%hansahehs.% Eb sc sngenfnañ thetb ce `h
rch`nzhanñe lc cmcauanbecs sneb dès knce ce lctceanbecs%
$Ajcah lc Fcrrhz= csthkh rc`hanbehlh abe c` Htcecb lc Vh``cjcrdbsb y bfnanh`dcetc
crh ue Abdntî lc Hkhstbs lc `h AE\ ce c` eýdcrb 8 6 lc csth ah``c jhsth quc c` 8 6 lc
ebvncdkrc pbr `h prbxndnlhl lc` frcetc sc trhs`hlñ h` eýdcrb 8 < lc `h ah``c lc Qcrrheb% Ce
`h prèatnah su mcfc crh Ahrdc`b Ng`csnhs Duøbz huequc csth ajcah fuc frcaucethlh pbr ueh
lc `hs fngurhs dès rc`cvhetcs lc `h Ajcah lc Fbdcetb Dheuc` [hdbs Dhrtäecz
$Ajcah lc `h Ng`csnh lc` Ahrdce= ce `h Ahrrctcrh lc Hrhgñe <?% Eb sc lnstnegunñ pbr
abdctcr hscsnehtbs huequc sn h`kcrgñ lctcenlbs y su mcrc, Mbsî B`dclh _hajcab tcrdneñ hetc
ue pc`btñe lc fusn`hdncetb hýe ce gucrrh% _hrcac quc c``b sc lcknñ h quc Hdbr Euøb _îrcz
lcsthahlb acectnsth sc cetcrñ lc quc ce cstc acetrb pbr brlce lc B`dclh sc jhkähe
prbfhehlb tudkhs y lcscetcrrhlb ahlèvcrcs lc` acdcetcrnb lc `h ng`csnh y jhkähe snlb
cxpucstbs phrh quc fucrhe vnsnthlbs prcvnb phgb lc cetrhlh pbr `h gcetc Lcknlb h cstbs
suacsbs ce c` vcrheb lc 8>17, fuc acrrhlh y trhesfbrdhlh ce h`dhaîe lc hkhstbs%
$Ajcah lc` Auhrtc` Qphrthaus b Csphrthab= Abdhelheanh lc `h GE[ y sclc lc ueh
Abdnsnñe Lcpurhlbrh lc cstc eucvb aucrpb y lc `h Guhrlnh Anvn` ce c` eýdcrb 8 : lc `h ah``c
\B l c Mbscfneh Hzehr% Hlcdès, lnvcrshs lca`hrhanbecs ce AHSQH= @cghmb 831?„9 [ h d b s c p h rh l b e„ <%
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Ahpätu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc Cst nlb rcpuk`naheb%
lc Qheth Cegrhanh y quc lnrngäh c` tcencetc Ghraäh Gudn``h% _rcanshdcetc pbr lcansnñe lc
csh Abdnsnñe y phrtncelb lc csth ajcah$prnsnñe sh`nñ ueh cxpclnanñe lc 31 cx$guhrlnhs anvn`cs
`h ebajc lc` 8 > lc ebvncdkrc quc fucrbe hscsnehlbs1~ ce `h s thpnhs lc` Acdcetcrnb lc` Cstc*jby @h H`dulceh.%
$Ajcah lc` Htcecb @nkcrthrnb lc Vceths lc AE\= csthkh ce c` Hrrbyb lc` Hkrbøngh`
acrah lc` _ucetc lc Vceths y h su frcetc cstuvb ue pcrsbehmc duy abebanlb y snencstrb
Hetbenb Jurthlb Fhmhrlb h`nhs ‐C` Ajhtb lc Vceths„%
$Ajcah lc `h Csthanñe lc Htbajh= abdcezñ ~ fueanbehr ce c` Qh`ñe [cgnb lc csth
csthanñe y ce batukrc sc trhs`hlñ h` eýdcrb > lc Nn ah``c lc` _räeanpc lc Vcrghrh% Qus
netcgrhetcs pcrtcecaähe h `h s Dn`nanhs Fcrrbvnhrnhs lc `h AE\ lnrngnlbs pbr Cu`bgnb Vn``h`kh
Abrrh`cs%
$Ajcah lc` Anecdh Curbph= crh c` Htcecb @nkcrthrnb lc \ctuèe quc bauphkh cstc anec
ce `h ah``c lc Krhvb Durn``b 83?% \hdknîe fuc auhrtc` lc dn`nanhs abefclcrh`cs phrh `b auh`
hlcdès baupñ c` Grupb Csab`hr Mhndc Vcrh hecmb h cstc anec% Ce csth ajcah hatuñ Fc`npc
Cdn`nb Qhelbvh` Ahkrcrnzb abebanlb abdb ‐Lbakr Duøn%z—, tcdnlb pbr su hatnvnlhl
rcprcsbrh y quc thdknîe fuc dncdkrb lc `h Ajcah l a = Fbdcetb%
$Ajcah lc Htcecb @nkcrthrnb lc `h C`nph= cstuvb ce `h ah``c lc Nturkc ;> uebs lähs
phshelb nedclnhthdcetc h` clnfnanb lc` [ch` Ab`cgnb lc` @brctb ce `h ah``c lc B„Lbeec`` 37%
@h lnrngähe `b s jcrdhebs Mu`nèe y [hfhc` Hkhl [bdarb y Muhe [bdhen``bs [bdhen``bs%
$Ajcah Ahdpb @nkrc= sc nesth`ñ ce c` Hetngub Abevcetb lc `b s Dhrnsths lc `h ah``c lc
Fuceahrrh` 8;6% \ceäh duajh rc`hanñe abe c` Abd tî lc Lcfcesh lc `h AE\ quc lnrngäh
Cluhrlb Vh` ce `h ah``c lc Qcrrheb 888 y abe c` Abdntî [cgnbeh` lc `h ah``c lc Fcrehelb
17HJE9 Fbelbs Abetcdpbrèecbs9 Hulnceanh \crrntbrnh` l c Dhlrnl, Qcrnc Arndneh`= sudhrnb 1:3">16% Q c rcfncrc h c s tc s u a c s b %
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Ahpätu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc` Csthlb rcpuk`naheb%
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$C` grupb lc ajcahs lc `h Ahsh lc Ahdpb= sbe aneab hgruphlhs ce tbreb h csth zbeh%
@h lc `h Ahrrcrh lc Qhe Nsnlrb 8:, y `h lc Kbfhru`ä *Ahrrctcrh lc Cxtrcdhlurh 86<., hdkhs
lc `h AE\ y `h lc` _hscb lc Dbenstrb` 8 y 19 `h lc `h Ng`csnh lc Qheth Arnstneh *Ahrrctcrh
lc Cxtrcdhlurh 1;. y `h lc `h ah``c lc Hetn``ñe <, zsths trcs ý`tndhs lc` _AC y MQS% @hs
aneab lcmhrbe lc hatuhr h nenanbs lc ebvncdkrc au¡elb `h s trbphs lc Frheab ``cghrbe h
Dhlrnl%
$Ajcah lc Dcsñe lc _hrclcs= crh c` Htcecb @nkcrthrnb lc Khrrnbs Khmbs quc jhsth c`
; 3 lc mu`nb tuvb su sclc ce `h ah``c lc Ceabdncelh 1 trhs`hlèelbsc lcslc cetbeacs h`
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$Ajcah lc @nsth *eýdcrb ;>.= @bs prndcrbs l Yhs fuc Auhrtc` lc` Xunetb [cgndncetb
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lc a`husurh lc `h s rc`ngnbshs lc `h Abeacpanñe Mcr3endh ce `h csquneh abe `h ah``c lc
Vc`èzqucz% Csth ajcah lc` _AC `h lnrngnñ Aèelnlb Knrtb`bdî%
$Ajcah lc Ahkrcmhs= ce `h ah``c lc Dbetc Csqunezh ; b lc Gîebvh ;> *_h`hanb lc`
Abelc lc \bvhr.% @h lnrngäh c` ahdhrcrb acectnsth Hv~`neb Ahkrcmhs _`htcrb quc ahpnthechkh
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c nea`usb phrh `h ajcah lc Fbdcetb%
@h hetcrnbr rc`hanñe abrrcspbelc h `h s quc abesnlcrhdbs abdb `h s ajcahs dès
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Ahpätu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc Csthlb rcpuk naheb%
cmcauanñe lc ‐phscbs— abdb h `h dcrh rch`nzhanñe lc rcgnstrbs y lctceanbecs%
Hlcdès lc csths jhy quncecs nea`uyce ce `h rc`hanñe lc ajcahs h cetnlhlcs
gukcrehtnvhs quc ce su dbdcetb cstulnhrcdbs abda `bs pucstbs lc `h s DV[ b `h sclc lc`
LCLNLC *ah``c lc B„Lbeec`` 17. pcrb ce eucstrh bpnenñe cstbs eb rcspbelce h csc ahrèatcr
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cxa`usnvhdcetc h ueh ajcah% Cetrc cstbs ý`tndbs ce c` Dhlrnl lc` nenanb lc `h Gucrrh
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`h s rc`hanbecs cetrc hdkbs grupbs crhe duy cstrcajhs y sbe duajbs `b s quc sntýhe h Hghpntb
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Cstbs lbs grupbs dceanbehlbs sc dbvähe pbr lnvcrsbs acetrbs% Hsä `h ‐Krnghlh Ghraäh
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Ahpätu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc Cstnnlb rcpuk`naheb%
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_h`hanb lc `b s Abelcs lc [neañe rch`nzñ shqucbs lcteanbecs y hscsnehtbs y fuc ueh fngurh
duy tcdnlh%
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Ahpätu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc £st nlb rcpujn aheb%
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dès quc sc puclh helhr abe `h frcetc h`th y abe `h s dhebs `ndpnhs *%%%. eb sc b`vnlc eueah
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Ahpätu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc` Cstzlb rcpuk`naheb%
cmcrancelb csh fueanñe% Qn sc pcrdntäh quc h`gýe fhdn`nhr lc `h väatndh *su dumcr ue jnmb su
phlrc b ue jcrdheb. `b habdphøhrh cs quc cfcatnvhdcetc crh ``cvhlb lñelc sc jhkäh
heueanhlb sn sc ndpcläh ce duajhs bahsnbecs c` ‐phschlb— en pnshkh `h ajcah% Ebrdh`dce$
tc sn baurräh `b prndcrb c` lctcenlb crh abeluanlb h` netcrnbr lc` `bah` hlbelc eb sc `c
pcrdntäh c` haacsb h` fhdn`nhr b habdphøhetc lnanîeatb`c quc vb`vncrh h` läh snguncetc b sc
vb`vncsc h su ahsh quc phshlb c` tncdpb ecacshrnb phrh uehs prcgueths h``ä vb`vcräh c`
lctcenlb% Qn îstc abdb ce `b s ahsbs quc hquä ebs bauphe crh ‐phschlb—, csth scrnh `h ý`tndh
vcz quc `b vcräh abe vnlh%
Heh`nzhelb hquc``bs sudhrnbs ce quc abesthe `h s jbrhs sc puclc bkscrvhr quc `h
dhybräh lc `h s lctceanbecs tceähe `ughr ce `h s jbrhs lc `h thrlc ue 7>%:# frcetc h` rcstb
prbluanlhs pbr `h dhøheh% Ce auhetb h `h s cmcauanbecs sc prbluaähe sbkrc tblb lurhetc `h s
jbrhs lc `h dhlrughlh `b quc sc lcluac lc `bs bfna @ b s lc `b s hgcetcs lc `h abdnshräh quc
jh``hkhe c` ahlèvcr auhelb cstbs abesngehkhe `h jbrh ce quc c``b sc prbluaäh% @b ebrdh` crh
pucs quc ce `h ajcah c` lctcenlb sñ`b pcrdhecancrh uehs jbrhs y pbr c``b auhetb dès
tncdpb cstuvncrh dès pbsnkn`nlhlcs sc `c hkrähe lc t~rdnehr sncelb pucstb ce `nkcrthl% Ce
abearctb lc tblbs `b s sudhrnbs cxhdnehlbs ce quc abesth `h jbrh ce quc fucrbe jh``hlbs `b s
ahlèvcrcs ce c` 7:%3# lc c``bs `b fucrbe cetrc `h s 6 y `h s 8 ? lc `h dhøheh% Ce `b s rcsthetcs
sudhrnbs abesth abdb `h s jbrhs lc jh``hzgb lc `b s aucrpbs cetrc `h s 8 ? y `h s ;< jbrhs= c`
3%3# cetrc `h s 8 ? y `h s 8 < jbrhs *dhøheh. cetrc `h s @ < y `h s ; 8 jbrhs *thrlc. c` 8;%7# y c`
1%1# cetrc `h s ; 8 jbrhs y `h dclnhebajc%
Ce auhetb h `h lnstrnkuanñe tcdpbrh` lc `b s ‐phscbs ‐jhy ue prndcr lhtb quc sbkrcsh`c=
lc tblbs `b s ducrtbs quc hphrcace rcabgnlbs ce `b s sudhrnbs lc `h Hulnceanh \crrntbrnh` lc
Dhlrnl ce `b s trcs høbs lc `h Gucrrh Anvn` c` >7%6> sbe hetcrnbrcs h` 1 8 lc lnancdkrc lc
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Ahpntu`b 8 = @h lcstruaanñe lc Cstc tlb rcpuk`naheb%
8>16 c` btrb ;%<# lnstrnkunlbs h `b `hrgb lc 8>17 *`h dhybräh ce cecrb y fckrcrb dès lc
`h dnthl lc tblb c` høb. y eb sc jh jh``hlb enegýe sudhrnb `b s høbs 8>1: y 8>1> quc ebs
nefbrdc lc `h rch`nzhanñe lc csths cmcauanbecs ce Dhlrnl% Cstb pbec lc dhenfncstb abdb yh
jcdbs hfnrdhlb hetcs quc `h sntuhanñe cstè nelnsautnk`cdcetc dès abetrb`hlh h phrtnr lc` høb
8>17 y c` vb`udce lc `bs lcsdhecs ce c` Dhlrnl lc `h F cpýk`nah lcsancelc abesnlcrhk`cdcetc
lcslc cetbeacs%6?
_br c``b abesnlcrhdbs c` pcrnblb cetrc c` nenanb lc `h Gucrrh y c` fneh` lc` høb 8>16,
abdb hquc` ce quc `h sntuhanñe lc lcsabetrb` ce Dhlrnl cs dès dhenfncsth% _hrh heh`nzhr
añdb sc lnstrnkuyce lnharñenahdcetc `b s ‐phscbs— tbdhrcdbs abdb rcfcrceanh `b s dcscs
ehturh`cs%
@h hphrnanñe lc` prndcr ahlèvcr ce Dhlrnl rcabgnlb cnrue sudhrnb lc `h Hulnceanh
\crrntbrnh` tncec `ughr c` 8 > lc mu`nb ce `h ah``c lc` Gcecrh` [nahrlbs% \cencelb ce auceth quc
lc` dcs lc mu`nb sñ`b pblcdbs abesnlcrhr lbac lähs ce csc tncdpb ce `h ahpnth` sc jh``h ue
;%>:# lc` tbth` lc ahlèvcrcs abe jcrnlhs lc hrdh lc fucgb% Hjbrh knce sn dhetuvnîrhdbs
csh prbpbranñe jhsth `b s 1 8 lähs quc tncec c` dcs c` pbracethmc sc sntuhräh ce tbdb h` 7%3#%
_hshdbs yh h abesnlcrhr dcscs abdp`ctbs y l~sthah c` c`cvhlb vb`udce lc ducrtcs
quc sc prblumcrbe `b s dcscs lc hgbstb *c ` 1;%>8#. y scptncdkrc *c` ;6%6:#.% Cs lcanr ce
`b s prndcrbs lbs dcscs y dclnb lc Gucrrh ce Dhlrnl sc ``cvhrbe h ahkb dès lc` 6?# lc `b s
hscsnehtbs% C` rcstb sc rcphrtnñ lc `h snguncetc dhece%= c` 83%:# ce batukrc c` 87%86# ce
ebvncdkrc y ce lnancdkrc lcsacelnñ lrèstnahdcetc h` <%<<#% Vcèdbs`b grèfnahdcetc=
6?
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abrrbkbrh `b q u c ebsbtrbs hfnrdhdbs%
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Ahpntu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc Csthlb rcpuk`naheb%
Vnstbs `b s prcaclcetcs lhtbs jhy quc netcrrbghrsc sbkrc `h s rhzbecs lc c``b% Cs cvnlcetc quc
c` Gbkncreb lc Mbsî Gnrh` eb fuc ahphz lc jhacr frcetc h` lctcrnbrb lc` brlce pýk`nab ce `h
ahpnth` tcencelb ce auceth eb sñ`b c` c`cvhlb vb`udce lc ducrtbs quc ahlh läh hphrcaähe
Väat ndhs= \bth`cs dcesuh`cs%
7??
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1?~
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Ahpätu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc Cstzlb rcpuk`naheb%
ce Dhlrnl sneb hlcdès btrbs suacsbs abdb c` lc` hsh`tb h `h Aèrac` Dblc`b lc` ;; lc
hgbstb% Auhelb c` Gbkncreb lc @hrgb Ahkh``crb c` < lc scptncdkrc haaclc h` pblcr pbr
dclnb lc` Dnenstrb lc `h Gbkcrehanñe Èegc` Gh`hrzh tbdh ueh scrnc lc dclnlhs
ceahdnehlhs h rcaupcrhr c` abetrb` lc` brlce pýk`nab phrh pbecr rcdclnb h `h ahñtnah
sntuhanñe quc pbsnkn`nthkh csc vb`udce lc rcprcsnñe neabetrb`hlh% Eb bksthetc phrcac a`hrb
quc cshs lnspbsnanbecs eb tuvncrbe `b s cfcatbs cspcrhlbs% Hsä `b rcf`cmh ]ughzhgbntnh= 00Eb
jhkähe hahkhlb phrh Dhlrnl `bs hdhecacrcs kbajbrebsbs% Gh`hrzh eb abescguäh lbdnehr `h
sntuhanñe hue auhelb jhkäh `bgrhlb dcmbrhr`h% C` prbk`cdh pb`nanhab crh lnfnan`äsndb lc
rcsb`vcr% @h hrkntrhrnclhl tceäh duajb vnanb%5 ~ Qn sc bkscrvh htcelncelb h `b s lhtbs
abesngehlbs abe hetcrnbrnlhl ue sngenfnahtnvb lcsacesb lc `b s hscsnehlbs ce ‐phscbs— lurhetc
`b s dcscs lc batukrc y dcebs lc ebvncdkrc% Eb bksthetc c` eýdcrb lc väatndhs scguäh
sncelb duy c`cvhlb%
_br thetb `h MLD jcrclh ue grhvc prbk`cdh= cstc lcsabetrb` lc `h rcprcsnñe% C``b sc
cedhrahkh ce btrb dhybr y dès grhvc= `h ecacsnlhl lc rcaupcrhr c` dbebpb`nb lc` pblcr
abcrantnvb frcetc h `b s phrtnlbs y lcdès brghenzhanbets `b quc sngenfnahkh c` lcshrdc lc `h
rcthguhrlnh `h lctcaanñe lc `b quc abesnlcrhkhe y lcebdnehkhe *crrñechdcetc abdb
vcrcdbs. `h Xuneth Ab`udeh y su ecutrh`nzhanñe `h rcgu`hrnzhanñe lc` hphrhtb mulnanh` y `h
archanñe lc ueh eucvh pb`naäh sumcth h` eucvb pblcr ~sthk`canlb%6;\blb c``b sc netcetñ abe
`h s lnspbsnanbecs fnrdhlhs pbr c` Abescmcrb Ahrrn``b quc yh rcabgcdbs ce btrh phrtc lc cstc
trhkhmb%
Csths dclnlhs scøh`he c` btrb dbdcetb puetuh@ ce quc lcslc `h s hutbrnlhlcs sc netceth
6 8 ]SGH]HGBN\NH% Mu`nèe% b p % ant% *p% 877.%
6 ; H[ÑQ\CGSN , Mu`nb y DH[\ÄEC]% Mcsýs H% B p % ant% * p p % ; ; 3 h ;16.%
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Ahpätu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc` Csthlb rcpuk`naheb%
pbecr abtb h `b s lcsdhecs ce Dhlrnl% Qbe puk`nahlhs y cetrhe ce vngbr c` 8 1 lc ebvncdkrc%
²Fucrbe cfcatnvhs phrh c` abetrb` lc `h sntuhanñe2 Abreb hjbrh vcrcdbs `b s eýdcrbs nelnahe
quc ce kuceh dclnlh sä% Eb bksthetc jhy quc abesnlcrhr ueh absh hetcs lc lctcecdbs ce
c``b= trhesaurrnlbs trcs dcscs y dclnb lc abef`natb ce c` quc ce Dhlrnl sc suaclähe cstc tnpb
lc hscsnehtbs cs `ñgnab quc c` eýdcrb lc c``bs tncelh h lcsacelcr pbrquc `b ancrtb cs quc
ahlh vcz quclhe dcebs pbsnk`cs väatndhs phrh csbt vcrlugbs neabetrb`hlbs tcencelb ce
auceth quc jhy quc lcsabethr hlcdès lc `bs yh ducrtbs `b s quc jhkähe abescgunlb junr
jhanh `h zbeh lc sus abrrc`ngnbehrnbs%
@h abea`usnñe lc `bs lhtbs bkscrvhlbs cs quc `h s lnspbsnanbecs lc` Abescmcrb lc Brlce
_ýk`nab Qhetnhgb Ahrrn``b h`ahezhrbe c` prbpñsntb quc pcrscguähe ce grhe dclnlh% Vchdbs%
Lc` tbth` lc ducrtbs pbr cstc prbaclndncetb ce c` dcs lc ebvncdkrc ahsn c` 73# *c s
lcanr 1 lc ahlh <. `b sbe cetrc c` 8 y c` 8 1 lc ebvncdkrc b sch hetcs lc `h s lnspbsnanbecs
lc `h Mueth% ^ hýe dès ce csbs ahtbrac lähs c` eýdzrb lc ‐phschlbs— supcrh ce ue ;:8#
*sc du`tnp`nah ahsn pbr trcs. h` lc tblb c` dcs lc lnancdkrc lc 8>16% Hlcdès jhy quc tcecr
prcscetc quc ce csbs prndcrbs lähs lc` dcs lc ebvncdkrc ce ue sb`b läh c` 8? , sc prbluac
c` 1?# lc` tbth` lc `h s ducrtcs ce cshs lbs scdhehs% _br btrb `hlb eb abesnlcrhdbs abdb
ueh haanñe lc cstc tnpb `h dhthezh lc `b s aneauceth y rcs lcpurhlbs lc `h GE[ *cx$guhrlnhs
anvn`cs. ce c` Acdcetcrnb lc` Cstc `h ebajc lc` 8 > h` ;? lc ebvncdkrc pbrquc cstndhdbs quc
fuc ueh haanñe snstcdètnah y eb rcspbelc h `h s ahrhatcrästnahs lc ue ‐phscb ‐, y sn dès h `h s
lc ueh ‐shah— abdb `h s quc pbr csths fcajhs sc prbluzähe lc `hs aèrac`cs lc Dhlrnl huequc
îsth fucrh abdb lcpurhanñe netcreh lc ueh nestntuanñe% Eb bksthetc nea`usb sn abesnlcrèscdbs
csth ý`tndh haanñe scøh`hlh abdb ue ‐phscb— dès tblhväh scräh duy supcrnbr *c` 6;%7;#
frcetc h` 17%;7#. c` vb`udce lc ducrtbs ce `b s lähs netcrnbrcs h `h pucsth ce prèatnah lc `h s
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AhpNtu`b 8 = @h lcstruaanñe lc` Cstg,lb rcpuk`naheb%
dclnlhs lc Ahrrn``b sbkrc `b s rcsthetcs lähs lc` dceakehlb dcs lc ebvncdkrc% Abdb yh jh
quclhlb nelnahlb c` dcs lc lnancdkrc bkscrvh ueh ahälh cspcathau`hr ce c` vb`udce lc `b s
‐phschlbs ‐% _uclc bkscrvhrsc ce c` grèfnab snguncetc%
$v C ~ vN u an ñ e l c `b s ‚phscbs„ c e ebw,dkrc y lnancdkrc%
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ebvncdkrc `bs abdkhtcs sbe netcesäsndbs ce `b s h`rcl~lbrcs lc Dhlrnl y h phrtnr lc` läh 8 3
fucrbe cspcanh`dcetc lurbs ce `h Anulhl Senvcrsnthrnh cs lcanr Dhlrnl yh sc ceabetrhkh ce
`b dès arulb lc `h gucrrh y `b s hutbrcs lc csths haanbecs pbsnk`cdcetc tceähe hjbrh
prcbauphanbecs dès ndpbrthetcs abdb lcfcelcr `h ahpnth` abe tblhs sus fucrzhs%
$ _blcdbs haulnr h btrh fucetc abdp`cdcethrnh phrh jhacdbs ueh nlch lc` vb`udce lc
`b s ‐phscbs ‐ce Dhlrnl lurhetc cstc pcrnblb quc ebs bauph= sbe `b s lhtbs lc `hs nejudhanbecs
vcrnfnahlhs ce `bs acdcetcrnbs lc Dhlrnl quc scdheh@ ecetc puk`nahkh c` ‐Kb`ctäe Bfnanh` lc`
‚B ‚B ‚B ‚B ‚B ‚B
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Ebvncdkrc B`ancdkrc
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Ahpätu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc` Csthlb rcpuk`naheb%
lc` Hyuethdncetb lc Dhlrnl—H Jhy quc jhacr `h sh`vclhl lc quc ce csths thk`hs eb sc
lnfcrceanh c` brngce lc `h ducrtc y cvnlcetcdcetc eb tblbs `b s quc fh``cancrbe `b fucrbe
vnb`cethdcetc y, dès hýe lc `b s quc sufrncrbe ueh ducrtc vnb`ceth eb tblbs fucrbe väatndhs
lc ue ‐phscb ‐% Eb bksthetc `h vhrnhanñe cs sngenfnah @ nvh y jhy quc tcecr`h ce auceth= Ebs
ducstrh quc ce `b s trcs dcscs jhsth batukrc lc 8>16 hudcetñ ue 78%8># c` vb`udce lc
negrcsbs ce `b s acdcetcrnbs abe rcspcatb h` dnsdb pcr @ bl b lc` høb 8>13, y tblhväh eb jhkähe
abdcezhlb `b s abdkhtcs ce tbreb h `h ahpnth`% Lcspuîs `b s lhtbs lc ebvncdkrc y lnancdkrc
cetcelcdbs quc yh eb sbe vè`nlbs pbrquc h phrtnr lc` 1L lc batukrc Dhlrnl abdcezñ h sufrnr
netcesäsndbs kbdkhrlcbs quc ahushrbe duajhs k h @ h s y csb muetb abe `bs abdkhtcs
prbvbahräh quc ``cghsc jhsth lup`nahrsc c` eýdcrb lc pcrsbehs quc fucrbe cetcrrhlhs ce `h
ahpnth` lc Csphøh% _crb sn bkscrvhdbs `b s lhtbs lc cecrb lc $8>17, abdprbkhdbs quc lc
eucvb hlquncrce ue scetnlb lcsacelcetc y abe rcspcata h` dcs hetcrnbr jhy ue 1<%;8# dcebs
lc cetcrrhlbs ce `b s acdcetcrnbs dhlrn`cøbs% \cencelb ce auceth quc sc csthkh tblhväh ce
p`ceh Khth``h pbr Dhlrnl ce tbreb h `h Ahrrctcrh lc @h Abruøh cs sngenfnahtnvb y abrrbkbrh
`b quc yh shkcdbs hacrah lc quc sc prblumb ueh ndpbrthetc rcluaanñe lc` eýdcrb lc csths
cmcauanbecs hrkntrhrnhs h phrtnr lc nenanbs lc 8>17%
_br tblb `b lnajb `h s dclnlhs tbdhlhs lcslc c` dèxndb ñrgheb lc pblcr ce Dhlrnl
cetbeacs phrh jhacr frcetc h cstc tnpb lc haanñe rprcsbrh neabetrb`hlh y hrknthrnh `b s
‐phscbs ‐, quc abdb yh sc jh dceanbehlb c` prbpnb Ahrrn``b abesnlcrhkh ueh vcrgn`cezh
fucrbe cfcatnvhs huequc qunzè qucph pceshr quc ue pbab `cethdcetc% Hlcdès ce ueh rcuenñe
lc `h Mueth^ c` 8 ? lc ebvncdkrc Dnhmh cxngnñ h` Ab hscmcrb lc Brlce _ýk`nab `h nedclnhth
61 Lhtbs rcabgnlbs lc` ‐Kb`ctäe lc` Hyuethdncetb lc Dhlrnl„ q u c scdheh`dcetc puk`nahk tc` vb`udce lc nejudhanbecs c e `bs acdcetcrnbs abdphrèelb`bs
abe c` dnsdb pcrnblb l c `b s h è b s hetcrnbrcs%
6< IS[]DHE, Lhe% Dn`hgrb c e ebvncdkrc% Khrac`beh% C l % Hrgbs Vcrghrh, 8 > : 8 *p% 1;<.%
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Ahpätu`b 8 = @h lcstruaanñe lc Csthlb rcpuk`naheb%
c`ndnehanñe lc cstbs hscsnehtbs%
Ce ue tcrrceb dès sbanb`ñgnab `b s lhtbs abetcenlbs ce `b s sudhrnbs lc `h Hulnceanh
\crrntbrnh` ebs ducstrhe quc lc` tbth` lc väatndhs c` <%<# crhe dumcrcs sncelb ce c` dcs lc
hgbstb auhelb dès fucrbe hscsnehlhs y ce lnancdkrc auhelb dcebs%
[csu`th netcrcshetc c` heè`nsns lc `b s scatbrcs sanbprbfcsnbeh`cs h `b s quc pcrtcecaähe
`h s väatndhs pcrb cs lnfnan` pbrquc eb ce tblbs `bs sudhrnbs abesth `h abelnanñe b prbfcsnñe
lc` fnehlb% Eb bksthetc cxhdnehelb hquc``bs ce quc ä hphrcac csth nefbeehanñe bkscrvhdbs
quc c` grupb dès eudcrbsb lc `b s ‐phschlbs— fuc c` lc rc`ngnbsbs y shacrlbtcs *c ` 8:%88 # .^
lcspuîs ce tbreb h` 83# ñ 86# sc sntýhe `bs cdp`c nlbs *lc kheah bfnanensths abethk`cs.
`b s dn`nthrcs *ebrdh`dcetc bfnanh`cs. y grupbs dès pbpu`hrcs *pcqucøbs tcelcrbs mbreh`crbs
bkrcrbs.% Abe c` rcstb lc scatbrcs sbanbprbfcsnbeh`cs yh jhy duajh lnstheanh= prbfcsnbeh`cs
`nkcrh`cs *ce tbreb h` 7#. cstulnhetcs *3%3#. dîlnabs *ce tbdb h` <#.%
NNN% ;% ;% $ @bs csphanbs lc `h ducrtc ce Dhlrn@@
_hrh tcrdnehr abe c` heè`nsns lc csths haanbecs neabetrb`hlhs lc rcprcsnñe jhy quc
jhacr rcfcrceanh h su lnstrnkuanñe gcbgrèfnah pbr `h ahpnth` lc Csphøh% Jhy aneab zbehs ce
Dhlrnl lbelc c` jh``hzgb lc ahlèvcrcs fuc dès jhkntuh`% Ce prndcr `ughr y duy pbr ceandh
lc` rcstb c` Acdcetcrnb lc` Cstc lbelc hphrcancrbe c` 87%:># lc `b s ahlèvcrcs jh``hlbs% @bs
btrbs `ughrcs ce quc lcsthah c` eýdcrb lc `b s hscsnehlbs sbe `h Ahrrctcrh lc Helh`uaäh *c`
8?%>1# lc c``bs. `h _rhlcrh lc Qhe Nsnlrb *7%>#. `h Anulhl Senvcrsnthrnh *7%;;#. y `h
Lcjcsh lc `h Vn``h *3%1#.% Eb bksthetc sn hgrupèrhdbs ce ueh grhe zbeh anrau`hr `h zbeh
6 3 Q b k rc `bs a h s b s y anrauestheanhs lc h sc sn e h tb s l c rc`ngnbsbs ce Dhlrnl s c p u c l c abesu`thr DBE\C[B DB[CEB, Hetbenb% Jnstbrnh lc `h pcrscauanñe
rc`ngnbsh c e Csphøh% 8>168>1>% Dhlrnl9 Knk`nbtcah lc Hutbrcs Arnstnhebs, 8 > 6 8 *_p% 1 8 > h 1;:, prneanph`dcetc, h u e qu c thdknîe ce s u ahpätu`b VNN% Q c
j h a c rcfcrceanh h s u s anrauestheanhs ce `h s aèrac`cs.%
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Ahpätu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc Cst«lb rcpuk`naheb%
Bcstc *Anulhl Senvcrsnthrnh Lcjcsh lc `h Vn``h _ucrnh lc Jncrrb y _h`hanb lc `h Dbea`bh.
hsacelcräh c` vb`udce lc `b s ahlèvcrcs h``ä jh``hlbs h ahsn c` ;8# lc` tbth` supcrhelb h `b s
hscsnehlbs ce c` Acdcetcrnb lc` Cstc% Vcèdbs`b grèfÎahdcetc %
Acdcetcrnb8:# lc Cstc
Lnstrnkuanñe, p br zbehs, lc `bs ‐phscbs— ce Dhlrnl
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@h rc`hanñe lc `ughrcs lc Dhlrnl ce quc tuvna rbe `ughr csths cmcauanbecs scräh duy
`hrgh pcrb pbr anthr `bs dès sngenfnahlbs pbr su eýdcrb jhy quc dceanbehr hlcdès lc `b s
yh rcfcrnlbs `h Ahrrctcrh lc \b`clb `h lc Ahstn``h `h zbeh lc` Jnpñlrbdb *ah``cs lc
Ahrkbecrb y Qb` sbkrc tblb Vntruknb Mbhquäe Absth y Dhcstrb [npb`ä cs lcanr `h ``hdhlh
Ab`benh lc `h [csnlceanh. `h zbeh lc Hrguc``cs *ah``cs lc Helrîs Dc``hlb c Nshha _crh`
sbkrc tblb Ach Kcrdýlcz K`hsab lc Ghrhy y Guzdèr c` Kuceb. `h ah``c lc Dîelcz È`vhrb
`h s ah``cs lc Nknzh Qènez lc Khrhelh _hscb lc [belhs% Lbatbr Csqucrlb y Dceîelcz _c`hyb
`h ahrrctcrh lc C` _hrlb `h eucvh _`hzh lc \brbs Heajh, `h ah``c lc Grhehlh c` _hscb lc
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Ahpntu`b 8 = @h lcstruaanñe lc Csthlb rcpuk`naheb%
`b s _betbecs cta%
Ce sudh sn bkscrvhdbs ue p`heb lc Dhlrnl l a 8>16, sc puclc hprcanhr quc ahsn tblbs
`b s `ughrcs dceanbehlbs abrrcspbelce h zbehs lc `h s fucrhs lc `h ahpnth` cetbeacs% \bdhlbs
`b s pbracethmcs anthlbs h` prneanpnb `h s auhtrb zbehs lbelc cs dhybr c` eýdcrb lc ahlèvcrcs
jh``hlbs *quc h`ahezhe ahsn c` 6?# lc` tbth`. abrrcspbelce h `bs `ädntcs lc `h anulhl ce
hquc``h îpbah% C``b cs, pbr btrb `hlb duy `ñgnab%
@bs lhtbs rcf`cmhe btrh anrauestheanh netcrcshetc= c` lcsp`hzhdncetb lc `b s `ughrcs
c`cgnlbs phrh csths cmcauanbecs ce fueanñe lc` hacrahdncetb lc `b s Ehanbeh`cs h `b s
h`rclclbrcs lc Dhlrnl% Hsä bkscrvhdbs añdb csh grhe zbeh anrau`hr ce c` bcstc lc `h ahpnth`
quc jcdbs vnstb crh c` `ughr c`cgnlb phrh dès lc ueb lc ahlh aneab lc `b s ‚phscbs—, `b fuc
cspcanh`dcetc lurhetc mu`nb hgbstb scptncdkrc y batukrc% Ce ebvncdkrc auhelb yh sc `uajh
ce `h Anulhl Senvcrsnthrnh ahsn eb sc prbluace csths cmcauanbecs ce csh zbeh bcstc y ce
ahdknb bkscrvhdbs ue nearcdcetb cspcathau`hr lc 8 h 3 prbluanlhs ce c` Acdcetcrnb lc` Cstc
ce c` `hlb bpucstb lc `h anulhl% H`gb sndn`hr baurrc abe `h Ahrrctcrh lc Helh`uaäh lbelc eb
jhy rcgnstrhlb enegýe ‐phscb— ce ebvncdkrc y lnancdkrc%
Jhy btrb lhtb lcsthahk`c= lcknlb h `h prbxndnlhl lc` frcetc h phrtnr lc `h scguelh
quneaceh lc batukrc sc prbluac c` lcspbk`hdncetb la HrgSc``cs y phrh`c`b h c``b sc bkscrvh
ue nearcdcetb lc `b s ‐phscbs— ce cstc khrrnb quc hjbrh sc jhkäh hsndn`hlb h `h s sb`nthrnhs
hfucrhs lc `h anulhl% Cstb sc lh jhsth dclnhlbs lc ebvncdkrc ce quc `h acraheäh lc `b s
abdkhtcs `b abevnrtnñ ce pc`ngrbsb% _br ý`tndb lcsthah quc ce csc dcs lc lnancdkrc ce quc
lcsancelc lrèstnahdcetc `h rch`nzhanñe lc cstbs hscsnehtbs cs aurnbsb quc dès lc ueb lc ahlh
trcs lc `b s quc tuvncrbe `ughr `b fucrbe ce `h zbeh lc` Jnpñlrbdb *Ah``cs lc Ahrkbecrb y Qb`
Mbhquäe Absth zbeh lc Dhulcs.%
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Ahpntu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc` Ceac`b rcpuk`naheb%
Ce sudh abe `b s frcetcs lc khth``h ce `h zbeh nbrbcstc bcstc y surbcstc lc `h ahpnth`
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@h vnb`ceanh pb`ätnah ce Dhlrnl fuc lbdnehlh h phrtnr lc 8>17 ce quc `h sntuhanñe sc
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rcabgnlbs dès hrrnkh phrcace abrrbkbrhr `h scgurnlhl pcrsbeh` sc nearcdcetî grhelcdcetc
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Ahpätu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc` Csth h rcpuk`naheb%
ab`bahanñe lc pnquctcs lc guhrlnhs h `h s sh`nlhs lc ` h anulhl ce c` ahdneb lc csbs `ughrcs
rcabgnlbs abe hetcrnbrnlhl y quc jhkähe hlqunrnlb trnstc rcebdkrc%
@hs hatnvnlhlcs lc `h s ajcahs y `h s lc lcsh`dhlbs c nelcschk`cs quc en snquncrh c`
abetcxtb lc ueh gucrrh puclc mustnfnahr eb pulncrbe scr c`ndnehlhs pbr abdp`ctb pcrb sä
rcluanlhs h `ädntcs rhzbehk`cs *s n cs quc rcfnrnîela5ebs h scdcmhetcs haanbecs sc puclc
dceanbehr `h [hzñe. ce thetb ce auhetb prbkhk`cdcetc `h s anrauestheanhs quc htrhvcshkh
`h ehanñe ndpclähe ueh c`ndnehanñe tbth` y lhkhe abkcrturh y prbtcaanñe h quncecs eb crhe
dès quc vu`ghrcs lc`neaucetcs y ce enegýe ahsb lcfcesbrcs lc `h ahush rcpuk`naheh% _crb
huequc c` tcrrbr lc `b s prndcrbs dcscs lc gucrrh ce c` Dhlrnl rcpuk`naheb lcsacelnñ
bstcesnk`cdcetc ce 8>17 ue rîgndce quc sc lcfneäh lcdbarètnab quclhkh duy dh`trcajb pbr
csh ecgrh cthph%
NV%$ C@ ESCVB CQ\HLB [C_SK@NAHEB
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Csthlb rcpuk`naheb sc abeshgrñ h rcaupcrhr ue pblcr quc csc hdkncetc y sntuhanñe lc
vnb`ceanh pb`ätnah pbeäh lc dhenfncstb quc jhkäh pcra nlb% Csh rcaupcrhanñe scräh `ceth pcrb
prbgrcsnvh y cfnahz thetb cs hsä quc ce `h prndhvcrh lc 8>17 sc puclc hfnrdhr quc yh crhe
`h s hutbrnlhlcs rcpuk`nahehs quncecs pbscähe c` dbebpb`nb lc` pblcr `b quc abeluanräh h ue
ebthk`c lcsacesb lc `h vnb`ceanh h phrtnr lc cetbeacs
Cfcatnvhdcetc ce mu`nb lc 8>16 c` Csthlb rcpuk`naheb abesngunñ jhacr frhahshr `h
rckc`nñe ce `ughrcs abdb Dhlrnl pcrb `b jnzb h absth lc ueh h`nhezh ce prneanpnb eb
qucrnlh abe fucrzhs rcvb`uanbehrnhs quc h` fd y h h pbstrc lcshfnhrbe su hutbrnlhl y sc
jnancrbe abe c` abetrb` lc` pblcr% @h nedclnhth sntuhanñe lc gucrrh quc sc gcecrñ trhs c`
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Ahpätu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc` Csthlb rcpuk naheb%
frhahsb lc` prbeueanhdncetb dn`nthr ndpcläWh` Csthlb rcpuk`naheb abetrb`hr csc pblcr quc
huequc crh cmcranlb pbr csbs scatbrcs rcvb`uanbehrnb=~ ce vcrlhl cstbs eb `b bauphkhe% Cs
lcanr jhkäh ue vhaäb y c` Gbkncreb lc `h [cpýk`nah lckäh rcabestrunr c` Csthlb quc jhkäh snlb
lcstrunlb%
_crb c` grhe prbk`cdh phrh c` Csthlb rcpuk`naheb ce c` a`ndh lc vnb`ceanh lc `b s
prndcrbs dcscs lc `h gucrrh crh quc sn knce `b s pb`ätnabs y prbjbdkrcs dès rcspbeshk`cs lc
`h [cpýk`nah tceähe ueh a`hrh vb`uethl lc pbecr a b @ b h `b s lcsdhecs *y ce cstc trhkhmb
vcrcdbs cmcdp`bs lc c``b. uehs vcacs pbr ndpbtceanh y btrhs pbr neabdpctceanh eb crhe
ahphacs lc c``b%
Ce c` prcscetc trhkhmb vhdbs h abdprbkhr añdb csc csfucrzb lc rcabestruaanñe lc`
Csthlb pbr phrtc lc `b s rcpuk`nahebs sc acetrhkh sbk=c tblb c e `h rcaupcrhanñe lc` abetrb`
sbkrc `b s hphrhtbs pb`nanh`cs y mulnanh`cs h auyh `hkbr 0@clnahdbs lbs cxtcesbs ahpätu`bs% H `h
vcz quc c``b sc netcethkhe suprndnr csbs lnvcrsbs abetrhpblcrcs= dn`nthrnzhr `h s dn`nanhs phrh
sbdctcr`hs h` abetrb` y c`ndnehr `h s pb`nanhs lc phrtnlc y sus tcdnk`cs ajcahs lc auyb hatuhr
jcdbs tcenlb abebandncetb ce pègnehs hetcrnbrcs%
Fuc ue csfucrzb quc abe tblhs `h s lnfnau`thlcs y abelnanbehdncetbs eb sc puclc ecghr
quc cstuvb prcscetc ce c` ahdpb rcpuk`naheb y `b abe prbkhrcdbs dès hlc`hetc cxhdnehelb
`h prbfusnñe lc dclnlhs y ebrdhs quc ce c` tcrrceb gukcrehtnvb y mulnanh` sc tbdhrbe phrh
``cvhr`b h ahkb% C``b h`ahezhräh su au`dnehanñe ce c` prndcr Gbkncreb lc Ecgräe yh ce `h
prndhvcrh lc 8>17, auhelb sc cdpczhrbe h rcabgcr `b s prndcrbs frutbs lc csh `hkbr% \blb
c``b `b vhdbs h nr abetcdp`helb ce `b s snguncetcs ahpntu`bs huequc abe `b s lhtbs quc jcdbs
hpbrthlb ce îstc sbkrc `h cvb`uanñe lc `h dhgentul y c` vb`udce lc `h vnb`ceanh ce Dhlrnl
ce 8>16 yh jcdbs cdpczhlb h abdprbkhr`b% @h thrc~% lc` Gbkncreb fuc `ceth pbr `b dcebs
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Ahpätu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc Cs tn nlb rcpuk`naheb%
jhsth cecrb lc csc høb nea`usb ce Dhlrnl ce quc csth ~cvnb rcfbrzhlh pbr `h `hkbr lc `h MLD
quc sc abestntuyñ ce c` gbkncreb cfcatnvb lc `h ahpnth`%
Ceauhetb abdcezhrbe hhatuhr `b s trnkueh`cs pbpu`hrcs sc prblumcrbe cefrcethdncetbs
abe ajcahs abdntîs b phtru``hs quc hp`nahkhe ‐su— mustnanh pcrb su hatuhanñe abetrnkuyñ h`
fne lc `b s ‐phscbs ‐% _br btrb `hlb ebsbtrbs jcdbs heh`nzhlb lctcenlhdcetc `h hatnvnlhl lc
csth Mustnanh _bpu`hr y sh`vb ce c` ahsb lc` cspnbehmc y `h h`th trhnanñe quc ce c` abemuetb lc`
hatuhr lc cstbs trnkueh`cs supusb ue pbracethmc rcluanlb lc ahsbs `hs abelcehs h ducrtc b
`h s pcehs c`cvhlhs eb fucrbe frcaucetcs% ^ sn knce cs ancrtb quc `h s aèrac`cs sc ``cehrbe lc
prcsbs haushlbs lc lc`ntbs y hatbs abetrh c` [îgndce äcpuk`naheb sne haushanñe cspcaäfnah b
sne sufnancetcs nelnanbs lc au`phkn`nlhl duajhs vcacs c``b supbeäh h` fne y h `h pbstrc phrh
c` ceahrac`hlb ue scgurb lc vnlh h` `nkrhrsc lc h`gÎ r x ‐phscb— u btrh haanñe neabetrb`hlh
sbkrc tblb ce 8>16%
C` jcajb cs quc h `h vcz quc sc nkh ebrdh`nzhelb `h hatnvnlhl lc `b s trnkueh`cs y
lcshphrcaäh `b quc jcdbs lcebdnehlb ‐mustnanh pbr abescesb— thdknîe c` brlce pýk`nab nkh
sncelb rctnrhlb lc` abetrb` lc cshs ‐pb`naähs— quc ahlhphrtnlb u brghenzhanñe snelnah` sc jhkäh
archlb h` hdphrb lc sus `bah`cs b sclcs%
Qn `h rcabestruaanñe lc` Csthlb sc h`ahezhkh ce dhyb lc 8>17 abe `h fbrdhanñe lc`
gbkncreb pbr Muhe Ecgräe lcspuîs îstc sc ceahdneñ lc fbrdh lcanlnlh h` fbrth`candncetb lc`
Csthlb vb`vncelb h ndp`hethr ancrtb brlce ancrth scgurnlhl y ghrhetnzhr `b s lcrcajbs
nelnvnluh`cs abdb c` lc `cgätndh lcfcesh% Cs hksb`uthdcetc ancrtb quc h phrtnr lc `h prndhvcrh
lc 8>17 yh sc pbläh sh`nr h `h ah``c ce Dhlrnl sne c` tcdbr h scr väatndh lc auh`quncr haanñe
neabetrb`hlh lc ue dn`nanheb b grupb quc lcanlncrhe hp`nahr su ‐mustnanh lc` puck`b ‐% @bs
tncdpbs lc frcecsä rcvb`uanbehrnb yh jhkähe phshlb y prcanshdcetc csh dhybr scgurnlhl lc
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Ahpätu`b 8= @h lcstruaanñe lc Csthlb rcpuk`naheb%
`h s ah``cs y su ancrth ebrdh`nlhl sbe rhzbecs quc cxp`n=he `h hphrnanñe ce cstbs dbdcetbs lc
`h hatnvnlhl a`helcstneh lc `h s brghenzhanbecs lc `h Auneth Ab`uedh abdb vcrcdbs ce `b s
ahpätu`bs abrrcspbelncetcs%
Eb bksthetc y sbkrc tblb ce 8>1:, c` Gbkncreb lc `h [cpýk`nah cstuvb ahlh vcz dès
dclnhtnzhlb ce su hatuhanñe pbr c` _AC ce kuceh phrtc lcknlb h `h lcpcelceanh quc Ecgräe
shknh quc tceäh `h [cpýk`nah lc `h hyulh lc `h Senñe Qbvnîtnah phrh c` hkhstcandncetb y `bs
sudnenstrbs% Hlcdès abefbrdc sc lctcathkh ue hvhe=c lc `h hatnvnlhl qunethab`udensth sc
nearcdcethkhe `b s hphrhtbs pb`nanh`cs lc` Csthlb quc ``cghrbe h h`ahezhr ue ndpbrthetc grhlb
lc hutbebdäh y sh`vb ce c` ahsb lc `h fngurh lc` D enstrb lc Gbkcrehanñe ]ughzhgbntnh
csthkhe ce dhebs lc `b s abduensths% Ce csc abetcxtb lc nearcdcetb lc` qunethab`udensdb
y lc` prbthgbensdb lc` _AC sc cxp`nahe cpnsblnbs abreb `h abesinrhanñe y lcsdhetc`hdncetb
lc` _BSD abe c` hscsnehtb lc su `älcr Helrîs Ene, lc` quc ebs bauphrcdbs thdknîe ce
eucstrb trhkhmb%
Ce sudh `h [cpýk`nah quc vnb añdb sc lcstruäh su hphrhtb lc` Csthlb ce mu`nb lc
8>16, abesngunñ `cethdcetc su rcabestruaanñe ceprneaäp¡b hlbpthelb ahrhatcrcs rcvb`uanbeh$
rnbs abdb ýenah sh`nlh hacpthk`c phrh quncecs jhkähe bauphlb su `ughr pbr su îxntb frcetc h
`b s suk`cvhlbs= `h s fhaanbecs dès cxtrcdhs lc `h abh`nanñe lc` Frcetc _bpu`hr% Hsä abesngunñ
quc ce `h prndhvcrh lc 8>17 sc puclh hfnrdhr abe prbpnclhl quc frcetc h` Csthlb Ehanbeh`
yh abestntunlb sc cefrcethkh ue rc$abestntunlb Csthlb rcpuk`naheb% Eb bksthetc pbr
anrauestheanhs cxp`nahlhs ce c` trhesaurrnr lc `b s habetcandncetbs hahkñ abevnrtnîelbsc ce ue
Csthlb h `h lcfcesnvh ahdneb lc `h lcrrbth y quc nearcdcethkh su hphrhtb pb`nanh` phrh c`
ecacshrnbabetrb` lc `h rcthguhrlnh hetc c` prbgrcsnvb arcandncetb lc `h hatnvnlhl qunethab`ud$
dsth y a`helcstneh%
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A H _ Ä\ S @ B ;= @H ND_B[\HEANH N5C @H [C\HGSH[LNH
CE @H GSC[[H ANVN@ CQ_HEB@H%
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ndpbrtheanh `h rcthguhrlnh% Cs qunzè `h prndcrh vcz ce `h jnstbrnh ce quc ce ueh gucrrh `h
`uajh eb sc lcshrrb``h cxa`usnvhdcetc ce `b s frcetcs lc khth``h abe `b auh` sc ndp`nahkh ce
c``h h `h s dhshs pbpu`hrcs% \rhesaurrnlbs `b s prndcrbs dcscs lurhetc `b s auh`cs fuc
ndpbrthetäsndh `h phrtnanphanñe lnrcath lc `b s dn`nanhebs `h `uajh sc sngunñ prcfcrcetcdcetc
lcslc rcthguhrlnh% _uclc quc lhlhs `h s anrauestheanhs csth hfnrdhanñe rcsu`tc aurnbsh pcrb
`b ancrtb cs quc sc khsh ce c` abevceandncetb lc quc `h Gucrrh Anvn` sc gheñ thetb ce `h
rcthguhrlnh abdb ce c` frcetc y quc fuc ce hquc``h lcelc abe dhybr a`hrnlhl sc cxprcshrbe
`hs aucstnbecs sbanh`cs y pb`ätnahs ce `nzh%„
Csth rch`nlhl cs h`gb quc eb fS c vh`brhlb ce `h dnsdh dclnlh pbr hdkbs khelbs y
c``b sc trhlumb ce quc `h sntuhanñe c` hdkncetc `h s anrauestheanhs ce ueh y btrh rcthguhrlnh
fucrbe knce lnstneths% Abdb vcrcdbs ce c` prcscetc trhkhmb `h ndpbrtheanh lc fceñdcebs
abdb `h Xuneth Ab`udeh ce `h rcthguhrlnh rcpuk`naheh sne phrh`c`b ce `h lc` btrb `hlb tuvb
duajb quc vcr abe c` csahsb vh`br quc `h [cpýk`nah abeaclnñ h `h vnlh abtnlnheh h csph`lhs
lc `b s frcetcs lc abdkhtc%
Lcslc c` prneanpnb, `h Csphøh ``hdhlh Ehanbe~%` tuvb duy a`hrb quc phrh `uajhr ce c`frcetc prcanshkh abethr abe ueh rcthguhrlnh khmb abetrb` uenlh y quc eb sudhrh prbk`cdhs
h `b s quc yh p`hetchkh c` abdkhtc ce `h s trneajcrhs @h rcthguhrlnh lc `b s suk`cvhlbs sc
ahrhatcrnzñ tblh `h gucrrh pbr su sntuhanñe lc ah`dh h `b quc pbsnk`cdcetc abetrnkuycrbe c`
_[HQC[ % [beh ` l % [cauè rlh ` b tý y rcauîrlh`b h b t rbs % Jnstbrnh Brh` lc `h gucrrh ajl c sphøb ` h % Khrac`beh9 Arätnah9 8 > 7 > *p% ;7.%
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Ahpätu`b ;= @h Ndpbrtheanh lc `h rcthguhrlnh ce `h Gucrrh Anvn` Csphøb`h%
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ths dbeèrqunabs h`fbesnebs b dn`nthetcs lc `h ACLH pbr cmcdp`b% _crb tblb cstc
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Ahpätu`b ;= @h ndpbrtheanh lc `h rcthguhrlnh ce `h Gucrrh Anvn` Csphøb`h
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Ahpätu`b ;= @h ndpbrthelb lc `h rcthguhrlnh ce `h Gucrrh Anvn` Csphøb`h
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dès lc ;??%??? vbtbs% @h lnvnsnñe lc Csphøh crh phtcetc *lc `bs >„: dn``becs lc csphøb`cs
quc vbthrbe dès lc bajb `b jnancrbe pbr c` k`bquc lc `h s nzquncrlhs b c` lc `hs lcrcajhs, abe
\SQC@@ GÑDC]% Mhvncr% @h Qcgu,xNh [cpýk`nah ce Dhlr nl2 C&anbeas yphenlac pcH ` `ch Dhjh`, Clctbrnh` \caebc *Ab`caanñe l c Anceanhs Qbanh`cs,
Qcrnc Anceanh _b`ätnah.= 8>7? *p% 838.%
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Ahpntu`b 1=Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneh
däendh lnfcrceanh cetrc ueb y btrb. y `h rhlnah`nzhanñe lc `hs pbsnanbecs fuc prbgrcsnvh ce `bs
dcscs snguncetcs%
C` rcsu`thlb lc `hs c`caanbecs lc` 86 lc fckncrb pbeäh lc dhenfncstb, eb yh qucajbahsce lbs k`bqucs lc fucrzh lc ndpbrtheanh sndn`hr sneb sbkrc tblb quc sc bpbeähe lbs
nlcb`bgähs dutuhdcetc cxa`uycetcs y quc, h su vcz, ab@eanlähe ce kuceh phrtc abe lbs a`hscs
sbanh`cs, cebrdcdcetc lnsthetcs ueh lc btrh% @h netb`cäheanh ce c` sceb lc csth a`hrh lnvnsnñe
jhkäh h`ahezhlb abths duy c`cvhlhs%;
@hs c`caanbecs dhrahrbe ueh a`hrh lnvnsnñe% Ce Dhlrnl, eb bksthetc, `bs ahelnlhtbs
dès vbthlbs thetb ce `h nzquncrlh abdb ce `h lcrcajh fucrbe `bs pcrtcecancetcs h `hs fbrdhanb$
ecs pb`ätnahs dès dblcrhlhs ce ueb y btrb k`bquc= HDnh Kcstcnrb y Dhrtäecz Khrrnb fucrbe
`bs trcs dès vbthlbs lc `h ahelnlhturh lc` Frcetc _bpu`hr y @hrgb Ahkh``crb y Mbsî Lähz `bs
quc dcebs sufrhgnbs bktuvncrbe9 y pbr `h lcrcajh, auhtrb lc Haanñe _bpu`hr *Kcrdýlcz
Ahøctc, [ncsgb, Dhräe y Qcrrheb Dcelnautc. ceahkczhkhe `h `nsth lc `bs dès vbthlbs y `h
acrrhkhe `bs cxtrcdnsths Byhrzue *ahr`nsth. y Gndîec; Ahkh``crb2 Qn h cstb uendbs quc FC
eb ``cgñ h h`ahezhr c` 8# lc `bs vbtbs ce Dhlrnl, bkscn vhdbs quc `bs dhlrn`cøbs bpthkhe pbr
`h dblcrhanñe, ce prneanpnb eb sc nea`nehkhe pbr `bs ctrcdnsdbs% Eb bksthetc, ce `bs dcscs
snguncetcs `h sntuhanñe ahdknhräh%
@h phrtnanphanñe ce `hs c`caanbecs lc fckrcrb Ø~ duy h`th y lcetrb lc c``b `b fuc dès
cetrc `bs vbthetcs lc nzquncrlh, quc ce cstc scetnlb, pbr thetb sc dbvn`nzhrbe dès% @hs
ahelnlhturhs lc` Frcetc _bpu`hr ce Dhlrnl bktuvncrbr `h vnatbrnh ce `bs lnstrntbs abe dhybr
vb`udce lc bkrcrbs nelustrnh`cs= Nea`ush *76%8#. Jbspnth` *6>%>#. @h @htneh *66#. y
;AH]B[@H _C[C], kc@ \c au`tue pb`ätnah c e Csphøht asp%Q l c GNEC[, Q % Csphøh % Qbailhlypb¡ftnah% D hlrnl= C sp b sh Ah`pc, QH%= N>>?*p;&Q.%
[NQC@@ GBDC]% Mhvncr% Bp % anÎ 0pp83> y 8 6 ? . %
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Ahpntu`b 1= LcfneNanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
Senvcrsnlhl *3:%1#. shahelb ueh abesnlcrhk`c lnfcrceanh *ahsn ue 6?#. h `h s ahelnlhturhs
lc lcrcajhs% Csths vceancrbe ce `b s lnstrntbs lc Acetrb *6;%<#. Jbspnanb *3>%>#.
Kucehvnsth *3:%;#. y _h`hanb *36%6#., pcrb abdb sc ‚t c `h vnatbrnh crh dcebr ce pbracethmc
y `h lnfcrceanh abe `b s frcetcpbpu`nsths a`hrhdcetc neäarnbr h `h quc sc prblumb ce `b s auhtrb
<lnstrntbs hetcrnbrcs%
_br thetb nelcpcelncetcdcetc lc `b s csahøb: tbdhelb cxa`usnvhdcetc c` hpbyb
rcf`cmhlb ce `b s sufrhgnbs Dhlrnl crh ueh anulhl lc nzquncrlhs% Hjbrh knce thetb pbr Th s
nzquncrlhs abdb pbr `h s lcrcajhs `b s vbthetcs cs lcanr csh anulhl pb`ätnah quc pcrdhecac
phsnvh pbrquc ce su dhybräh eb dn`nth ce enegueh `brdhanñe pb`ätnah rcajhzhkh h csths
h`turhs lc fckrcrb lc 8>16, `bs cxtrcdnsdbs y bpthkh pbr `h dblcrhanñe%
Ce `h lcrcajh c` cxtrcdb FC quclhkh rcluanlb h csahshdcetc 3??? vbtbs dcebs
quc c` _AC auhelb hethøb hauläh ce sb`nthrnb y `h dblcrhanñe rcprcscethlh pbr H_ crh `h
bpanñe dès rcsph`lhlh% Ce `h nzquncrlh `b s abduenst~s vcähe abdb su ahelnlhtb Mbsî Lähz
crh lcetrb lc `h ahelnlhturh lc` Frcetc _bpu`hr c` qnc gbzhkh lc dcebr hpbyb pbpu`hr y
cs duy prbkhk`c quc lc jhkcr abdphrcanlb ce sa„`nthrnb c` _AC eb jukncrh bktcenlb
rcprcscethanñe% ^ `b s hehrqunsths sc jhkähe `ndnthlb h` npbyb lc `h ahelnlhturh frcetcpbpu`nsth
*huequc duajbs eb vbthrbe. sne neabrpbrhrsc h c``h y c` dnsdb _cnrñ jhkäh hfnrdhlb ce
scptncdkrc quc sn crh abetrh c fhsansdb, abdb lcfcesh abetrh î` î` vbthräh pbr prndcrh vcz
ce su vnlh pcrb lcmhkh a`hrb quc c``b crh ue dh` dcebr3 y rcabrlhkh quc eb sc lckäh ``cvhr
h `b s trhkhmhlbrcs h `h s urehs pcrb sn vbthkhe c` ýenab ahdneb crh jhacr`b abetrh c fhsansdb ~6
<\SQC@@ GÑDC]% Mhvncr% Bp% AN% 0 p p %8 3< y sc . %
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Ahpätu`b 1= LcfnenaNñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
@bs dätnecs lc _cnrñ fucrbe lc prbtcsth abetrh î` kè~9nahdcetc% Eb bksthetc ce Dhlrnl c`
hehrqunsdb lnsthkh duajb lc tcecr c` hpbyb abe c` qu~, pbr cmcdp`b abethkh ce Khrac`beh%
Qne cdkhrgb c` hatnvnsdb pb`ätnab lc `bs dcscs snguncetcs nkh h ahdknhr csth sntuhanñe=
fh`hegnsths pbr ue `hlb y abduensths pbr btrb sc nkhe h dbstrhr abdb `b s scatbrcs dès
ndpbrthetcs y hatnvbs lc` Dhlrnl pb`ätnab%
Hlcdès `h lcrcajh eb hacptñ `b s rcsu`thlbs c =edclnhthdcetc c` Gbkncreb lc _brtc`h
sufrnñ tblb tnpb lc prcsnbecs phrh quc `b s heu`hrh y pusncrh h `h s Fucrzhs Hrdhlhs ce csthlb
lc h`crth pbrquc prcsudähe ueh prñxndh hgnthanñe pbpu`hr% @h ebajc lc` 8 7 lc fckrcrb Gn`
[bk`cs vnsnthkh h _brtc`h phrh prcsnbehr`c y quc lca`hrhrh c` csthlb lc gucrrh% C` Mcfc lc`
Gbkncreb `b pbeäh ce abebandncetb lc H`ah`è ]hdbrh y c` _rcsnlcetc sc ecghkh h rcfrcelhr`b%
H` läh snguncetc crh c` Mcfc lc` Csthlb Dhybr Frheans=b Frheab= qunce vnsnthkh h _brtc`h abe
c` dnsdb bkmctnvb y sñ`b bktuvñ lc î` `h lca`hrhanñe lc csthlb lc h`hrdh% Csc dnsdb läh
Ah`vb Qbtc`b jhkäh prcsnbehlb h` dnsdb _rcsnlcetc lc` Abescmb phrh quc eb cetrcghrh c`
pblcr h `h nzquncrlh y `c jhkäh nevnthlb h quc rcaunrncrh h` cmîrantb9 thdpbab c` Mcfc lc`
Gbkncreb quc yh jhkäh lcanlnlb su lndnsnñe `c jnzb ahsb% Ce sudh `b s dn`nthrcs y `h
lcrcajh lcrrbthlh sc dbvn`nzhkhe ce abetrh lc `b s rcsu`thlbs c`catbrh`cs y sñ`b jhkähe phshlb
lbs lähs lcslc `h s c`caanbecs= ce hdkbs scatbrcs lcrcajh c nzquncrlh a`hrhdcetc sc
bkscrvhkh ue cebrdc dnclb h` csth``nlb lc ueh rcvb`uanñe sbanh`%7
7GN@ _CAJH[[BDHE, Mu`nb% A besc r % , hlb rcs sukvcrsnv b s % @hlcrcaj<bwbr n thr nhh` fbeseh *8>81$8>16.% Dhlrnl9 Culce,h *ab`caanñe Cstulnbs lc Jnstbrnh
Abencdpbrèech.= 8 > > < *_ _ % ; < 6 y ;<7.%
8;<
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Ahpätu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
8%;%$ @h anulhl pb`ätnah hatnvh= `h s dn`nanhs y Nn vnb`ceanh lc `h prndhvcrh lc 8>16
_crb eb ebs lctcelrcdbs ce `b s rcsu`thlbs lc `b s abdnanbs% @h cvb`uanñe lc `b s
habetcandncetbs pbstcrnbrcs y sus abescauceanhs jhsth mu`nb eb sc puclce pcrlcr lc vnsth phrh
abdprcelcr abdb sc gcecrhräh `h a`helcstnenlhl dhlrn`cøh ueh vcz quc frhahsñ `h suk`cvhanñe
lc` 8 : lc mu`nb ce `h ahpnth` lc `h [cpýk`nah%
@bs dcscs snguncetcs h `h s c`caanbecs c` lcsqunanhdncetb pb`ätnab y `h frhaturh sbanh`
ce `h Csphøh lc `h Qcguelh [cpýk`nah h`ahezhräh su grhlb dèxndb= c` arcandncetb lc `b s
cxtrcdnsdbs lc ue `hlb rcprcscethlbs pbr FC y lc btrb pbr `h AE\ y `h s dn`nanhs
sbanh`abduntsths fucrbe a`hrb cxpbecetc lc c``b%: _hrh cxp`nahr`b jcdbs lc tcecr ce auceth
vhrnbs hspcatbs%
_br ue `hlb ueh rhlnah`nzhanñe lc` _QBC quc yh sc jhk`h pucstb lc dhenfncstb ce `h
hetcvbthanñe quc jhkäh tcenlb `ughr h fneh`cs lc cecrb phrh c`cgnr quî sbanh`nsths sc nea`unrähe
ce `h ahelnlhturh lc` Frcetc _bpu`hr pbr Dhlrnl y ~e `h quc `b s ahelnlhtbs ahkh``crnsths
bktuvncrbe c` >;# lc `b s vbtbs frcetc h `h s tcelceanhs dès dblcrhlhs y ‐kcstcnrnsths— quc sc
rcphrtncrbe c` rcstb *@hrgbAhkh``crb bktuvb ;::6 vbtae y Kcstcnrb sñ`b 8;6>.%~ Se prbgrcsnvb
cxtrcdnsdb quc trhs `hs c`caanbecs quclhräh phtcetnzhlb ce c` pbstcrnbr frhahsb lc Dhøh ce
ab`bahr h Nelh`canb _rnctb abdb ahkczh lc csc scatbr dblcrhlb lc` sbanh`nsdb h` frcetc lc`
Gbkncreb yh quc eb crh hacpthlb pbr duajbs abdphä>crbs lc dn`ntheanh ceahkczhlbs pbr c`
dnsdb @hrgb Ahkh``crb%
Dès h `h nzquncrlh pbsnk`cdcetc c` hatnvb dès ndpbrthetc ce Dhlrnl hetcs lc fckrcrb
lc 8>16 csthkh ce `h s dhshs trhkhmhlbrhs lc `b s bkdrbs nelustrnh`cs lc `h ahpnthT y cetrc
:DB[CEB @uns% ‚@hs fu c rzh s pb`ätnahs csphøb`hs„= Ahp%> lc GNEC[, 3% Csphøh% Qba~clhlypbStnah% Dhlrnl9 C s p bsh Ah`pc, QH%9 8>>? *p % ;:>.%
\SQC@@ GÑDC]% Mhvncr, Bp% aj% *p% 81<.%
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Ahpätu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
c``bs sc auceth c` dhybr eýdcrb lc `b s netcgrhetcs lc `h s Dn`nanhs Hetnfhsansths Bkrcrhs y
Ahdpcsnehs *DHBA. lc ahrèatcr abduensth y quc hlqunrnrähe ue ndpbrthetc prbthgbensdb
ce `h ecutrh`nzhanñe lc` h`zhdncetb dn`nthr lc` 8 : lc mu`nb ce `h ahpnth` lc Csphøh y scrnhe c`
gcrdce lc` fhdbsb Xunetb [cgndncetb lc Dn`nanhs _bpu`hrcs%8? ^h lcspuîs lc` frhahsb lc `h
[cvb`uanñe lc Batukrc c` _AC jhkräh lcanlnlb quc jhkäh quc rcfbrzhr ce `h s dn`nanhs c`
ahrèatcr quc lcebdnehkh hetnfhsansth abdb brghenzhanbecs lc hutblcfcesh lc` puck`b y hsä
`b cxprcshräh c` dnsdb Dblcstb rcspbeshk`c ehanbeh` lc cshs dn`nanhs abduensths%88
@hs DHBA prèatnahdcetc sñ`b tceähe ndpbrthetc ndp`hethanñe ce Dhlrnl y eb thetb
ce c` rcstb lc Csphøh% Ce `h ahpnth` sc cstruaturhkhe ce auhtrb lnstrntbs scgýe `b s puetbs
ahrlneh`cs pcrb `h nelnsanp`neh *ahdneb hkbehlb phrh `h vnb`ceanh. scrnh `h tñenah abdýe ce
c``hs y cetrc su s dhelbs sc rcabebaäh `h ecacsnlhl lc cvnthr `h nrbvbahanñe„; pbr thetb ahkc
pceshr quc csth cxnstäh% _br c``b lcslc `h s pègnehs 0 c ‐Duelb Bkrcrb— c` < lc dhrzb lc
8>16 sc pcläh quc sc hrdhsc h` puck`b pbrquc îetc lckäh scr c` quc abrthrh 0 0`hs
prbvbahanbecs y `b s arädcecs lc `b s rchaanbehrnbs y ~ush`nhlbs5 5 %‚~
^h ce c` prbgrhdh c` _AC prcscetñ h `h s c`caanbecs lc` 8 6 lc fckrcrb sc p`hetchkh c`
bkmctnvb lc `h abequnsth rcvb`uanbehrnh lc` pblcr phrh `b auh` `b s lnputhlbs abduensths ce c`
_hr`hdcetb lcfcelcrähe `h `cgh`nzhanñe lc ueh dn`nanh pbpu`hr hrdhlh% Cs dès sn c` trnuefb
lc` Frcetc _bpu`hr hdp`nhkh `h s abequnsths lc` puck`b phrh lcfcelcrsc lc `h rchaanñe y lc`
fhsansdb sc cstndhkh ndprcsanelnk`c 00c csthk`candncetb y hdp`nhanñe lc `h s dn`nanhs
8 ? K@HEAB [BL[ÄGSC], Mu h e Dheuc`% C ` Xundb rcgneucdb ce `h pb`ätnah dn`nthr lc` _% AC% ce `h Gucrrh Anvn`% Dhlrnl= SECL 0Ab`caanñe Hu`h
K@HEAB [BL[NGSC]% Mu h e Dheuc`% Bp % an`% *p% :.%
8 ; K@HEAB [BL[ÄGSC], Mu h e Dheuc`% Bp % ann, *_p% ¡7 h 8 > .%
8 1
K@HEAB [BL[ÄGSC]% M u h e Dheuc`% Bp % ann% *p% ;?.%
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Ahpntu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
bkrcrhs y ahdpcsnehs jhancelb lc c``hs hdp`nhs brghenzhanbecs lc hutblcfcesh lc tnpb
pbpu`hr5 5%‚~ \bg`nhttn csarnknräh c` 8 3 lc dhrzb quc `h vnatbrnh c`catbrh` hkräh 0 0ueh
eucvh fhsc lc `h rcvb`uanñe ce Csphøh5 5 pcrb sc jhkäh dhenfcsthlb quc 0 0`hs fucrzhs lc
`h rchaanñe eb jhe snlb lcrrbthlhs hýe lc ue dblb lcfn nntnvb5 5 pbr `b quc csh 0 0vnatbrnh
lc `h rcvb`uanñe lcpcelc lc `h ahphanlhl lc eb ceacrrhr `h `uajh cetrc `h s phrclcs lc`
_hr`hdcetb5 5 y hfnrdhkh `h rca`hdhanñe lc abduensths y sbanh`nsths h` Gbkncreb lc
rcpuk`nahebs lc quc supcrhsc c` prbgrhdh lc` Frcetc _bpu`hr%83 @h abesngeh crh duy a`hrh
jhkäh quc hatuhr ce `h s ah``cs cs lcanr `b s abduensths hphrcaähe abdb `h rcspucsth dhs
abetuelcetc lc `h nzquncrlh h `h s pbsnk`cs haanbecs prbaclcetcs lc `h lcrcajh dès cxtrcdh%
Ce c` dnsdb hrtäau`b anthlb \bg`nhttn hkbghkh pbr `h uenñe lc sbanh`nsths y abduensths
ce 0 0ue phrtnlb rcvb`uanbehrnb ýenab lc` prb`cthrnhlb5 ~ yhsä lcspuîs ce hkrn` c` _AC
sc lnrngnñ h `b s sbanh`nsths phrh fbrdhr uehs dn`nanhs uenlhs y h phrtnr lc cetbeacs îsths
fucrbe h`gb dès sbanh`abduensths sbkrc tblb lcknlb h `h uenlhl ce sus rcspcatnvhs muvcetu$
lcs%„7
_crb c` p`hetchdncetb nkh h scr lnstnetb h` fbe eu`hlb pbr c` pcrnblnsth nth`nheb quc
csarnkäh `cmbs lc Dhlrnl y `h dnsnñe lc `h s dn`nanhs abduensths ahdknhräh hetc `h arcancetc
prcsnñe lc `h lcrcajh y `h ahlh vcz dès dhenfncsth 9bspcajh lc ueh prñxndh suk`cvhanñe
dn`nthr% @bs abduensths csphøb`cs sn hetcs sc jhkähe p`hetchlb `h nesurrcaanñeabetrh c` csthlb
8 < ‚C` trnuefb lc` 8 6 l c fckrcrb y `h s t h r ch s lc` _AC%„ *; lc hkrn` l c 8 > 1 6 .% Lbaudcetb auc s c jh``h ce c ` Hrajnvb Jnstñrnab lc` Abdntî Acetrh` lc` _A C
*ce hlc`hetc, H_A. q u c ebsbtrbs j cd b s tbdhlb l c K@HEAB [BL[ÄGSC], Mu h e Dheuc % Bp% ann% * _ % >.%
‚@h vnatbrnh lc` Frcetc _bpu`hr y c` lcshrrb``b l c `h rcvb`uanñe ce Csphfnh„ ce ‚Kb`,( cvni„ *e„ 6., 8 3 l c dhrzb l c 8 >1 6 % [cabgnlb c e \BG@8H\„8„8,
_h`dnrb% Csarntbs sbkrc `h gucrrh lc Csphøh, Khrac`beh= C l % Arätnah *Ab`caanñe \cdhs F`nspèenabs.= 8 > : ? *pp% < 8 h 3>.%
8 6 \BG@NH8„82ä% _h`dnrb% Bp% ant%
‚Anrau`hr lc` [cspbeshk`c Ehanbeh` lc `h s DHBA h tblbs `bs Abdntîs lc` _hrtnlb„ *; n l c hkrn` lc 8 > 1 6 .% Ce H_A tbdhlb l c K@HEAB [BL[ÄGSC]%Mu h e Dheuc`% Bp% ant% *_äB.%
8;7
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Ahpätu`h 1= LcfNeNanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
kurguîs y frcetc h `hs tcsns cvb`uanbensths lc `h sbanh`a@cdbarhanh, hjbrh pbstu`hkhe `h uenñe
lc` prb`cthrnhlb pcrb ce cstbs dbdcetbs phrh lcfcelcr csc csthlb kurguîs frcetc h `b s
arcancetcs hthqucs lc `h lcrcajh y c` pc`ngrb lc `h sXlnanñe dn`nthr% Cs lcanr `h s dn`nanhs
abduensths phshkhe h scr lcfcesbrhs lc` Gbkncreb lc `h [cpýk`nah 0 0phrh hahkhr abe `h
arndneh`nlhl rchaanbehrnh y fhsansth5 5 %‚~
Abe csbs p`hetchdncetbs c` dnsdb Dblcstb rcabebacräh quc `h s dn`nanhs abduensths
ce Dhlrnl abethkhe abe dès lc ;??? netcgrhetcs y jhsth ue tbth` lc <??? sc lnstrnkunrähe pbr
c` rcstb Csphøh y abdb yh h`ulndbs abe hetcrnbrnlhl arhe ce su dhybräh bkrcrbs nelustrnh`cs
y Qhetnhgb H`vhrcz jhk`h hlcdès lc `h prcsceanh lc cdp`chlbs%8> _br btrb `hlb thdknîe cs
abesththk`c quc `h s DHBA abethkhe abe nestruatbrc~9, brghenzhlbrcs y lnrngcetcs lc ahlh
grupb quc crhe lc` phrtnlb% _br `b thetb `b quc cstÎ a`hrb c0quc `h s DHBA abduensths
abestntuähe ue grupb phrhdn`nthr quc yh lcslc nedclnhthdcetc lcspuîs lc `h s c`caanbecs lc
fckrcrb phrtnanphrbe ce dätnecs y hatbs abdb ueh cspcanc lc guhrlnh prctbrnheh y dhetuvncrbe
ajbqucs ahlh vcz dès frcaucetcs abe `b s fh`hegnsths y ce cspcanh` auhelb uebs y btrbs
vcelähe sus rcspcatnvhs puk`nahanbecs lc prcesh% Hlcdäs `h s dn`nanhs abduensths phrtnanphrbe
ce hatbs lc shkbthmc kbnabt juc`ghs scrvnanbs lc nefbrdhanñe vngn`heanh ce `h s ebajcs
*cspcanh`dcetc ce Dhlrnl. netcrrbghtbrnbs%%% _crb su qucmh abesthetc quc sc dhetuvb jhsth
c` dnsdb dbdcetb lc `h suk`cvhanñe lc mu`nb crh `h fh`th y c` abesnguncetc rca`hdb lc
hrdhs%;? _br thetb `h prneanph` rcspucsth lc `h nzquncrlh dès hatnvh y abdprbdctnlh abetrh
`h arcancetc prcsceanh ce `h ah``c lc `b s fh`hegnsths crhe `h s dn`nanhs abduensths%
8 : ‐Duelb Bkrcrb„ *87%?1%16.%
8 >\B lc Qhetnhgb Ènvhrcz Gñdcz%
;? K@HEAB [BL[ÄGSC], M u h e Dheuc`% Bp% ant% *_p% ;; h ;7.%
8;:
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
_hscdbs hjbrh h abesnlcrhr `h hatnvnlhl lc `b s hehrqunsths% Cstbs nkhe lcshrrb``helb
su `hkbr dclnhetc abesthetcs juc`ghs quc eb acshrbe jhsth mu`nb y ce `h s quc h dceulb sc `c s
vcäh muetb h `h SG\ îsth hrrhstrhlh `h dhybräh lc `h s vcacs pbr `h AE\ jhsth c` puetb lc quc
c` snelnahtb sbanh`nsth fuc lcskbrlhlb% Qn knce `bs abefclcrh`cs eb abethkhe abe ueh fucrzh lc
ndpbrthetc ndp`hethanñe ce Dhlrnl sc lclnahrbe h harcacethr `h tcesnñe sbanh` rcnvnelnahelb
abshs nevnhk`cs ce hquc``bs dbdcetbs= scdhehs lc 16 jbrhs sh`hrnb lc 8 3 pcscths cta% Fuc
th` `h tcesnñe sbanh` quc prbvbañ `h AE\ abe su gcecrh`nzhanñe lc `h juc`gh *881 juc`ghs lc
scatbrcs cetcrbs lc `h nelustrnh y ;1? juc`ghs phranh`cs;8., quc ce hkrn` jhsth `b s sbanh`nsths
`hrgbahkh``crnsths `b s dès nzquncrlnsths lcslc `h s pègnehs lc ‐A`hrnlhl— sc sudhrbe h`
``hdhdncetb h `b s acectnsths lc` dès dblcrhlb ‐F n Qbanh`nsth— phrh quc ahdknhrhe lc
tèatnah%;;
Ce prneanpnb `h SG\ trhthkh lc frcehr csths juc`ghs pcrb hetc c` tcdbr lc scr
hkhelbehlbs pbr sus khscs sc sudhkhe h c``hs abe `b quc `h acetrh` hehrqunsth pcsc h su
pbah ndp`hethanñe ce Dhlrnl tceäh îxntb ce sus dvn`nzhanbecs% Juc`ghs abdb `h lc `h
abestruaanñe *dès lc : scdhehs. b `h lc `h dhlcrh *eb sb`uanbehlh auhelb sc nenanñ `h gucrrh.
ce `h ahpnth` lc Csphøh sngenfnahrbe quc `b s abefclcrh`cs lcskbrlhrhe h` snelnahtb sbanh`nsth%
@h prndcrh lc c``hs abelumb hquc c` Gbkncreb rcpuk`na heb a`husurhrh `b s snelnahtbs acectnsths
ce Dhlrnl y prhatnahrh eudcrbshs lctceanbecs% _br c``b h duajbs hehrqunsths `cs abgcräh `h
suk`cvhanñe trhs `b s durbs lc `h Aèrac` Dblc`b% La csth dhecrh `h AE\ prèatnahdcetc
lcslc `h juc`gh lc `h abestruaanñe csthkh yh ce pnc lc gucrrh%
Hlcdès h` nguh` quc ce `h lcrcajh `h rhlnah`nnhanñe jhkäh abeluanlb h` trhesvhsc lc
; 8Lhtbs rcabebanlbs pbr _ c n r h a s sc g ý e rcabgc KBBIAJNE% Durrhy% Bp% ant% *_ , ; : 3.
;; K[HLCDHQ Mbje% Bp % ant% *_p% ¡6 3 y t66.%
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhl9—nl a`helcstneb%
dn`ntheanh jhanh FC, ce `bs bkrcrbs csth tcesnñe sbanhT trhmñ abdb abescauceanh quc `h AE\
nearcdcethrh lc fbrdh abesnlcrhk`c c` eýdcrb lc hfn`nhanbecs ce csth prndhvcrh lc 8>16 abe
c` abesnguncetc hudcetb lc su fucrzh%
Lurhetc `b s prndcrbs lncz lähs lc dhyb tuvb `ughr ce ]hrhgbzh c` scguelb Abegrcsb
cxtrhbrlnehrnb lc `h AE\ quc sngenfnañ su rcuenfnahanñe h` lcmhr lc cxnstnr `b s ‐trcetnsths—%
Cs lcanr îstbs quc supbeähe c` scatbr dès dblcrhlb lc` hehrabsnelnah`nsdb hkhelbehkhe
sus pbsturhs dès pbelcrhlhs y sc sudhkhe h `h s dès n„hlnah`cs, `h s bfnanh`cs lc `b s ‚fh`sähs—
lc `b s quc aneab høbs hetcs sc jhkähe lnstheanhlb% Cstb tceäh lbs `caturhs= ueh ducstrh dhs
lc quc c` rhlnah`nsdb csthkh trnuefhelb ce tblbs `b s èdkntbs nlcb`ñgnabs frcetc h `h
dblcrhanñe y quc sc csthkh ce c` ahdneb phrh ueh ab`hkbrhanñe prndcrb abe `h SG\ y `ucgb
abe c` Frcetc _bpu`hr%;1 _crb c` ahdneb jhanh c` cxtrcdnsdb eb sc nkh h quclhr hjä% C`
Abegrcsb lc ]hrhgbzh prbpusb ueh h`nhezh rcvb`uanbr hrnh abe `h SG\ pcrb eb abe c` _QBC
*abe `b quc rcajhzhkh `b s netcetbs lc @hrgb Ahkh``crb hetcrnbrcs h csth abevbahtbrnh ce
]hrhgbzh lc suhvnzhr h `h AE\ netcethelb su uenfna~@anñe abe SG\;<.% C` bkmctnvb crh quc
c` snelnahtb sbanh`nsth lckäh acshr ce tblh ab`hkbrhanñe abe c` Gbkncreb b c` phr`hdcethrnsdb
y muetbs lckähe cdprcelcr ue hthquc frbeth` y lcfnentnvb abetrh c` rîgndce pb`ätnab$sbanh`
cxnstcetc% Cstb cetrbeah abe h`gb h `b quc jhrcdbs rcfcrceanh ce btrbs puetbs lc cstc
trhkhmb= ce mu`nb lc 8>16 `h AE\ crh ue cecdngb dès lc `h [cpýk`nah h `h quc abeacptuhkh
lc kurgucsh%
Ce rcsudce ce `h nzquncrlh sc bkscrvhkh ue arcandncetb lc `h fucrzh lc `b s scatbrcs
;1KBBIAJNE% Durrhy% Bp % cnt% *p% ;77.%
;<KBBIAJNE, Durrhy% Bp % ann, *_p% ; : : y ;:>.%
;3K[HLCDHQ, Mbje% Bp% ann, *_ _ % 8 6 : h ¡7?.%
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Ahpätu`b 1= LcfneNanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
dès cxtrcdbs= `b s abduensths y `b s hehrqunsths9 hquc`Tbs quc jhkähe snlb `b s quc abe dcebs
hpbyb jhkähe abethlb ce `hs urehs ce fckrcrb%
_br su phrtc thdknîe vhdbs h abebacr añdb ce `h lcrcajh sc jhkähe nl b prbgrcsnvh$
dcetc hkhelbehelb `h s pbsnanbecs dès dblcrhlhs% Vhrnhs rhzbecs cxp`nahe `h rhlnah`nzhanñe
lc `hs pbsturhs%
C` K`bquc Ehanbeh` lc Ah`vb Qbtc`b jhkäh bttcenlb rcsu`thlbs duy nefcrnbrcs h `h
ACLH y prbetb sc prblumb `h lcscranñe lc `b s ahr`nstn@s, `b quc fuc c` prneanpnb lc` lcsghmh$
dncetb tbth` lc csth abh`nanñe abescrvhlbrh%;6 Muetb h c``bs bkscrvhdbs pbr ue `hlb `h
hdkngýclhl lc ueh ACLH lcrrbthlh auhelb sc jhkäh prcscethlb khmb `h prba`hdh lc ‐h pbr
`bs trcsancetbs ‐, y pbr btrb ce abemuetb ueh lcrcajh lcsharclnthlh% \blb c``b ` `cvñ h`
rch`nechdncetb lc duajbs lc `b s sndphtnzhetcs y hatnvnsths lc hxýkhs fhaanbecs quc frcetc h`
trnuefb frcetcpbpu`nsth vb`vähe sus bmbs h fbrdhanbeas dès rhlnah`cs dès lneèdnahs dès
abetuelcetcs y dès lnrcaths ce su cefrcethdncetb h `h zquncrlh% Ce c``b sc cxp`nah c` hsacesb
lc FC= `h ýenah fbrdhanñe quc p`hetchkh hkncrthdceta `h cstrhtcgnh lc sukvcrsnñe vnb`ceth h
abrtb p`hzb%
Sehs ph`hkrhs lc _n`hr _rndb lc [nvcrh asarnths høbs lcspuîs cxprcshe duy
a`hrhdcetc csth sntuhanñe y `h s cxpcathtnvhs quc bfrcaäh FC=
00@bs quc sc rncrbe lc ebsbtrbs yh eb sc rcähe `bs quc ebs tuvncrbe pbr `babs sc lncrbe auceth
cetbeacs lc quc eucstrbs jbdkrcs shkähe dbrnr pbr `h _htrnh%‚~
auhelb tblh Csphfnh csthkh lcsb`hlh pbr `hpîrlnlh lc `h s c`caanbecs sñ`b `h Fh`hegc jcajh dn`nanh abdb ue gnghetc abdb ue tntèe ahlh vcz dès grhelc
y dès fucrtc abXnñ `h s hrdhs y sh`nñ h `h ah``c phrh lhr`c `h khth``h h` Frcetc _bpu`hr ce c` dnsdb ahdpb quc
c``bs `h prcscethkhe% ^ sc audp`nñ hquc``b lc `h brhanñe pbr eucstrbs ahälbs ‚Lc quc sñ`b ce eucstrhs fn`hs
;6 GN@ _CAJH[[BDHE, Mu` nb% Bp% ant% *_ _ % ; < : y ;<>.%
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
sc dbräh pbr Csphøh„%5 ~
_br c``b abe cstc p`hetchdncetb lc hatuhanñe quc crh c` quc ce duajbs scatbrcs lc
`h lcrcajh lcsceghøhlbs sc lcschkh jh``hr ce cstbs dbdcetbs lc lcrrbth h pcshr lc `h
nesngenfnaheanh lc `b s rcsu`thlbs c`catbrh`cs lc FC `h s pcrspcatnvhs quc sc `c prcscethkhe eb
crhe duy ecgrhs% H `b s ahsn aneab dn` quc jhkähe hpbyhlb h `h fbrdhanñe lc Mbsc Hetbenb
ce Dhlrnl;: sc `c s uencrbe ueh grhe ahetnlhl lc vbthetcs lc `h lcrcajh hetn$`nkcrh` quc jhkähe
vnstb frhahshr sus prbaclndncetbs dblcrhlbs lc ab eprbdnsb y phr`hdcethrnbs% ^h sñ`b
abeackähe h phrtnr lc cetbeacs hrrheahr c` pblcr lc `h s dhebs lc `h nzquncrlh y lc` acetrb$
nzquncrlh dclnhetc dîtblbs dès lrèstnabs y rhlnah`c3,;> th`cs abdb `b s quc rcprcscethkh y
lcfceläh FC quc bkscrvñ ue lcsdcsurhlb arcandncetb lc su dn`ntheanh ce kuceh phrtc
prbaclcetc lc `b s mñvcecs ‚mhpnsths ‐ 1 ? y lc `b s mñvcecs lc [C% C` Abdntî lc `b s mñvcecs
h`fbesnebs ce rcuenñe lc` ;; lc hkrn` abesthtñ 8<7 khmhs rcancetcs%1„ _hyec hfnrdh quc cs duy
pbsnk`c quc ce pbabs dcscs FC lbk`hsc su eudcrb lc dn`nthetcs%1; Cstc dhsnvb trhesvhsc lc
mñvcecs dn`nthetcs sbkrc tblb lc `h s MH_ h FC dbtnvhräh abdb vcrcdbs quc yh ce gucrrh
duajbs pcrscgunlbs quc abesthkhe ce c` fnajcrb lc `h LGQ abdb hfn`nhlbs h FC ce c` Dhlrnl
lc `h gucrrh thdknîe fngurhkhe abdb hfn`nhlbs h b t r h 3 ~ fbrdhanbecs muvcen`cs lc `h lcrcajh
;7 Hrajnvb lc `h ‐Hsbanhanñe Eucvh Helhlurh—= Ahrpcth 8$K= _[NDB LC [NVC[H, _ n hr9 Jnstbrnh lc `h Qcaanñe Fcdceneh 0neîlnth, e b puk`nahlh d hs
q u c phranh`dcetc.9 @nkrb _rndcrb, _rndcrh _hrtc 0‚@h Hetcgucrrh„.% p% 7: % C` sukrhyhl, c s eucstrb%
;:Sebs <~.~ ce tblh C sp h øh %
;> _H^EC, Qthe`cy B % Fh`hegc% Jnstbrnh lc ` fhsansdb c sphøb ` % _ hr ä s 9 [uclb Nkîrnab9 85 63 *p% 7>.%
1?Lc `h s MH_= Muvcetulcs l c H_ % Crhe muv ce tul cs uenfbrdhlhs abe ahdnsh vcrlc pcrb a h r n b t c s lc hgrcsnvnlhl y lc `h s q u c c e vhrnhs b a h s n b e c s M b s c Hetbenb
s c jhkäh dbfhlb= Ce ‐Hrrnkh„ c` 1? l c dhyb l c 8 > 1 3 s c rcabgnñ cs t c abdcethrnb lc` `älcr l c FC rcfnrncelbsc h`hs MH_= 00Cstc c rh a` ýenab a h s b ce q u c`b d è s lcarîpntb lc ue phrtnlb `b abestntuäh s u muvcetul%55 [cabgnlb ce _H^EC, QthDcy G% Bp % ant% *p% 7;. %
1 8 GN@ _CAJH[[BDÈE, Mu`nb% Bp % ann% *p% ;3?.%
1; _H^EC% Qthe`cy B% Bp % ant% *p% :;.%
81;
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Ahpätu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
prneanph`dcetc lc `h s MH_% _crb sbkrc c``b vb`vcrcdbs h` fneh` lc cstc ahpätu`b%
_br btrb `hlb Mbsc Hetbenb jhkäh netcethlb hacrbhdncetbs jhanh `h nzquncrlh= h `h AE\
y h` scatbr ‐prnctnsth— lc` _QBC% Cdpczhräh pbr c` `älcr sbanh`nsth y lcspuîs pceshkh htrhcrsc
h `b s scatbrcs hetn$dhrxnsths y eb$netcrehanbeh`nsths lc` hehrqunsdb% C` frhahsb ce csth
cdprcsh jnzb necvnthk`c c` gnrb h `h lcrcajh lc FC cr `b s dcscs lc dhrzb y hkrn`%11
^h pbr cetbeacs `b quc ce prneanpnb jhkäh snlb ueh a`hrh lnvnsnñe dhenfcsthlh ce `b s
rcsu`thlbs c`catbrh`cs crh yh ueh cvnlcetc pb`hrnzhanñe lc `h s fucrzhs pb`ätnahs ce lbs khelbs
quc sc trhlumb ce ue prbgrcsnvb y h`hrdhetc nearcdcet1 lc `b s hatbs lc vnb`ceanh ce `h s ah``cs
lc Dhlrnl% @bs cefrcethdncetbs ce `h ahpnth` crhe abesthetcs cetrc fh`hegnsths y `h s dn`nanhs
nzquncrlnsths abestntunlhs îsths cspcanh`dcetc pbr `h s lc` _AC y h `h s quc sc ueähe `h s
sbanh`nsths ce hdkbs scatbrcs sbkrc tblb abe netcgrhetcs lc sus scaanbecs muvcen`cs% @bs
hehrqunsths prcfcrähe dès `h tèatnah lc `h tcesnñe sbanh` dclnhetc csh abesthetc abevbahtbrnh
lc juc`ghs quc yh jcdbs h`ulnlb% Ce cstc tcesb hdkncetc `b s ducrtbs ce `h s ah``cs
tcrdnehrbe pbr scr p`htb abrrncetc ce hquc``hs anraueÈtheanhs%
Qhkcdbs quc FC abetrhtñ pnstb`crbs hsh`hrnhlbs ce Dhlrnl phrh prbtcgcr h sus
lnrngcetcs y rch`nzhr rcprcsh`nhs1< y cs `ñgnab pceshr quc `h s dn`nanhs lc nzquncrlh lckncrbe
jhacr btrb thetb sbkrc tblb sn yh jcdbs abebanlb quc lnrngcetcs lc `h s DHBA sc qucmhkhe
lc `hRfh`th lc hrdhs phrh rcspbelcr h `h s hgrcsnbecs% C jcajb cs quc uebs y btrbs sc jhkähe
abevcenlb ce Dhlrnl *y ce btrbs puetbs lc Csphøh. ce vcrlhlcrhs khelhs hrdhlhs abe `b quc
`b s cpnsblnbs lc vnb`ceanh csthkhe scrvnlbs%
iucd%
_H^EC, Qthe`cy G% Bp% Ant% *p% : 1 .= [cabgc `b s tcstndbenbs rcabebancelb c s t h rch`nlhl lc Mu h e Hetbenb HEQH@LB ce²_hrh quî2 *L c H`fbesb ZNNN hMuhe 8 8 % 8 . Kucebs Hnrcs9 Clntbrnh` V h sa h Cine= 8 >31 9 p% 7:. % l c Jcery KSAI@C^ *N%Mfr hdn lchsj bf njcQpbensj[cpuk` na% @belrcs9 Jhdnsj Jhdn`tbe98><?% p % 8 ; >. y lc Ehransb _crh`cs, mbvce fh`hegnsth scvn` `heb, q u c hs ä `b rcabebanñ h ` prbfcsbr _H^EC ce abevcrshanbecs c e Dhlrnl c ä > y ¡1 l c cecrbl a 8 >3> %
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenlñe lc` Dhl,nl a`helcstneb%
Hlcdès Ah`vb Qbtc`b lcslc fckrcrb y c e cspcanh` lcslc `h abestntuanñe lc `h s Abrtcs
ce sus netcrvceanbecs sbkrc tblb `h s phr`hdcethrnhs sc ceahrghkh lc nearcdcethr `h sceshanñe
lc nescgtärnlhl anulhlheh y lc lcrrudkc lc` snstcdh lceäbarètnab ``cghelb h` dèxndb abe tnehlcsarnpanñe lc `h sntuhanñe ce tîrdnebs hpbah`äptnabs ce su netcrvceanñe ce c` p`ceb
phr`hdcethrnb lc` 8 6 lc muenb% Csth hatntul pbr ue `hla hendhkh h `h dn`ntheanh lc lcrcajhs
cspcanh`dcetc h `h dès mbvce h rhlnah`nzhr su pbsnanñr% nearcdcethelb `h vnb`ceanh abetrh `h
nzqtäncrlh y sus grupbs dès hatnvbs y pbr btrb `hlb netcethkh neau`ahr ce `b s dn`nthrcs `h
abevnaanñe lc `h urgceanh lc su netcrvceanñe%13
Hsä c` 8 lc dhrzb Mbsc Hetbenb brlceñ quc ` a „ s dncdkrbs lc` QCS sc neabrpbrhsce
h `h s dn`nanhs lc FC y lncz lähs lcspuîs hatnvnsths lc cstc snelnahtb htcethkhe abetrh c`
sbanh`nsth Mndîecz lc Hslh h` quc eb dhthrbe huequc sä h ue $pb`naäh lc su csab`th% Ce c`
cetncrrb lc îstc sc prblumcrbe hsh`tbs c neacelnbs pbr phrtc lc geäpbs nzquncrlnsths cetrc btrbs
h `b s `bah`cs lc ‐@h Ehanñe—~16 C` lîkn` Gbkncreb lc tcpuk`nahebs— au`pñ lc `h sntuhanñe lc
vnb`ceanh ah``cmcrh sñ`b h `h fbrdhanñe lc Mbsc Hetbenb quc fuc lca`hrhlh n`cgh` c` 8 < lc dhrzb
y tblbs sus c`cdcetbs lc su Mueth pb`ätnah quc pulncrbe sc r `bah`nzhlbs ce Dhlrnl fucrbe
lctcenlbs c negrcshrbe ce `h Dblc`b cdpczhelb pbr c` dnsdb _rndb lc [nvcrh quc yh eueah
rcabkrhräh `h `nkcrthl% Lcslc csc dbdcetb FC yh cdpczhkh h fbrdhr phrtc lc `h a`helcstnen$
lhl dhlrn`cøh cecdngh lc `h [cpýk`nah y hýe phshrfne auhtrb dcscs jhsth quc csth``he `h
gucrrh%Enegueh dclnlh sc tbdñ abe dn`nanhs abdb `h s abduensths quc, yh jcdbs vnstb
13GN@ _CAJH[[BDZE% Mu`nb % Bp % lN% 0 p % ;7?.%
16_crnñlnab lc cxtrcdh l c rc aj h , ñrgheb l a cxprcsnñe lcah`vb Q b tc b ce a h ` b s dbdcetb•%
1 7@b s phrtnlbs c e î ` rc p rc s c e th l b s c r h e `b, `nkcrh`cs N[ y SNt%
81<
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
hetcrnbrdcetc lcslc fckrcrb tceähe prcvnsth `h `uajh rcvb`uanbehrnh abetrh `h rchaanñe, en
abetrh `b s hehrqunsths quc scguähe p`hetchelb abesthe`cs juc`ghs y hrrhstrhelb abe c``b h `h
SG\% Ce tblb ahsb= lbs eb pc`che sn ueb eb quncrc y hquä sñ`b ueb fuc pcrscgunlb y rc`cghlb
h `h a`helcstnenlhl= FC% C``b sñ`b abelumb h quc `h [cpýk`nah sc archrh yh ue cecdngb dcscs
hetcs lc nenanhrsc `h gucrrh% Cs dès ‐Duelb Bkrcrb„ `cghräh h csarnknr c` 7 lc mu`nb lc 8>16
quc 0 0h` cecdngb $` b quc c``bs ``hdhkhe `h rchaanñe$ sc `c vceac abe `h s hrdhs auhelb
``cgh c` dbdcetb bpbrtueb%5 51:
Dncetrhs cetrc `b s scatbrcs anvn`cs `h tcesnñe arcaäh cetrc `b s dn`nthrcs sc abespnrhkh
prèatnahdcetc lcslc `h vnatbrnh c`catbrh` lc `h nzquncrlh ce fckrcrb% _crb `h dhybräh lc c``bs
crhe sbkrc tblb `nkcrh`cs dblcrhlbs huequc duy lcsabefnhlbs uebs lc btrbs c neahphacs lc
pbecrsc lc haucrlb% Hlcdès abdb en `c s htrhäh FC en crhe ebsth`gnabs lc `h Dbehrquäh `h
sukvcrsnvh SDC fbrdhlh h fneh`cs lc 8>11 pbr hutîrtnabs hetnrrcpuk`nahebs abestntuäh ueh
ddbräh%
H prneanpnbs lc dhrzb1> tuvb `ughr `h abebanlh rcuenñe lc dn`nthrcs *Db`h Vhrc`h
Gblcl Brghz Khrrcrh Fhemu` Gbezè`cz Ahrrhsab Ghraäh lc `h Jcrrèe [blrägucz lc`
Khrrnb Vn``cghs _betc Qh`nquct y Frheab. ce c` lbdnan`nb lc Mbsî Lc`ghlb cdprcshrnb y
lnputhlb lc `h ACLH% Ce c``h sc jhk`ñ lc lcrrnkhr c @ Gbkncreb dclnhetc ueh suk`cvhanñe
prbkhk`cdcetc lnrngnlh pbr Qhemurmb% _hrcac scr quc Brghz y Vhrc`h qucrähe quc c`
`cvhethdncetb fucrh nednecetc dnceths quc Db`h `bgrñ ndpbecr h`gb lc prulceanh%
Mbsc Hetbenb _rndb lc [nvcrh eb jhkäh snlb nevnthlb h cshs rcuenbecs y lcsabefnhkh
1:K@HEAB [BL[ÄGSC], M u h e Dheuc`, Bp % cnt% *p% >.%
1>QH@HQ@H[[%H]È%KH@, [he,ñeyncsýsD„ *Jnstbrnh Gcecrh` la`n, Gucrrh lcCsphø%h9 Dhlrnl9 [nh`p9 8 >: 6 , p, ;8.sc nea`nehepbrc` l äh ¡Brcabgncelbc` tcstndbenb l c h`gunce q u c cstuvb prcscetc= DHÄ] *H`zhdncetb c e Csphøh% Lc ue lnb, b l c `h abespnrhanñe9 _hdp`beh9 8 > 3; .% Ce ahdknb \JBDHQ,Jugj *@h Gucrrh AnW` Csphøb`h, Vb`% 8 = Grnmh`kb Dbelhlbr¡= ¡ > > 3 $huequc sbk r c clna ñe l c 8 > 7 6 $, p% 8>?., sntýh c s t h rcuenñe c e c` l äh : l c dheb%
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Ahpätu`b 1= LcfneNanñe lc` Dhl¡„nl a`helcstneb%
lc `b s dn`nthrcs abespnrhlbrcs% Eb bksthetc hýe ce `nkcrthl c` 8 1 lc dhrzb c` Mcfc lc FC
jhk`ñ pbr prndcrh vcz abe Frheab ce ahsh lc [hdñe scrrheb Quøcr%<? ^ lcspuîs lc` 8 < lc
dhrzb ce `h a`helcstnenlhl yh `h ýenah sh`nlh phrh FC crh sñ`b b ce abdphøäh lc btrbsnetcethr ue gb`pc lnrcatb abetrh `h [cpýk`nah% Ce Dhl=„nl sc jh``hkh tblh `h lnrcaanñe lc FC
pcrb trhs `h s rcmhs lc `h Dblc`b% Eb bksthetc `h s hdp`nhs fhan`nlhlcs quc tceäh phrh rcanknr
vnsnths ce `h aèrac` pcrdntnñ `h abecxnñe cetrc Mbsc Hetbenb y ueh rcl cmcautnvh a`helcstneh
quc duy prbetb sc fbrdñ abe `bs fh`hegnsths ce `nkcrthl y phrtncelb lc c``b ce `h ahpnth` sc
jhkäh abestntunlb ue acetrb lc` phrtnlb quc lnrngnrän Dhrnheb Ghraäh% @h n`cgh`nlhl `c s
bk`nghkh h rcbrghenzhrsc ce aî`u`hs scarcths a`helcstnehs lc trcs dncdkrbs y scgýe _hyec,<„
quc anth uehs dcdbrnhs neîlnths lc` fh`hegnsth Mbsî Helneb c`hkbrhrbe lnvcrsbs p`hecs ce `b s
lbs dcscs snguncetcs phrh ue gb`pc lc Csthlb pcrb enegueb fc bfrcanñ h` `älcr lc FC `h s
ghrhetähs sufnancetcs lc îxntb y eb sc cmcauthrbe%
Ce sudh bkscrvhdbs quc cetrc dn`nthrcs y `h lcrcajh dès cxtrcdh FC c` bkmctnvb
lc lcrrnkhr `h [cpýk`nah yh csthkh a`hrhdcetc p`hetchlb `h prndcrh scdheh lc dhrzb lc 8>16%
Csths scarcths dhqunehanbecs sc lcshrrb``hkhr abe ue fbelb lc arcancetc vnb`ceanh%
Lcslc `h aèrac` [unz lc H`lh `h mustnfnahkh pbrquc yh sc csthkh lcaäh ce ue hrtnau`b lc ‐E b
ndpbrth— c` ñrgheb a`helcstneb fh`hegnsth ce ueh gucrrh anvn`% [canknñ acetcehrcs lc
tc`cgrhdhs lc fc`nanthanñe ce `h aèrac` pbr cstc csarntb lc cetusnhsths lcrcajnsths,<; `ucgb
quncrc lcanr quc `hs vbacs y pbsturhs lc FC jhkähe ah`hlb nea`usb ce cstbs scatbrcs quc ce
fckrcrb sc jhkähe dbstrhlb dès dblcrhlbs quc `b quc hjbrh dhenfcsthkhe% @h fbrdhanñe lc
C s th c s `h fcajh q u c scøh`h Jugj \JBDHQ 0 B p% ant%, p% 8>?., dncetrhs q u c QC[[HEB QSØC[, [hdñe Cetrc Jcelhyh y Gnkrh`thr9 Dîxnab9 C p c shDcmnaheh9 ¡><7 , p % ¡:. hpueth `h fcajh lc` l äh : y% pbsnk`cdcetc s c h î s t h , p u cs , h ` fne h` ahkb, c` ceaucetrb fnmc ce s u a h s h %
< 8 _H^EC% Qthe`cy G% Bp% ant% *p% :7. %
<; Äknlcd%
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Ahpätu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrfl a`helcstneb%
Mbsc Hetbenb dneýsau`h cetbeacs h dclnhlbs lc hkrn` yh jhkäh abkrhlb ueh ndpbrtheanh
nesbspcajhlh sñ`b uebs dcscs htrès y `b s csphøb`cs hlnecrhlbs fneheanhkhe sus hatnvnlhlcs
hrdhlhs ce `h ah``c% @h lcrcajh abesnlcrhkh h `h s dn`na¡hs fh`hegnsths sus fucrzhs lc ajbquc
frcetc h `b s Guhrlnhs lc Hsh`tb quc `b crhe lc `h [crýk`nah hyulhlbs pbr `h s dn`nanhs lc
nzquncrlh% Mbsc Hetbenb cetbeacs yh pceshkh quc crh neabetcenk`c c` lcskbrlhdncetb lc `h
vnb`ceanh%
_br btrb `hlb thdpbab c` lcshrrb``b lc `h vnlh bb`ätnah ce `h s nestntuanbecs abetrnkuäh
h ah`dhr `h sntuhanñe% C` 7 lc hkrn` ce scsnñe phr`hdcethrnh crh lcstntunlb c` _rcsnlcetc lc`h [cpýk`nah Enactb H`ah`è ]hdbrh abe c` prctcxtb lc quc sc jhkäh prbaclnlb dh` ce `h
lnsb`uanñe lc `h s Abrtcs lc cecrb y hdphrèelbsc ce c` hrtäau`b : 8 lc `h Abestntuanñe quc ce
su ý`tndb pèrrhfb lcaäh=
00Ce c` ahsb lc scguelh lnsb`uanñe c` prndcr hatb lt `h s eucvhs Abrtcs scrè cxhdnehr y rcsb`vcr
sbkrc `h ecacsnlhl lc ` lcarctb lc lnsb`uanñe lc `hs hetcrnbrcs% C` vbtb lcsfhvbrhk`c lc `h dhybräh hksb`uth lc
`hs Abrtcs ``cvhrè hecmh `h lcstntuanñe lc` _rcsnlcetc%5 5
Auhtrb lähs hetcs 8:8 lnputhlbs frcetc h :: jhkähe hprbkhlb `h prbpucsth lc _rnctb
quc csthk`caäh quc `h lnsb`uanñe lc H`ah`è ]hdbrh crh n;abestntuanbeh`% C` läh 7 ;71 lnputhlbs
lc` Frcetc _bpu`hr y c` _EV vbthrbe pbr su lcstntuanñe y 3, lc _brtc`h vbthrbe ce abetrh9
`h lcrcajh eb cstuvb prcscetc ce `h scsnñe% Eb bksthetc `h `cgntndnlhl lc cstc jcajb crh
auhelb dcebs lulbsh= ²Crh abrrcatb abesnlcrhr `h hetcrnbr lnsb`uanñe lc `h s Abrtcs Abestntu$ycetcs fbrdhlhs hetcs lc hprbkhrsc `h Abestntuanñe abdb prndcrh lnsb`uanñe2 y ce c` ahsb
lc quc `b fucrh ²añdb `h abh`nanñe dhybrnthrnh lc nzquncrlhs quc tblh `h `cgns`hturh rcanîe
a`husurhlh jhkäh csthlb a`hdhelb pbr `h lnsb`uanñe lc` _hr`hdcetb pbläh vbthr hjbrh ce c`
scetnlb lc quc c` _rcsnlcetc bkrñ neabrrcathdcetc2 F n nc ueh lcstntuanñe quc sñ`b abetrnkuyñ
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
h cdpcbrhr `h s abshs y duajhs vbacs nea`usb lcetrb lc` Frcetc _bpu`hr,<1 sc `cvhethrbe
abetrh c``h%
Csth sntuhanñe sc hgrhvñ hlcdès pbrquc ce `h s c`caanbecs lc abdprbdnshrnbs phrhebdkrhr eucvb _rcsnlcetc lc `h [cpýk`nah quc tuvirbe `ughr c` ;6 lc hkrn` lc 8>16, `h
lcrcajh eb haulnñ dbstrhelb hsä su tbth` h`cmhdncetb lc auh`quncr ab`hkbrhanñe ce `h s
nestntuanbecs rcpuk`nahehst @h lcrcajh hjbrh yh nea`usb `h phr`hdcethrnh sc scguth
rhlnah`nzhelb% ^ sc c`ngnñ h Hzhøh quc, lhlb c` a`ndh y `h sntuhanñe rcnehetc crh ueh lc `h s
pbsnkn`nlhlcs dès nebpbrtuehs c nehlcauhlhs= su phsnv lhl hetc `b s ahlh vcz dès lrhdètnabs
habetcandncetbs lc `b s dcscs snguncetcs pusncrbe lc dnenfncstb `b crrñecb lc su c`caanñe% Ce
sudh lcslc `h s nestntuanbecs lc` Csthlb rcpuk`naheb rhlh abetrnkuäh h` sbsncgb y `h s Abrtcs
jhkähe abdp`nahlb hýe dès ueh sntuhanñe yh tcesh pbr btrhs anrauestheanhs%
_crb eb hahkhkhe hquä `b s prbk`cdhs% _hrh tcscsthkn`nzhr hýe dès `h sntuhanñe ce
Dhlrnl h `h lcstntuanñe lc H`ah`è ]hdbrh sc uencrbr%% `b s grhvcs suacsbs lc` 8 6 lc hkrn` ce
`h ahpnth` lc Csphøh<3 abe dbtnvb lc` hscsnehtb lc` h`fîrcz lc `h Guhrlnh Anvn` Hehsthsnb lc
`b s [cycs lurhetc `b s hatbs lc ac`ckrhanñe lc` 8 < lc hkrn`= c` cetncrrb sc abevnrtnñ ce ueh
dhenfcsthanñe lc rcpu`sh hetngukcrehdceth` y Ah`vb Qbtc`b ``cgñ h hfnrdhr lncz lähs lcspuîs%
quc yh crh necvnthk`c ueh lnathlurh abduensth b u`trhlcrcajnsth% @h ceacelnlh brhtbrnh lc`
`älcr lcrcajnsth neanläh ce `h vnb`ceanh nzquncrlnsth * @ h ýenah quc rcf`cmhkh `h prcesh lc `h
lcrcajh. y `b p`hetchkh tblb abdb phrtc lc ueh cstrhtcgnh frcetcpbpu`nsth lc ``cghr h `h rcvb`u$
anñe sbanh` pbr `b quc `h ýenah sb`uanñe phrh c``b crh ue gb`pc lc fucrzh quc pbr supucstb
< 1Fî`nx Gbrlñe Brlhx s c dbstrñ 0 0nelngehlhrecetc lnsabefbrdc5 5 y Lncgb Dhrtäec; Khrrnb hfnrdñ jhkcr scetnlb u e h 0 0vnvnsndh abetrhrnclhl5 5%
Hdkbs tcstndbenbs rcabgnlbs pbr N „ NMQC@@ GÑDC], Mhvncr% Dhdhl lc Jnstbrnh lc Csphøh% 6 % Qng`b ZZ% Dhlrnl9 Jnstbrnh 8 6 9 8 > > ? 0 p % <?1.%
<< \tNQC@@ GÑDC], Mhvncr% @b Qcguelh [cp<k`nah%%% *Ahpätu`b VN.%
<3C sc dnsdb l äh , pcrb ce ]hrhgbzh% thdknîe s c prbluace ndpbrthetcs cefrcethdncetbs cetrc hehrqunsths y dn`nthrcs%
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
tcrdnehsc abe c` rîgndce phr`hdcethrnb%<6
_br su phrtc phrh`c`b h c``b `h abespnrhanñe cetrc `b s dn`nthrcs scguäh su aursb y sc
prblumcrbe rcuenbecs lc ndpbrthetcs bfnanh`cs ce cs`c Dhlrnl abevu`sb pbr `h vnb`ceanhah``cmcrh% C` 8 lc hkrn` Db`h fnrdhkh `h nestruaanñe rcscrvhlh eýdcrb 8 y ce c``h cxpbeäh `b s
dbtnvbs lc` H`zhdncetb dn`nthr% Qcgýe Dhäz,<7 h` abdprbkhr c` frhahsb lc `h Mueth lc
Gcecrh`cs quc sc jhkäh fbrdhlb ce `h s rcuenbecs la prndcrbs lc dhrzb c` Gcecrh` lc
_hdp`beh lcanläh crngnrsc ce lnrcatbr lc `h abespnrhanîe c` 8 > lc hkrn`% Hlcdès ce csc dcs
ce Dhlrnl yh fucrbe lcshrtnau`hlbs lbs pcqucøbs abeäp`bts lc dn`nthrcs y sñ`b h fneh`cs lc`
dnsdb c` eýa`cb prneanph` abespnrhtnvb Db`h abethatñ abe `h SDC% Eb bksthetc c` Gcecrh`
yh csthkh ce _hdp`beh y shkäh quc auh`quncr gb`pc lckäh hp`hsthr h `h dhsh lc trhkhmhlbrcs
ce Dhlrnl y hjä cs lbelc eb pbläh prcsanelnr lc` hpbyb lc `b s ~`cdcetbsanvn`cs= `h s ýenahs
dn`nanhs eb nzquncrlnsths lc `h s quc lnspbeäh crhe `b s trhlnanbeh`nsths y sbkrc tblb phrh c` ahsb
lc `h ahpnth` FC ce `h a`helcstnenlhl pcrb abdb jcdbs vnstb `äechs hrrnkh brghenzhlh%
C` < lc dhyb Mbsc Hetbenb csarnkäh a`helcstnnhdcetc ce `h Dblc`b `h Ahrth h `b s
dn`nthrcs lc Csphøh ce `h quc cetrc btrhs abshs hfnrd nkh=
0 0Qc ebs pcrsnguc pbrquc sbdbs $abdb vbsbtrbs$ 8 ? 3 % hguhfncsths lc` rcgbanmb abe quc pbr brlce
lc Dbsaý sc prctcelc lnsgrcghr Csphøh ce rcpýk`nahs sbanh`nsth~ nelcpcelncetcs% _crb csth dnsdh sucec quc
ebs uec ce `h hlvcrsnlhl tncec huc uenrebs ce `h grhe cdprush% Qne vucstrh fýcrzh $sb`lhlbs$ ebs scrè
tntèenahe`cetc lnfnan` trnuefhr ce `h `uajh Abe vucstrh fucrzh a`nulnahetc cs scgurb quc trnuefc c` cecdngb%
Dclnl vucstrh tcrrnk`c rcspbeshkn`nlhl% C` quc Csphøh sngh sncelb lcpcelc lc vbsbtrbs%5 5<:
<6 GN@ _CAJH[[BDHE, Mu`nb% Bp % ant% *p% ;37.%
<7 [cabgnlb pbr QH@HQ @H[[H]ÈKH@% [hdñe y Mcsý s D„% Bp % a n a % 0 p % ;;.%
<: _[NDB LC [NVC[H, M b s c Hetbenb% ‚Ahrth h `bs dn`nthrcs l c Csphøh„ c e 7„cxtbslcl5atrnehpb`ft nah% Dhlrnl9 Clntbrnh` H`dceh9 8 > 7 < *:„ clnanñe, p%>;>. % @bs sukrhyhlbs sb e eucstrbs,
81>
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
H fneh`cs lc dhyb y prndcrbs lc muenb Db`h nrnanñ su s abethatbs abe trhlnanbeh`nsths
y fh`hegnsths y Mbsc Hetbenb rcspbelncelb h `b quc hf%rdhkh ce csths ph`hkrhs hahkhräh pbr
uenrsc h `b s suk`cvhlbs abdb vcrcdbs%
_br su phrtc c` eucvb Mcfc lc` Gbkncreb Ahshrcs Xunrbgh lca`hrñ ce dhyb ce `h s
Abrtcs quc FC n`cgh` crh c` prneanph` cecdngb lc `h [apýk`nah y lceueanhkh quc crh hyulhlh
pbr c`cdcetbs lc `h lcrcajh dès rchaanbehrnh%<> Qc prc~hrhrbe p`hecs phrh `h cvhsnñe lc Mbsc
Hetbenb pcrb eb fucrbe vnhk`cs y thdknîe sc jhkäh netndthlb `h dhenbkrh pbr Qcrrheb Quøcr
y Gbnabcajch lc nea`unr`b ce `h `nsth abescrvhlbrh a @ c Auceah lbelc lckähe rcpctnrsc `h s
c`caanbecs y hsä abescgunr`c `h neduenlhl phr`hdcethrnh% Ehlh fuc pbsnk`c y c` 3 lc muenb fuc
trhs`hlhlb lc `h Dblc`b lc Dhlrnl h H`nahetc hetc ue dbeudceth` csaèelh`b lc `b s lcdès
fh`hegnsths ceacrrhlbs ce `h aèrac` dhlrn`cøh y `b s grnks lc` `älîr fh`hegnsth quc lcaäh quc `b
abeluaähe h` phrclñe%
C` trhs`hlb lc` mcfc y `h s eucvhs lctceanbecs 0 c lnrngcetcs fh`hegnsths lnfnau`thkh `h
haanñe a`helcstneh lc FC pcrb Mbsc Hetbenb scguäh te thelb lc cvnthr auh`quncr abdprbdnsb
abe `h s brghenzhanbecs lc lcrcajhs y `b s dn`nthrcs q u „ ~ abespnrhkhe%
Qne cdkhrgb auhelb `h abemurh crh yh ueh rch`nlhl FC lckäh sudhrsc h c``h pbrquc
sneb scräh hp`hsthlh b pbr `h lcrcajh b pbr `h nzquncrlh% sn îsth vceaäh% _br c``b Mbsc Hetbenb
pbr dclnb lc [hfhc` Ghracrèe phshetc lc su lcsphaja ce c` phshlb yh jhkäh abethathlb abe
Db`h c` ;> lc dhyb% @hs snguncetcs scdhehs sc prbl``mcrbe dès abethatbs y `b s fh`hegnsths
haaclncrbe h sudhrsc h `h abespnrhanñe huequc thrl Yhdcetc=c` ;> lc muenb Mbsc Hetbenb
lnrngnñ ueh anrau`hr 0 0h` mcfc lc `h _rndcrh @äech5 5 abe nestruaanbecs phrh `h phrtnanph$
<>‚C` Qb`— *¡3%?3,16.%
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
anñe lc FC ce `h rckc`nñe dn`nthr prcphrhlh pbr Db`h.? _br su phrtc c` < lc muenb c` Gcecrh`
y `b s ahr`nsths sc jhkähe cetrcvnsthlb ce c` Ahstn``b lc @enzh y lähs lcspuîs rcpctähe ceaucetrb
ce Nrhajc y h`ahezhkhe c` haucrlb ecacshrnb% Hsä h` fne, `h s dn`nanhs hrdhlhs lc trhlnanbeh`ns$th s y fh`hegnsths `b dès hatnvb cetrc `b s anvn`cs lcetrb lc `b s cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah
pbeähe sus krhzbs h lnspbsnanñe lc `b s dn`nthrcs sukvcrsnvbs%
Eb bksthetc `h s abshs eb csthkhe hýe a`hrhs% Ahkhec``hs c` 8 6 lc muenb sc cetrcvnsthkh
abe Hzhøh hprbvcajhelb su cstheanh ce Dhlrnl pbr hsuetbs fhdn`nhrcs% ^ a` ;1 lc` dnsdb
dcs Ahshrcs rcankäh `h fhdbsh y abetrbvcrtnlh ahrth lc Frheab ce quc c` Gcecrh` lcslc
Ahehrnhs `c lcmhkh cetrcvcr y hlvcrtäh lc `h pbsnkn`nlhl lc ueh suk`cvhanñe dn`nthr%
@b ancrtb cs quc ce Dhlrnl `h tcesnñe y c` a`ndh lc vnb`ceanh crhe cebrdcs% Ce `b s
aneab dcscs thesaurrnlbs lcslc fckrcrb ueh sbanclhl dhlrn`cn`h quc `h s c`canbecs jhkähe
dbstrhlb duy pb`hrnzhlh y duy pb`ntnzhlh pcrb cr tîrdnebs rc`htnvhdcetc dblcrhlbs
prcscethkh hjbrh ueh pb`hrnzhanñe duajb dès cxtrcdh y su pb`ntnzhanñe sc jhkäh lcsp`hzhlb
jhanh tcrrcebs hatntulcs y abdpbrthdncetbs duajb dès rhlnah`cs y pbr thetb hksb`uthdcetc
nrrcabean`nhk`cs% @bs hscsnehtbs lc` \cencetc Ahstn``b y lc Ah`vb Qbtc`b pusncrbe `h sntuhanñe
h` kbrlc lc ue hknsdb% Ce î` sc prcanpntñ `h ehanñe h `bs pbabs lähs%
NN%$ @BQ CECDNGBQ LC@H [C_ÝK@NAH _HQHE H @H A@HELCQ\NENLHL
F[HAHQH C@ H@]IDNCE\B DN@N\H[ CE DHL[NL
C` dnsdb läh lc` hscsnehtb lc` \cencetc Ahst `äb, c` Gcecrh` Cdn`nb Db`h fnmhkh `h
fcajh lc `h suk`cvhanñe= c` lbdnegb 8> lcmu`nb% Eb bksthetc, c` h`zhdncetb dn`nthr sc prblumb
`h thrlc lc` 87 ce Dc`n``h% Csc dnsdb läh, sbkrc `hs : lc `h thrlc `h _rndcrh Lnvnsnñe jhkäh
3? _[NDB LC [NVC[H, M b s c Hetbenb% ‚H `h prndcrh ` äech„ c e Bp % ant *_p% > < 3 y ><6=%
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Ahpätu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
lhlb brlce lc hauhrtc`hr `h s trbphs y yh sc lctcathkh ue hdkncetc ce Dhlrnl lc rcac`b jhanh
`b quc csthkh baurrncelb ce c` Ebrtc lc Èfrnah% Hsä c` Abrbec` Qcgnsduelb Ahshlb cetbeacs
Mcfc lc `h csab`th prcsnlceanh` brlcehkh h `h pb`naäh c @ rcgnstrb lc `h s vnvncelhs lc` _h`hanb
Ehanbeh` jhknthlhs pbr hetngubs scrvnlbrcs ce tncdpb=9 lc `h Dbehrquäh y h `h vcz quc sc
csthk`cancrh ue scvcrb abetrb` sbkrc `h s cetrhlhs y s h T nlhs lc` rcanetb%
Hetcs lc abetneuhr phrh sntuhdbs abevncec cecr prcscetc quc ce `h ahpnth` lc `h
[cpýk`nah sc jh``hkh `h prneanph` abeacetrhanñe lc fucrzhs lc Csphøh= `b s auhrtc`cs gcecrh`cs
lc `h _rndcrh Lnvnsnñe *`h lc Ahkh``cräh `h _rndcrh %1rnghlh lc Nefhetcräh y `h _rndcrh lcHrtn``cräh. beac rcgndncetbs *trcs lc nefhetcräh trcs l 0 ~ hrtn``cräh auhtrb lc negcencrbs y ueb
lc ahrrbs lc abdkhtc. auhtrb khth``becs nelcpcelncetä~s *lbs lc nefhetcräh c` lc` Dnenstcrnb
lc `h Gucrrh y c` _rcsnlceanh` y btrbs lbs lc negcencrbs c` lc ]hphlbrcs y c` lc H`udkrhlb
c N`udnehanñe. lbs grupbs hrtn``crbs cspcanh`nzhlbs *l hetnhîrcb y c` lc nefbrdhanñe. `h s
fucrzhs y phrqucs lnvnsnbehrnbs y lc aucrpb lc cmîrantb c` lcpñsntb acetrh` lc [cdbeth
lnvcrshs csauc`hs dn`nthrcs y `h hldnenstrhanñe acetrh` dn`nthr ehvh` y hîrch% H csb jhy quc
høhlnr ce `b s h`rclclbrcs lc Dhlrnl `b s hcrñlrbdbC dn`nthrcs lc Gcthfc y Auhtrb Vncetbs
abe bajb csauhlrn``hs bpcrhtnvhs y c` dhtcrnh` lc b@hs auhtrb dès y c` rcanîe nehgurhlb
hcrbpucrtb anvn` lc Khrhmhs abe lncz pb`ndbtbrcs anvn`cs% Hlcdès sc høhlncrbe lbs csauhlrn``hs
dès h Gcthfc ueh prbaclcetc lc Grhehlh y btrh lc hvnrecs lc Qcvn``h @cñe y @bgrbøb% Csths
crhe `h s fucrzhs dn`nthrcs abe quc abethkh `h ahpnth` `c `h [cpýk`nah ce mu`nb lc 8>16%~„
Hlcdès abe tblb `b quc jcdbs vnstb quc suaclnñ `b s dcscs hetcrnbrcs ce prcvnsnñe
lc `h suk`cvhanñe quc sc supbeäh nednecetc c` Gbkncreb lc Ahshrcs Xunrbgh jhkäh lcanlnlb
abdb prcahuanñe `h abeacetrhanñe ce Dhlrnl lc ndpbrthetcs fucrzhs lc Qcgurnlhl y Hsh`tb
Lhtbs tbdhlbs lnrcathdcetc lc QH@HQ @H[[H]HKH@% [hdñe y Mc s ý s % Bp % ant% *¡p% <> y 3?.%
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Ahpntu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
*trhycelb `h s abdphøähs lc Hsh`tb lc `h s lbs Ahstn``hs5 khmb c` dhelb lc` \cencetc Abrbec`
Qèeajcz _`hzh lc auyb rcpuk`nahensdb eb sc lulhkh Hlcdès sc hscgurñ `h `ch`thl lc `h
Guhrlnh Anvn ab`bahelb h su frcetc h mcfcs lc hksb`uth abefnhezh c` Gcecrh` Qhemurmb
[blrägucz Hrnhs abdb nedclnhtb sukbrlnehlb lc` Gce crh` Qckhstnèe _bzhs _crch Nespcatbr
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scgurnlhl supbeäheue pbtceanh` supcrnbr h` lc `h s trbphs dn`nthrcs h `h s quc ce ajbquc frbeth`
supcrhrähe y hlcdès `h s fucrzhs gukcrehtnvhs crhe hths bpcrhtnvhs quc `h s dn`nthrcs ce ue
ahsab urkheb% _br btrb `hlb Qckhstnèe _bzhs sc abevnrtnñ ce fuelhdceth` phrh jhacr frhahshr
`h suk`cvhanñe ce Dhlrnl auhelb cxjbrtñ h tblhs `h s Abdhelheanhs lc `h Kcecdîrnth h `h
cstrnath bkclnceanh h` Gbkncreb y brlceñ quc lctuvncrhe h aSh`quncr dhelb dn`nthr quc
hkhelbehrh su lcstneb%
_br su phrtc c` Gbkncreb abe `h s dclnlhs anthlhs `äechs htrès sc scetäh bptndnsth ce
auhetb h abetrb`hr ueh prcvnsnk`c suk`cvhanñe ce `h ahpnth` y hlcdès h prndcrh jbrh lc` läh
8 : yh jhkäh hrrcsthlb y abeluanlb h `h LGQ h `b s abrbec`cs Vh`aèzhr Gbezè`cz Khläh y
[bdcrb lc \cmhlh c` \cencetc Abrbec` [äbs trcs abdhelhetcs lbs ahpnthecs y lbs tcencetcs
tblbs `b s auh`cs crhe abesnlcrhlbs `b s dn`nthrcs dès c`ngrbsbs%
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
Nespcatbr Gcecrh` lc `h s Fucrzhs Dn`nthrcs lc Dhrrucabs y yh ce Khrhmhs h kbrlb lc` hvnñe
phrh lcspcghr ahdneb lc` _rbtcatbrhlb `c nefbrdhrbe quc c` hcrñlrbdb Qheth [hdc` lc
\ctuèe yh csthkh ce dhebs lc `b s suk`cvhlbs y `ñgnahdcetc suspcelnñ c` vuc`b% Eýøcz lc
_rhlb cetbeacs sc lcsp`hzñ jhanh ]hrhgbzh phrh pbecrsc h` frcetc lc `h Qcguelh Nespcaanñe
lc` Cmîrantb ce sustntuanñe lc` lcs`ch` Gcecrh` Vnrgn`na„ Ahkhec``hs qunce hlcdès crh c` Mcfc
lc `h _rndcrh Lnvnsnñe ce `b quc thdknîe fuc sustntu¡lb ce cstc ahsb pbr @uns Ahstc``ñ%
Eýøcz lc _rhlb ``cgñ h `h ahpnth` hrhgbecsh pcrb fuc hrrcsthlb y dès thrlc fusn`hlb% _br c``b
c`pucstb lc Eýøcz phsñ h bauphr`b
h`frcetc lc `h
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c` Gcecrh` Mbsî Dnhmh Dcehet% _crb abdb cs abrbanlb Ahshrcs lcskbrlhlb pbr `b s
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rca`hdñ phrh su Gbkncreb ebehtb, h Dnhmh phrh `h ahrtcrh lc Gucrrh pbr `b quc sc jnzb
ahrgb lc `h _rndcrh Lnvnsnñe prbvnsnbeh`dcetc c` Gcecrh` Dheuc` Ahrlceh` dncetrhs c`
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Gbkncreb phsñ h Mbsî Gnrh` y c`ngnñ prcanshdcetc h Ah stc``ñ phrh `h ahrtcrh lc Gucrrh pbr `b
quc fuc c` Gcecrh` Ghraäh Hetýecz qunce sc pusb h` frcetc lc `h _rndcrh Lnvnsnñe Brgèenah%
Eb bksthetc `b s ahdknbs hue eb jhkähe tcrdnehlb y h` läh snguncetc Ghraäh Hetýecz fuc
sustntunlb pbr c` Gcecrh` Mbsî [nquc`dc%
Cstc fuc c` khn`c lc ebdkrcs y ahrgbs quc supaeäh quc ce <: jbrhs jhkähe phshlb pbr
¡h ahkczh lc `h _rndcrh Lnvnsnñe Brgèenah jhsth ue tDh` scns gcecrh`cs= Ahkhec``hs Dnhmh
Ahrlceh` Ahstc``ñ Ghraäh Hetýecz y [nquc`dc% Cs lcanr ce csbs dbdcetbs lc cxtrcdh
grhvclhl lurhetc lbs lähs ueb lc `b s pucstbs lc dhybr ndpbrtheanh cstrhtîgnah eb sñ`b phrh
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Ahpätu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
Dhlrnl sneb phrh tblh Csphøh sc jhkäh vnstb prnvhlb lc ahphanlhl rcsb`utnvh%
_crb thdpbab cetrc `b s abespnrhlbrcs `h s nlchs csthkhea`hrhs% C` Gcecrh` Vn``cghs quc
lnrngäh `h SDC ce Dhlrnl thdknîe dhecmhkh `h trhdh abespnrhtnvh% Î` lckäh bauphr c`
Dnenstcrnb lc Gucrrh c` Gcecrh` Fhemu` lckäh jhacrsc ahrgb lc `h Lnvnsnñe y Ghraäh lc `h
Jcrrèe yh ce `h rcscrvh lc` ahdphdcetb lc Ahrhkheajc`% Enegueb tceäh dhelb sbkrc trbph
y eb jhkähe lnspucstb ue p`he abearctb pbrquc scg~e Qh`hs,31 abefnhkhe ce quc su sb`h
prcsceanh ce `h s sclcs lc `h s uenlhlcs jnancrhe h csths pbecrsc h sus ñrlcecs% C` p`he crh ue
aýdu`b lc ndprbvnshanñe y hlcdès `h cmcauanñe lc` dnsdb fuc ue cmcdp`b lc tbrpczh%3< Db`h
jhkäh csarntb c` ;< lc muenb hetcrnbr ce ueh lc sus nestruaanbecs rcscrvhlhs= 0 0C`
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frhahsb%5 ~ _hrcacueh prcdbenanñe pbrquc csb cs `b quc baurrnñ y prcanshdcetc grhe phrtc
lc `h cxp`nahanñe lc` frhahsb lc `h suk`cvhanñe ce Dhlrnl sc jh``h ce `b quc cxprcshe csths
phèhkrhs quc C` Lnrcatbr jhkäh hpuethlb ahsn ue dcs hetcs%
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c` ;1%?7,<3 rcabebacr`h= 00enegueb lc `bs mcfcs y bfnanh`cs tceähdbs ebtnanhs l c qunah crh c` M c f c lc` Dbvndncetb ce Dhlrnl, en enegýe lcth``c l cîstc%55% Q[D9 HB@9 AGB= @% ; 7 1 kns, A % ¡< K *NN 1 1 .%
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thdknîe crh abdcethrnb c e Dhlrnl au h e l b ``cgñ9 h sä `b dhenfncsthce lca`hrhanñemurhlhcr, Q[D9 HG@9 AGG= @%;71 kns9 A%¡< K Sf% 1> h 31.% Ce Q[D9HB@9 AGB= @ %;71 kns, A%8< K 0 f% ;; . abesth `h lca`hrhanñe lc` Abdhelhetc _ c l rb @bzhrb, lc` [cgndncetb Whl$[hs e— `cä 8 : lcmu`nb *;3%?8%<?. quncehfnrdh q u c c` mcfc l c lnajb [cgndncetb, Abrbec` \u`nb @ñpcz [unz c` dnsdb l fh 8 : ce st l c sp h aj b lc` Auhrtc` l c Dhrnh Arnstneh ¡a h `cyñ ue rhlnbgrhdhfnrdhlb pbr c ` prbpnb Frheab l h e l b auceth l c `h nenanhanñe lc` H`zhdncetb9 h l c d è s , c s c r nlnbgrhdh thdknîe `b ahptî c ` h`fîrcz l c ehväb Kcemhdäe Kh`kbhce `h csthanñe l c Anulhl @nech` cetrc `h s 8 ; y `h s 8 1 j brh s lc` l äh 8 : *eb h `h s 8 ? abdb h nrdh IS[]DHE, Lhe9Dn`hgrb c e ,ws ncdkrc % Khrac`beh, C l %Hrgbs Vcrghrh, 8 >: ?% p% 66. ce husceanh lc s u supcrnbr Mc fc , c ` ahpntäe l c abrkcth A hs br Nkèøcz l c H`lcabh% qunce, u e h v c z nefbrdhlb, h ` tc`cfbechrprndcrb h ` M c f c lc` Csthlb Dhybr lc `h Hrdhlh, h`dnrhetc Frheansab Mhvncr Q h ` h s % r c t r h s 0 u e h j brh c ` abebandncetb lc` dnsdb pbr a` Dnenstrb l c Dhrnehh` q u c `ucgb `c fuc abduenahlb9 c s t b s j c aj b s fucrbe lca`hrhlbs prbkhlbs c e `h sc e tc e anh < u c abelceñ h rca`usnñe pcrpctuh h ` h`dnrhetc Q h`hs y h ` ahpntøe
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Ahpntu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
abduensth37 quc hfnrdhkh quc khmb `h lnsanp`neh lc` Frcetc _bpu`hr csthkh tblb c` prb`cthrnhlb
rcsuc`tb h netcrvcenr c nesthkh h quc `h a`hsc trhkhmhlbr%ä sc prcphrhsc y haulncrh h `b s `bah`cs
lc sus brghenzhanbecs h cspcrhr `h s ñrlcecs phrh hatuhr @h ``hdhlh scräh htcelnlh y c` puck`bdhlrn`cøb sc dbvn`nzñ%
Ce btrb brlce lc abshs Ahshrcs Xunrbgh het=s lc lndntnr *` b jhräh pbr `h ebajc.
jhkäh habescmhlb h Dbescøbr Cnmb Ghrhy bknspb lc Dhlrnl quc pbr su scgurnlhl
hkhelbehrh `h anulhl absh quc jnzb ahdneb lc Vngb csh thrlc% Dncetrhs cstb baurräh ueh
abdnsnñe lc `h AE\ quc c` läh 8 ; jhkäh ac`ckrhlb ueh hshdk`ch rcvb`uanbehrnh ce c` Dbetc
lc` _hrlb fuc ``hdhlh h `h LGQ phrh quc nefbrdhe lc auè` nkh h scr su hatntul hetc c`
h`zhdncetb dn`nthr% Jbrhs lcspuîs csh ebajc c` Abdntî Ehanbeh` lc `h AE\ y `h s DHBA
abduensths pclähe quc sc hrdhsc h` puck`b y lca`hrhkhe `h juî`gh gcecrh` rcvb`uanbehrnh%
_br btrb `hlb csh thrlc c` \cencetc Abrbec` [blrngb Gn` Mcfc lc` _hrquc lc Hrtn``cräh
jhkäh cetrcghlb `b s aneab dn` fusn`cs quc tceäh lnspbenk`cs% Dncetrhs `b s acrrbmbs lc btrbs
aneauceth dn` sc jh``hkhe ce c` Auhrtc` lc `h Dbethøh y su mcfc, c` Abrbec` Qceh, sc jhkäh
ecghlb h cetrcghr`bs auhelb abe ueh brlce lc` Dnenstcrnb lc Gucrrh freehlh pbr Ahshrcs
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ahdnbecs phrh c``b y sc tuvb quc vb`vcr lc vhanb%3: Lcspuîs Qceh abescgunräh phrh cxndnrsc
*abetneýh,,%. Nkèøcz *AHSQH= @cghmb ;<?, Ahmh ¡::8., C``b quncrc lcanr q u c c ` Bbkncreb `c `h [cpýk`nah pbr d c e sh mc abe brngce c e c ` prbpnb Frheab s h k ä hyh h prndcrh jbrhlc `h thrlc lc` l äh ¡: lc` h`zhdncetb dn`nthr ce c` Ebrtc lc Èfrnah%
37‚C` Qbanh` ns th„ *8> %?7%16.%
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@cghmb 8317„= ‚XSNE\H _¡C]H lc` cxpclncetc Gcecrh` Nefbrdhtnvb sbk r c `h rckc`nñe b n`nthr lcetrb lc` tcrrntbrnb l c `h [cpýk`nah„ *ff% ¡31> h 8 337 .%Hlcdès c s abefn rdhlb pbr c` \cencetc Abrbec` Gbezh`b Dîelcz _hrhlh q u c hfnrdh ce lca`hrhanñe murhlh q u c vnb lnajh brlce= c e Q[D9 HB@9 AGG=Hrd%<, @%;71 k ns, A%8< C *f% <?.%
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Ahpätu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
lc rcspbeshkn`nlhl btrh brlce lc Dnhmh heu`helb `h hhtcrnbr%3>
Ce csbs dbdcetbs `b s rcvb`uanbehrnbs dhlrn`cøbs yh csthkhe h hsudncelb fueanbecs
lc vngn`heanh pbr `h s ah``cs lc Dhlrnl phtru``helb abe `h s pbahs hrdhs quc hýe tceähe sne qucpbr `h s dnsdhs sc vncsc ue sb`b sb`lhlb% Dncetrhs `b s auhrtc`cs pcrdhecaähe cxpcathetcs sne
tbdhr ueh pbsnanñe a`hrh%
Csc läh `b s suk`cvhlbs lc Dhlrnl `b jhkähe pcrlnlb ce rcuenbecs nlhs y vcenlhs
ñrlcecs y abetrhñrlcecs y 00hquc``h trnstc ebajc lc` 8 : sc hahkñ phrh Dhlrnl tblh
bpbrtuenlhl lc sh`vhrsc%5 5~
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h lctcecr h `b s dn`nthrcs sclnanbsbs b sndp`cdcetc Mulbsbs ‚ b tnknbs y abestntuycrbe ue
ndprbvnshlb prndcr csthlb dhybr lc fbrdh vb`uethrnh% H` hebajcacr ce c` eýdcrb ; lc `h
ah``c lc Qhe Mustb Anrau`b Qbanh`nsth lc` _ucetc lc Qcgbvnh sc hrdhkh y fbrdhkh c` prndcr
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khth``becs h` Abrbec` Mu`nb Dheghlh `b s tcencetcs abrbec`cs Vnatbr @hah``c y Crecstb Dhrneh
y `b s abdhelhetcs Ehransb Qèeajcz Hphrnanb y Mb~î Fcreèelcz Ehvhrrb% C` läh ;8 c`
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3>Hsä s c hfnrdh ce ‚Lcfcesh lc` Auhrtc` l c `h Dbethøh% Abesnlcrhanbecs sbk r c `h dnsr ‚h abdb abescauceanh l c `h s lca`hrhanbecs q u c fngurhe ce c s tc
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6?,Lcfcesh lc` Auhrtc` l c `h Dbethøh% Abesnlcrhanbecs sbk r c `h dnsdh abdb abescauce=nh lc `h s lca`hrhanbecs q u c fngurhe ce c s tc hrajnvb„% CE Q[D9
HB@9 AGB= Hrd%<9 @%;71 kns9 A%8< K *ff% ¡? h 8 1 .%
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
Abrbec` Dheghlh sh`lräh abe ueh ab`udeh jhanh `h Qnceh lc Grclbs%
_crb csb scrnh lcspuîs% @h ebaturenlhl eb trhequn`nzhräh c` hdkncetc y h `h s aneab lc
`h dhøheh yh lc` 8> , Dhrtäecz Khrrnb heueanhkh ue Abkncreb abelcehlb h` frhahsb pucs c`
pblcr csthkh yh ce `h ah``c ce dhebs lc jbdkrcs lcanlnlbs lc csbs scatbrcs bkrcrbs
rcvb`uanbehrnbs `bs auh`cs eb hacpthrbe c` eucvb Ghknectc y sc nelngehrbe auhelb `b
abebancrbe% Hetc c``b Dhrtäecz Khrrnb lndntnñ hetcs lc quc hphrcancrhe `b s ebdkrhdncetbs
puk`nahlbs ce `h ‐Ghacth y phsñ c` tcstngb h Mbsî Gnrh 8 quc fbrdñ ue Gbkncreb lc jbdkrcs
rcpuk`nahebs `nkcrh`cs lc nzquncrlh quc lcanlnñ cetrcghr hrdhs h` puck`b= `h s ah``cs lc Dhlrnl
quclhrbe khmb c` abetrb` lc `h s dhshs rcanîe hrdhlhs h `hs quc sc ueähe eudcrbsbs dn`nthetcs
lc `h AE\ cetrc c``bs Anprnheb Dcrh,6; quc csh thrlc jhkähe sh`nlb lc `h Dblc`b% @bs
dn`nanhebs hsh`thrbe c` bknsphlb lc Dhlrnl y harnkn``hrbe h khfhzbs c` rctrhtb lc Dbescøbr
Cnmb y Ghrhy% \hdknîe cdpczhkh h scr acrahlb c` Auhrtc` lc `h Dbethøh%
Dncetrhs ce c` dbdcetb ce quc c` Gcecrh` lc T.nvnsnñe Mbhquäe Fhemu` phrcac scr quc
yh sc lnspbeäh h junr h Kurgbs h su lbdnan`nb ce c` =nýdcrb :; lc `h ah``c Dhybr ``cghkh
c` Abdhelhetc Ahstn``b lcslc c` Auhrtc` lc `h Dbethøh y `c rca`hdhkh phrh ceahkczhr `h
suk`cvhanñe61 tbdhelb c` dhelb lc` Auhrtc` abe `h dnsnñe lc tbdhr `h anulhl lcslc lcetrb%
H dclnbläh lc csc läh 8 > cetrñ Fhemu` vcstnlb lc ph sheb y abe su jnmb ce c` Auhrtc` fuc
rcanknlb pbr c` Abrbec` Fcreèelcz lc `h Xunethe¡ qunce `c ceahdneñ h` [cgndncetb
Abvhlbegh e? < lbelc sc lnrngnñ h Mcfcs y bfnanh`cs `ñgnahdcetc ce ue tbeb hlvcrsb h`
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstNeb%
ce c` lcsphajb lc su hdngb c` Abrbec` Qcrrh y cs cetbeacs auhelb sc pusb c` uenfbrdc lc
gcecrh` y rclhatñ ue khelb ce c` quc sc `ndnthkh h lca`hrhr c` csthlb lc gucrrh 00ce
ebdkrc lc` cmîrantb csphøb` phrh sh`vhr lc `h ngebdnenh h Csphøh5 5% Hlcdès btrbs
dn`nthrcs eb ce hatnvb63 sc sudhrbe thdknîe h `h s fucrzhs ce c` Auhrtc` lc `h Dbethøh y h
pruecrhs jbrhs lc `h thrlc trhs `h ``hdhlh rch`nzhlh pb¡ c` prbpnb Fhemu` abdcezhrbe h ``cghr
mñvcecs fh`hegnsths y h`guebs dbeèrqunabs *h`ahezhrähr ueh anfrh ce tbreb h 83?.,66 supcrhelb
c` acrab lc` auhrtc` abestntunlb pbr `h Guhrlnh Anvn` y 0 @ c hsh`tb prndcrb scgunlb lc` khth``ñe
lc sbanh`nsths y, dès htrès grupbs hrdhlbs lc` puck`b l c Dhlrnl% Lcslc c` dnsdb lcsphajb
Fhemu` ``hdñ pbr tc`îfbeb h Ahrhkheajc` y abesngunñ abduenahr h `h s 8 ; lc `h ebajc67 *¡lbac
jbrhs lcspuîs lc jhkcr ``cghlb h` Auhrtc`(. abe c` \cencetc Abrbec` È`vhrcz [cdcetcräh y
abe Ghraäh lc `h Jcrrèe sncelb auhelb csthkh jhk`helb abe îøtc ý`tndb ce c` dbdcetb ce
quc sc netcrrudpnñ `h abduenahanñe h` pbab lc nnanhr3c sne pbsnk`cdcetc lhr`c tncdpb h îstc
h lhr ueh nefbrdhanñe lcth``hlh lc `h yh lnfnan` sntuhanñe ce quc sc ceabetrhkhe hdkbs%
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c` [cgndncetb Whl$[hs sc jhkäh jcajb abe c` ahdphdcetb lc Ahrhkheajc` lbelc yh sc
jhkäh prbluanlb ue ndpbrthetc neanlcetc h` scr ducrtb ce ueh rcfrncgh abe trcs ahpnthecs
*È`vhrcz _hz Kcacrrn` y _c`cgrne. c` \cencetc Abrbec` Ahrrhth`è auhelb csh dhlrughlh
63 _br cmcdp`b, c` Abrbec`, ce sntuhanñe l c lnspbenk`c fbrzbsb, Hgustäe Duøbz Grhelcs„ bfnanh`cs l c abdp`cdcetb y h `naceanhlbs abdb `bs krnghlhs M b s î[unz Vcrh y Vnacetc Dbedcecu Fcrrcr% Vcr s u s a h s b s ce AHSQH= @cghmb 8;7:„%
\blbs c s t b s jcajbs fucrbe rcabebanlbs c e c` hatb lc` munanb y lca`hrhlbs prbkhlbs ce % h sc e tc e anh *¡6%?:%16. q u c abelceñ h ducrtc h ` Gcecrh` Mbhquäe
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Lca`hrhanñe Murhlh lc` \cencetc Abrbec` l c Hrtn``cräh Gbezh`b Dîelcz _hrhlh c e QJD9 QcaanñeGucrrh Anvn` *Èvn`h.9 AGB= Hrd%<9 @%;71 kns9 A%8<K *ff1> h Qä.% ^ ‐Lcfcesh lc` Auhrtc` l c `h Dbethøh% Abesnlcrhanbecs sbk r c `h dnsenhabr`b abescauceanh l c `h s lca`hrhanbecs q u c fngurhe c e cs t c hrajnvb„%CE Q[D9 Qcaanñe Gucrrh Anvn` *Èvn`h.9 AGB= Hrd%<9 @%;71 kns9 A%8< K 0ff8? h ¡1.%
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Ahpätu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
prctcelnñ fhan`nthr <?? fusn`cs h uebs dn`nanhebs quc cr ueh ahdnbecth vnencrbe h pbr c``bs%6:
C` Gcecrh` Ghraäh lc `h Jcrrèe lckcräh jhkcr hvhezhl4sbkrc `h ahpnth` pcrb lcanlnñ cspcrhr
h `h dhlrughlh lc` ;? y abdb jcdbs vnstb eb pulb abduenahr abe îxntb abe Fhemu` ce c`Auhrtc` lc `h Dbethøh% @h nehaanñe y c` abesthetc jbstnghdncetb lc hvnbecs lc Gcthfc y
Auhtrb Vncetbs y lc `h hrtn``cräh muetb h guhrlnhs lc ~%sh`tby dn`nanhebs abeacetrhlbs ce `h
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ab`udeh lc sb`lhlbs lc hvnhanñe y lc fcrrbahrrn`cs abe hpbyb lc ahøbecs sc cetrcghrähe y
lhrähe ducrtc h` Gcecrh` h` netcethr bpbecrsc h c``b%
Lcetrb lc` Auhrtc` lc `h Dbethøh Fhemu` sngunñ cspcrhelb sne pblcr jhk`hr abe
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cetbeacs îstc yh jhkäh ducrtb% Fhemu` sne tbdhr ueh hatntul lîanlnlh *sñ`b jhkäh brlcehlb
quc sus hdctrh``hlbrhs lnsphrhsce abetrh `h s fucrzhs qu~ nkhe rblchelb c` clnfnanb. pcrdhecaäh
ceacrrhlb phrhpcthlb csabelnlb ce c` Auhrtc` sne jhacr ehlh pbr rbdpcr c` acrab
`ndntèelbsc h abestrunr lcfceshs y enlbs phrh hdctrhT`hlbrhs lcetrb lc` rcanetb% ²_rctceläh
hlucøhrsc lc ueh anulhl lc ue dn``ñe lc jhknthetcs ceacrrèelbsc ce ue auhrtc`2 *( . Ce `h
lca`hrhanñe murhlh lc` \cencetc Abrbec` Gbezh`b Dcelcz _hrhlh6> sc puclc `ccr ueh ebth
csarnth h dheb duy lîkn`dcetc ce `h quc sc lh h h =bebacr quc pulb jhkcr ueh abevcrsh$
anñe tc`cfñenah cetrc Fhemu` y Dhrtäecz Khemb ce quc îstc `c pnlnñ quc eb sh`ncrh abe su s
trbphs lc` Auhrtc` 0 0phrh cvnthr ue läh lc `utb h Dhlrnl5 5 y c` Gcecrh` haaclnñ h c``b%
Eb jcdbs abesththlb abe btrh fucetc quc th ` abevcrshanñe sc prblumcrh pcrb eb cs
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6> QJD 9 HB @= AGB= Hrd%<, @%;71 kns9 A%8< K *f% <3.%
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
lcsahkc``hlb pceshr quc pulncrh jhkcr snlb hsä, lhlh `h phsnvnlhl quc dbstrñ c` dn`nthr
suk`cvhlb%
Dncetrhs cetrc `b s `ch`cs h `h [cpýk`nah lurhe=c `h thrlc y `h ebajc lc` läh 8 > sc fuc
prcphrhelb c` hsh`tb h` Auhrtc` lc `h Dbethøh% Lc dhlrughlh Srkheb Brhl lc `h \brrc ` `cvñ
lbs ahøbecs lc 833 y 7 3 dd% muetb abe lbs ahrrbs ac abdkhtc y `b s sntuñ ce `h _`hzh lc
Csphøh% Sebs hvnbecs `hezhrbe bathvn``hs sbkrc c` Auhrtc` nevnthelb h `h rcelnanñe h sus
lcfcesbrcs pbr `b quc phrh cvnthr`b phrcac scr quc Fhnmu` brlceñ h ue ahpntèe quc sc khmhrh
`htcesnñe c`îatrnah phrh
quceb sc pulncrh csauajhr ue hphrhtb lc rhlnb dclnhetc
c`auh` fucrh
pbsnk`c rcanknr `b s dceshmcs lc` Gbkncreb ce c` dnsdb scetnlb abednehelb h` acsc lc `h
rcsnstceanh^~ Ce scgunlh abdcezñ c` kbdkhrlcb hîrcb lc` Auhrtc` hyulhlb pbr haanbecs lc
hvnbecs lc Auhtrb Vncetbs y Gcthfc% Qcgýe `h lca`hrha %ñe murhl&lc Gbezh`b Dîelcz *y ehlh
jhac pceshr quc ce c``b eb lngh `h vcrlhl. yh anthlh abe hetcrnbrnlhl ce cshs prndcrhs jbrhs
lc `h dhøheh `b s dhelbs lc` Auhrtc` hýe cspcrhkhe `h ``cghlh lc `h s trbphs lc Ahdphdcetb
y eb qucrähe lcstrunr `b s acrrbmbs pbrquc pceshkhe ~uc crh prnvhr lc vh`nbsb dhtcrnh` h`
Gcecrh` Db`h quc csthkhe abevceanlbs sc jh``hkh prñxndb h Dhlrnl% Abdb sc puclc
bkscrvhr `h lcsbrghenzhanñe lc `b s suk`cvhlbs abesth`hk`c ce cstc pîsndb fueanbehdncetb lc
sus ce`hacs y aheh`cs lc nefbrdhanñe crh phtcetc%
Dncetrhs lcetrb lc` Auhrtc` `b s quc sc jhkähe dhenfcsthlb abdb `ch`cs h `h [cpýk`nah
scdkrhkhe c` lcskhrhmustc *lc hjä `h hphrnanñe ce bahsnbecs lc khelcrhs k`heahs pbr `h s
vcethehs. y fuc hudcethelb `h bpbsnanñe h `bs suk`cvhlbs% Jhanh c` dclnbläh lc` ;? acsñ `h
rcsnstceanh `h s dhshs muetb h `h Guhrlnh Anvn` cetrhrbe ce c` phtnb lc` rcanetb auhrtc`crb quc
7?C s tb s c hfnrdh abdb prbkhlb c e `h sc e tc e anh *¡6%?:%16. q u c abelceñ h ducrtc h ` gcecrh` Mbhquäe Fhemu` y h ` abrbec` \bdès Fcreèelcz l c `h Xunetheh%
Abpnh lc c``b s c jh``h c e AHSQH= @cghmb 8 3 1 7 ; = ‚XSNE\H _NC]H lc` cxpclncetc Gcecrh` Nefbrdhtnvb sbk r c `h rckc`nñe dn`nthr lcetrb lc` tcrrntbrnb l c`h [cpýk` nah„ 0 ff% 8 31 > h 8 337 .%
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
quclhräh scdkrhlb lc ahlèvcrcs pcrb h`gb sc pulb abetcecr c` furbr lc `bs hsh`thetcs y
Fhemu` y c` Abrbec` Fcreèelcz lc `h Xunetheh fucrbe sh`nhlbs% Hahkhrähe abdphrcancelb hetc
ue trnkueh` quc `b s abelceñ h ducrtc= fucrbe fusn`hlbs ce c` phtnb lc `h aèrac` Dblc`b h `h s
3 lc `h dhlrughlh lc` 8 7 lc hgbstb snguncetc%
Vchdbs `b baurrnlb ce btrbs puetbs lc Dhlrnl% Csh dnsdh dhøheh lc` läh ;? c`
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Gucrrh pcrb c` dn`nthr abetcsthkh quc sc sudhkh h `h suk`cvhanñe% \hdknîe csh dhøheh fuc
abesthetcc`
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Auhrtc` lc cstc [cgndncetbc`
lc Dhrnh Arnstneh nea`usb pbrhnrc pbr `b quc hahkñ rnelnîelbsc jhanh c` dclnblnh%~„
@bs lcdès hauhrtc`hdncetbs lc Dhlrnl sc dhe tuvncrbe ce ueh tcesh cspcrh dnceths
ce h`guebs sc lnspbeähe ab`udehs nea`usb c` dnsdb läh 8:, phrè sh`nr h tbdhr `h anulhl% Eb
bksthetc `h fh`th lc ñrlcecs supcrnbrcs `h s lcmñ nehatnvhs%7; Ce btrbs ahsbs abdb c` lc`
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lc Ahdphdcetb eb sc lcanlncrbe h cevnhr `h s fucrzhs quc ce hyulh `c s pcläh Ghraäh lc `h
Jcrrèe%71 \hdknîe jukb h`guebs abehtbs lc rcsnstceanh ce `b s auhrtc`cs lc _haäfnab y lc`
Abelc Luquc sbkrc tblb abdb rcspucsth h hgrcsnbecs cxtcrnbrcs% Abdb sc bkscrvh `b quc
jhkäh prneanph`dcetc cetrc `b s suk`cvhlbs crh nelcansnèe y fh`th lc ue p`he abbrlnehlb pbr `b
quc h` abebacr `h ahälh lc` Auhrtc` lc `h Dbethøh ahpntu`hrbe sne `uajh h`gueh hetc `hs fucrzhs
lc scgurnlhl quc sncdprc nkhe habdphøhlhs lc eudcnbsbs c`cdcetbs anvn`cs quc nedclnhth$
dcetc sc jhaähe abe c` abetrb` lc `b s clnfnanbs% Vceanlh `h rcsnstceanh lc` Auhrtc` lc `h
7„ Q[D9 HG@9 AGB= @%;71 kns, A,8< K *ff% ; 8 h ;:. %
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Ahpntu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlätl a`helcstneb%
Dbethøh `h s hrdhs quc ce î` jhkäh uenlhs h `h s lc` _hrquc lc Hrtn``cräh sc rcphrtncrbe
gcecrbshdcetc cetrc c` puck`b y eb tblhs fucrbe h T frcetc abdb sc abesththräh `b s dcscs
snguncetcs% @hs dhshs rcvb`uanbehrnhs sc jhkähe jcajb abe c` pblcr ce `h s ah``cs%
C` rcsu`thlb lc `h ndprbvnshanñe `h tbrpczh y sbkrc tblb `h nelcansnñe lc `b s
cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah quc sc suk`cvhrbe ce D~lrnl fuc c` frhahsb quc lcmñ h `b s
prneanph`cs hatbrcs jhsth hjbrh fuelhdceth`dcetc dn`nthrcs abe uehs ecgrhs pcrspcatnvhs lc
futurb ce `hs prñxndhs scdhehs% ^ h `bs jhsth hjbrh dès phsnvbs pcrb lcscbsbs lc` trnuefb
lc csbs dn`nthrcs suk`cvhlbs y quc cspcrhkhe csabelnlbs ce sus ahshs `h lcrrbth lc` Frcetc_bpu`hr quclhrbe ce ueh sntuhanñe neabdblh lc rncsgb auhelb eb lc cvnlcetc pc`ngrb phrh
sus vnlhs b su netcgrnlhl% \hdknîe sc lnb c` ahsb lc ~ä`guebslcfcesbrcs lc` Auhrtc` quc ce
`h abefusnñe lc` dbdcetb lc `h cetrhlh lc `b s hsh`thetcs abøsnguncrbe csahku``nrsc y sc
csabelncrbe ce lnstnetbs `ughrcs%7< C` dnsdb Muhe Dhnnuc` Fhemu` jnmb pcqucøb lc` Gcecrh`
sc quntñ `h gucrrcrh y abesngunñ sh`nr jhanîelbsc phshr pbr ue sndp`c sb`lhlb huequc h`gunce
`c rcabebanñ `b jnrnñ ce ueh pncreh y hahkñ lctcenlb ~eue jbspnth`%73
NNN%$ @H QN\SHANÑE LC @BQ CECDNGBQ LC@ [ÎGNDCE
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cecdngh abdb nedclnhths väatndhs lc csc frhahsb lc` h`zhdncetb dn`nthr csthkhe ce prndcr
`ughr csbs dn`nthrcs quc sc jhkähe sudhlb h î` ce `„s lnstnetbs auhrtc`cs lc `h ahpnth`% Qn
cxhdnehdbs `hs `nsths lc `h s väatndhs jhy quc lnstnegunr cetrc `b s quc ahycrbe ce `h s lcfceshs
lc csbs rcanetbs dn`nthrcs y `b s quc fucrbe jcajbs prnsnbecrbs y abrrcrähe trègnah sucrtc ce `bs
7<_br cmcdp`b c ` Krnghlh M b s c Mbhquäe _nsñe Läcz lc` Abrrh`% AHSQH= @cghmb >< , Aumh <1 *Cxp%3.%
IS[]DHE, Lhe% Bp % ant% *p% 888.%
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dha (r`l a`helcstneb%
Hlcdès høhlnrcdbs c` lhtb lc quc cetrc `bs pybacshlbs ce \rnkueh`cs pbr `b s jcajbs
lc` Auhrtc` lc `h Dbethøh ;> crhe dn`nthrcs y 8 < phnshebs%77 Qn h cstbs <8 sudhdbs h Fhemu`
y h Fcreèelcz lc `h Xunetheh c` tbth` lc ceahushlbs `cä quc crh c` prneanph` rcanetb dn`nthr
lc Dhlrnl fuc lc <1% Abdb jcdbs dceanbehlb shkc dbs quc 1 8 lc `b s quc fucrbe jcajbs
prnsnbecrbs ce cstc Auhrtc` dbrnrähe lcspuîs pcrb lc cstbs sñ`b : abesthe ce csh `nsth lc <1
prbacshlbs pbr `b s \rnkueh`cs _bpu`hrcs% Abea`usnñe= `b s btrbs 13 quc thdknîe durncrbe eb
fucrbe cmcauthlbs ce audp`ndncetb lc ueh scetceanh a H c ducrtc sneb quc fucrbe väatndhs lc
h`gueh fbrdh lc rcprcsnñe neabetrb`hlh n`cgh` y hrkntrhrnh *‐phscb— b ‐shah lc prcsbs ‐. quc
heh`nzhdbs ce btrbs ahpätu`bs% Abdb sc bkscrvh pucs `h vnlh lc `b s suk`cvhlbs abetrh `h
[cpýk`nah ce Dhlrnl vh`äh duy pbab ce cstbs prndcrbs dbdcetbs%
@bs lctcenlbs ce `b s auhrtc`cs trhs c` frhahsb l ~ `h suk`cvhanñe fucrbe prbacshlbs pbr
rckc`nñe ce h`gueh lc sus fbrdhs pbr `b s trnkueh`cs csp~anh`cs archlbs ce hgbstb% Eb bksthetc
duajbs crhe mñvcecs h `b s quc c` dbvndncetb dn`nthr jhkäh sbrprcelnlb jhancelb c` scrvnanb
dn`nthr y su haanñe jhkäh snlb sndp`cdcetc `h lc audp nr ñrlcecs lc sus supcrnbrcs pbr `b quc
h` fneh` sc `c s cxbecrhkh lc rcspbeshkn`nlhl ce `h suk`cvhanñe% _br c``b sc `c s hksb`väh lc csc
lc`ntb lc rckc`nñe pcrb knce frutb lc `h nevcstnghanñe rch`nzhlh b knce sndp`cdcetc pbr
sbspcajhs quc jhkäh lcspcrthlb su hatuhr b su phshlb sc rcvc`hkh ueh pbsnanñe nlcb`ñgnah
hetnrrcpuk`naheh quc pbr eb duy dhrahlh b eb duy hatnvh prbkhk`cdcetc lc jhkcr scgunlb
sncelb anvn`cs ce sus ahshs jukncrhe pblnlb bau`thr% Eb bksthetc hjbrh crhe pucstbs h
lnspbsnanñe lc `b s Murhlbs lc Srgceanh auhelb sc archrbe ce batukrc phrh scrmuzghlbs pbr
7 7‐[c`hanñe l c prbacshlbs c e `h ah u sh lc` Auhrtc` l c `h Dbethøh„ c e AHSQH= @cghma ¡361„= _ h qu c tc >, Lbaudcetb ;%
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
lcshfcaanñe h` [îgndce lc`ntb pbr c` quc duajbs hahkhrbe h` fneh` abelcehlbs,7: huequc h
pcehs duajb dès `cvcs quc sn `b jukncrhe snlb pbr rckc`nñe%
_hrh abea`unr abe `b quc c` frhahsb lc `h suk~%cvhanñe ce `h ahpnth` supusb phrh `b scecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah lc abelnanñe dn`nthr jcdbs lc rcfcrndbs h `b s quc crhe abetrhrnbs
h` [îgndce pcrb pbr jh``hdbs ce îpbah vcrhencgh sc ceabetrhkhe lc pcrdnsb vhahanbeh`%
Sebs eb vb`vncrbe h Dhlrnl y prcfnrncrbe cspcrhr c` lc ~ce`haclc` prbeueanhdncetb y sudhrsc
h `b s suk`cvhlbs h``ä lbelc pulncrbe b lbelc sc jh``Ckhe c` 8 : lc mu`nb% Btrbs abdb c` yh
h`ulnlb Dîelcz _hrhlh pbr cmcdp`b rcgrcshrbe nedclnhthdcetc h Dhlrnl pcrb phrh sudhrsc
h `h suk`cvhanñe% \hdknîe `b s jukb quc cdprcelncrbe c` rcgrcsb y h` ``cghr h `h ahpnth` y
abdprbkhr quc yh jhkäh frhahshlb c` h`zhdncetb dn`ntnr eb sc prcscethrbe ce su s uenlhlcs y
kusahrbe rcfugnb lbelc bau`thrsc pbrquc eb csthkhe lnspuîstbs h scrvnr h` Gbkncreb
rcpuk`naheb%
Ce bahsnbecs csc rcfugnb eb abesnstäh ce kusahr ueh ahsh lnstneth lc `h prbpnh sneb
cdkbsahrsc ce h`gueh cetnlhl jhanîelbsc phshr pbr a„evceanlb lcfcesbr lc` [îgndce% Hsä
Cluhrlb @uquc C`cmh`lc crh ajñfcr lc ue ebthrnb dhlrn`cøb lc abebanlhs nlchs lcrcajnsths
îstc `c fhan`ntñ ce \brrc`blbecs trcs hrdhs abrths prbaclcetcs lc `h Guhrlnh Anvn` lc cstc
puck`b y c` `uecs 8 > pbr `h dhøheh vneb h Dhlrnl abe c``hs lnspucstb h sudhrsc h `h
suk`cvhanñe= h` ``cghr sc ceabetrñ quc `h sntuhanñe ce duy hlvcrsh h `b s h`zhlbs y lcanlnñ
pbecrsc ce abethatb abe 0 0c`cdcetbs pbpu`hrcs hfcatbs h` [îgndce5 5 y prcscethr `hs trcs
hrdhs hfnrdhelb quc crhe phrh ab`hkbrhr ce `h lcfcesh lc `h [cpýk`nah abdb hvh` lc su
`ch`thl h `h dnsdh9 hsä hahkñ pbr `bgrhr ahduf`hrsc abdb `ch` ce `h Bfnaneh lc `h Abdhelhe$
7 : Jcdbs jh``hlb duajbs ce `b s sudhrnbs lc `bs trnkueh`cs p b p u h rc s abescrvhlbs c e AH MQH= @cghmbs 8 h < ; 1 *prneanph`dcetc.% @b s Murhlbs l c Srgceanh
fbrdhrbe phrtc l c csh ‚Mustnanh Cspcanh` b l c Cxacpanñe— q u c s c abef`gvrh ce 8 > 1 6 y q u c heh`nzhdbs lctcenlhdcetc ce c` e b vc e b ahpntu`b%
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
anh Dn`nthr lc` Ahdphdcetb lc Ahrhkheajc` y jhsth abesngunñ bktcecr ue sh`vbabeluatb phrh
dbvcrsc% Abdb `ch` rcpuk`naheb pcrdhecanñ jhsth quc h`gunce `c lceueanñ y fuc lctcenlb
c` ;7 lc lnancdkrc lc 8>16%~~ Ahsbs sndn`hrcs sc prblumcrbe lc cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah quc
h` abdprbkhr `h lcrrbth lc` h`zhdncetb abescguäheabe lnvcrsbs hrlnlcs b abethatbs hphrcacr
abdb `ch`cs rcpuk`nahebs y scrvnlbrcs lc` rîgndce ce h`gýe pucstb lc tnpb bfnanh` h` scrvnanb
lc csc csthlb quc rcajhzhkhe ce su fucrb netcreb%
_br btrb `hlb `b s dn`nanhebs heehlbs c neabetrb`hlbs trhs `h ahälh lc` Auhrtc` lc `h
Dbethøh yh anrau`hkhe pbr `h anulhl lucøbs lc eus ah``cs, pclähe lbaudcethanñe ce
auh`quncr csquneh b p`hzh y sc nenanhkh `h pcrscauanñe 0`cä cecdngb lc` rîgndce% C` dnsdb 8 >
lc mu`nb c` prbpnb Gbkncreb rcpuk`naheb yh jhkäh rcaaebanlb quc 00hutbrnlhlcs y pul;i~
hdkhs ce p`ceb fcrvbr rcpuk`naheb sbe `h s ýenahs lu~øhs lc `&ahpnth`%5 5:? Hlcdès, `hs
dn`nanhs anrau`hkhe *y ehlnc csthkh hutbrnzhlb phrh ndpclnrsc`b `cgh`dcetc y ehlnc tceäh c`
vh`br lc jhacr`b. ce abajcs quc pbrthkhe c` sngunceta nelnahtnvb= 0 0[cpýk`nah Csphøb`h%
Abdntî lc rcqunsh lc vcjäau`bs% Hutbrnzhlb phrh anrau`hr%5 5:8 Ebrdh`dcetc sc trhthkh lc
hutbdñvn`cs rcqunshlbs h ueb lc csbs cecdngbs lc` [îgndce hjbrh csabelnlb y h` quc `c
pnethkhe csc `ctrcrb b sndp`cdcetc `hs sng`hs lc h`gn%%eh fbrdhanñe pb`ätnah b snelnah` b lc
vhrnhs% Hsä pucs `hs dhshs rcvb`uanbehrnhs ndpbeähe su `cy y hutbrnlhl ce Dhlrnl%
@h prndcrh rchaanñe fuc lc` Aucrpb Lnp`bdèt@ab y yh `h ebajc lc` ; 8 h` ;; lc mu`nb
sh`nñ lc `h Cdkhmhlh lc Frheanh ueh cxpclnanñe lc ance hsn`hlbs quc juähe ahdneb lc
Vh`ceanh% Lähs lcspuîs h `hs >=83 lc `h ebajc lc` ; § lc mu`nb Muhe \nebab [cprcscethetc
7>[cajbs prbkhlbs ce ue prbacsb% AHSQH= @cghmb :> % Ahmh 1 > = Qud%<>; l c 8 > 1 6 l c \rnkueh` _bpu`hr e— ; pbr scluaanñe h `h rckc`nñe%
:? Ebth lc` Dnenstrb l c Gbkcrehanñe *8>%?7%16. c e HJE9 ‚Qcaanñe Gucrrh Anvn`„ *Qhjdheah.= _ Q Dhlrnl9 Ahrpcth ; 3; 1 % C sukrhyhlb c s eucstrb%
: 8 Ebth lc` Abdntî l c Abetrb` lc` Frcetc _bpu`hr *;<%?7%16. c e H[E9 ‚Qcaanñe Gucrrh Anvn`— *Qh`hdheah.= _ Q Dhlrnl9 Ahrpath ;3;1%
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Ahpätu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dha rr`l a`helcstneb%
lc Vceczuc`h cetrcghkh ce dheb h Hugustb Khranh Dnenstrb lc Csthlb ueh ebth lc Hurc`nb
Eýøcz Dbrghlb cdkhmhlbr lc Ajn`c y Lcaheb lc` Aucrpb Lnp`bdètnab ce `h quc abesu`thkh
0 0sn c` Gbkncreb Csphøb` abesnlcrh fhatnk`c ue cvcetuh` lcsp`hzhdncetb $quc pblräh scr c`
`uecs ;7 lc` hatuh`$ lc `b s sýklntbs cxtrhemcrbs quc `b lcscce jhanh ue pucrtb lc` `ntbrh`5 5
y pcläh dclnbs lc trhespbrtc y quc sc rcsb`vncsc abe ugceanh phrh 00pblcr nefbrdhr auhetb
hetcs h `h s dnsnbecs lnp`bdètnahs quc hguhrlhe abn duajb netcrîs c` rcsu`thlb lc csth
abesu`th%5 5 Khranh abetcstñ c` läh ;: quc eb cxngäh enegýe rcqunsntb cspcanh` dès quc `bs
quc pbr rhzbecs lc vngn`heanh jukncrhe csthk`canlb `b s dnenstcrnbs lc Gbkcdhanñe y lc Gucrrhy pblähe cfcatuhr c` vnhmc ce `b s trcecs quc fueanbehkhe abe ebrdh`nlhl h` nguh` quc c`
scrvnanb ce `bs pucrtbs%:; Ce `b s snguncetcs lähs sc rcanknrähe ce c` Dnesntcrnb lc Csthlb ebths
vcrkh`cs csarntbs y ahrths quc hlcdès lc sb`nanthr prbt~aanñe phrh cvhauhanbecs lceueanhkhe
htrbpc``bs lc `h s dn`nanhs abetrh sus sýklntbs b sc netcrcshkhe pbr h`guebs quc jhkähe
lcshphrcanlb rca`hdhkhe vcjäau`bs neahuthlbs b pclä ne prbtcaanñe hetc netcetbs lc hsh`tb lc
su s clnfnanbs pbr dn`nanhebs%:1 Cs lcanr c` Aucrpb Lnp bdètnab ahsn lcslc c` prndcr dbdcetb
sc dbvn`nzhkh ce `h prbtcaanñe lc `h gcetc pcrscgunlh y `h dhybräh lc quncecs sc rcfugnhkhe
ce su s clnfnanbs b gcstnbehkhe su nea`usnñe ce ueh cxrclnanñe lc cvhauhanñe lc Dhlrnl crhe
cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah%
_crb a`hrb `b s lnp`bdètnabs cdpczhrbe pbr päcbauphrsc prndcrb pbr sus sýklntbs ce
ue Dhlrnl quc sc ceahdnehkh h ueh gucrrh pbr thetb lc `b s cxtrhemcrbs rcsnlcetcs ce `h
ahpnth` eb sndphtnzhetcs abe c` rîgndce rcpuk`naheb `ucgb vcelräh c` hsn`b h `b s csphøb`cs%
:; AHSQH= @cghmb 8 3 6 1 ; = _ h qu c tc @ B , Lbaudcetb < *Ahrpctn``h ‚Ajn`c„.%
: 1 Jcdbs jh``hlb lbaudcetbs c e c s t c scetnlb l c `h s rcprcscethanbecs l c Aukh% C s thla s Senlbs% Grhe Krcthøh, Dîxnab, _ he hd è , _b`benh, H`cdhenh,
Hrgceaneh% Kb`nvnh% Cgnptb% _brtugh`, [udhenh, [cpýk`nah Lbdnenaheh, Q u c an h , Q u nzh , \ur`uNhy S e u g u hy ceAHSQH= @cghmb 8 3 6 1 ; = _ h qu c tc 8 ? 9 lbaudcetb< *vhrnhs ahrpctn``hs.%
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Ahpätu`b 1= LcfneNanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
_crb dncetrhs `b s lcshfcatbs h `h [cpýk`nah hetc ueh ah``c ce pblcr lc `h s dhshs
rcvb`uanbehrnhs lc dbdcetb trhthrähe lc prbtcgcrsc csabelnîelbsc abdb pulncrhe y, abdb
prndcrh dclnlh ce ueh ahsh lnstneth h `h prbpnh= sc cdpczñ h prbluanr c` hkhelbeb lc `b s
lbdnan`nbs pbr quncecs tcdähe pbr su scgurnlhl h` =9cr sndphtnzhetcs lc `b s suk`cvhlbs b
sbspcajbsbs lc th`cs b pceshkhe quc pblähe scr bkmctb lc h`gueh lceueanh abetrh c``bs sbkrc
tblb y cspcanh`dcetc lc `b s pbrtcrbs lc sus neduck`cs hutîetnabs vcjäau`bs lc nefbrdhanñe
sbkrc lcshfcatbs ce Dhlrnl% Vh`gh c` cmcdp`b lc` dnsdb [hdñe Qcrrheb Quøcr= sc rcf`ngnñ
abe su dumcr c jnmbs ce `h pcesnñe lc `h fhdn`nh Qhhvclrh ce `h ah``c lc Vc`èzqucz h` pbabtncdpb sc snetnñ nescgurb y trhs`hlñ h su dumcr h ueh pcesnñe lc `h Grhe Väh y î` sc rcfugnñ
ce `h ah``c lc Vn``heucvh ce ahsh lc` lnputhlb y hdngb eb sbspcajbsb [hdñe Fcacl9 pcrb
h` läh snguncetc lc jhacr`b pbr `h ebajc fuc lctcenlb= `c jhkäh lceueanhlb c` pbrtcrb lc `h
ahsh lc su p h l r c %\ D C` dnclb lc `bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah tceäh mustnfnahanñe abdb `b
lcducstrh c` jcajb lc quc ce scgunlh hetcs nea`usb lc `h rcelnanñe lc` Auhrtc` lc `h
Dbethøh,:3 abdcezhrbe `bs ‐phscbs ‐, lctcenlhdcet heh`nzhlbs ce btrb ahpätu`b lc cstc
trhkhmb%
_crb frcetc h quncecs sc csabelähe `b s jhkäh quc ueh vcz tcrdnehlh `h rcsnstceanh
brghenzhlh abetrh `h [cpýk`nah lcanlncrbe jhacr`h pbr su auceth% Cstb fuc `h hphrnanñe lc
frheabtnrhlbrcs quc lnsphrhkhe lcslc tcmhlbs kh`abrcs ahdphehrnbs sbkrc auh`quncrh quc
vnstncsc dbeb lc trhkhmb *hjbrh abesnlcrhlb uenfbrd~ lc dn`nanheb.= crhe `bs ‚phabs— y su
haanñe c` ‐phqucb ‐% \hdknîe hphrcancrbe hutbdñvn`cs quc rcabrrähe h tblh vc`banlhl `h s
: % < \B lc [hdñe Qcrrheb Quøcr%
: 3\cecdbs abestheanh scgurh l c u e b l c c s t b s h sc sn e h tb s ce `h ah``c lc` Gcecrh` [nahrlbs y s c ` l ä h 8 > = H[E9 Fbelbs Abetcdpbrèecbs9 Hulnceanh \crrntbrnh`
l c Dhlrnl9 Qcrnc Arndneh`= @cghmb ; 3 8 ; = Qudhrnb 1?<">16 pbr ducrtc l c ue jbdkrc lcsabebanlb%
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
ah``cs y lnsphrhkhe sbkrc phtru``hs lc dn`nanhebs9 p h rC @ lhr abe c``bs sc lhkh puk`nanlhl h `h s
dhträau`hs lc cstbs abajcs% Ce `h prcesh jhy ebtnanhs sbkrc pcrscauanñe lc cstbs ‐phabs— jhsth
ebvncdkrc y thdknîe sus haanbecs lcmhrbe rhstrb ce bs trnkueh`cs%:6@h cxnstceanh lc cecdngbs cdkbsahlbs lchdku`helb pbr `h anulhl crh h`gb lc `b quc
`h s hutbrnlhlcs crhe abesancetcs% _br c``b c` läh ;1, lcslc uebs h`thvbacs nesth`hlbs ce c`
Dnenstcrnb lc Gbkcrehanñe ce `h dnsdh _ucrth lc` Qb` Nelh`canb _rnctb sc lnrngäh h `b s
suk`cvhlbs hlvnrtnîelb`cs quc csthkhe vceanlbs9 csc dnsdb läh `bs suk`cvhlbs jhkähe tbdhlb
c` H`tb lc `b s @cbecs y Qbdbsncrrh%
C` ‐phqucb— cecrvhkh h `b s dn`nanhebs quc phtru``hkhe pbr Dhlrnl dncetrhs `h s
hutbrnlhlcs h `h s quc sc `c s jhkäh usurphlb c` pblcr 9bkrc `h ah``c trhthkhe lc rcaupcrhr`b%
_br c``b c` Dnenstcrnb lc Gbkcrehanñe cdntnñ pbr rhlnb `bs lähs ;6 y ;7 lc mu`nb vhrnhs ebths:7
rcabrlhelb quc `b s rcgnstrbs y lctceanbecs sñ`b pblähe cfcatuhr`bs hgcetcs lc `h hutbrnlhl
guhrlnhs lc hsh`tb b guhrlnhs anvn`cs eueah `h s dn`nanhs auyh ýenah `hkbr crh nefbrdhr lc `h s
pcrsbehs quc sc sbspcajhrh quc pulncrhe scr cecengbs lc` rîgndce% Eb bksthetc c`
lcskhrhmustc crh grhelc ce cstbs prndcrbs lähs quc h `h vcz quc sc cdntähe cshs ebths btrhs
cetnlhlcs bfnanh`cs abdb c` Abescmb Qupcrnbr lc _nbtcaanñe lc Dcebrcs b c` dnsdäsndb
Ghknectc lc Nefbrdhanñe lc csc Dnenstcrnb lc Gbkcrehanñe ce lbs ebths lc `b s lähs ; 1 y ;<
lc mu`nb rcspcatnvhdcetc hpc`hkhe h `h s dn`nanhs phrh ~uc`c s hyulhsce ce su `hkbr lc abetrb`
lc `h s ah``cs prbtcaanñe lc clnfnanbs y lcsaukrndncetb lc `b s cecdngbs ce `h anulhl%::
: 6IS[]DHE% Lhe Bp% Ai% *p% 88>.? Hgustäe l c FBZH *Dhløllcabrtchajcah% Dhlrnl9 Clntbrnh` _ rc e sh Csphøb`h9 8 >76 % p% ; 8 < . hl c d è s lc btrbs
tcstndbenbs ` n tcrhrnbs% \hdknîe ceabetrhdbs rhstrb l c c s th s h aan b e c s c e `h prcesh lc` dbdcetb q u c j cd b s abesu`thlb c e `h Jcdcrbtcah y ce `bs sudhrnbsl c trnkueh`cs abescrvhlbs ce AHSQH= @cghmbs 8 h < ; 1 b A h m hs 8 h 1 7 : *prneanph`dcetc.% Hlcdès s c j h ac frcaucetcdcetc rcfcrceanh c e `h s e bths q u c s crhlnhrbe q u c abesthe ce HJE9 ‚Qcaanñe Gucrrh Anvn`„ *Qh`hdheah.9 _ Q DHL[NL= A h x 8 ~ c th ;3;1%
: 7 HJE9 ‐Qaaanñe Gucrrh Anvn`„ *Qh`hdheah.= _ Q DHL[NL9 Ahrpcth ;3;1%
:: Ebths rhlnhlhs, ce H[E9 ‐Qcaanñe Gucrrh Anvn`„ *Qh`hdheah.= _ Q Dhlrnl9 Ahrpcth ;3;1%
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Ahpätu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
_crb h pcshr lc quc nedclnhthdcetc abdcezñ `h pcrscauanñe lc `b s cecdngbs lc `h
[cpýk`nah jcdbs pblnlb abesththr abdb ce scgu lh h`guebs lc c``bs abdcezhrbe h
brghenzhrsc phrh hatuhr a`helcstnehdcetc abetrh c` [îgndce% Qhkcdbs quc yh ce `bs prndcrbs
lähs lc hgbstb ue grupb lc eucvc fh`hegnsths cetrc `b s quc sc ceabetrhkhe Fcrehelb y
Fclcrnab _rndb lc [nvcrh y Abkb lc Guzdèe prndbs lc Mbsc Hetbenb pceshrbe y
abdcezhrbe h brghenzhr ue p`he phrh hpblcrhrsc lc Senñe [hlnb y lc` Dnenstcrnb lc
Gbkcrehanñe auhelb `b s suk`cvhlbs cetrhrhe ce Dhlrnl absh quc arcähe quc baurrnräh ce ue
krcvc p`hzb tncdpb% Ce c` ahsb lc` Dnenstcrnb sc abethkh abe `h phrtnanphanñe lc guhrlnhs lc
scgurnlhl ueb lc c``bs abe scrvnanb ce c` dnsdb cln@nanb% @bs lbs prndbs lc` mcfc lc FC
jbrhs lcspuîs lc ahcr c` Auhrtc` lc `h Dbethøh jhk=he snlb lc `b s quc tcdcrbsbs pbr su
sngenfnahlb hpc``nlb jhkähe hkhelbehlb su lbdnan`nb rcftngnèelksc ce c` lc btrb prndb Mbsc
Dhräh Hrrnhgh Abkb lc Guzdèe muetb abe btrbs lc ` b ~ eucvc% Lcslc h``ä muetb abe btrbs lc`
grupb quc sc jh``hkhe ce ue tcracr lbdnan`nb ce `h aä``c lc Qhe Kcrehrlb fucrbe thdknîe
prcphrhelb sbkrc tblb `h haanñe prcvnsth ce `h cdnsbrh lc rhlnb% Ce csth ý`tndh ahsh lbelc
sc jh``hrbe nesngenhs y khelcrhs lc FC hsä abdb pnstb`hs quc nkhe h scr utn`nzhlhs ce `h s
haanbecs prcvnsths sc abeacetrhkhe `b s ceahrghlbs lc @ h haanñe ce c` Dnenstcrnb pcrb hdkhs
phrtcs csthkhe abecathlhs% @h lctceanñe lc bajb pbrquc ueb lc c``bs sc `c s csahpñ
prcanshdcetc c` quc jhaäh lc mcfc, Fcrdäe Lhzh tuvb `ughr c` 8 : lc hgbstb y yh cetbeacs sc
jhkähe ac`ckrhlb vhrnhs rcuenbecs a`helcstnehs phrC% csthr prcphrhlbs auhelb ``cghrh c`
dbdcetb% Fucrbe lcsaukncrtbs y abelcehlbs h ducrtc *abeduthlh `h pceh pbr rca`usnñe
pcrpctuh. ce scetceanh lc` ;6 lc scptncdkrc quc lca`hrñ prbkhlbs `b s jcajbs rcabgnlbs%:>
@bs lcshfcatbs h` [îgndce ce `h rcthguhrlnh `c Dhlrnl jhkähe cdpczhlb prbetb h
:> AHSQH= @aghmb 8381, \bdb 8 , [ h d b _rneanph`% Lbaudcetbs 7= ‚Netcetb l c h sh tb %t Senñe [hlnb%—
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneh
dbvcrsc ce `h a`helcstnenlhl huequc lc dbdcetb abe pbab îxntb%
NV%$ @HQ ASH\[B FHAC\HQ LC@ DHL[NL A@HELCQ\NEB= CQ_NBEHMC
LCQHFCAANÑE% LC[[B\NQDB ^ BSNE\HABTQNDENQfrNX@
Abdb vcdbs `h Gucrrh Anvn` cs abescauceann lc` frhahsb lc` prbeueanhdncetb quc
supbec c` h`zhdncetb dn`nthr lc` 8 : lc mu`nb lc 8 > 1 0 ~ % Seh phrtc lc Csphøh quclñ khmb c`
lbdnenb lc `b s suk`cvhlbs `h btrh pcrdhecanñ `ch` h K@ [cpýk`nah% @h frhaanñe lc` phäs lbelc
c` gb`pc jhkäh frhahshlb abethkh abe ue eýdcrb abesnlcrhk`c lc csphøb`cs lnspucstbs h lhr
`h vnlh pbr `h lcfcesh lc` rîgndce rcpuk`naheb% Eb bsthetc jcdbs vnstb quc muetb h c``bs
eb jhy quc b`vnlhr`b quclhkh ue vb`udce lc csphøa`cs auyhs nlchs sc nlcetnfnahkhe abe `h
Csphøh suk`cvhlh pcrb `h s anrauestheanhs jhkähe lctceenehlb quî sc ceabetrhsce ce tcrrntbrnb
lc quncecs lcslc csc dbdcetb crhe eb yh sus hlvcrshrnbs pb`ätnabs sneb su s cecdngbs
nrrcabean`nhk`cs% @b dnsdb baurräh ce `h Csphøh ``hdhlh Ehanbeh` quncecs csthkhe abe c`
Gbkncreb lc Dhlrnl sc ceabetrhkhe lc kucehs h prndcrhs ce zbeh cecdngh%
@h Qcguelh [cpýk`nah hetcs lc mu`nb lc 8>16, cs cvnlcetc quc abethkh abe cecdngbs
lctrhatbrcs b grupbs quc ceahdnehkhe su haanñe h tcrdnehr abe c` [îgndce pcrb abe `bs quc
lcknlb h` ahrèatcr lcdbarètnab quc sc hutbhtrnkuäh 6stc, sc vcäh bk`nghlb h abevnvnr y h
rcspcthr% Eb bksthetc `h eucvh sntuhanñe archlh pbr `h suk`cvhanñe trhesfbrdhkh h `b s
hlvcrshrnbs pb`ätnabs ce cecdngbs y pbr thetb ce bkmctb lc pcrscauanñe pbrquc csthkhe
lcslc csc dbdcetb h` dhrgce lc `h `cy pucstb quc sc hlsarnkähe h` khelb lc quncecs sc
jhkähe `cvhethlb abetrh c` [îgndce abestntunlb%
>?Seh lc `h s ý`tndhs hpbrthanbecs q u c s c j h e j caj b , ce cs t c ahdpb, sbk r c `h trhdh a b z spnrhtnvh lc `bs dbeèrqunabs h`fbesnebs abetrh `h [cpýk`nah c e =
GN@ _CAJH[[BDHE% Mu`nb9 Bp% ant%
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
_br tblb c``b cetrc `hs dý`tnp`cs sntuhanbecs ebvclbshs `h gucrrh trhmb abesngb `h
hphrnanñe lc `h rcthguhrlnh abeacptb prbpnhdcetc kî`n=b, y lcetrb lc c``h lc eucvhs fbrdhs
lc rcsnstceanh h csc Csthlb rcpuk`naheb quc phrh ue s~atbr eb lcsprcanhk`c lc `h pbk`hanñe
quc jhkäh quclhlb lbelc cvnlcetcdcetc eb lcschkh ~rh,abdb abescauceanh lnrcath lc csh
anrauestheanh cecdngb% Dhlrnl anulhl nea`unlh ce @crrntbrnb rcpuk`naheb lurhetc tblb c`
abef`natb bkscrvñ `h hphrnanñe lc cstbs cecdngbs lc` rîgndce ce `h prbpnh rcthguhrlnh%
Csh rcsnstceanh h `h [cpýk`nah sc rcf`cmñ ce lnvcrshs hatntulcs tblhs c``hs ebvclbshs
abe rcspcatb h`h
sntuhanñe hetcrnbr h`h
gucrrh% Qc trhthkh lc `b s lcshfcatbs lcrrbtnsths y `b squc sc rcfugnhrbe ce cdkhmhlhs b pnsbs khmb prbtcaanñe lnp`bdètnah b hquc``bs quc hlbpthrbe
ueh pbsturh dès hatnvh c nelulhk`cdcetc lc dhybr jbCtn`nlhl y pc`ngrb phrh `h [cpýk`nah `b s
cspnhs y `b s netcgrhetcs lc `h ``hdhlh Xuneth Ab`udeh%
Ce cstc tcrrceb jhy quc lnstnegunr pbr ue `hlb `h s hatntulcs lc csc scatbr quc lcschkh
c` trnuefb lc `b s suk`cvhlbs y pbr btrb `hs dclnlhs lc` Csthlb rcpuk`naheb phrh abetrb`hr csh
phrtc lc` cecdngb ce `h prbpnh rcthguhrlnh%
Auhelb `b s phrtnlhrnbs lc` h`zhdncetb dn`nthr abesththrbe c` frhahsb lc îstc ce Dhlrnl
su pbsnanñe quclñ abdprbdctnlh y hlbpthrbe lnvcrshs hatntulcs% Sebs sc `ndnthrbe h cspcrhr
ce su ahsh `b s habetcandncetbs abe c` tcdbr lc scr väatndh lc `h haanñe lc auh`quncr
‐neabetrb`hlb ‐, sbkrc tblb sn crhe abebanlhs sus nlhs hetnrrcpuk`nahehs ce auyb ahsb `b
ebrdh` crh quc prbaurhsce kusahr rcfugnb ce `h s cdkhmhlhs abesu`hlbs b ahshs khmb
prbtcaanñe lc `h s `cghanbecs lnp`bdètnahs lbelc `h cxtrhtcrrntbrnh`nlhl ce prneanpnb `c s
sh`vhkh `h vnlh% Btrbs lcanlncrbe quc eb pblähe cspcrhr h quc sc rcsb`vncsc `h gucrrh y
abesnlcrhrbe quc lckähe ab`hkbrhr abe sus abrrc`ngnbetrnbs lc `h btrh zbeh dclnhetc su haanñe
ce `h rcthguhrlnh rcpuk`naheh= crhe `b s cspnhs y `b s quc prbetb phshrbe h scr abebanlbs abdb
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
dncdkrbs lc `h Xuneth Ab`udeh% \hdknîe surgnrähe `b s lcrrbtnsths b sch hquc``bs quc sc
lclnahkhe h jhacr abdcethrnbs sbkrc `h dhrajh lc `h Gucrrh lc sngeb lcsfhvbrhk`c jhanh `h
[cpýk`nah b quncecs prbph`hkhe ku`bs cs lcanr ebtnanhs fh`shs b nefbrdhanbecs quc
lnstbrsnbehkhe `h rch`nlhl y tceähe abdb bkmctnvb dcrdhr `h abefnhezh b nea`usb archr
hendhlvcrsnñe jhanh `b s pblcrcs rcpuk`nahebs% Eb bksthetc c` fceñdceb lc` lcrrbtnsdb eb
fuc sngenfnahtnvb jhsth 8>1:, auhelb `h cvb`uanñe lc `b s habetcandncetbs crh a`hrhdcetc
ecghtnvh phrh `h [cpýk`nah%
Cshs fbrdhs lc rcsnstceanh h` Csthlb rcpukTnaheb sh`vb c` cspnbehmc rcsu`thkhe
ebvclbshs y tuvncrbe su rcf`cmb ce `h `cgns`hanñe quc nc prblumb phrh c` abetrb` pbr phrtc lc
`h s hutbrnlhlcs lc csths hatnvnlhlcs quc phshkhe h scr abesnlcrhlhs abdb lc`natnvhs%
NVH%$ C` cspnbehmc= sntuhanñe cdkrnbehrnh
C` cspnbehmc yh csthkh abetcdp`hlb ce c` Añlngb lc Mustnanh Dn`nthr quc lhthkh lc`
;3 lc muenb lc 8:>?, y ce c` Añlngb _ceh` lc `h Dhrneh lc Gucrrh lc` ;< lc hgbstb lc 8:::,
quc tceähe su Ahpätu`b NN lclnahlb h cstc lc`ntb% _crb ueh @cy>„ lc ;6 lc mu`nb lc 8>13
dblnfnahkh vhrnbs hrtäau`bs lc` prndcrb lc `bs añlngbs dceanbehlbs rc`htnvbs y quc
lcsarnkähe `h s hatnvnlhlcs quc crhe abesnlcrhlhs abdb ~spnbehmc,phrh `b s quc sc prcvcäh lcslc
0 0pceh lc rca`usnñe dhybr h ducrtc5 5% Hsä c` hrtäau`b ;;: rcabgäh `h s snguncetcs^
8~ . Netrbluanrsc ce p`hzhs b pucstbs dn`nthrcs cetrc `h s trbphs y `h s zbehs csthk`candncetbs b `ughrcs
dn`nthrcs hfcatbs h `h lcfcesh ehanbeh`%
;?. Abeluanr abduenahanbecs phrtcs b p`ncgbs lc` cecdngb 0= 0eb sncelb fbrzhlb h rch`nzhr`b55 b sn`b
> 8 GHAC\H *;%?:13.%
> ;Q ñ b rcabgcdbs, l c fbrdh rcsudnlh y e b tcxtuh`, hquc``bs abdpbrthdncetbs q u c c r h e besnlcrhlbs haanñe lc cspnbehmc sn s c ` `cvhkhe h ah k b ce tncdpb
l c gucrrh, abdb s b e `h s anrauestheanhs q u c e b s bauphe% K nce c s ancrtb, q u c j hs th cecrb l c 8 > 1 > `h [cpýk`nah eb lca`hrñ c ` Csthlb l c Gucrrh, pcrb c s a`hrbq u c lc jcajb `h sntuhanñe crh l c Gucrrh y h sä s c dhenfcstñ ce `h pcrscauanñe lc` cspnbetmc% h u e qu c bfnanh`dcetc s c jhk`hrh l c Csthlb lc H`heeh%
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Ahpätu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
cs eb cetrcghr`bs h `h s hutbrnlhlcs dn`nthrcs b neutn`nzhr`bs%
1?. Lcmhr lc ``cvhr h su lcstneb `bs p`ncgbs quc sc `c abefnce abe `hs bpcrhanbecs lc gucrrh%
<?. _rhatnahr rcabebandncetbs `cvhethr p`hebs bktcecr fbtbgrh ~nhs,arbquns b hpuetcs lc fbrdh nelcknlh lc
abshs abeacrencetcs h `hs fucrzhs `h prcphrhanñe b `h lcfcesh dn`nthr lc ` Csthlb pbr auh`quncr dclnb b
prbaurhr ebtnanhs rc`htnvhs h lnajbs hsuetbs b clnthr`hs puk`nahrhs, vcelcr`hs lnstrnkunr`hs b trhesdntnr`hs%
3?. Brghenzhr nesth`hr b cdp`chr ue dclnb auh`quncrh lc abrrcs~belceanhb trhesdnsnñe abdb rhlnbcdnsbrhs
rhlnbgbeñenctrbs b auh`quncr dclnb quc pcrdnth abduenahr b rca=knr scøh`cs b ebtnanhs abe fnecs lc cspnbehmc%
6?. Lcshrrb``hr hatnvnlhlcs lc lnvcrsb tnpb *clnfnahanbecs abesruaanbecs, hrdhs%%%. ce prbvcajb lc h`gueh
pbtceanh cxtrhemcrh%
7?. Sshr ebdkrc supucstb b utn`nzhr lbaudcetbs fh`sbs abe fn äc s lc cspnbehmc%
_br ý`tndb cstc hrtäau`b ;;: lcaäh quc sc prcsudnrähe=
00fnecs lc cspnbehmc *%%%. auhelb `bs hatbs rcfcrnlbs sc rch`ø ce sukrcptnanhdcetc abe lnsfrhz fh`schelb
`h prbfcsnñe ehanbeh`nlhl b ebdkrc b cdp`chelb auh`quncr btrb dclnb frhulu`cetb b sne bkmctb mustnfnah$
lb%55
Hlcdès thdknîe `h dblnfnahanñe lc` hrtnau`b ;:> rcabgäh btrhs haanbecs pbr `h s quc
c` quc `h s rch`nzhrh scräh abesnlcrhlb cspäh=
00C` quc tcencelb abefnhlbs b abebancelb bf`anh`ecetc, pbr rhzñe lc su ahrgb, abdnsnñe b
scrvnanb lbaudcetbs p`hebs b csarntbs rcfcrcetcs h bpcrhanbecs b p`hecs dn`nthrcs dhrätndbs b hîrcbs
nefbrdcs lc ahrèatcr dn`nthr dhrätndb b hîrcb b quc tceghe rc`hanñe abe `h lcfcesh ehanbeh` u bkmctbs
dhtcrnh`cs lc ahrèatcr dn`nthr y rcscrvhlb cetrcghrc lhtbs phra ¡h`cs b tbth`cs h pcrsbeh eb hutbrnzhlh phrh
rccnknr`bs b abebacr`bs `bs puk`nahrc b lnvu`ghrc sne hutbrnzhanñe bktuvncrc abpnhs ah`abs b fbtbgrhtnhs lc
`h tbth`nlhl b phrtc lc h`guebs lc `bs lbaudcetbs p`hebs csarntbs nefbrdcs u bkmctbs dhtcrnh`cs rcfcrnlbs
b `bs lcstruycrc b lcmhrc lcstrunr scrè ahstnghlb *%%%. auhelb s~ abdcth abe fnecs lc cspnbehmc *%%%. abe `h
rca`usnñe dhybr h ducrtc ce tncdpb lc gucrrh%5 5
_br ý`tndb `h dblnfnahlh rclhaanñe lc` hrtäau`b ;1? rcf`cmhkh btrbs abdpbrthdncetbs
quc scrähe pcrscgunlbs ce rc`hanñe abe c` cspnbehmc=
00C` quc h shkncelhs prbtcmh bau`tc b lc btrb dblb huxn`nc `bs cspähs%55
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Ahpntu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
@hs dblnfnahanbecs lc cstbs hrtäau`bs abefbrdhkhe c` hrtäau`b prndcrb lc csth @cy lc
8>13, `h auh` ce c` ý`tndb lcmhkh a`hrb quc ce auh`quncr ahsb cstc lc`ntb lc cspnbehmc crh
lc murnslnanñe dn`nthr y `h lctcaanñe lc su abdnsnñe lckcräh scr urgcetcdcetc abduenahlh h`
Csthlb Dhybr Acetrh`%
_crb btrhs lnspbsnanbecs `cgh`cs sc rcfcrähe h su % pcrscauanñe y fuc cstc ý`tndb hspcatb
`h murnslnaanñe quc lckäh abebacr lc cstc lc`ntb c` qu; sufrnñ dblnfnahanñe ce 8>16 lcspuîs
lc nnanhrsc `h Gucrrh%
Se Lcarctb,>1 fnrdhlb c` 6 lc batukrc cxtcelnñ `h abdpctceanh lc `b s \rnkueh`cs
cspcanh`cs archlbs pbr c` Lcarctb lc ; 3 lc hgbstb>< 0 0h` abebandncetb lc `b s lc`ntbs lc
trhnanñe y cspnbehmc prcvnstbs y pcehlbs ce c` \ntu`b ^ lc` \rhthlb scguelb lc` Añlngb lc
Mustnanh dn`nthr%5 5 _br thetb c` cspnbehmc lcmhkh lc csthnkhmb `h murnslnaanñe lc `b s
trnkueh`cs dn`nthrcs% Cstb dhenfncsth quc sc abesnlcrh`h quc thdknîe ce `h rcthguhrlnh y pbr
`b s c`cdcetbs anvn`cs lc `h dnsdh sc lcshrrb``hkhe cCtc tnpb lc hatnvnlhlcs y `h ndpbrtheanh
quc sc `c s btbrghkh ce ue tnpb lc gucrrh abdb `b crh `h quc habetcaäh ce Csphøh ce `h quc
c` cspäh pbläh scr ue vcaneb b ue abdphøcrb lc trhkhmb quc jhk`hkh c` dnsdb nlnbdh tceäh
abstudkrcs sndn`hrcs c nea`usb sc `c abebaäh lc tblb `h vnlh% Qc trhthkh ce sudh lc ueh
gucrrh ce `h quc sn abdb ce tblhs c` c`cdcetb rnn`nthr crh lc cebrdc ndpbrtheanh c`
ahrèatcr anvn` lckäh scr nguh`dcetc tcenlb ce auceth%
Eb bksthetc ahsn ue dcs lcspuîs `h puk`nananñe lc` Khelb>3 fnrdhlb pbr Èegc`
Gh`hrzh c` 1 8 lc batukrc lhkh abdpctceanh sbkrc c` c=9pnbehmc h btrbs trnkueh`cs `b s Murhlbs
> 1 GHAC\H *7%8?%16.%
> <GHAC\H *;6%?:%16.% Qbe bkmctb lc lctcenlb cstulnb ce c ` ahpätu`b e u cv c%
> 3 GHAC\H *3%88%16.%
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Ahpätu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
lc Guhrlnh archlbs pbr Lcarctb>6 lc` 8 7 lc batukrc phrh abebacr lc `bs lc`ntbs abetcenlbs
ce cstbs khelbs lc` Dnenstcrnb lc Gbkcrehanñe% C``b sc lckäh h quc `h dceanbehlh
lnspbsnnanñe lc` ý`tndb läh lc batukrc csthk`caäh quc s~räh abesnlcrhlb hljcsnñe h `h rckc`nñe
dn`nthr cetrc btrhs abshs `h dcrh tceceanh lc csthabecs lc rhlnb sne hutbrnzhanñe *hrt%;
puetb <. b utn`nzhr ue dclnb auh`quncrh quc pcrdntncrh cxpclnr b rcanknr ebtnanhs b scøh`cs abe
fnecs lc cspnbehmc *hrt%; puetb 3.% Hdkhs hatnvnlhlcs abdb yh jcdbs vnstb hetcrnbrdcetc
sc nea`uähe cetrc `h s quc `h s dblnfnahanbecs lc @cy lc ;6 lc mu`nb lc 8>13 abesnlcrhkh
cspnbehmc%
_br thetb h `h h`turh lc ebvncdkrc lc 8>16 h`guehs lc `h s hatnvnlhlcs abesnlcrhlhs
abdb cspnbehmc crhe lc abebandncetb lc `b s \rnkuehTcs cspcanh`cs *`bs ``hdhlbs _bpu`hrcs.
y lc c``hs lbs abearcths cshs quc rcabgäh c` h`ulnlb _helb y prcanshdcetc pbr c``b phshkhe
h scr`b lc `b s eucvbs Murhlbs lc Guhrlnh%
Hsä cs pucs abdb csthkh abesnlcrhlb `cgh`dcetc c` cspnbehmc th ` abdb sc prcvneb ce
tncdpb lc phz y abe `h s dblnfnahanbecs quc sc jnancrbe lcknlb h `h s anrauestheanhs ndpucsths
pbr `h gucrrh% Qne cdkhrgb sn cstc crh ue lc`ntb quc y%n `h `cgns`hanñe hetcrnbr h mu`nb lc 8>16
abetcdp`hkh `h btrhs fbrdhs lc rcsnstceanh h` Csthl. rcpuk`naheb quc sc dhenfcsthrbe ce
Dhlrnl h phrtnr lc 8>16, ueh vcz nenanhlb c` abef`natb rcsu`thrbe hksb`uthdcetc ebvclbshs
y ecacsnthrbe lc dclnlhs `cgh`cs lc nguh` ahrèatcr phrh su pcrscauanñe% Vhdbs h heh`nzhr`b
h abetneuhanñe%
8V%; $ @h lcshfcaanñe% Se abeacptb eucvb
Ce `h prèatnah `h fngurh lc` lcshfcatb surgc ehlh dès nenanhrsc `h gucrrh% H`
> 6GHAC\H *8:%8?%16.% C s t bs Murhlbs sb e heh`nzhlbs ce c ` ahpätu`b hetcrnbr lc cs t c trtkhmb%
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Ahpätu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dha(r`l a`helcstneb%
rcfcrndbs ce c` ahpätu`b eucvc h `h lcpurhanñe ce `h Hldnenstrhanñe lc Mustnanh abesththrc$
dbs quc lcslc `b s prndcrbs lähs hphrcancrbe lnspbsn=nbecs `cgh`cs tcelcetcs h pcrscgunr `h
lcshfcaanñe huequc eb sc h`ulncrh h c``h cxp`äanthdcetc% Hsä c` Lcarct& lc ; 8 lc mu`nb lc
_rcsnlceanh lc` Abescmb lc Dnenstrbs lnspbeäh 0 0`n acshetäh lc tblbs `bs cdp`chlbs quc
jukncrhe tcenlb phrtnanphanñe ce c` dbvndncetb sukva=rsnvb b fucrhe ebtbrnhdcetc cecdngbs
lc` [îgndce5 5% \hdknîe btrb Lcarctb,>: lc äelb`c 3ndn`hr lc` Dnenstcrnb lc Gbkcrehanñe
fnrdhlb aneab lähs lcspuîs cxtceläh `h acshetäh 0 0h` Nestntutb lc `h Guhrlnh Anvn`5 5% Crh
h`gb quc phrcaäh neecacshrnb pucs c` prndcr Lcarctb yh lcaäh quc hfcathkh h `b s cdp`chlbs
0 0auh`quncrh quc sch c` Aucrpb h` quc pcrtceczah 85 5% Xuclh pucs a`hrb quc tblbs
hquc``bs quc sc ceabetrhrhe ce `h s anrauestheanhs qnäc scøh`hkhe csths lnspbsnanbecs crhe
huequc eb sc `c s lcebdnehsc hsä lcshfcatbs%
Se dcs lcspuîs lc` prndcrb lc `b s lcarctbs a` ; 8 lc hgbstb sc fnrdhkh btr& ce c`
quc c` Dnenstcrnb lc Mustnanh cxtceläh cxa`usnvhdcetc phrh cstc Lcphrthdcetb `h s
lnspbsnanbecs lc` Lcarctb lc` ; 8 lc mu`nb h quncecs 00jhyhe bkscrvhlb ueh abeluath quc
sne harclnthr`cs a`hrhdcetc abdb cecdngbs lc` rîgndce rcpuk`naheb csthk`canlb ce `h
Abestntuanñe y phrtnanphetcs ce c` hatuh` dbvndncetb sclnanbsb cxnmh mustnfnahanñe lc` Abescmb
lc Dnenstrbs%5 5 Qcguäh sne hphrcacr cxp`äanthdcetc c` tîrdneb lcshfcaanñe pcrb sc jhanh
rcfcrceanh lc eucvb a`hrhdcetc h c``b%
Qne cdkhrgb jhsth cstc dbdcetb sñ`b pblnn scr abesnlcrhlb lcshfcatb hquc` quc
fucrh cdp`chlb pýk`nab% Auh`quncr btrb anulhlheb qu~ eb sc ceabetrhrh ce csh anrauestheanh
>7 GHAC\H *;;%?7%16.%
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Ahpätu`h 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
sbanb$prbfcsnbeh` huequc hkrnghrh scetndncetbs hetnrrcpuk`nahebs eb pbläh scr neau`phlb
`cgh`dcetc y pcrscgunlb lc nguh` fbrdh abdb lcshfcatb%
@h prndcrh vcz quc hphrcac cxp`äanthdcetc `h lcebdnehanñe lc lcshfcaanñe hp`nahlh
abdb lc`ntb h ueh scrnc lc abdpbrthdncetbs hatntul„~s y hatnvnlhlcs cs ce c` ~ lc
archanñe lc `b s Murhlbs lc Srgceanh quc abebacrnhr lc cstc eucvb lc`ntb yh h nenanbs lc
batukrc% Csth lnspbsnanñe prcanshkh ce su prcèdku`b quc `b s hutbrcs lc 0 0`bs jcajbs quc
sncelb pbr su ehturh`czh lc jbstn`nlhl b lcshfcaanñe h` rîgndce eb rcvnsthe ahrhatcrcs lc
lc`ntb *%%%. abestntuyce ue rncsgb phrh `h [cpýk`nah ce `h s hatuh`cs anrauestheanhs y ce c``bssc bfrcac ue vcrlhlcrb csthlb lc pc`ngrbsnlhl quc rca`tdh `h hp`nahanñe lc dclnlhs hscgurhtn$
vhs%5 5 Abdb rcntcrhkh y prcanshkh c` prndcr hrtäaumb lc cstc Lcarctb sc trhthkh lc jcajbs
quc eb crhe 0 0abestntutnvbs lc `b s lc`ntbs prcvnstbs y sheanbehlbs ce c` Añlngb pceh` abdýe
y ce `hs `cycs pceh`cs cspcanh`cs%5 5 C``b supbeäh ue =ncsgb quc prbetb sc dhenfcstñ lc quc
sc cxtcelncsc `h rcprcsnñe h `ndntcs lnfnan`dcetc lc`crdnehk`cs% Ce c` hrtäau`b ; lc csth
lnspbsnanñe quc ebs bauph sc cspcanfnahkh `b quc sc rcputhräh abdb hatbs lc jbstn`nlhl b
lcshfcaanñe h` [îgndce% Crhe `b s snguncetcs=
0 0h. Lnfnau`thr vb`uethrnhdcetc y ce fbrdh eb grhvc c` audp`ndncetb lc `h s ñrlcecs lhlhs pbr `h s
Hutbrnlhlcs phrh `h lcfcesh hkhstcandncetb gcecrh` y phrtnau`hn shenlhl9 abesudb lc `uz ghs y hguh%
0 0k. Lnfuelnr fh`sbs ddbrcs b ebtnanhs htnecetcs h `hs bpcrhanbecs lc gucrrh hatuhanñe lc`
Gbkncreb b sntuhanñe cabeñdnah b auh`csquncrh btrhs quc tncelhe h prbluanr ue csthlb lc bpnenñe hlvcrsb
h `h [cpýk`nah b h archr ue csthlb lc bpnenñe b lc h`hrdh hlvcrsbs h `h dnsdh%
0 0a. Bkscrvhr ueh abeluath quc sne scr abescautnvh lc lc`ntb lcducstrc pbr `bs hetcaclcetcs y
dñvn`cs quc qunce `h cmcrac cs pcrsbeh ebtbrnhdcetc lcshfcath h` [îgndce%
00l. Auh`quncr btrb jcajb quc pbr sus anrauestheanhs y abescauceanhs lckhcstndhrsc abdb ebanvb
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Ahpätu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
h `bs netcrcscs lc` Gbkncreb h` _uck`b b `h [cpýk`nah%5 5
@h abesnlcrhanñe lc tblb `b hetcrnbr pcrdntäh `h ah`nfnahanñe lc lcshfcatb h ue kuce
eýdcrb lc anulhlhebs% Eb bksthetc c` aärau`b sc vcr=h hdp`nhlb h fneh`cs lc` høb 8>16 abe`h fnrdh lc` Lcarctb„?„ lc 8 ? lc lnancdkrc quc ce su hrtnau`b ; høhläh abdb hatbs lc
jbstn`nlhl b lcshfcaanñe h` [îgndce=
00h. H`tcrhr sne ahush lcknlhdcetc mustnfnahlh b abe efrhaanñe lc khelbs lnspbsnanbecs u ñrlcecs
lnathlhs h` cfcatb pbr hutbrnlhlcs gukcrehtnvhs b duenanph`cs c` prcanb ah`nlhl pcsb, rhanbehdncetb b
lnstrnkuanñe lc hrtäau`bs lc abdcr kckcr b hrlcr bau`thr`bs abe èendb lc hahphrhdncetb abdctcr auh`quncrh
btrh nrrcgu`hrnlhl susacptnk`c lc pcrturkhr c` ebrdh` hkhstcandncmätb lc `bs cxprcshlbs hrtäau`bs b netcethr abe
h`gueb lc `bs fnecs b dñvn`cs cxprcshlbs dhqunehanbecs b `hulcs lc `bs quc dceanbehe `bs hrtäau`bs
qunencetbs vcnetneucvc y qunencetbs trcneth lc` Añlngb _ceh`% 8? ;
0 0k. [ch`nzhr prcvh`nîelbsc lc `h s hatuh`cs anrauestheanhs auh`qtnncrh lc `bs jcajbs usurhrnbs quc
lcfnec c` Añlngb pceh` ce `bs hrtäau`bs qunencetbs trcneth y lbs h qunencetbs trcneth y scns%8?15 5
Lc csth dhecrh huequc thetb ce ueb abdb ce trb lcarctb ce sus scguelbs hrtäau`bs
sc jhk`hkh lc 00hatbs5 5, ce rch`nlhl sc abelceekh pbr `h s nlchs pb`ätnahs h` dcebs ce
vhrnbs lc `b s quc abesnlcrhkh% _br thetb h` archr cstc lc`ntb lc lcshfcaanñe sc lcstruäh c`
hxnbdh murälnab lc quc c` pceshdncetb eb lc`nequc= hetc `bs Murhlbs lc Srgceanh lcsfn`hrähe
duajbs anulhlhebs pbr c` dcrb jcajb lc cxprcshr nlahs y scetndncetbs b hlbpthr abdpbrth$
dncetbs abetrhrnbs h `h [cpýk`nah b `h dhecrh lc abeluanr `h gucrrh pbr `b s dn`nthrcs
rcpuk`nahebs% @hs pcehs prcvnsths phrh `b s abelcehlas pbr jbstn`nlhl b lcshfcaanñe crhe lc
8 ?8 GHAC\H *8;%8;%16.%
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8 ? 1 Ce cs t c a h s b sb e `b s lc`ntbs q u c s c ø h ` h c` Ahpätu`b VN *‚Lc `h u su rh y l c ` h s a h s h s l c prcsthdbs l c prcelhs„, hrt% 3 1 ; h 316.% Añlngb _ceh` lc 8>1;9
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Ahp ftu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
prnvhanñe lc `nkcrthl du`th pîrlnlh lc lcrcajbs a¡vn`cs y pb`ätnabs prnvhanñe lc ahrgb
pýk`nab trhkhmb fbrzbsb b prbjnknanñe lc rcsnlceanh ce ue `ughr *hrtäau`b 1 lc` Lcarctb lc`
8 ? lc batukrc. y scgýe c` prbfcsbr Qèeajcz [canb8?< rcvnstncrbe ueh lurczh cspcanh` lhlh
abdb jcdbs vnstb `h fh`th lc ah`nfnahanñe lc`natnvh l ~ `b s jcajbs%
Btrh lnspbsnanñe quc guhrlh rc`hanñe abe `h pcrscauanñe lc `h lcshfcaanñe cs `h
archanñe lc `bs Ahdpbs lc \rhkhmb pbr Lcarctb„?3 l • ~ ;6 lc lnancdkrc% Qu brghenzhanñe y
fueanbehdncetb `b heh`nzhdbs ce c` ahpntu`b lîandb%
H nenanbs lc 8>17 c` ; 1 lc fckrcrb ue Lcarc =b„?t lcrbghkh `b s lc` 8 ? lc batukrc y
8 ? lc lnancdkrc phshlbs y lc eucvb ce su hrtnau`b scguelb fnmhkh `b s hatbs abesnlcrhlbs
abdb lc jbstn`nlhl b lcshfcaanñe% Eb sc vhrnhkh en ce ueh abdh `h rclhaanñe hphrcanlh ce
`h s lbs lnspbsnanbecs quc sc lcrbghkhe y yh rcabgnlhs hetcs% Eb bksthetc hjbrh sc
abesnlcrhräh abdb 00pceh prneanph`55 c` netcrehdncetb ce ahdpb lc trhkhmb y `h s lcdès
scrähe 0 0pcehs haacsbrnhs55%
Y‚"%1 $ @h Beneth Ab`udeh y c` lcrrbtnsdb
Qn `h lcshfcaanñe abdb jcdbs vnstb fuc bkmctb lc htceanñe lc `h s hutbrnlhlcs abe
c` lcrrbtnsdb y `h Xuneth Ab`udeh eb baurrnñ `a dnsdb h` dcebs ce `b quc h `h s
lnspbsnanbecs `cgh`cs sc rcfncrc% C` tîrdneb lcrrbtnsdb eb hphrcac jhsth c` prcèdku`b lc`
Lcarctb„?7 lc ;; lc muenb lc 8>17 quc csthk`caäh `h archanñe lc` \rnkueh` Cspcanh` phrh `bs
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
lc`ntbs lc cspnbehmc h`th trhnanñe lcrrbtnsdb y btrbC heè`bgbs% @h Xuneth Ab`udeh eueah
hphrcacräh anthlh ce `h `cgns`hanñe cdntnlh pbr `h [cpýk`nah%
Eb bksthetc c` puetb ‚k — lc` hrtäau`b ; lc` Lcarctb lc 8 ? lc batukrc lc 8>16, quc yh
jcdbs rcabgnlb hetcrnbrdcetc lcfneäh abdb ue hatb lc lcshfcaanñe `b quc ce rch`nlhl crhueh
haanñe lc lcrrbtnsdb huequc eb sc `c hp`nahrh csh lcebdnehanñe% _br thetb `h prèatnah
lcrrbtnsth sc puclc abesnlcrhr `cgh`dcetc pcrscgunlh lcslc `h hphrnanñe lc csth lnspbsnanñe
huequc hsndn`hlh h` lc`ntb lc lcshfcaanñe%
_hrh fnmhr `bquc
sc abesnlcrhkh lcrrbtnsdb haulnrcdbs h `b s puetbs scguelb y auhrtblc` hrtnau`b 7 lc` yh dceanbehlb Lcarctb lc` ;; lc muhnb% Cs ce csth fcajh auhelb sc lcfnec
pcrb abdb vhdbs bkscrvhr `b s abdpbrthdncetbs quc lcsarnkc yh sc vceähe dhenfcsthelblcslc
c` nenanb lc` abef`natb% C` dceanbehlb hrtnau`b lcaäh nsä=
0 0Qcguelb% Lnfuelnr b prbph`hr ebtnanhs b cdntnr munanbs lcsfhvbrhk`cs h `h dhrajh lc `hs
bpcrhanbecs lc gucrrh b c` arîlntb y hutbrnlhl lc `h [cpýk`na~% ce c` netcrnbr b ce c` cxtcrnbr lnfuelnr `hs
ebtnanhs lc` cecdngb b fhvbrcacr sus lcsngenbs th` abdb cdntnr munanbs fhvbrhk`cs h `h rcelnanñe lc ueh p`hzh
b h `h abevcenceanh lc phathr abe `bs rckc`lcs%
*% %
00Auhrtb% @bs hatbs b dhenfcsthanbecs quc tncelhe h lcprndnr `h dbrh` pýk`nah b lcsdbrh`nzhr h`
Cmîrantb b h lnsdneunr `h lnsanp`neh ab`catnvh%5 58?:
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lcshfcaanñe. cstbs abdpbrthdncetbs huequc sne pr=anshr thetb% Eb bksthetc c` quc c`
lcrrbtnsdb eb fucrh bkmctb lc ueh prcbauphanñe thr, abearcth abdb `b fuc `h lcshfcaanñe
bkclcac h quc abdb yh sc jh h`ulnlb abe hetcrnbrnlhl dès quc ce cstbs nenanbs lc `h gucrrh
c` lcrrbtnsth hphrcanñ sbkrc tblb h phrtnr lc 8>1:, =uhelb c` futurb lc `h [cpýk`nah ce c`
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Ahpntu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dha Nr`h a`helcstneb%
abef`natb sc bsaurcaäh prbgrcsnvhdcetc%t1> Qne cdkhrgb sn bkscrvhdbs `b quc dcscs lcspuîs
sc abesnlcrhrähe hatntulcs b abdpbrthdncetbs lcrrbtnsths ahkc pceshr quc pulncrbe lhrsc
th`cs pcrfcathdcetc lcslc c` nenanb lc `h Gucrrh%
Qn , abdb jcdbs vnstb c` lcrrbtnsdb thrlñ ce hphrcacr abdb th ` ce `h `cgns`hanñe btrb
fceñdceb quc jcdbs nea`unlb cetrc `h s fbrdhs lc rcsnstceanh h `h [cpýk`nah `h Xuneth
Ab`udeh eueah hphrcanñ cxp`äanthdcetc rcf`cmhlh ce `b s tcxtbs `cgns`htnvbs en snquncrh
auhelb ce muenb lc 8>17 sc archrh c` LCLNLC quc s= fbrdhkh phrh `h 00pcrscauanñe lc`
cspnbehmc y lc auheths hatnvnlhlcs a`helcstnehs y lhøbshs sc lcrnvhe lc î %5 ~
\crdnehdbs cstc hphrthlb lcstnehlb h lcsarntnr cshs eucvhs fbrdhs lc rcsnstceanh h`
Csthlb rcpuk`naheb abe `h Xuneth Ab`udeh pbrquc ²su phrtnanphkh ce su haanñe lc `hs lcdès
hatnvnlhlcs quc jcdbs abesnlcrhlb y lc h`gueh dès% @bs qunethab`udensths crhe bkvnhdcetc
lcshfcatbs tceähe abdb ueh lc su s `hkbrcs fuelhdceth`cs c` cspnbehmc y eb lcsprcanhkhe `h
bpbrtuenlhl lc prhatnahr c` lcrrbtnsdb% Hlcdès thepbab b`vnlhrbe `h `hkbr lc shkbthmc
fuelhdceth`dcetc ce `b s aheh`cs lc hkhstcandncetb lc Dhlrnl *` b quc crh abesnlcrhlb
lcshfcaanñe fuelhdceth`dcetc scgýe c` Lcarctb ac 8 ? lc lnancdkrc5 b lnfnau`thelb lc
auh`quncr fbrdh `h `hkbr lc `h s nestntuanbecs b hutbrnlhlcs rcpuk`nahehs%
C` brngce lc `h lcebdnehanñe lc Xuneth Ab@udeh eb cstè duy a`hrb pcrb `h dès
prbkhk`c cs `h vcrsnñe quc `b htrnkuyc h` Gcecrh` Da`h qunce h nenanbs lc batukrc lc 8>16,
abesnlcrhelb quc `h tbdh lc Dhlrnl crh nednecetc h F nr d ñ quc `h ahpnth` ahcräh pbr `h haanñe
lc `h s auhtrb ab`udehs lc Vhrc`h quc sc hprbxndhkh n *Hscesnb Khrrñe Lc`ghlb Qcrrheb y
8 ?>C stb s c p u c l c abdprbkhr abesu`thelb `bs sudhrnbs q u c s c hkrncrbe c e `bs \rnkueh`, s pbr lc`ntb l c lcrrbtnsdb `bs auh`cs s c abescrvhe ce c ` AHSQH=
@cghmbs= 8 h < ; 1 b Ahmhs 8 h 17:, ømelhe,ceth`dcetc= @h dhybräh l c `b s sudhrnbs pbr c ` dceanbehlb lc`ntb s c hkrncrbe h phrtnr lc 8 > 1 : %
Lcarctb lc ; 8 l c muenb l c 8 > 1 7 *GHAC\H% 81%?6%17.= C` LCLNLC *Lcphrthencet Cspcanh` l c Nefbrdhanñe lc` Csthlb. lcpceläh lc` Dnenstcrnb l c
Gbkcrehanñe%
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Ahpätu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
Ahstcmñe. y ueh quneth quc yh sc jh``hkh lcetrb= `h lc `b s phrtnlhrnbs lc `b s suk`cvhlbs% Fuc
ueh lcshfbrtuehlhhfnrdhanñe quc lcsceahlceñ ueh fnckrc pbr lctcecr qunethab`udensths y c``b
prbvbañ ueh pcrscauanñe lcscefrcehlh phrh `ndpnhr `h rcthguhrlnh lc trhnlbrcs% Eb bksthetc
\jbdhs888 htrnkuyc `h archanñe lc `h cxprcsnñe ‐Xuneth Ab`udeh— h` pcrnblnsth krntèenab @brl
Qt % Bswh`l ce 00ue lcsphajb *b `bah`nzhlb5 cevnhlb h` ‐Lhn`y \c`cgrhpj—55 ce
scptncdkrc%
Ebsbtrbs ebs nea`nehdbs pbr `h hutbräh lc Tv`b`h y phrh hpbyhr`b rcabgcdbs ue
lbaudcetb jh``hlb ce c` Qcrvnanb Jnstñrnab Dn`nthr%—; Auhelb `b s Ehanbeh`cs yh sc jh``hkhe
h `h s pucrths lc `h anulhl sc prcvcäh `h brghenzhanñe pbstcrnbr h `h tbdh lc Dhlrnl quc sc
abesnlcrhkh duy prñxndh% Hsä cstc lbaudcetb cs ueh ebth dheusarnth abe fcajh lc` 7 lc
ebvncdkrc ce `h quc sc rcfncrc quc c` Gcecrh` Db`h jhkäh cevnhlb ueh abduenahanñe hacrah
lc quc cxnstähe ce c` netcrnbr lc `h ahpnth` 0 0scrvnanb: brghenzhlbs phrh htcelcr `h s prndcrhs
ecacsnlhlcs auhelb sc baupc Dhlrnl5 5 y hlcdhs sc nefbrdhkh quc sc pusncsc ce
abebandncetb lc` Gcecrh` Vhrc`h quc sñ`b cetrhrähe ce Dhlrnl ;?? rcquctîs y <?? fh`hegnsths
y ce fueanñe huxn`nhr lc `b s guhrlnhs anvn`cs% Csth ebth dheusarnth pbec lc dhenfncstb=
prndcrb quc sc abesnlcrhkh jcajh `h tbdh lc `h ahpnth` y, ce scguelb `ughr quc sc abethkh
abe quc ce c` netcrnbr lc Dhlrnl fueanbehkhe cshs brghenzhanbecs ce `h a`helcstnenlhl quc
ab`h`nbrhrähe h` dhetcendncetb lc` brlce auhelb fuce @ bauphlh `h anulhl% Cstb crh h`gb quc
sc bkscrvh phrtäh lc ue abevceandncetb lc Db`h y pbr c``b pceshdbs quc cs dès `ñgnab arccr
quc fuc cstc gcecrh` qunce khutnzñ cstc fceñdceb lc `bs phrtnlhrnbs lc `b s suk`cvhlbs ce `h
\JBDHQ, Jug`s% Bp% ant% *p% 386.%
8 8 ; QJD9 HG@9 AGG= Hdn% 8 9 [ % 8;39 @% <: 9 A % < ; 9 Lba% `%
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfne`atñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
rcthguhrlnh cecdngh abdb ‚Xuneth Ab`udeh—% Hlcdès Qhetnhgb Ahrrn``b—1 ebs jh lnajb quc
c``bs ce `h MLD pceshkhe quc `b s hsh`thetcs 0 0tceähe uenlhlcs lc `h guhrlnh anvn` y lc `h s
dn`nanhs fh`hegnsths y ahr`nsths yh thdknîe prcphrhlhs phrh hscgurhr c` brlce pýk`nab ce
Dhlrnl5 5 `b auh` abrrbkbrh `b quc sc hfnrdh ce `h ebth anthlh jh``hlh ce c` hrajnvb dn`nthr%
^h jcdbs h`ulnlb h quc `h Xuneth Ab`udeh rch`nzhkh `hkbrcs lc cspnbehmc shkbthmc
lcrrbtnsdb y ce gcecrh` auh`quncr hatnvnlhl sukvcrsnvh phrh c` Gbkncreb rcpuk`naheb pcrb abe
ueh ebth ahrhatcrästnah= `b rch`nzhkh ce c` dhrab lc ueh brghenzhanñe y pbr thetb lc fbrdh
snstcdètnah y cstulnhlh% _br thetb c` lcshfcatb c` lcrrbtnsth c` shkbtchlbr c` cspäh scabevcrtähe ce qunethab`udensths sn csthkhe ceauhlrhlbs ce ueh brghenzhanñe lc `h s quc ce
tbdb h ueh vcnetceh khmb `h îgnlh lc FC fueanbehrähe ce Dhlrnl b lc h`guehs btrhs quc
hatuhrbe lc fbrdh hutñebdh quc ce su dbdcetb abexcrcdbs%
C` lcshfcatb pbläh sndp`cdcetc cspcrhr c` f¡e lc `h Gucrrh sne ab`hkbrhr ce su
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cspäh pbläh bkclcacr h` Auhrtc` Gcecrh` lc Frheab y eb ceauhlrhrsc ce enegueh brghenzhanñe
ce Dhlrnl% Ce gcecrh` `h a`helcstnenlhl ce Dhlrnl sc lnvnläh ce ueh phrtc hatnvh quc,
prdanph` y fuelhdceth`dcetc h phrtnr lc 8>17, crh `h Xuneth Ab`udeh y ueh phrtc phsnvh quc
bkvnhdcetc crhe lcshfcatbs pcrb quc en phrtnanphkhe en abebaähe `h cxnstceanh lc hquc``h%
838%<%$ @cgns`hanñe rcpuk`naheh abetrh `h a`helcstnenlhl lcslc 8>17
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lnfcrceanhlb abdb fbrdhs lc ndp`nahrsc ce `h jbstn`nlhl b lcshfcaanñe h `h [cpýk`nah% Qh`vb
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Ahpntu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
phrh habthr quî abdpbrthdncetbs sngenfnahkhe ueh u btrh hatntul lc jbstn`nlhl h `h [cpýk`nah%
_crb `h a`helcstnenlhl crh duy vnvh%
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abdpbrthdncetbs hatntulcs y hatnvnlhlcs lc `h a`helcstnenlhl quc sc dhenfcsthrbe ce `h
rcthguhrlnh dhlrn`cøh thetb hetcs lc` 8 : lc mu`nb *phrh c` ahsb cspnbehmc. abdb lcspuîs lc
prbluanlh `h suk`cvhanñe dn`nthr *phrh hquc``b ebvclbsb rcsu`thlb lc `h s eucvhs anrauesthe$
anhs= `h sndp`c lcshfcaanñe c` lcrrbtnsdb y `h quneth ab`uedh.%
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lnfcrceanhs y `h s abeabdntheanhs cetrc uehs y btrhs fbrdhs lc jbstn`nlhl h` [îgndce
rcpuk`naheb y a`hrhdcetc lcfnenlhs ahlh ueh lc c`Ths ce `h s snguncetcs `äechs vhdbs h
cxhdnehr añdb `h s hutbrnlhlcs lc `h [cpýk`nah bkscrvhrbe `h ecacsnlhl lc nr hfnehelb„ dès
`b s abeacptbs b abdpbrthdncetbs y h vcacs rcspbelcr h hatnvnlhlcs a`helcstnehs eucvhs auyh
cxnstceanh sc abesththkh y crhe lhønehs phrh `h rcthguhrlnh rcpuk`naheh% C``b hlcdès ebs
scrvnrè phrh nr vh`brhelb `h ndpbrtheanh lc ueh y btrh h `b `hrgb lc` abef`natb%
_hrh rcahpntu`hr jhsth hjbrh jcdbs vnstb abdb abe c` cspnbehmc trhs c` nenanb lc `h
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phshkh lc trnkueh`cs dn`nthrcs h scr muzghlb lcslc fneh`cs lc 8>16 pbr lbs trnkueh`cs anvn`cs=
`b s _bpu`hrcs y ce lbs ahsbs abearctbs `b s Murhlbs lc Guhrlnh *quc vcrcdbs ce c` ebvceb
ahpätu`b.% @bs hatbs abesnlcrhlbs abdb cspnbehmc crhe `b s dnsdbs quc ce tncdpbs lc phz
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`b s abelcehlbs pbr th ` lc`ntb%
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Ahpntu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
_crb ue Lcarctb—< lc 8 1 lc fckrcrb lc 8>17 dblnfnahräh `b s hrtäau`bs lc` Añlngb lc
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cspähs% Ce c` prcèdku`b lc` Lcarctb sc hfnrdhkh `h dhybr grhvclhl lc cstc lc`ntb ce `h s
hatuh`cs anrauestheanhs y `h ecacsnlhl lc `h cmcdp`hrnlhl dclnhetc `h ndpbsnanñe lc pcehs
scvcräsndhs% _br c``b sc pcehkh lurhdcetc c` lc`ntb lc cspnbehmc= lc 8 ; høbs y 8 läh h `h
pceh lc ducrtc *hrt% 8., y hlcdès c` hrtnau`b sîptndb csthk`caäh `h pbsnkn`nlhl lc quc sc `c
høhlncsc h csh pceh h`gueh lc `h s dclnlhs lc scgusnlhl abetcenlhs ce `h @cy lc Brlce
pýk`nab b ce c` Lcarctb lc archanñe lc `b s Murhlbs lc Srgceanh% \blb c``b rcvc`hkh quc crh
c` abdpbrthdncetb jbstn` lcshfcatb b cecdngb lc `h [cpýk`nah dès lurhdcetc ahstnghlb% Q c
rcabrlhkhe `b s hatbs quc scrähe rcputhlbs abdb cspnbehmc *hrt% 1. rcpntncelb `b s snctc yh
rcabgnlbs„86 y hlcdès sc høhläh ue bathvb huequc ce rch`nlhl supbeäh ueh dhybr prcansnñe
lc `h dblnfnahanñe lc` hrtäau`b ;:> lc` Añlngb lc Mustnanh dn`nthr quc jhkäh dblnfnahlb `h @cy
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Gbkncreb ce `h rcscrvh pbr hfcathr h `h lcfcesh ehanbeh` b h `h scgurnlhl cxtcrnbr lc `h [cpýk`nah y
hpblcrhrsc sne `h lcknlh hutbrnzhanñe lc csbs lhtbs y lnvu`ghn$`bs y, ce gcecrh` `h trhesdnsnñe hpblcrh
dncetb b lnvu`ghanñe lc th`cs rcfcrceanhs sncdprc quc îsths thrghe rc`hanñe abe `h gucrrh%5 5
@h h`usnñe h `h hatuhanñe lc `h s cdkhmhlhs crh a`hrh y thdknîe `b crh `h quc sc jhaäh%
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dh&Nl a`helcstneb%
quc abe hetcrnbrnlhl ce c` puetb prndcrb lc` prndcr hrtnau`b lc cstc Lcarctb sc hfnrdhkh quc
sc rcfcräh h dhetcecr rc`hanbecs 0 0abe ue Csthlb cxtrhemcrb quc sc jh``c ce gucrrh h~ e gu ~
e b jhyh prcaclnlb lca`hrhanñe bfnanh` abe `h [cpýk`nah csphøb`h%5 5 Cvnlcetcdcetc csbs
csthlbs cxtrhemcrbs susacptnk`cs lc rc`hanñe abe `b s cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah eb pblrähe scr
dès quc H`cdhenh Nth`nh b _brtugh` auh`quncr abethatb abe c``bs supbeäh cspnbehmc y csthkh%
a`hrb quc sne lca`hrhr`h csthkhe ce gucrrh abe `h [cpýk`nah csphøb`h%
_br supucstb thdknîe sc abesnlcrhkh cspähs h `b s abbpcrhlbrcs abe `b s cspnhs cfcatnvbs
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abescauceanhs5 5 quclhrähe cxcetbs lc pceh y sn ueb abdp`nahlb ce th` lc`ntb fhan`nthkh ` h %
lctceanñe lc btrbu btrbs au`phk`cs scräh ahstnghlb abeT h pceh nedclnhthdcetc nefcrnbr *hrt%:.%
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h `b s cdkbsahlbs%
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auh`quncrh phrh `h trhesdnsnñe lc nefbrdhanñe abe fnecs lc cspnbehmc,887 hdkbs abdpbrthdnce$
tbs abesnlcrhlbs yh abdb vcrcdbs ce su dbdcetb ce c` Khelb lc` 1 8 lc batukrc lc 8>16
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pcrb c` hrtäau`b ebvceb scøh`hkh quc 0 0`bs la`ntbs abdprcelnlbs ce `b s hrtäau`bs
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lc Guhrlnh% Jhkäh pucs ueh lup`nanlhl lc abdpctceanhs quc sc jhkäh phshlb pbr h`tb%
8 8 7_uetb scxtb lc` hrtäau`b tcracrb l c cs t c Lcarctb%
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Ahpntu`b 1= LcfneNanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
C` ;1 lc fckrcrb Hzhøh y Ghraäh B`nvcr fnrdhkhe ue Lcarctbt8: quc rcfueläh ce ueh
tblhs `h s lnspbsnanbecs quc ce dhtcrnh lc lcshfcaanñe jhkäh cdntnlb `h [cpýk`nah% Ce c`
scguelb hrtäau`b rcabgäh 0 0`bs hatbs quc sc rcputhrhe abdb hatbs lc jbstn`nlhl y
lcshfcaanñe h` rîgndce55 y rcabgäh `bs dnsdbs scns abdpbrthdncetbs quc yh jhkäh
csthk`canlb c` Lcarctb lc archanñe lc `b s Murhlbs lc Srgceanh—> y ue pbstcrnbr Lcarctb„;? lc
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quc sc ndpbeähe h `b s lcshfcatbs pcrb c``b cs abdcethlb ce btrh phrtc lc cstc trhkhmb%
Ce cecrb c` Dnenstrb lc Gbkcrehanñe jhkäh fnrdhlb ueh Brlce abe c` bkmctb lc
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quc mustnfnahsc su vnhmc y cstheanh *hrt% 1. % Hsä dnsdb sc rcntcrhkh `h bk`nghanñe lc lnrcatbrcs
b rcspbeshk`cs lc cstbs csthk`candncetbs lc lhr auceth h `h LBQ b h` Gbkncreb Anvn` lc
auh`quncr cxacsb ce c` tncdpb lc pcrdheceanh prcsarntb pbr c` Mcfc lc Senlhl lc` dn`nthr b
dn`nanheb jbspclhlb *hrt%<. y cstbs lhrähe auceth h` Dnenstcrnb qunce h su vcz `b ebtnfnahräh
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nesarnpanñe eb abrrcspbeläh h `h rch` `b s lnrcatbrcs b rcspbeshk`cs lckäh rcaurrnr h `h shutbrnlhlcs phrh su lctceanñe%
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ce Dhlrnl tceähe c` abetrb` lc `h sntuhanñe y crhe `h hutbrnlhl ce `h s ah``cs lc Dhlrnl% Hjbrh
sc csthkh abesnguncelb quc îsth phshrh h dhebs lc quncecs csthkhe `cgntndhlbs phrh cmcracr`h
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Ahpntu`b 1= LcfnenaNñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
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csthk`canñ `h lc tblhs `h s cdnsbrhs lc rhlnb ce scrvnanb b eb y lc cetnlhlcs b phrtnau`hrcs% ^
h cstc Lcarctb `c sngunñ ueh Brlce,„;> h` läh sngunce=c ce `h quc sc csthk`caäh quc 0 0`h
fucrzh pýk`nah ce uenñe lc` pcrsbeh` tîaenab ecacshrnb rctnrhrè lc `bs `bah`cs ce quc
fueanbece b sc jh``ce lcpbsnthlhs `h s csthanbecs cdnsbrhs ahphacs lc rch`nzhr scrvnanbs lc
rhlnblnfusnñe5 5 hsä abdb c` dhtcrnh` rc`hanbehlb abe c``hs *hrt% ;.9 sc cxacptuhrbe
prbvnsnbeh`dcetc `h s csthanbecs lc rhlnblnfusnñe hutbrnzhlhs 0 0ce prndcrb lc mu`nb lc
8>165 5 *hrt% 1. y sc lhkh ue p`hzb lc auhrcetx y bajb jbrhs h `bs pbscclbrcs b
lcpbsnthrnbs phrh lca`hrhr ce c` Gbkncreb Anvn` sus asthanbecs *hrt% <.9 sc prbjnkäh `h vceth
lc dhtcrnh` *hrt% 3. 9 pbr ý`tndb sc csthk`caäh quc phrh lnspbecr lc `h s csthanbecs neahuthlhs
8 ;6 [cabgnlh ce H[ÑQ\ CGSN, M % y DH[\ÄEC] DH[\NE% MH% Bp%ant%
8 ;7Lc`cghlb lc Brlce _ýk` nab l c `h MLLD%
8 ;:GHAC\H *;:%?3%17.%
8 ; > GHAC\H *8%?6%17.%
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Ahpätu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
jhkräh quc cspcrhr c` lnathdce lc `h Mueth Abbrlnehlbrh lc [hlnblnfusnñe *lcarctb lc` 8 > lc
dhrzb. 0 0b ce ahsb lc lnsb`uanñe lc îsth55 *phrcac quc yh sc prcvcäh `h sustntuanñe,,
lähs lcspuîs lc csth Mueth. pbr prbpucsth lc `b s trcs dnenstcrnbs ndp`nahlbs *hrt% >. % C`
hrtnau`b 8?, ý`tndb lc cstc lcarctb pbeäh lc dhenfncstb duy a`hrhdcetc `h sntuhanñe lc
gucrrh= 0 0Xuclh tcrdnehetcdcetc prbjnknlb cfcatuhr cdnsnbecs b rctrhesdnsnbecs lc hatbs
eb hprbkhlbs prcvnhdcetc pbr `h s hutbrnlhlcs quc cm~race `h acesurh5 5%
C` 1 lc muenb pbr btrb Lcarctb81? sc csthk`caähe ueh scrnc lc dblnfnahanbecs sbkrc c`
lc` 8 > lc dhrzb phshlb y lcmhelb nguh` `h lnstrnkua ñe lc abdpctceanhs cetrc `b s dnsdbs
dnenstcrnbs sustntuyñ csh Mueth archlh cetbeacs pbr `h Mueth Ehanbeh` lc [hlnblnfusnñe *hrt%
1. lcpcelncetc lc` Dnenstcrnb lc Abduenahanbecs pcrb abe rcprcscethetcs lc `b s trcs,„1„ y
tcencelb h su ahrgb tblb `b rcfcrcetc h `h rhlnbabreuenahanñø sncelb `h ceahrghlh lc `h
neahuthanñe lc cdnsbrhs auhelb c``b fucrh prbaclcenc *hrt% 3.% Eb bksthetc h pcshr lc `h
archanñe lc csth eucvh Mueth btrb Lcarctb,„1; lc 8 ; lc muenb dhetuvb `h neahuthanñe sc
hlvcrtäh quc tcdpbrh` lc `bs Qcrvnanbs lc [hlnb Csphøh y CHX lc Dhlrnl%
Lc csth fbrdh ce cstc dbdcetb `h s hutbrnlhlcs rcpuk`nahehs lckähe tcecr abetrb`
sbkrc tblhs `h s cdnsbrhs lc rhlnb *duajb dès ndpbrthetc quc `b s sndp`cs rcacptbrcs. pbr `b
quc auh`quncr csthanñe ce dhebs lc ue phrtnau`hr sc jh``hkh ce sntuhanñe lc n`cgh`nlhl y pbr
thetb hatuhkh ce `h a`helcstnenlhl= ce csc ahsb csthkhe `h s lnstneths cdnsbrhs utn`nzhlhs pbr
`h s brghenzhanbecs a`helcstnehs h `h s quc ce su dbdcetb jhacdbs rcfcrceanh% _crb eb sñ`b
csb `h s cdnsbrhs ``hdîdbs`hs `cgh`cs *pbr cmcdp`b Senñe [hlnb b `h lc ueh hgruphanñe
8 1 ? GHAC\H *<%?6%17.% C s tc lcarctb fu c abevh`nlhlb abe ahrèatcr l c @cy c` ; 8 l c baukrc lc 8 > 1 7 *GHAC\H, ;1%8?%17.%
8 18 Seh Brlce lc N 8 ; l c mu`nb lc 8 > 1 : *GHAC\H 81%?7,1:. ha`hrî q u c scrnhe vbah`cs e htb s l c cs th Mueth c` Qcarcthrnb lc` Dnenstcrnb l c Lcfcesh y `bsQukscarcthrnbs l c `bs dnenstcrnbs l c Abduenahanbecs y _ r b p h g h e l h y Gbkcrehanñe%
8 1; GHAC\H *81%?6%17.%
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
pb`ätnah. lckähe csthr abetrb`hlhs pbr `h s hutbrnlhlcs r„~puk`nahehs y pbr thetb sus cdnsnbecs%
Abdb vcrcdbs ce su dbdcetb cstb eb fuc sncdprc hsä y `h Xuneth Ab`udeh dhlrn`cøh sc
vh`lräh lc csths cdnsbrhs `cgh`cs phrh sus abduenahanbecs%
Eb sñ`b crh `h rhlnb jhkäh btrbs duajbs ckdcetbs quc knce cdp`chlbs pbr `b s
cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah pblähe rcsu`thr duy lhønebs phrh `h vnlh ce `h rcthguhrlnh% @h
a`helcstnenlhl dhlrn`cøh `b shkäh y `h s hutbrnlhlcs rcpuk`nahehs crhe abesancetcs lc quc
lckähe csthk`cacr ue abetrb`% Seb lc cstbs c`cdcetb9 lc `b s quc sc vh`ähe `b s dhlrn`cøbs
hetnrrcpuk`nahebs crhe `h s hrdhs%C` 8 1 lc dhyb Èegc` Gh`hrzh fnrdhkh ue Khelb„11 quc høhläh ue abdpbrthdncetb quc
sc tnpnfnahkh abdb ueh fbrdh lc lcshfcaanñe h `h [cpýk`nah= `h tceceanh lc hrdhs `hrghs
dèqunehs lc gucrrh cxp`bsnvbs dhtcrnhs neacelnhrnh9 ghscs `èarndñgcebs b hsfnxnhetcs sc
abesnlcrhräh abdb hljcsnñe b huxn`nb *ce fueanñe lc % h grhvclhl. h `h rckc`nñe th ` y abdb
`h s lnstneguäh c` Añlngb lc Mustnanh Dn`nthr% _br c``b c` pbscclbr lc fbrdh n`äanth lc ueh hrdh
scräh pbr thetb lcshfcatb h `h [cpýk`nah abelnanñe quc ecacshrnhdcetc nkh ndp`nanth ce `h
lc rckc`lc%
C` ;; lc muenb sc fnrdhkh c` ndpbrthetc Lcarctb„1< quc archkh c` \rnkueh` Cspcanh` lc
cspnbehmc h`th trhnanñe lcrrbtnsdb y btrbs heè`bgbs%„1~ Qn knce csth lnspbsnanñe `h heh`nzhdbs
pbrdcebrnzhlhdcetc ce c` ebvceb ahpätu`b ce cstc puetb ebs netcrcshe sus hrtäau`bs qunetb
y scxtb ce `b s quc sc nea`uähe ueh rc`hanñe lc `b s hatbs quc sc abesnlcrhkhe cspnbehmc h`th
trhnanñe y lcrrbtnsdb y pbr celc qunethab`ueeesdb _br thetb lc eucvb sc rclcfdähe tblbs
‚11GHAC\H *t1%?3%17.%
8 1 <GHAC\H *;1%?6%17.%
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Ahpätu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
`b s abdpbrthdncetbs quc supbeähe jbstn`nlhl b lcshfcaanñe h `h [cpýk`nah y `h s haanbecs quc
sc nea`uyce cetrc `h s prbpnhs lc `h s brghenzhanbecs lc `h Xuneth Ab`udeh lc `h rcthguhrlnh%
dhlrn`cøh% @bs hatbs lc cspnbehmc crhe `b s dnsdbs abesnlcrhlbs ce lnspbsnanbecs hetcrnbrcs
yh rcabgnlhs%81 6 _crb hjbrh c` hrtäau`b scxtb sc bauphkh lc lcfnenr `h s haanbecs abesnlcrhlhs
abdb lc h`th trhnanñe quc crhe `h s auhtrb snguncetcs=
0 0_rndcrb% \blh haanñe u bdnsnñe quc, pbr su prbpnh äelb`c b pbr `h s anrauestheanhs lc` `ughr y
dbdcetb puclh rhanbeh`dcetc scr rcputhlh abdb abesäntutnx h lc h`th trhnanñe pbr tcelcr h pcrmulnahr
grhvcdcetc `h lcfcesh lc `h [cpýk`nah b c` ebrdh` fueanbehdcetb lc sus scrvnanbs lc gucrrh b anvn`cs b
quckrhethr `h lnsanp`neh sbanh` ce grhlb susacptnk`c lc lckn`nthr Nn hutbrnlhl lc` Gbkncreb b `h cfnahanh lc sus
rcsb`uanbecs b quc puclh abdprbdctcr netcrcscs b c` prcstngnb la `h [cpýk`nah ce sus rc`hanbecs netcrehanbeh$
`cs huequc `bs jcajbs quc `h netcgrce eb sc jh``ce abdprcelnlbs ce `bs lc`ntbs lc trhnanñe quc lcfnece y
sheanbehe `h s @cycs vngcetcs%
0 0Qcguelb% Lnffnelnr b prbph`hr ebtnanhs b cdntnr munanbs lcsfhvbrhk`cs h `h dhrajh lc `h s
bpcrhanbecs lc gucrrh b h` arîlntb y hutbrnlhl lc `h [cpýk`nah ce c` netcrnbr b ce c` cxtcrnbr lnfuelnr `hs
ebtnanhs lc` cecdngb b fhvbrcacr sus lcsngenbs th` abdb cdntnr munanbs fhvbrhk`cs h `h rcelnanñe lc ueh p`hzh
b h `h abevcenceanh lc phathr abe `bs rckc`lcs%
00\cracrb% @h lcstruaanñe b cstrhgb ahushlb ce tblh a`hsc lc csthk`candncetbs dn`nthrcs b ehvh`cs
b ce sus dclnbs lcfcesnvbs y bfcesnvbs hsä abdb ce bkrhs vä~s b dclnbs lc abduenahanñe sudnenstrb ce
`bs scrvnanbs pýk`nabs fèkrnahs y h`dhacecs quc pbr `h fneh`nlhl h quc cstèe lclnahlbs supbegh ueh
lnsdneuanñe rch` b pbsnk`c lc `h pbtceanh`nlhl dn`nthr b cabebdnah lc `h [cpýk`nah y c` hpblcrhdncetb
nelcknlb abe dhenfncstb lhøb phrh c` netcrîs pýk`nab lc kncecs rnquczhs ýtn`cs b nestrudcetbs ecacshrnbs phrh
`h lcfcesh ehanbeh` b `h haanñe lc` Csthlb%
00Auhrtb% @bs hatbs b dhenfcsthanbecs quc tncelhe h lcprndnr `h dbrh` pýk`nah lcsdbrh`nzhr h`
Cmîrantb b h lnsdneunr `h lnsanp`neh ab`catnvh%5 5
Abdb vcdbs `h prndcrh y `h tcracrh hatnvnlhlcs pbr `h quc sc `c pbläh ah`nfnahr h
@h @cy lc ;6 lc mu`nb l c 8 > 1 3 y c` Lcarctb l a 8 1 l c fckrcrb l c 8 >1 7%~16
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
h`gunce lc trhnlbr sc rcfcrähe h haanbecs lc shkbthmc y `h scguelh y `h auhrth *`hs auh`cs yh
rcabgndbs hetcrnbrdcetc. crh purhdcetc prhatnahr c` lxrbtnsdb% Ce tblbs `b s ahsbs abestntu~
yce phrtc lc `h s hatnvnlhlcs quc rch`nzhkhueh brghenzhanñe a`helcstneh lc `h Xuneth Ab`uedh%
Lc csth fbrdh `b s hatbs prbpnbs lc îsth quclhkhe lctnenlbs ce csth lnspbsnanñe%
C` hrtäau`b sîptndb lc cstc Lcarctb htceläh h `h s pcehs quc sc ndpbelrähe pbr `h
abdnsnñe lc cstbs lc`ntbs= nkhe lcslc `b s 6 høbs y 8 lnh h `h pceh lc ducrtc lcpcelncelb lc
`h grhvclhl% Cs lcanr ue qunethab`udensth sc cefrcethkh h cstbs lurbs ahstngbs sn crh
`bah`nzhlb y lctcenlb% Eb bksthetc abdb ce c` Lcarc`b lc 8 1 lc fckrcrb phshlb sc prcvcähekcecfnanbs c nea`usb `h cxceanñe tbth` lc pceh phrh `b s lc`htbrcs *hrt% 88.%
@h Xuneth Ab`udeh quclhkh a`hrhdcetc lcfne@lh y `h s abescauceanhs lc hatuhr ce `h
a`helcstnenlhl dhlrn`cøh abdb qunethab`udensth a`hrhdcetc csthk`canlhs phrh hquc``bs quc
bpthrhe pbr cstc hrrncsghlb dîtblb lc `uajh abetrh `n [cpýk`nah fucrh lc `bs frcetcs ce `h
rcthguhrlnh cecdngh%
Abdb jcdbs h`ulnlb ce btrbs dbdcetbs khmb supucsth `uajh abetrh cecdngbs
cdkbsahlbs sc ceaukrncrbe vceghezhs pcrsbeh`cs b sndp`cs rcean``hs cetrc vcanebs pbr c``b
ueh Brlce„17 htceläh h` scrnb prbk`cdh lc `h s lceueanhs fh`shs quc ceaukrähe suanbs netcrcscs%
Csth lnspbsnanñe lc` Dnenstcrnb lc Mustnanh abetcdp`hkh cetrc `b s lckcrcs lc `h rcthguhrlnh
0 0prbpbranbehr h` _blcr pýk`nab `bs c`cdcetbs lc nefbrdhanñe quc lceueance h` trhnlbr h`
cspäh h` rckc`lc cdkbsahlb cetrc eucstrhs fn`hs y aukncrtb pbr ue ahrect pb`ätnab b snelnah`%%
C` rch`nzhr csh `hkbr cs ue hatb lc hljcsnñe h` rîgndce y lc audp`ndncetb lc` lckcr5 5,
8 17 GHAC\H *8;%?:%17.%
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
pcrb rcabebaäh quc csh `hkbr quc ah`nfnahkh lc 0 0dnsnñe shgrhlh5 5, 0 0abe
fr~AS~n@N¡5 581: sc abevncrtc 0 0ce dhebs vcethmnsthsycevn`canlhs ce fh`shs lca`hrhanbecs
quc netcethe pcrturkhr c` cmcrananb lc `h hutbrnlhl lnstrhycelb su htceanñe lc` aunlhlb lc `b s
ecgbanbs pýk`nabs phrh pbecr`h h` scrvnanb lc abeaupnsaceanhs `ughrcøhs vceghezhs
pcrsbeh`cs u blnbs scathrnbs%5 5 Crh ue rcabebandncetb lc `h grhvclhl lc` prbk`cdh lc `h s
lceueanhs fh`shs auyh cxprcsnñe grèfnah cs c` ahsb rcabgnlb ce cstc trhkhmb ehrrhlb pbr
Mu`nèe ]ughzhgbntnh lc` lculbr sne csarýpu`bs quc qucräh `nkrhrsc lc su lculh c`ndnehelb h`
kcecfnanhrnb lc `h dnsdh% Qc cetceläh quc cstbs abdpbrthdncetbs supbeähe ue 00lc`ntbabetrh `h lcdbarhanh y `h [cpýk`nah5 5 pbrquc 0 0qunce dbtcmh lc fhsansth lc trhnlbr lc
hetnrrcvb`uanbehrnb lc cecdngb lc` puck`b h ueh pcrsbeh lctcrdnehlh b h ue grupb lc
pcrsbehs sne rhzñe en fuelhdcetb khsthetc b sne quc `h hutbrnlhl jhyh prbeueanhlb su fh``b
fh`th h su lckcr y abeau`ah `h s @cycs pbr auyb trnuek sc khtc c` puck`b h qunce sc nevbah
phrh hlbpthr cshs hatntulcs%5 5 Qc nea`uäh cetrc cstbs rcprbkhk`cs abdpbrthdncetbs
lceueanhr h h`gunce pbr c` dcrb jcajb lc scr 00Qhacrlbtc lc ueh [c`ngnñe b pbr
hldnenstrhr su s Qharhdcetbs5 5 y sc nesthkh h `h Hldnenstrhanñe lc Mustnanh *trnkueh`cs y
fnsah`cs. h hatuhr pbrquc c` quc hsä bkrhsc eb pbläh tcecr btrb trhtb quc c` lc ue lcshfcatb h`
[îgndce%
Csthkh a`hrb quc sc jhkähe ceaukncrtb pcrscauanbecs sne btrh rhzñe quc `h vceghezh
y abdb jcdbs `cälb `h s prbpnhs hutbrnlhlcs rcpuk`nahehs rcabebaähe `h 0 0frcauceanh5 5
lc cstbs abdpbrthdncetbs quc yh jcdbs abdprbkhlb ce btrhs phrtcs lc `h prcscetc
nevcstnghanñe c nea`usb ``cghkhe h hfnrdhr quc crh ue 00jcajb `hdcethk`c y kbajbrebsb
*%%%. quc sc prbluzahe abesthetcdcetc lceueanhs fh`sCs5 5% @h `uajh abetrh `h lcshfcaanñe
ce `h rcthguhrlnh ` `cvñ abesngb cstc rncsgb lc hkusbs%
8 1:C` sukrhyhlb c s eucstrb% 8:7
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Ahpätu`b 1= LcfNenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
Abdb abdp`cdcetb h cstb c` Fnsah` Gcecrh` lc `h [cpýk`nah Cluhrlb Brtcgh y
Ghssct fnrdhkh ueh Anrau`hr„1> c` 8 ; lc hgbstb ce `h quc rcqucräh 0 0lc ueh dhecrh cspcanh`
h `b s Fnsah`cs phrh quc auhelb ce `bs lnsaursbs b hrtäau`bs pb`ätnabs b ce su lnfusnñe pbr `h
ndprceth sne quc sc h cxaush jhyh phshlb pbr `h acesurh b ce hatbs lc `h ehturh`czh quc sch
sc prbluzahe dhenfcsthanbecs quc cxantce c` rceabr y `h lnsabrlnh neabce `bs bpbrtuebs
prbaclndncetbs quc scgýe `bs ahsbs jhkrèe lc sc r trhdnthlbs pbr `b s \rnkueh`cs brlnehrnbs
b pbr c` \rnkueh` lc Cspnbehmc y H`th \rhnanñe%55 Q c lhkh ue tbquc lc htceanñe sbkrc tblb
h `h s brghenzhanbecs pb`ätnahs y snelnah`cs phrh quc abe `h cxaush lc ‐ `h `uajh hetnfhsansth
eb dhqunehrhe uehs abetrh btrhs quc crh btrh lc `h s ndpbrthetcs rhzbecs quc dbtnvhkhe `h
prb`nfcrhanñe lc lceueanhs fh`shs% H` fd y h` ahkb tblb c` hsuetb lc` prbacsb lc` _BSD quc
tcrdneñ abe c` hscsnehtb lc Helrîs Ene *cpnsblnb quc ‚~sthkh tcencelb `ughr pbr csths dnsdhs
fcajhs. tuvb duajb quc vcr abe cstb%
Btrh ndpbrthetc prcbauphanñe ce `h vnlh dhlrn`cøh lurhetc `h gucrrh fucrbe `b s
hkhstcandncetbs% Abdb jcdbs rcabgnlb ce su dbdcetb h`tcrhr c` prcanb b `h ah`nlhl sh`thrsc
`h s ebrdhs lc rhanbehdncetb prhatnahr `h usurh y ce lcfnentnvh lnfnau`thr c` hkhstcandncetb
y `h suksnstceanh lc `h pbk`hanñe pbr c` Lcarctb8<„ lc 8 ? lc lnancdkrc lc 8>16, sc
abesnlcrhkhe hatbs lc jbstn`nlhl b lcshfcaanñe h` [îgndce% Se Lcarctb„<; lc _rcsnlceanh ce
t1> GHAC\H *8:%?:%17.%
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`h LG Q *qu c arccdbs q u c cstèe c e cs t c `cghmb pbr crrbr y h q u c eb s c abrrcspbelce abe `h lbaudcethanñe prbpnh lc î`. f c aj hl bs cetrc c` @ B lc hg bs t b yc ` < l c scptncdkrc l c 8 > 1 7 ce `b s q u c abesth `h lcshphrnanñe l c En lc` aj h c t lc Jnlt`gb l c Ansecrbs l c H`ah`è l c J c e h rc s s c lnac q u c h d he bs lcdncdkrbs lc `h GCQ\H_B * t c s n s q u c lcfncelc Dheuc` H]HEH c e 8>17 % A u hl c r e b l c `h C bk`cth% \bdb @ V l c B krhs A bd p`cths9 Dhlrnl, Clnanbecs G ne cr, ,8 > > ; $p% 6 >; . huequc c e rch`nlhl `b fu c pbr hg ce tcs sbvnîtnabs *abdb ehrrhdbs ce c ` ahpätn`b 6.% C` a h s b l c En c s phrhlngdètnab l c u e h vceghezh l c u e hfbrdhanñe pb`ätnah, `bs abduensths, abetrh btrh h a u s h l h l c fhsansth—, c ` _BSD *[cauîrlresc `h s abebanlhs pnethlhs= ‚²Lñelc cs t è Ene2 Ce Qh`hdheah bce Kcr`ne.%
8 <@GHAC\H *8;%8;%16.%
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
hgbstb lc 8>17 `b rcntcrhkh y ce abesbeheanh abe c` Gbkncreb [hfhc` Jceajc lc `h _`hth
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`eeanes,hrnbs 8<# Hdhs lc6#
ahs%
Cf`lnhetcs :# 8;# Dn`nthrcs
Vnstbs cstbs lhtbs ebs lhdbs auceth lc quc `h lcshfcaanñe dhlrn`cøh csthkh dèsrcprcscethlh ce `hs a`hscs dclnhs, `b auh` cs abesnlcrCr ue èdkntb duy hdp`nb, pbrquc khmb
cstc grupb nea`unrähdbs h cdp`chlbs, dn`nthrcs abdcranhetcs y tcelcrbs, fueanbehrnbs,
prbfcsnbeh`cs `nkcrh`cs, prbpncthrnbs *huequc abdb yh rcdbs lnajb su prcsceanh crh däendh.
y arccdbs quc `h dhybräh lc `bs cstulnhetcs% C``b supbec h`gb dès lc` 73#% Cs lcanr dès
Abdcra¡hf`tc, 6#
8>6
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
lc trcs lc ahlh auhtrb lcshfcatbs dhlrn`cøbs pcrtcecaähe h `h a`hsc dclnh lcslc sus cstrhtbs
dès h`tbs abdb ue prbpncthrnb b ndpbrthetc hkbghlb jhsth `b s dès khmbs abdb u e tcelcrb lc
khrrnb quc qunzè ce duajbs ahsbs jhkräh quc nea`unr`b cetrc `hs ahphs dès pbptä`hrcs lc `hahpnth`% ^ ce cstc scetnlb, hlcdès, eb crh `b dnsdb ue tcelcrb lc `h ah``c lc Gbyh quc ueb
lc `h ah``c lc Mhîe ce tbdb h Auhtrb Ahdnebs zbeh bkrcrh ce `b s høbs trcneth% Eb bksthetc
lckcdbs abesnlcrhr sne lulh en dhtnz h `b s cdp`chlbs b fueanbehrnbs dn`nthrcs abdcranhe
tcs, cstulnhetcs b prbfcsnbeh`cs `nkcrh`cs abdb netcgrhetcs lc `h a`hsc dclnh urkheh y cstbs
supbece abe duajh lnfcrceanh `b s scatbrcs dès rcprcscethlbs cetrc `b s cecdngbs lc `h
[cpýk`nah ce Dhlrnl%
Cs dès scgundbs `b s arntcrnbs lc` prbfcsbr Qhetbs Mu`nè,tQQ y î` abesnlcrh quc ce `h
a`hscbkrcrh dhlrn`cøh lc `bs trcneth ceabetrhdbs trcs ~ýa8cbsfuelhdceth`cs= `bs trhkhmhlbrcs
lc bfnanb auh`nfnahlb `b s bkrcrbs y `b s cdp`chlbs lc scrvnanb *Mu`nè hfnrdh quc ce Dhlrnl
jhkäh acrah lc 7???? arnhlhs phrh ueh pbk`hanñe hatnvh lc 1????? dhlrn cøbs.% ^ scgýe
eucstrb cstulnb csth a`hsc bkrcrh eb h`ahezhräh c` ;?>~, b ue pbab dès s n nea`uycrhdbs phrtc
lc csbs tcelcrbs `bs lc khrrnbs bkrcrbs abdb \ctuèe b Auhtrb Ahdnebs% _br thetb ce
auh`quncr ahsb sc bkscrvh quc supbelräh ueh dnebräh cetrc `b s lcshfcatbs dhlrn`cøbs%
Qne cdkhrgb ce rc`hanñe abe `h a`hsc sbanh@, vhdbs h abdcethr uebs lhtbs phrh
dhtnzhr phrtc lc h`guebs tñpnabs quc h vcacs anrau`he ce tbdb h `h Gucrrh%
Qncdprc sc jh abesnlcrhlb y ce cstc trhkhmb thdknîe `b jhacdbs hsä ce c` ahpätu`b
ebvceb, quc bs lnstnetbs trnkueh`cs pbpu`hrcs quc sc atchrbe tuvncrbe ue ahrèatcr rcvb`uanbeh
rnb abe uebs murhlbs abestntunlbs pbr rcprcscethetcs lc `hs fbrdhanbecs pb`ätnahs y snelnah`cs
lc csc ahrèatcr% Qn knce cs bkvnb quc `h ndphranh nlhl y cauhendnlhl lc cstbs murhlbs eb fuc
NQ Ch Nt netcrvceanñe hahlîdnah yh anthlh ab e hetcrnbrnlhl%
8>7
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dha rnl a`helcstneb%
prcanshdcetc, su ebth lcfnentbrnh abe `b s lhtbs quc hquä prcscethdbs *y quc ce `h s `äechs
snguncetcs sc vh h vcr rcfrcelhlb pbr btrbs. thdknîe cs ancrtb quc `h a`hsc sbanh` eb
lctcrdnehkh ecacshrnhdcetc `h rcsb`uanñe lc` trnkueh` b lnajb lc btrb dblb scr bkrcrb eb
ecacshrnhdcetc sh`vhkh lc `h abelceh sn eb sc lcdbs urhkh quc sc crh hfcatb h `h [cpýk`nah
b scr abesnlcrhlb ‐kurguîs— b eb prb`ctheb eb ndpcläh lcdbstrhr hetc csbs murhlbs pbpu`hrcs
*pbrquc `h prcsueanñe lc nebaceanh eb cxnstäh. `h `ch`thl h` [îgndce% Hsä ce eucstrb heè`nsns
jcdbs pblnlb abdprbkhr quc ahsn c` 31# lc `b s dhlrn`cøbs lc a`hsc bkrcrh *uencelb `b s trcs
scatbrcs quc lcetrb lc c``h jcdbs abesnlcrhlb hrrnkh. quc abdphrcancrbe hetc `b s trnkueh`cs
fucrbe lca`hrhlbs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah `b quc sngenfnah quc cetrc `b s bkrcrbs lc Dhlrnl
quc fucrbe haushlbs lc lcshfcatbs fucrbe abelcehlbs ue 6# dès lc `b s quc h` fneh` fucrbe
hksuc`tbs pbr csbs trnkueh`cs pbpu`hrcs y rcvb`uanbehebs% _crb dès hýe `b s trnkueh`cs
abelcehrbe abdb lcshfcatbs ahsn h thetbs dhlrn`cøbs lc a`hsc dclnh abdb h `b s quc
lca`hrhrbe `ch`cs h `h [cpýk`nah *3?%1# frcetc h <>%7#. c, nea`usb sn tcecdbs ce auceth quc
phrtc lc `b s haushlbs lc cecdngbs lc` [îgndce eb ``cghrbe h munanb pbrquc su haushanñe fuc
rctnrhlh sñ`b c` <<# lc `b s dhlrn`cøbs lc a`hsc dclnh quc phshrbe pbr `b s trnkueh`cs fucrbe
abelcehlbs y c` rcstb lca`hrhlbs `ch`cs h `h [cpýk`nah% Cstbs lhtbs ebs pcrdntce dhtnzhr c s h %
ctnqucth eb bksthetc ancrth lc rcvb`uanbehrnb quc sc hp`nah h `b s \rnkueh`cs _bpu`hrcs y csh
nlch tñpnah quc h vcacs anrau`h lc quc pbr lcanr`b vu`ghrdcetc abelcehkhe pbr snstcdh h`
‐scøbrntb— y hksb`vähe h` bkrcrb%
Jcdbs lcmhlb hphstc lbs scatbrcs lc `b s quc h` prneanpnb jcdbs abesnlcrhlb= `h s hdhs
lc ahsh y `b s rc`ngnbsbs% Ce hdkbs ahsbs eb sc puclc csthk`cacr ueh lnfcrceanhanñe pbr a`hsc
sbanh` pbrquc sc trhth lc ueh bauphanñe quc eb ndp`nahkh `h hlsarnpanñe h ueh abearcth%
Dès hlc`hetc abdp`cthrcdbs cstc phebrhdh y abdprcelcrcdbs dcmbr cstbs lhtbs
8>:
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhl„rnl a`helcstneb%
auhelb cxhdnecdbs `h lnstrnkuanñe lc `bs lcshfcatbs dhlrn`cøbs pbr zbehs lc `h ahpnth`
Vcrcdbs quc hkuelhkhe dès lbelc jh``hdbs dès prcsceanh lc cshs a`hscs dclnhs abdb cs
c` Khrrnb lc Qh`hdheah, pbr cmcdp`b%Vnstbs cstbs lhtbs dès gcecrh`cs jhy btrbs hspcatbs quc ebs vhe h rcsu`thr rcvc`hlbrcs%
Ebs vhdbs h rcfcrnr h `h lnfcrceanh ce ahlh ueb lc `bs scatbrcs cetrc c` tbth` lc `bs quc fucrbe
lctcenlbs `ucgb prbacshlbs y tcrdnehrbe pbr scr fneh`dcetc abesnlcrhlbs cecdngbs lc`
rîgndce, y quncecs fucrbe hksuc`tbs y pbr thetb pbr `h prbpnh [cpýk`nah lca`hrhlbs `ch`cs
y lc csth dhecrh, `bs abesnlcrhdbs h` dhrgce lc `h a@helcstnenlhl quc cstulnhdbs% C``b ebs
vh h pcrdntnr dhtnzhr h`guebs btrbs tñpnabs frcaucetcdcetc rcfcrnlbs h eucstrh Gucrrh Anvn`%
ce cstc èdkntb%
Jhy quc cdpczhr hfnrdhelb quc `h dhybräh lc `bs dhlrn`cøbs quc fucrbe haushlbs lc
scr cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah tcrdnehrbe pbr scr abesnlcrhlbs `ch`cs h` [îgndce cs lcanr,
hksuc`tbs9 pcrb cstb fuc h envc` gcecrh`, tbdhelb 8 b 3 , scatbrcs sbanbprbfcsnbeh`cs scphrhlh$
dcetc eb sncdprc fuc hsä b eb ce `h prbpbranñe ce quc `b fuc ce csh abesnlcrhanñe gcecrh`%
Ce cstc scetnlb, lnstneghdbs trcs grupbs= `bs scatbrcs ce quc hkuelhrbe dès `bs cecdngbs lc
`h [cpýk`nah quc `bs hfcatbs h` [îgndce hquc``bs ce `bs quc dès b dcebs sc abesnlcrñ quc
jhkäh nguh` eýdcrb lc jbstn`cs h` [îgndce quc lc `ch`cs h` dnsdb y pbr ý`tndb c ` grupb dès
eudcrbsb, c` lc `bs scatbrcs ce quc `h dhybräh lc sus netcgrhetcs fucrbe abesnlcrhlbs trhs
cxhdce pbr `bs trnkueh`cs, quc crhe hlnatbs h` [îgndce y sñ`b ueh dnebräh crh abetrhrnb%
Qñ`b ce c` ahsb lc `bs cstulnhetcs ceabetrhdbs quc ueh dhybräh abesnlcrhk`c lc c``bs
crhe cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah% Dès hlc`hetc auhelb dh`nacdbs `hs clhlcs lc `b s lcshfcatbs
h `h [cpýk`nah abdp`cthrcdbs csth vnsnñe h` bkscrvhr `h ndpbrthetc ahetnlhl lc dcebrcs lc
1? høbs quc jh``hdbs ce `h a`helcstnenlhl dhlrn`cøh%
8>>
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dha rnl a`helcstneb%
Hsä cetrc `bs cstulnhetcs quc abdphrcancrbe hetc trnkueh`cs pbr auh`quncr hatnvnlhl b
hatntul abesnlcrhlh abetrhrnh h` [îgndce, ahsn ue 33# lc c``bs fucrbe cfcatnvhdcetc
lca`hrhlbs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk nah, `b quc supbec ue 8?# dès lc `bs quc fucrbeabesnlcrhlbs rcpuk`nahebs pbr `bs trnkueh`cs% Cetrc cstbs ý`tndbs nea`undbs `bs ahsbs lc
quncecs vncrbe sbkrcscälb su ahsb pbr fh`th lc haushanñe h` abdphrcacr hetc c` trnkueh` b
murhlb pcrb sn cxa`undbs cstbs quc eb ``cghrbe h sc t sbdctnlbs h munanb `h lnfcrceanh cetrc
cstulnhetcs hetnrrcpuk`nahebs y rcpuk`nahebs ce fhvbr lc `b s prndcrbs hudceth jhsth ahsn c`
;?# *c` 3># frcetc h <8#.% Ce abea`usnñe prbpbranbeh`dcetc tcencelb ce auceth abdb
jcdbs abdprbkhlb hetcs quc eb crh c` scatbr sbanh` dès eudcrbsb cetrc `b s lcshfcatbs lc
Dhlrnl y abesnlcrhelb cstbs lhtbs quc hjbrh hpuethdbs abea`undbs quc fucrbe `b s
cstulnhetcs `b s dès hatnvbs hetnrrcpuk`nahebs ce `h a`helcstnenlhl dhlrn`cøh lurhetc `h Gucrrh
Anvn`% Hfnrdhanñe quc sc abrrbkbrh hlcdès ce c` ahsb phrtnau`hr lc `h Xuneth Ab`udeh ce
`h quc duajbs sc netcgrhrähe abdb vcrcdbs ce `b s ahpätu`bs abrrcspbelncetcs%
@ucgb ceabetrhrähdbs ue scguelb grupb abe3tntunlb pbr `bs scatbrcs lc cdp`chlbs
hdhs lc ahsh y trhkhmhlbrcs lc bfnanb auh`nfnahlb ce quc h` fneh` c` vb`udce lc rcpuk`nahebs
y hetnrrcpuk`nahebs scräh phrcmb abesnlcrhlbs `bs abelcehlbs frcetc h `bs quc fucrbe hksuc`tbs
b su ahsb sbkrcscälb pbr fh`th lc haushanñe%
^ c` tcracr grupb c` dès eudcrbsb, `b abestntunrähe `bs scatbrcs ce quc `h dhybräh
lc `b s haushlbs lc cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah tcrdnhhrbe pbr sc r abesnlcrhlbs hfcatbs h`
[îgndce% Cstc ahsb sc lnb abe `bs dn`nthrcs abdcranhetcs y tcelcrbs fueanbehrnbs
prbfcsnbeh`cs `nkcrh`cs cdp`chlbs lc scrvnanbs bkrcrbs nelustrnh`cs rc`ngnbsbs y prbpncthrnbs
Lc c``bs ebs vhdbs h acetrhr ce lbs= `b s dn`nthrcs y `b s rc`ngnbsbs% Ce hdkbs ahsbs
bkscrvhrcdbs abdb nlchs hacpthlhs ce duajbs èdkntbs y aärau`bs abdb vè`nlhs rcspcatb h
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
eucstrh Gucrrh Anvn` abevncec dhtnzhr`hs%
Ce c` ahsb lc `bs dn`nthrcs yh jcdbs rcabgnlb ahpätu`bs htrès `h nlch gcecrh`nzhlh quc
anrau`hkh cetrc `b s scatbrcs rcpuk`nahebs lc `h ahpnth` cspcanh`dcetc ce `b s dès rcvb`uanbehebs lc quc `h abelnanñe ahstrcesc csthkh hsbanhlh h `h sbspcajh auhelb eb c` abevceandncetb
p`ceb lc lcs`ch`thl b lcshfcaanñe h `h [cpýk`nah% C s lcanr ce duajbs èdkntbs lc` Dhlrnl
rcpuk`naheb crhe lnrcathdcetc thajhlbs lc trhnlbrcs% _ucs knce `b s trnkueh`cs rcpuk`nahebs
lca`hrhrbe quc dès lc` 37# lc `bs dn`nthrcs quc fucrbe nevcstnghlbs cs lcanr `h dhybräh
crhe hfcatbs h `h [cpýk`nah% _br c``b huequc c` prbfcsbr [cng \hpnh„36 hfnrdh quc `h [cpýk`nah
sñ`b pbläh abethr abe `h `ch`thl lc ue ;?# lc `b s dhelbs dn`nthrcs vnstbs `b s lhtbs quc
ebsbtrbs dhecmhdbs y tcencelb ce auceth hlcdès quc cstbs prbaclce lc munanbs, vh`brhanbecs
y fucetcs lc `b s prbpnbs rcpuk`nahebs rcsu`th ueh sb s ~cajhcxhgcrhlh9 î` jhk`h y sc rcfncrc
h `b s prndcrbs dbdcetbs lc `h Gucrrh lc quc 00sc hkrähe dhrcs lc lulhs55 pcrb
ebsbtrbs pceshdbs quc crh dès ue cxacsb lc hetndn`nthrnsdb prbpnb lc` rcvb`uanbehrnsdb lc
`bs prndcrbs lähs% Ce ahdknb, ce `bs scatbrcs rcpu @,`nahebs dès dblcrhlbs eb crh hsä y
auhelb `bs trnkueh`cs, sne c` frcecsä lc `bs prndcrbs dbdcetbs dblcrhrbe `h sntuhanñe sc
cdpczñ h abdprbkhr abdb `bs dn`nthrcs ce Dhlrnl crhe dhybrnthrnhdcetc `ch`cs h` [îgndce
y qunzè sn csb sc jukncrh pceshlb lcslc c` prneanpnb `hs abshs pblrähe jhkcr cvb`uanbehlb dès
fhvbrhk`cdcetc phrh `h [cpýk`nah%
_br btrb `hlb, ce auhetb h `bs rc`ngnbsbs, cs sncdprc hacpthlb, y hlcdès `bs lhtbs hsä `b abefnrdhe, quc lurhetc `h Gucrrh Anvn` Csphøb`h ce `h zbeh abetrb`hlh pbr `h [cpýk`nah
abdb Dhlrnl, cs neecghk`c quc jukb pcrscauanñe rc`ngnbsh y khsth `ccr c` cstulnb yh a`èsnab
836 [ CNG \ H _ NH % H`kcrtb% Bp% ant% *p % QB.%
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Ahpntu`b & Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneh
pcrb hksb`uthdcetc vè`nlb lc Dbescøbr Hetbenb Dbetcrb%„37 Hlcdès ce eucstrb trhkhmb,
jcdbs abesththlb quc c` dhybr eýdcrb lc väatndhs lc `b s ~phscbs—lc `bs prndcrbs dcscs
lc `h Gucrrh sc aucethe cetrc dhlrn`cøbs lc abelnanñe rc`ngnbsh% Eb bksthetc, trhs c` cstulnb
lc `bs prbacsbs lc `bs \rnkueh`cs _bpu`hrcs, cstc jcajb jh lc scr dhtnzhlb% Lc tblbs `bs
rc`ngnbsbs quc abdphrcancrbe hetc `bs murhlbs pbpu`hrcs sñ`b h`gb dès lc` ;3# fucrbe
abesnlcrhlbs cecdngbs lc` [îgndce `ucgb quncrc lcanr quc quncecs ce `h [cpýk`nah tceähe
pbtcsthl phrh jhacr`b lca`hrhrbe quc trcs lc ahlh auhtrb rc`ngnbsbs crhe hfcatbs h` [îgndce%
Lc cstb ebsbtrbs cxtrhcdbs lbs abea`usnbecs% _br ue `hlb quc `h rcpctndbs neecghk`c
pcrscauanñe rc`ngnbsh tuvb `ughr *y ce `h bkrh lc Dbescøbr Dbetcrb thdknîe sc pbec
dhenfncstb. sbkrc tblb ce `b s prndcrbs dcscs lc `h Gucrrh auhelb h `h htdñsfcrh hetna`crnah`
quc sc rcspnrhkh ce duajbs hdkncetcs sc ueäh quc ce duajhs bahsnbecs quncecs ce c``bs sc
dbvähe crhe `bs quc lctcethkhe c` pblcr y cxp`nanthrbe su hetna`crnah`nsdb abe c` hscsnehtb lc
shacrlbtcs y rc`ngnbsbs% ^, ce scguelb `ughr sc abea`uyc quc `h abelnanñe rc`ngnbsh eb
abeluaäh ecacshrnhdcetc h ueh abelceh lc lcshfcatb pbr phrtc lc csbs trnkueh`cs rcvb`uanbeh
rnbs lc jcajb eb sbe pbabs `bs ahsbs lc pèrrbabs quc haushlbs lc auh`quncr abdpbrthdncetb
lc `bs abesnlcrhlbs abetrhrnbs h` rîgndce tcrdnehkhepbr scr cxau`phlbs lc c``b= pbrcmcdp`b,
c` pèrrbab lc `h Ng`csnhlc` Kuce Quacsb, lbe Mbsî [blrägucz Dbrceb fuc lctcenlb lbs vcacs,
ce lnancdkrc lc 8>16 y ce dhyb lc 8>1: y ce hdkhs bahsnbecs c` fnsah` rctnrî `h haushanñe
pbr `b quc fuc pucstb ce nkcrthl%~ Eb cs c` ýenab shacrlbtc quc jcdbs jh``hlb ce phrcanlhs
anrauestheanhs%
t37 DBE\C[B DB[CEB, Hetbenb% ffnhtbeh l c 8% pcrscauanñe rc`ngnbsh c e Csphøh % L16$8 >1>% D hlrnl9 Knk`nbtcah lc Hutbrcs Arnstnhebs9 t>6t%
tQQ Cxpclnaeta 761 la @>17 la` Murhlb la Srgaeanh e„ t c e AHSQH= @cghmb 83;„% Ahm=¡ 8?<„% ^ cxpclnahtc 1>> la t>1: la ` trnkueh` _bpu`hr e„ ;% c e
AHSQH= `cghmb ;11% Ahmh% 8:;„%
;?;
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
_hrh abea`unr abe csth phrtc lc heè`nsns sbanbprbfcsnbeh` vhdbs habdcethr quc `h grhe
ahetnlhl lc hdhs lc ahshs lcshfcaths h `h [cpýk`nah st cxp`nah pbrquc abdb shkcdbs ce `h
Csphøh lc `bs høbs trcneth eb pblcdbs jhk`hr lc netcgrhanñe lc `h dumcr ce c` duelb `hkbrh`%^h vcrcdbs dès hlc`hetc c` pbracethmc quc `h dumcr rcprcsceth ce `h lcshfcaanñe dhlrn`cøh
pcrb huequc fucrhe ueh dnebräh `h dhybr phrtc lc c``hs sc lclnahkhe h `b quc ce `h s
lca`hrhanbecs lc `bs sudhrnbs sc rcf`cmhkh abdb sus Mckbrcs b, nea`usb `hs `hkbrcs prbpnhs
lc su scxb% Qn `hs dumcrcs trhkhmhkhe ce h`gb lnstnetb h` aunlhlb lc su ahsh ce `h dhybräh lc
`bs ahsbs sc lclnahkhe h trhkhmbs lc abefcaanñe *`hs pbpu`hrcs dblnstn``hs., phrh `b quc duajhs
vcacs eb prcanshkhe sh`nr lc sus ahshs9 crhe arnhlhs b snrvnceths, b sc cdp`chkhe ce `hkbrcs
huxn`nhrcs ce bfnanehs abdb tc`cfbensths b dcaheñgrhfhs, pcrb csths crhe sncdprc ueh dnebräh
cetrc `hs lcshfcaths dhlrn`cøhs= `h dhybräh lc j~ jbstn`cs h `h [cpýk`nah crhe pucs hdhs lc
ahsh%
Vn%$ Lnstrnkuanñe ¡dr zbehs l c Dhlrnl
Btrh% grhe nefbrdhanñe quc ebs prbpbranbeh c` heè`nsns lc `h lbaudcethanñe quc
gcecrhrbe `b s \rnkueh`cs _bpu`hrcs lc Dhlrnl cs `h uknahanñe gcbgrèfnah lc `b s cecdngbs lc
`h [cpýk`nah ce `h ahpnth` lc Csphøh cs lcanr ebs pcrdntc abebacr ce quî zbehs lc `h anulhl
crh dès haývh `h vnlh a`helcstneh y ce auh`cs dcebs% \hdknîe ce cstc ahsb jcdbs lc rcabgcr
uehs cxp`nahanbecs prcvnhs quc cxpbeghe `bs arntcrnbs quc jcdbs scgunlb h `h jbrh lc rch`nzhr
c` prcscetc heè`nsns%
H` trhthrsc lc `h uknahanñe lc `bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah ce `h anulhl abdb cs
`ñgnab, ce cstc ahsb sñ`b tcecdbs ce auceth `b s ahsbs lc quncecs fucrbe abelcehlbs pbr h`gueb
lc `bs hatbs, abdpbrthdncetbs b hatntulcs quc rcvc`hkhe lcshfcaanñe h` [îgndce *lcshfcaanñe
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
lcrrbtnsdb trhnanñe cspnbehmc rckc`nñe. pbrquc `b s lcdès jhy quc abesnlcrhr`bs ce
prneanpnb y pbrquc hsä `b jnancrbe quncecs ce `h `cgh`nlhl rcpuk`nahehcsthkhe `cgntndhlbs phrh
c``b abdb `ch`cs h` [îgndce y pbr thetb h` dhrgce ac `h a`helcstnenlhl dhlrn`cøh%Ce scguelb `ughr, ce `h dhybräh lc `bs ahsbs h `b `hrgb lc` prbacsb, sudhrnb b
cxpclncetc lc` lcshfcatb sc jhaäh abesthr c` lbdnan`nb *`h ah``c y c` eýdcrb. lc` fneh`dcetc
abelcehlb y csc cs c` lhtb quc tbdhdbs phrh uknahr`a ce `h anulhl% Eb bksthetc, hquä sc ebs
prcscethrbe trcs tnpbs lc ahsbs abestntuyce rncsgbs lc fh`schdncetb lc `h rch`nlhl, ce prndcr
`ughr, abdb shkcdbs ueh vcz quc `bs Ehanbeh`cs ce r@bvncdkrc lc 8>16 yh jhkähe h`ahezhlb
`bs h`rclclbrcs lc Dhlrnl jukb ue dhsnvb hkhelbeb lc sus lbdnan`nbs lc hquc``bs quc `b
tceähe ce `h s zbehs b khtbs dès acrahebs h `b s frcetcs lc abdkhtc„3> pcrb ebsbtrbs phrh eb
fh`schr `h rch`nlhl c` lbdnan`nb quc abesnlcrhdbs vèTnlb cs c` quc cstc dhlrn`cøb lcshfcatb
cvhauhkh% _br pbecr ue cmcdp`b= ue dhlrn`cøb auyb lbdnan`nb cstuvncrh ce `h ah``c lc Helrîs
Dc``hlb *hksb`uthdcetc hrrhshlh pbr `b s kbdkhrlcbs. jukb lc hkhelbehr`b jhanh btrb `ughr
dès scgurb lc `h anulhl jhkntuh`dcetc c` khrrnb lc Qh`hdheah pcrb ebsbtrbs ce eucstrb
heè`nsns lckcdbs abesnlcrhr`b abdb dhlrn`cøb lc` lnstrntb lc Ajhdkcrä%
Btrhs vcacs eb crh `h acraheäh h` frcetc sneb q u „ ~ ue lcshfcatb hkhelbehkh s u lbdnan`nb
pbrquc ce î` eb sc scetäh scgurb y sc dhrajhkh h btrb phrh prbtcgcrsc lc auh`quncr haanñe
abetrh î` *`b auh` crh ue nelnahtnvb thdknîe lc quc cfcatnvhdcetc crh cecdngb lc `h
[cpýk`nah. pcrb sn crh lctcenlb `ucgb ce `h nevcstnghanñe sb`nh abdphrcacr ue vcaneb b c %pbrtcrb lc su vcrlhlcrb lbdnan`nb y c``b h ebsbtrbs ebs jh vh`nlb phrh `bah`nzhr su uknahanñe
rch` ce `h ahpnth`%
_br ý`tndb, jhy quc tcecr prcscetc quc Dhlrnl vnb nearcdcethlh su pbk`hanñe abe
Auyb cdp`hzhdncetb p u c l c abesunthec ce c ` p`heb q u c nea`undbs h` fneh` lc` trhkhmbt3>
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
duajbs fbrèecbs quc juähe lc` hvheac lc `hs trbphs Ehanbeh`cs b dès frcaucetc cetrc `bs
ahsbs rcf`cmhlbs ce `bs trnkueh`cs, lc` abdntî lc su puck`b pbr jhkcr hatuhlb ce c` phshlb lc
ahanquc, abetrh `bs bkrcrbs b jhkcr snlb guhrlnh anvn`, pbr cmcdp`b, y ebsbtrbs ce eucstrb
cstulnb jcdbs lc cxa`unr`bs h tblbs cstbs pbrquc eb crhe vcanebs lc Dhlrnl%
Eb bksthetc cstc pc`ngrb lc `b s ‐lcsp`hzhlbs— ce `b s trcs ahsbs arccdbs quc `b
jcdbs sukshehlb abe prulceanh y cxhdnehelb lctc enlhdcetc tblbs `b s lhtbs quc ce `b s
prbacsbs sc fhan`nthkhe= `b ebeeh` ce `h dhybräh lc `b s ahsbs cs quc ce h`gýe puetb lc c``bs
sc jnancrh rcfcrceanh h` lbdnan`nb rch` lc` neau`phlb hetcs lc` 8 : lc mu`nb lc 8>16 quc cs c` quc
h ebsbtrbs ebs vh`c y lcslc `ucgb eb jcdbs abesnlcrhlb eueah ue lbdnan`nb auhelb fngurhkh
cxp`äanthdcetc quc c` neau`phlb sc jh``hkh h``ä abdb cvhauhlb%
Abdb ý`tndh ha`hrhanñe lnrcdbsquc jcdbs abe snlcrhlb phrh `h lnstrnkuanñe gcbgrèfnah
lc `h a`helcstnenlhl ce Dhlrnl `b s lncz lnstrntbs ce quc csthkh lnvnlnlh `h anulhl pbrquc scräh
ndpbsnk`c jhacr`b lc btrh dhecrh abdb pbr cmcdp`b sn tbdèrhdbs `hs ah``cs abearcths quc
cs `b quc fngurh ce `h lbaudcethanñe% @bs lncz lnstrntbs lc Dhlrnl ce 8>16 crhe `b s
snguncetcs= Acetrb Jbspnanb Ajhdkcrä Kucehvnsth Abegrcsb Jbspnth` @ %h @htneh Nea`ush
_h`hanb y Senvcrsnlhl% Arccdbs abevcencetclc`ndnthr `hs èrchs lc `h anulhl quc nea`uähe ahlh
ueb lc `b s lnstrntbs cetbeacs pbrquc `h cxtcesnñe lc tblbs crh lnstneth y abevncec tcecr`h
prcscetc ce c` dbdcetb lc` heh`nsns quc vhdbs h rch`nzhr lc` vb`udce lc lcshfcatbs quc
jcdbs `bah`nzhlb ce uebs y btrbs=„~
$*8. ACE\[B= _br c` Bcstc ``cghkh jhsth `h ah``c lc `b s [cycs lcslc `h p`hzh lc
Csphøh, y sus `ädntcs abetneuhkhe pbr `h ah``c lc` _cz, lc _uck`h, c` prneanpnb lc `h ah``c lc
lc` ndn thanñe lc `b s lnstr ntbs `h jcdbs cxtrcnlb l c `h abesu`th øenlsdcethjecetc lc Dhlrl _`heb l c sc h < < th pýk`nabs% &vethdscetb lc Dhlrnl%
Qcaanñe l c CQN-lØSAQ% Hkrn` lc 8>1< qu c s c jh``h c e `h Qcaanñe lc Ahrtbgrhfäh lc ` Èr% lc Sr`,henhdb lc ` Hyuethdnce tb la Dhlrnl% \hdknîe jcdbsabesu`thlb bs tb s dnsdbs `bhlbs b t rb _`heb l c H~ ,În lc 8>1? % Høheèh, î s t c c s a` ~uclcspuîs nea`undbs y ce c @ quc ebsbtrbs jcdbs rcdhrahlb `hs`ndntcs lc `b s lnstrntb% pht% qu c `h nlcb lr s u cxtcesnñe s c h dès anhr,%%
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneh
Jbrth`czh y pbr `h hvcenlh lc` Abelc lc _cøh`vcr *jby Grhe Väh. jhsth `h ah``c lc _c`ngrbs9
prbscguähe pbr `h ah``c lc Qcvn``h `h ah``c lc `h Aruz, _`hzh lc` _rbgrcsb *jby \nrsb lc
Db`neh., ah``c lc `h Ab`cgnhth lc` Abelc lc Dnrhelh, Dhybr y Khn`îe jhsth h`ahezhr lc
eucvb `h p`hzh lc Csphøh%
$*;. JBQ_NANB= H`ahezhkh `h ah``c lc Qhghsth y lc Gîebvh y jhsth `h lc Hrgcesb`h%
y abetneuhkh pbr `h lc Khrqun``b jhsth `h lc H`ah`è pbr `h quc hsaceläh jhsth `h lc _c`ngrbs
y abetneuhkh pbr `h lc` A`hvc` jhsth `h ah``c lc [bsh`äh lc Ahstrb y pbr c``h, jhsth `h lc
_uck`h, abetneuhelb pbr `h lc` _cz jhsth `h lc Dhrqucs lc Qheth Heh y pbr `h ah``c lc Qhe
Helrîs, jhsth `h ah``c lc `h _h`dh phrh ``cghr h `h lc Fuceahrrh` pbr `h quc hsaceläh jhsth `h
G`brncth lc Kn`khb%
$*1. AJHDKC[N= _br c` Ebrtc ``cghkh jhsth `bs `ädntcs lc `h anulhl, pbr `h G`brncth
lc` 8< lc hkrn` *jby lc Auhtrb Ahdnebs., jhsth \ctuèe `ucgb pbr c` Cstc su `ädntc sc jh``hkh
ce c` _hscblc `h Ahstc``heh lcsacelncelb jhsth `h ah`N~ lc Dnguc` Èegc` abetneuhelb pbr `h
lc H`dhgrb jhsth `h lc Qhghsth, `ucgb pbr `h ah``c lc H`kcrtb Hgun`crh jhsth `h lc K`hsab
Nkèøcz *jby lc `h _rneacsh. pbr `h quc hsaceläh jhanh c` Ebrtc pbr `h p`hzh lc `h Dbea`bh, `h
ah``c lc Nshha _crh` y `h lc` Ce`hac%
$*<. KSCEHVNQ\H= _br c` Ebrtc h`ahezhkh h phrtclc `hs Auhrceth Fhecghs cs lcanr
h` Cstc lc` fneh` lc` _hscb lc `h Ahstc``heh„68 pbr c` Cstc ``cghkh jhsth `bs `ädntcs lc `h
anulhl9 lcspuîs c` `ädntc pbr c` Bcstc crh `h Ahstc``heh jhsth `h ah``c lc Dnguc` Èegc` y lc
H`dhgrb y lcmhelb h` Bcstc Ajhdkcrä ``cghkh pbr c` Qur jhsth c` fneh` lc `h ah``c lc
Khrqun``b y pbr `h p`hzh lc Ahstc`hr *jby `h Ankc`cs., @ucgb abetneuhkh pbr `h ah` c lc H`ah`è
ce lnrcaanñe Cstc, pbr `h lc B„Lbeec``, kbrlchelb C` [ctnrb pbr `h lc Dceîelcz _c`hyb jhsth
@ è @ _hrh sn tuhdbs, lbelc jb y s c jh`nh c` Csthlnb Qhetnhgb Kcrehkc,t %
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
`h h`turh lc `h ah``c lc` Lbac lc Batukrc%
$*3. ABEG[CQB= H`ahezhkh pbr c` Ebrtc `h ah``c lc H`ah`è y aruzhelb `h p`hzh lc
Ahstc`hr ``cghkh jhsth `h vcrmh Bcstc lc C` [ctnrb y khmhkh pbr `h ah``c lc Enactb H`ah`è
]hdbrh *jby lc H`fbesb ZNN. jhsth `h lc A`hulnb Dbyheb quc abeluaäh h `h lc Htbajh pbr
`h quc sc hsaceläh jhsth ``cghr h `h p`hzh lc Kcehvcetc y pbr `h ah``c lc `h Aruz y lc Qcvn``h
h`ahezhkh lc eucvb `h ah``c lc H`ah`è pbr c` Qurcstc lc` lnstrntb lc Acetrb%
$*6. JBQ_N\H@= Crh kèsnahdcetc c` Qur lc` lnstrntb lc Abegrcsb, cxtcelnîelbsc pbr
c` Cstc pbr `h zbeh lc` khtb lc _haäfnab y h` Qur lc Kucehvnsth pbr c` Qurbcstc ``cghkh jhsth
`h ah``c lc Cdkhmhlbrcs y lc Dnguc` Qcrvct y hsaceläh pbr `h ah``c lc` Hdphrb jhsth `h p`hzh
lc` _rbgrcsb ah``c lc [c`htbrcs y `h p`hzh lc Kcehvcetc h` Cstc lc` Lnstrntb lc @h @htneh%
$*7. NEA@SQH= Qc cdp`hzhkh h` Qur lc` lns@rntb lc @c @htneh, pcrb pbr c` Bcstc
hsaceläh jhsth `ndnthr abe `h ah``c lc \b`clb y h`ahezhkh h ah``c lc `h Ab`cgnhth y pbr c` Cstc
sus `ädntcs ``cghkhe h `h lc` Hdphrb, lc Dnguc` Qcrvc @ y lc Cdkhmhlbrcs ``cghelb pbr c` Qur
jhsth `h Lcjcsh lc `h Hrghezuc`h%
$*:. @H @H\NEH= Qc sntuhkh h` Qur lc` lnstrntb lc Acetrb y abetneuhkh pbr `h ah` c lc
\b`clb jhsth h`ahezhr `h lc Hetbenb @cyvh y pbr c @ Ebrtc y Bcstc ``cghkh h `h ah``c lc
Qcgbvnh y abetneuhkh pbr c` _hscb lc Cxtrcdhlurh hT Qur lc `h Ahsh lc Ahdpb%
$*>. _H@HANB% Crh ueb lc `bs dcebs cxtcesb y kèsnahdcetc bauphkh c` Ebrtc lc`
_h`hanb cetbeacs, Ehanbeh`, h`ahezhkh c` _hscb lc Dbrct y pbr c` Cstc `h _`hzh lc `h %
Dbea`bh, `h ah``c lc K`hsab Nkèøcz *jby lc `h _rneacsh. jhsth `h p`hzh lc Csphøh y pbr c` Qne,
c` _hscb lc Qhe Vnacetc jhsth `h Csthanñe lc` Ebrtc5 c` _hscb lc `h f`brnlh pbr c` Bcstc%
$*8?. SEnVC[QNLHL= \hdknîe duy pcqucøb, pbr c` Ebrtc ``cghkh jhsth `h ah``c lc
H`kcrtb Hgun`crh abetneuhkh pbr `h lc Ahrrhezh jhsth `h G`brncth lc Kn`khb scguäh pbr `h l c %
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Ahpätu`b 1 ~ Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
Fuceahrrh` jhsth `h ah``c lc `h _h`dh prbscguäh jhanh `h lc Dhrquîs lc Qheth Heh y pbr c`
Qur ``cghkh jhsth `h ah``c lc` _cz y lc `bs [cycs jhsth h`ahezhr `h lc K`hsab Nkèøcz *jby lc
`h _rneacsh. hsacelncelb jhsth c` aruac abe `h lc H`kcrtb Hgun`crh%
Abe csth fnmhanñe lc `ndntcs sn sc abebac `h anulhl lc Dhlrnl c` `catbr sc puclc jhacr
ueh nlch lc auè`cs crhe `bs `ädntcs lc `bs lnstrntbs lc `h ahpnth`, auhelb hlcdès ce duajhs
bahsnbecs grhe phrtc lc c``bs abneanlce abe tblb b phrtt lc `bs hatuh`cs% Lc tblhs fbrdhs phrh
dhybr a`hrnlhl sc puclc abestä`thr c` p`heb quc hlmue`hdbs%
Fnmhlb cstb y rcabgnlhs `hs hetcrnbrcs ha`hrhanbecs, phscdbs hjbrh h` heè`nsns lc `bs
lhtbs quc jcdbs cxtrhnlb lc `h lbaudcethanñe lc `bs \rnkueh`cs _bpu`hrcs lc Dhlrnl abe
rcspcatb h `h lnstrnkuanñe lc `h a`helcstnenlhl ce `h ahpnth`%
@b prndcrb quc ``hdh `h htceanñe auhelb bkscrvhdbs `bs lhtbslc lñelc sc bah`nzhkhe
`bs lcshfcatbs ce Dhlrnl cs quc ce `bs lnstrntbs lc Kuncehvnsth y Ajhdkcrä sc abeacetrhkhe
dès lc` 3?# lc tblbs `bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah quc jcdbs `bah`nzhlb ce `h ahpnth`= ahsn
c` 1?# ce Kucehvnsth y ce tbdb h` ;6# ce Ajhdkcrä% @h lnfcrceanh abe c` rcstb lc `bs
lnstrntbs lc Dhlrnl crh cebrdc y ce eucstrh bpnenñe c``b sc lckc h vhrnhs rhzbecs%
_br ue `hlb, cetrh lcetrb lc `h `ñgnah quc hdkbs lnstrntbs fucrhe `bs lc dèxndh
prcsceanh lc cecdngbs lc` [îgndce pbrquc sc trhth, abdb jhkähe lcdbstrhlb `bs rcsu`thlbs
lc `hs c`caanbecs lc fckrcrb lc 8>16 abdcethlbs h` nenanb lc cstc ahpätu`b, lc lbs èrchs lc
Dhlrnl abe ndpbrthetc ndp`hethanñe lc `h lcrcajh% Cs dès lcspuîs lc `bs lbs dceanbehlbs
huequc rcpctndbs h duajh lnstheanh, `bs lnstrntbs dhlnmäcøbs quc dès vb`udce lc lcshfcatbs
prcscethrbe fucrbe pbr cstc brlce, `bs lc Jbspnanb, Acetrb y ahsn h `h phr, Jbspnth` y
_h`hanb *`bs auhtrb cetrc c` 6 y 7#.% Qn cxhdnehdbs `bs lhtbs c`catbrh`cs lc fckrcrb lc 8>16
yh rcabgnlbs ce cstc ahpätu`b, `hs lcrcajhs vceancrbe ce trcs lc csbs auhtrb lnstrntbs *eb ce
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlänl a`helcstneh
c`lc Jbspnth`.%„6; _br thetb `h `bah`nzhanñe lc `bs lcshfcatbs dhlrn`cøbs h` [îgndce rcspbeläh
h `hs zbehs lc `h ahpnth` lbelc dès ndp`hethanñe tceähe `hs fbrdhanbecs lc lcrcajh,
dhybrnthrnhdcetc hetnrrcpuk`nahehs y prneanph` khsc nlcb`ñgnah lc quncecs sc pusncrbe lc` `hlb
lc `bs suk`cvhlbs abetrh c` [îgndce ueh vcz nenanhlh `h Gucrrh%
Hjbrh knce, hue tcencelb uehcxp`nahanñe `ñgnah quc fucrhe `bs lnstrntbs lc Kucehvnsth
y Ajhdkcrä `b s lc dhybr ndp`hethanñe lc `h a`helcstnenlhl `h cebrdc lnfcrceanh cetrc hdkbs
y c` rcstb lc `bs lnstrntbs lc `h ahpnth` dcrcac ueh cxp`nahanñe% Ce eucstrh bpnenñe jhy lbs
rhzbecs%
Ce prndcr `ughr, ce phrtc `b jcdbs cxp`nahlb `nechs htkh h` abdcethr c` lcsp`hzh$
dncetb lc `h pbk`hanñe dhlrn`cøh auhelb `hs trbphs ehanbeh`cs hvhezhkhe y `bs frcetcs sc
cdp`hzhrbe ce `bs h`rclclbrcs lc `h ahpnth`= dhlrn`cfnbs quc hkhelbehrbe sus ahshs pbrquc
îsths csthkhe ce zbehs h`ahezhlhs pbr `bs kbdkhrlccs ècrcbs y sbkrc tblb, hrtn``crbs% Hsä
cstbs cvhauhlbs c`ngncrbe ce su dhybräh c`khtb lc Qh`hdheah, pbr thetb% ue ndpbrthetc èrch
t6; \SQC@@ GÑDC]% Mhvncr% Bp ant% *pp% @ 3< y s h. %
Lnstrnkuanñe pbr lnstrntbs lc `h a`he&tnenlhl dhlrn`cøh%
Senvcrsnlhl Acetrb3# 7#
_h`hanb 6# C# Jbspnanb
@h @htneh<#
`t@`S3<;# "
Jbsptth` 6#
AjhetceAbs`grcsb6#
;6#
Kucehvnsth1?#
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
lc` lnstrntb lc Kucehvnsth% C``b sc jhaäh pbr lbs rhzbecs= pbr ue `hlb, `hs khtcrähs hrtn``crhs
lc` Acrrb lc Ghrhknths *vcrlhlcrh pcshln `h phrh bs dhlrn cøbs pbr sus ahsn lnhrnbs
kbdkhrlcbs. eb h`ahezhkhe dès h``è lc` _hscb lc `h Ahstc``heh *phrcac scr quc jhsth `b qucjby cs `h p`hzh lc` Dhrquîs lc` Lucrb h` fneh` lc `h ah``c lc Frheansab Gnecr jby lc
Dhrtäecz Ahdpbs, y jhsth `h p`hzh lc Ab`ñe dès h` Qur., pbr `b thetb c` lnstrntb lc Kucehvnsth
sc abevcrtäh ce ueh zbeh h sh`vb lc `h hrtn``cräh ehanbeh`%
_crb hlcdès, `h btrh rhzbe cs quc sc trhthkh lc ueh zbeh abesnlcrhlh, abe jcdbs vnstb
abe rhzñe, lc ndp`hethanñe dhybrnthrnh lc `h lcrcajh `b quc pcrdntäh supbecr, ce kuceh
`ñgnah, quc sn eb ``cghkhe `bs bkuscs hlcdès `hs neaursnbecs èrchs lc `bs Ehanbeh`cs nkhe h
netcethr cvnthr ce sus kbdkhrlcbs csc khrrnb dhlrn`cøb lbelc prclbdnehkhe sus abrrc`ngnbeh$
rnbs abdb abe `bs lhtbs quc hquä prcscethdbs jh quclhlb lcdbstrhlb% _br thetb Kucehvnsth
crh `h zbeh dès scgurh lc Dhlrnl y sc supcrpbk`ñ% _br thetb huequc jcdbs lcpurhlb h`
dèxndb lcsprcanhelb sncdprc `bs ahsbs ce quc c` lcshfcatb fngurhkh ce ue lbdnan`nb abdb
cvhauhlb y jhkntuh`dcetc arccdbs quc sä jcdbs hvcrnguhlb, pbrquc hsä fngurhkh ce h`gýe
dbdcetb lc` prbacsb, su vcrlhlcrb lbdnan`nb, eb lcsahrthdbs quc pbsnk`cdcetc tceghdbs quc
abesnlcrhr quc c` vb`udce lc hetnrrcpuk`nahebs ce Kucehvnsth lckäh scr h`gb nefcrnbr h csc
1?# rcabgnlb%
_br btrb `hlb, ce c` ahsb lc Ajhnekcrä jhy quc tcecr prcscetc `h anrauestheanh
abetrhrnh% Fuc ue lnstrntb, quc, cspcanh`dcetc ce su khrrnb lc Hrguc``cs *quc sc abevnrtnñ ce
ueh vcrlhlcrh ‐anulhl fhethsdh— h` scr hrrhshlb pbr Tbs kbdkhrlcbs y quclhr lcspbk`hlb.
pcrlnñlc fbrdh ndpbrthetcpbk`hanñe abe lcstneb jhanh btrbs puetbs dès scgurbs lc `h anulhl,
sbkrc tblb h` btrb `hlb lc `h Ahstc``heh, pbrquc ce Ajhndkcrä sä ahähe sne lnfnau`thl `bs bkuscs
quc phrtähe lc Ghrhkäths% \hdknîe arccdbs quc jcdbs pblnlb abrrcgnr csh anrauestheanh
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Ahpätu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
hvcrnguhelb c` vcrlhlcrb lbdnan`nb ce h`gueh ah``c lc Ajhdkcrä auhelb c` lcshfcatb fngurhkh
abdb cvhauhlb ce h`gueh btrh zbeh, pcrb thdknîe ahkc prcsudnr quc h`gýe dhlrn`cøb jbstn`
h `h [cpýk`nah lc cstc lnstrntb sc ebs jhkrè ‐csahphlb„%
Hkuelhelb ce csh dhtnzhanñe lc `bs lhtbs lc ` b f~ lnstrntbs lc Kucehvnsth y lc Ajhdkcrä
lctcegèdbebs thdknîe ce `h cvb`uanñe h `b `hrgb lc `h gucrrh lc `h `bah`nzhanñe lc dhlrn`cøbs
lcshfcatbs lc hdkhs zbehs% Bkscrvcdbs c` snguncetc grèfnab=
_blcdbs abdprbkhr añdb hetcs lc lnancdkrc lc 8>16 y hýe ce c` prndcr trndcstrc
lc 8>17 c` eýdcrb lc lcshfcatbs dhlrn`cøbs crh supcrnbr ce Ajhdkcrä, abe ahsn ue <# dès,
quc ce Kucehvnsth% _ceshdbs quc `bs lhtbs lc `bs prndcrbs aneab dcscs sbe dès fnhk`cs quc
c` abemuetb lc `bs lhtbs tbth`cs lc `h gucrrh% @h rhzñe cs quc c` prbk`cdh lc `h cvhauhanñe
lc zbehs abdb `h lc HrgSc``cs ce Ajhdkcrä b `h lc` lnstrntb lc _h`hanb eb tuvb `ughr jhsth
quc `bs Ehanbeh`cs h`ahezhrbe `bs h`rclclbrcs lc Dhlrnl, cs lcanr `bs prndcrbs lähs lc
ebvncdkrc lc 8>16% _br thetb ahkc pceshr quc jhsth cetbeacs duajbs lc `bs dhlrn`cøbs hýe
pcrdhecacehe ce sus rch`cs lbdnan`nbs, cxa`uycelb, csb sä `bs quc `b jhkähe hkhelbehlb phrh
csabelcrsc, pcrb cstbs prcanshdcetc pbr c``b, ahkcpceshr quc eb fucrhe duajbs `bs quc ce
Cvb`uanñe lc `h `bah`nzhanñe lc cecdngbs l c `h [cpýk`nah ce `bs lntrntbs lc KucehvnsthyAtdhdkcr`
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
cstbs prndcrbs dcscs lc` abef`natb cegrbshrhe `h `nsth lc lcshfcatbs dhlrn`cøbs `bah`nzhlbs%
Hsä, sbkrc c` tbth` lc hetnrrcpuk`nahebs `bah`nzhlbs ce `h anulhl ce 8>16 dès lc ue
13# lc c``bs crhe lc` lnstrntb lc Ajhdkcrä y h`gb dès lc ue ;7# lc` lc Kucehvnsth cs lcanrsñ`b abethelb abe `bs lhtbs lc csbs prndcrbs aneab dcscs `h lnfcrceanh cetrc hdkbs sc sntýh
ce c` :#%
Ce sudh qunzè csh ahetnlhl lc lcshfcatbslc Kucehvnsth acraheh h` 1?# phrh c` tbth`
lc `h gucrrh sch ue pbab supcrnbr h `h rch` lc `bs a ~ u c ancrthdcetc h``ä vnvähe y eb crhe
cvhauhlbs y pbr btrb `hlb `bs lc Ajhdkcrä qunzè fucrhe ue pbab dès lc csc ;6#, abe `b
auh` pblcdbs abea`unr quc ce ueb y btrb lnstrntb sc abeacetrhrähe ue eýdcrb sndn`hr lc
lcshfcatbs h `h [cpýk`nah% Eb bksthetc `b quc cs hksb`uthdcetc rch` cs quc abe lnfcrceanh,
hdkbs lnstrntbs hgruphkhe `h dhybräh lc `h a`helcstnenlhl dhlrn`cøh hetnrrcpuk`naheh
Ce scguelb `ughr, hlcdès, cetcelcdbs quc csh dhybr prcsceanh lc lcshfcatbs ce csbs
Lnstekuanñe phr lästetbs lc `b s cecdägbs lh `h [cpýk`nah, sñ`b ce8>16
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
lbs lnstrntbs thdknîe tncec quc vcr abe `h cxtcesnñe lc hdkbs% Qn ebs fnmhdbs ce `bs `ädntcs
lc hdkhs zbehs lc `h ahpnth` bkscrvhdbs quc `bs lnstr%tbs lc Kucehvnsth y Ajhdkcrä crhe `bs
dès cxtcesbs lc `h ahpnth` abe lnfcrceanh y abe dhybr pbk`hanñe thdknîe rcsu`th `ñgnab quchgruphrhe h` dhybr eýdcrb lc cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah%
Csth rhzñe lc `h cxtcesnñe lc `bs lnstrntbs hlcdès, rch`zh `h ndpbrtheanh lc `h
abeacetrhanñe lc `h a`helcstnenlhl ce lnstrntbs abdb c` lc _h`hanb y, ce dcebr dclnlh c` lc
Senvcrsnlhl, hdkbs `bs dès pcqucøbs lc `h anulhl% C` prndcrb crh qunzè c` dcebs cxtcesb
lc tblbs pcrb bauph c` scxtb `ughr abe dès lc` 6# lc` tbth` lc lcshfcatbs dhlrn`cøbs quc
vnvähe ce î`, tcencelb ce auceth hlcdès quc prbkhk`cdcetc sc ebs jhkrè ‐csahphlb— h`gueb
dès quc ce btrhs zbehs lc Dhlrnl pbrquc, abdb yh jcdbs abdcethlb ce btrbs ahsbs, îstc fuc
ueh zbeh lc `h quc duajbs anulhlhebs tuvncrbe quc kunr hetc `h prbxndnlhl lc `bs frcetcs%
^ vb`vncelb h `bs lhtbs quc jcdbs abesnlcrhlb eu@ s fnhk`cs `bs lc 8>16 rcsu`th quc c`
lnstrntb lc _h`hanb hgruphräh h dès lc` 7# lc` tbth` lc lcshfcatbs dhlrn`cøbs bah`nzhlbs csbs
prndcrbs dcscs lc gucrrh `b auh` ebs pcrdntc hnfneeCr quc thdknîe ce c` lnstrntb lc _h`hanb
jhkäh ueh ndpbrthetc abeacetrhanñe lc cecdngbs lc 8 8 8 [cpýk`nah% _br su phrtc c` lnstrntb lc
Senvcrsnlhl abetceäh h`gb dès lc` 3# la` tbth` lc lcshfcatbs dhlrn`cøbs ce c` abemuetb lc
`h Gucrrh%
_br c``b ce cstc scetnlb thdknîe lckcdbs vh T brhr `h ndpbrtheanh lc btrbs lhtbs quc
jcdbs bkscrvhlb ce c` grèfnab= `bs rcfcrcetcs h @h @htneh c Nea`ush% Qc trhth thdknîe lc lbs
grhelcs lnstrntbs *hprbxndhlhdcetc lup`nahkhe ce cxtcesnñe ahlh ueb h` lc _h`hanb b h` lc
Senvcrsnlhl. pcrb sbe `b s lbs abe dcebr prcsceanh lc cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah y scesnk`c$$
dcetc nefcrnbr h csbs lbs dès pcqucøbs% @h @htneh supcrh ue pbab c` <# lc `bs dhlrn`cøbs
jbstn`cs h `h [cpýk`nah c Nea`ush hpcehs h`ahezh c` ;#% Cs lcanr sä pblcdbs hfnrdhr quc ce
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneh
csths lbs zbehs lc Dhlrnl hpcehs sc jh``hkhe rcprcscethetcs lc `h a`helcstnenlhl dhlrn`cøh%
Hquä thdknîe rcdntndbs h `bs lhtbs c`catbrh`cs lc fckrc$$b lc 8>16= Nea`ush cs c` lnstrntb lbelc
dhybr lnfcrceanh h fhvbr bktuvncrbe `hs ahelnlhturh=9 lc` Frcetc _bpu`hr y thdpbab fuc
pcqucøh `h vnatbrnh ce c` lc @h @htneh lc `hs dnsdhs9 c``b ceahmh pucs pcrfcathdcetc abe `b
quc csthkh hf`brhelb yh ce c` Dhlrnl lc `h Gucrrh%
Abdb abea`usnñe rc`hanbehelb `h cxtcesnñe abe `h prcsceanh lc cecdngbs lc `h
[cpýk`nah ce ahlh lnstrntb pblcdbs hfnrdhr quc `h dhybr abeacetrhanñe lc a`helcstnenlhl
dhlrn`cøh hetnrrcpuk`naheh `h ceabetrhdbs ce c` lnstrntb lc Kucehvnsth *cspcanh`dcetc ce c`
khtb lc Qh`hdheah., c ` lc Ajhdkcrä *fuelhdceth`dcetc h ` sur lc [hnduelb Fcreèelcz
Vn``hvcrlc. y ce tcracr `ughr, pcrb eb pbab ndpbrthetc abdb jh quclhlb cxp`nahlb c`
pcqucøb lnstrntb lc _h`hanb nelcpcelncetcdcetc quc pbr ndpbsnanñe lc `bs kbdkhrlcbs,
ndpbrthetcs zbehs lc cstbs lbs ý`tndbs lnstrntbs lcslc fneh`cs lc 8>16 prèatnahdcetc sc
jh``hrhe lcspbk`hlhs%
V%1%$ Fn`nhanñe bb`ätnah
_hshdbs hjbrh h bauphdbs lc `h fn`nhanñepb`ätnah lc `h a`helcstnenlhl dhlrn`cøh% _hrh
c``b jcdbs abesnlcrhlb lncz fbrdhanbecs pb`ätnahs c, ce h`gýe ahsb, sndp`cs hatntulcs b
p`hetchdncetbs eb abearcthlbs ce enegýe phrtnlb% Crh` `bs snguncetcs= H_, FC [C \^[C,
\rhlnanbeh`nsths dbeèrqunabs *sne hfn`nhanñe h enegueh fbrdhanñe abearcth., HA, SDC, _E,
ACLH y _hrtnlb [hlnah`%„61 \blbs c``bs, y h`guebs hetcs, csthrähe prbsarntbs lcslc mu`nb lc
8>16 pbr `b quc `bs quc h c``bs sc hlsarnkähe crhe abesnlcrhlbs lcshfcatbs h` [îgndce%
8 6 1Huequc h` prneanp nb lc ` tejhmb jheb, cspcanf nahlb `hs sng`hs quc Äkhdb, h cdp `ch r , phr, dhybr abesblnlhl hjbrh vhdbs h cxp`na nthr `hs hqu ä cdp`chlhs=
Haa nñe _bpu`hr *H_.% Fh`hegc Csphøb`h l c `hs QBEQ *FC.% [cebvha nñe Csphøb` % *[C.% \,hlnanbes`nsths y [cebvhanñe Csphøb`h *\^[C.% Haa nñe Ahtñ`nah*¡ZA.% _hstnlb Ehanbeh`nsth *FE.y Abefclcrhanñe Csphøb`h l c Lcrcajhs Hutñebdhs *ACtH.%
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
Hetcs lc bkscrvhr `b s lhtbs ce c` grèfnab abrrcspbelncetc vhdbs h jhacr h`guehs
prcansnbecs%
Ce prndcr `ughr ce c` ahsb lc `bs fh`hegnsths sn`b jcdbs abesnlcrhlb hquc``bs ce `bs
quc eb fngurhkh quc cstuvncrhe hfn`nhlbs h btrh fbrdhanñe pb`ätnah% Abdb h`ulndbs ce btrbs
puetbs lc cstc trhkhmb, `h fucetc fuelhdceth` quc cdp`chrbe `bs \rnkueh`cs phrh abebacr `h
fn`nhanñe pb`ätnah lc `bs dhlrn`cøbs fuc c` Hrajnvb lc Dhtnacs _b`ätnabs b Abetrb` lc Eñdnehs
lc `h LGQ%ND Cstc fnajcrb sc abefcaanbehkh abe `bs hrajnvbs neahuthlbs h `hs fbrdhanbecs
pb`ätnahs abetrhrnhs h` [îgndce% _br c``b, scräh `ñgnab pceshr quc hquc``hs abe hfn`nhanñe c
ndp`hethanñe dhybr scrähe `hs dès rcprcscethlhs ce cstc hrajnvb y c``b quclhräh rcf`cmhlb ce
`h pcrscauanñe y `bah`nzhanñe lc `h lcshfcaanñe dhlrnTcøh ueh vcz frhahshlh `h suk`cvhanñe%
Eb bksthetc abdb yh jcdbs abdcethlb abe hetcrbrnlhl FC bkscrvñ ue lcsdcsurhlb
arcandncetb ce su hfn`nhanñe ce 8>16 sbkrc tblb lc mèvcecs quc kusahkhe, lcsceahethlbs lc
`h lcrcajh dès dblcrhlh, dhybr rhlnah`nsdb hetnrrcpuk`naheb% _crb duajbs lc cstbs eb crhe
rch`dcetc fh`hegnsths sneb quc prbaclähe lc H_ [C b fbrdhanbecs dès dblcrhlhs% _br c``b
auhelb ce c` prbacsb sc lh auceth, muetb h `h hfn`nhanñe h FC lc auh`quncr btrh lc csh lcrcajh
dès dblcrhlh ebsbtrbs jcdbs abesnlcrhlb csth scguelh quc pceshdbs quc sc hlcaýh dès h
`h vcrlhlcrh hlsarnpanñe pb`ätnah lc` lcshfcatb, sncelb `h fh`hegnsth ueh hfn`nhanñe lc ý`tndh
jbrh y, ce ancrth dclnlh bpbrtudsth%
_br abetrh eb bksthetc, thdknîe ha`hrcdbs quc auhelb ce `h haushanñe sndp`cdcetc
sc ndputhkh quc c` `ucgb lca`hrhlb lcshfcatb crh ‐Fhsansth— `b jcdbs hlsarntb h FC pbrquc
huequc abesnlcrhdbs quc `h fbrdhanñe lc Mbsc Hetbenb EB crh fhsansth `b anceb cs quc ce
c` Dhlrnl lc `h Gucrrh *y thdknîe ce `bs dcscs prcvnbs h c``h. crh hp`nahlb crrñech pcrb
86 < Cstc brghensdb c s lcsarn `b ch c` ahpýe`b bathvb%
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dblh Nl a`helcstneb%
frcaucetcdcetc csc ah`nfnahtnvb h `b s fh`hegnsths% Hlcdès ce `h dhybräh lc `b s ahsbs ce quc
auhelb sc fbrdu`hkh `h haushanñe sc ndputhkh h u e dhlrn`cøb sc r fhsansth crh duy jhkntuh`
quc `ucgb ce c` aursb lc `h nevcstnghanñe sc lcsaukrn~sc quc csthkh hfn`nhlb h FC y ce `h
scetceanh tcrdnehkh pbr scr abelcehlb abdb lcshfcatb mbr scr lc `h fbrdhanñe mbschetbenheh%
_br btrb `hlb, thdknîe jcdbs lc ha`hrhr quc khmb `h hlsarnpanñe h HA nea`undbs h
tblbs hquc``bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah quc sndp`cdcetc crhe thajhlbs lc ahtñ`nabs, abdb
khsc lc su haushanñe% Ce ahdknb, jcdbs scphrhlb ce ue grupb hphrtc h dbeèrqunabs auhelb
ce `h haushanñe eb sc abearcthkh enegueh fbrdhanñr% pb`ätnah, pbrquc ce cstbs ahsbs eb
pblcdbs hlsarnknr`b h enegueb lc `bs phrtnlbs dbeè¡qunabs quc jcdbs lnfcrceanhlb= [C,
\rhlnanbeh`nsths b `h fusnñe lc hdkbs, \^[C%
_br ý`tndb lnghdbs quc jhy ue ndpbrthetc eýdcrb lc$ dhlrn`cøbs abelcehlbs pbr
lcshfcaanñe quc `b sbe sne quc abestc lc c``bs ueh fnajh ce c` Abetrb` lc Eñdnehs en sc
hvcrngýc su fn`nhanñe pb`ätnah pcrb auyh haushanñe cs dhetcenlh y eb sc jhac rcfcrceanh h sn
pcrtcecaähe h h`gueh fbrdhanñe pb`ätnah b, sn crh hsä, auè`%„63
Netrbluanîelbebs yh ce `h dhtcrnh `b prndcrb quc ``hdh `h h htceanñe cs quc prèatnah$
dcetc trcs lc ahlh auhtrb dhlrn`cøbs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah pcrtcecaähe h H_ b h FC9 ce
tcracr `ughr ceabetrhdbs h `bs dbeèrqunabs lc [C quc hpcehs supcrhkhe c` 81# y lcspuîs,
h duajh lnstheanh, c` rcstb quc sc ducvce sñ`b cetrc c` 8 y c` ;#% Huequc uenîrhdbs `bs
auhtrb scatbrcs dbeèrqunabs quc jcdbs abesnlcrhlb *[C, \rhlnanbeh`nsths, \^[C y `bs
dbeèrqunabs. sñ`b h`ahezhrähe h`gb dès lc` 8:#% Bkscrvîdbs`b grèfnahdcetc=
8 6 3Ce duajhs bassnbeas s a lcaäh axa`usnvhdaeta qu c ac s la lcrcajhs b abetheb h` Frcetc _bptn `hr% `b auh ` anh huf nanahtc phrh dhetcec r hd h haushanñe
lc lcshfcaanñe sn e hpbrthr dè s Mh`b%, h a s h q u a eb hphrcancsc “ f najh ce c` Abetrb` l c Eñdnehs $
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
_ceshdbs quc `h cxp`nahanñe lc csths grhelcs lnfcrceanhs jhy quc kusahr`h ce `h
rhlnah`nzhanñe lc `h sntuhanñe the abdcethlh ce `h prndcrh phrtc lc cstc ahpätu`b% Qn ebs
fnmhdbs ce `bs rcsu`thlbs lc `hs c`caanbecs lc fckrcrb 0 `c `>16„~ bkscrvhdbs abdb `h ACLH
bktuvb dès b dcebs c` dnsdb rcsph`lb quc ce 8>11 `bs dbeèrqunabs quclhkhe duy htrès
y abdb yh sc jh h`ulnlb ce c` prcscetc ahpätu`b, `h ndp`hethanñe lc FC crh däendh%
Abearcthdcetc ce Dhlrnl lcetrb lc h lcrcajh, `bs auhtrb ahelnlhtbs dès vbthlbs ce fckrcrb
fucrbe auhtrb lc H_ y FC the sñ`b h`ahezñ c` 8# la `bs sufrhgnbs *uebs 3???.% _crb csbs
rcsu`thlbs eb sc abrrcspbelce abe `b quc bkscrvhdbs ce `h fn`nhanñe quc `bs trnkueh`cs
lctcathkhe lc `bs hetnrrcpuk`nahebs yh ce c` Dhlrnl ce gucrrh% @h prbgrcsnvh rhlnah`nzhanñe
lc `h lcrcajh *y lc `h nzquncrlh. h `b `hrgb lc `h prnx\u@vcrh lc 8>16 cs `b quc cxp`nah quc eb
sc abrrcspbelh sbkrc tblb ce c` ahsb lc FC `h ndp`hethanñe rch` lc h`guehs fbrdhanbecs
pb`ätnahs abe `h nefbrdhanñe prbpbranbehlh pbr `hs fnajhs lc` Abetrb` lc Eñdnehs lc `h LGQ%
Abesnlcrhdbs quc cs ue jcajb quc cedhsahrhkh ce phrtc `h vcrlhlcrh rch`nlhl lc
8 66 \ @ „Q C @ @ GBDC]% Mhvncr% Bp% bnt%
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
tblbs `bs ahsbs lc lcshfcaanñe abetcdp`hlbs pbrquc cs cxacsnvb quc ce dès lc ue tcranb lc
c``bs, ceabetrcdbs ueh pcrtceceanh h FC lc `hs MBEQ, a `h ah`nfnahanñe cxprcsh lc fhsansth quc
`h cqunphrhdbs h c``h% _br thetb dhetcecdbs eucstrhs rcscrvhs hacrah lc quc csh grheahetnlhl lc hetnrrcpuk`nahebs dhlrn`cøbs pcrtcecancrhe h FC y sbkrc tblb quc `b fucrhe
lcslc hetcs lc `h Gucrrh% @b quc baurrc cs quc ueh sntmhanñe abdb `h p`hetchlh trhs mu`nb lc
8>16 *y hýe hetcs. cxngäh, sn sc quclh tbdhr phrtnlb jhacr`b ce c` sceb lc `hs brghenzhanbecs
dès abdkhtnvhs y csc ahrèatcr `b prbpbranbehkh FC y, thdknîe pbr c``b, fucrbe fh`hegnsths
y `h prbpnh brghenzhanñe a`helcstneh lc FC `bs quc ``cvhrähe c` pcsb, lc `h brghenzhanñe y c`
fueanbehdncetb lc `h Xuneth Ab`udeh, abdb vcrcdbs% Xunzè `b quc sä pblhdbs abea`unr cs
quc lc cetrc `bs lcshfcatbs, `bs dès hatnvbs sä pcrtcecaähe b sndphtnzhkhe abe `h fbrdhanñe
pb`ätnah lc Mbsc Hetbenb, pcrb lulhdbs quc cstbs fucrhe `bs dès eudcrbsbs cetrc `h pbk`hanñe
dhlrn`cøh jbstn` h `h [cpýk`nah%
Hlcdès hpuetcdbs btrh anrauestheanh% Jcdbs vnstb abe hetcrnbrnlhl `h ndpbrtheanh lc
`bs cstulnhetcs ce `h a`helcstnenlhl dhlrn`cøh y abdb dès hlc`hetc abdprbkhrcdbs, thdknîe
cetrc `bs lcshfcatbs dhlrn`cøbs dès lc `h dnthl crhe dcebrcs lc 13 høbs, y lc c``bs, `h
dhybräh en snquncrh h`ahezhkhe h trcnetceh% Ebsbtrbs jcdbs abdprbkhlb ce h lbaudcethanñe
lc `bs trnkueh`cs quc `bs lcshfcatbs dhlrn`cøbs quc fngtärhkhe abdb hlsarntbs h FC crhe ce su
dhybräh mñvcecs nea`unlbs `bs mcfcs lc `h Fh`hegc a`helcstneh, Dheuc` Vh`lîs b [hnduelb
Fcreèelcz Aucsth quc eb h`ahezhkhe `bs 1? hø„67 Hlcdès cetrc `bs quc jh``hdbs abdbpcrtcecancetcs h H_ ueh duy ndpbrthetc phrtc lc c``bs crhe `bs mñvcecs hfn`nhlbs h `hs MH_,
8 6 7Abdb lhtb sngenfnah`nvb l c c s tc j c aj b h p u e tc d b s q u c `b s j c rd h e b s [hfhc` *; > h ø b s . y A h yc th e b *8 ~ h ø b s . @bah l c \ceh y @hzb, auybs hpc``nlb, l c h th e
a`hrhdcetc s u hlsarnpanñe dbeèrqunah *`b auh` rc frh sl h se b s c e cetrcvnstc pcrsbeh` abe c` s c g ehtb lc c``bs. fucrbe p rb ac s h l b s y ab c l c e h l b s pbr lcshfcaanñeh `h [cpýk`nah y cetrc `h s h a `ddbecs ceabetrhdbs q u c “la c f ` h s c r h su hfn`nhanñe h FC ab`d b d h e nfc s th k h e hah`hs tnajhs q u c fucrbe j h `h l h s da Abetrb`lc Eñdnehs% _hrh [hfhc` c e Qudheb 8 1 ; : lc 8 > 1 7 lc` \rnkueh` _bpu`hr e 3 ; ce AHSQH= @cghmb 8 ?< „ Ahmh 3?„% ^ p h s d Ahyctheb c e _nczh >67 lc 8>17lc` \rnksdh`_bpu`hre„ ; ce AHSQH @cghmb 8 1 6 „% A hmh >8%
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
`b s abebanlbs ‚mh pnsths—% _br abetrh ce c` heè`nsns lc `bs prbacsbs lc `bs trnkueh`cs jcdbs
abdprbkhlb abdb cetrc `h hfn`nhanñe lc btrbs phrtnlbs dès dblcrhlbs lc `h lcrcajh abdb
[C ceabetrhdbs dhybrnthrnhdcetc dhlrn`cøbs quc sucrhkhe `bs <? høbs%Cs abdprcesnk`c quc fucrhe `bs mñvcecs `bs dès hatnvbs ce `h `uajh abetrh `h [cpýk`nah
ce su prbpnh rcthguhrlnh y hjä ceabetrhdbs `h rhzñe lc quc jh``cdbs ueh dhsnvh hfn`nhanñe h
H_ *rcpctndbs, ce kuceh dclnlh h `hs MH_. y ueh grhe prcsceanh lc fh`hegnsths pcrb cstbs
lc ý`tndh jbrh y eb purhdcetc mbschetbenhebs sneb kt%sahlbrcs lc ueh brghenzhanñe quc `cs
lncrh `b s dclnbs phrh aheh`nzhr su lcscb lc `uajhr abetrh `h [cpýk`nah%
Ce sudh `h lcshfcaanñe dhlrn`cøh h` rîgndce rcpuk`naheb sc abeacetrñ ce `h dn`ntheanh
lc H_ y FC, h duajh lnstheanh `bs dbeèrqunabs, sbkrc tblb lc [C% C` rcstb eb cs
rcprcscethtnvb%
V%<%$ @ h clhl l c `h a`helcstnenlhl dhlrn`cfn@
Cetrhdbs yh ce c` prndcrb lc `bs trcs ahrhatcrcs dès pcrsbeh`cs lc` pcrfn` lc` lcshfcatb
dhlrn`cøb= `h clhl% ^h jcdbs vnstb `äechs hrrnkh h`guhbs hspcatbs rc`hanbehlbs abe `h clhl
lc `bs lcshfcatbs dhlrn`cøbs y su rc`hanñe abe quc jh``~dbs ueh dhsnvh hfn`nhanñe h H_ y FC
cetrc `h a`helcstnenlhl%
_hrh c` heè`nsns lc `hs clhlcs lc `bs dhlrn`cøbs jcdbs abesnlcrhlb lcslc `bs dcebrcs
lc ;? høbs jhsth `bs quc supcrhkhe `bs 7? høbs% Ce csc èdkntb jcdbs bpthlb pbr hgruphr`bs
lc aneab ce aneab høbs% Bkscrvcdbs grèfnahdcetc `hs clhlcs lc `bs netcgrhetcs lc `h
a`helcstnenlhl dhlrn`cøh%
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
Lnstrnkuanñe pbr clhlcs lc `h a¡heltntnenlhl dhlrn`cøh%
u
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@h ~ tn =h ² ~16h <8h <?h prndcrh abea`usnñe quc cxtrhcdbs lc` heè`nsns lc cstbs lhtbs cs quc ce `h
lcshfcaanñe dhlrn`cøh h `h [cpýk`nah `b quc hkuelhkhe dhybrnthrnhdcetc crhe `bs mñvcecs=
dès lc` 1:# crhe dcebrcs lc 1? høbs y sn abesnlcrhrebs aneab høbs dès, `b s dcebrcs lc 1 3
supbeähe dès lc` 3?# lc tblh `h a`helcstnenlhl lc Dhlrnl% Cs dès, pblcdbs abdprbkhr
abdb ahsn ue tcranb lc` tbth` lc `bs hetnrrcpuk`nahebs crhe vcnetchøcrbs phshlbs `bs 1? høbs
abefbrdc `h clhl arcaäh c` eýdcrb lc lcshfcatbs lcsaceläh y pbr ceandh lc `bs 63 høbs su
prcsceanh eb h`ahezhkh en c` 8 # lc` tbth`%
$ _hrh`c`hdcetc h c``b, `h hatnvnlhl gukcrehtnvh scguäh `bs dnsdbs arntcrnbs% Jhsth `bs
1? høbs abefbrdc `h clhl arcaäh thdknîe crh dhybr c` eýdcrb lc dhlrn`cøbs quc crhe
lctcenlbs haushlbs lc h`gueb lc `bs abdpbrthdncetbs b hatntulcs quc rcvc`hkhe lcshfcaanñe
h` [îgndce, y h phrtnr lc csh clhl ahlh vcz crh dcrbr c` eýdcrb lc dhlrn`cøbs quc crhe
lctcenlbs haushlbs lc cecdngbs lc` rîgndce abe ueh `cvc cxacpanñe cetrc `b s <6 y 3? høbs
ce quc jhy ue pcqucøb nearcdcetb lc `b s lctcenlbs abe rcspcatb h `b s dhlrn`cøbs
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Ahpntu`b 19 Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneh
hetnrrcpuk`nahebs abeprcelnlbs cetrc `bs <8 y <3 høbs%
_hrh abrrbkbrhr `b yh hpuethlb `äechs dès hrrnkh `h dhybr prcsceanh lc lcshfcatbs ce$
trc `bs scatbrcs dès mñvcecs lc `h sbanclhl dhlrn`cøh cstè ce a`hrh rc`hanñe abe `h ndpbrtheanh
lc `bs cstulnhetcs ce `h vnlh a`helcstneh y c` cebrdc nearcdcetb, yh cxp`nahlb, lc hfn`nhanñe
lc `bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah h fbrdhanbecs cxtrcdhs abdb FC%
_br thetb `h pbk`hanñe a`helcstneh hetnrrcpuk`naheh lc Dhlrnl crh dhybrnthrnhdcetc
mbvce `b auh` cs `ñgnab, pbr c` hrrbmb c nlch`nsdb quc sc cetncelc dès prbpnb lc csh cthph lc
`h vnlh y thdknîe pbrquc ce c``h ebrdh`dcetc st%c`c scr dcebs jhkntuh` quc cxnsthe
rcspbeshkn`nlhlcs *pbr cmcdp`b, `hs fhdn`nhrcs. b pcrsbehs quc pulncrhe lcpcelcr lc`
lcshfcatb% Ce scgunlh vhdbs h abrrbkbrhr`b heh`nzhr c` csthlb anvn` dès cxtcelnlb cetrc `h
lcshfcaanñe dhlrn`cøh% Hlcdès jhy btrh rhzñe knb`ñgnah= abefbrdc `h clhl cs dès hvhezhlh
`h pbsnkn`nlhl lc fh``candncetb cs dhybr y `h pbk`hanñe lc clhlcs supcrnbrcs tncec dcebr
prcsceanh ce `h sbanclhl y pbr thetb thdknîe cetrc `h a`helcstnenlhl%
Abdphrhanñe pbr sgdcetbslc clhl cefrc `bslctcen„ bsy`bsfneh`dcetcabelcehlbs
8:
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re“ e h h h1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
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LØbranhlbs8#
Lnstrnkuanñe pbr csthlbs anvn`cs lc `h a`helcstnenlhl dhlrn`cøh%
Vnulbs6#
Ahshlbs<8 #
Qb`tcrbs3;#
Ahpntu`b 19 Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
V% 3%$ C` csthlb anvn`
Cetrc `bs vcanebs lc Dhlrnl quc bpthrbe pbr bpbecrsc h` [îgndce rcpuk`naheb, hue
auhelb frhahshrh `h suk`cvhanñe dn`nthr hkuelhrbe `bs sb`tcrbs%
Cstb rcquncrc pbah cxp`nahanñe, sbkrc tblb jhkncelb abdprbkhlb `h hkuelheanh lc muvcetul y lc cstulnhetcs cetrc `h pbk`hanñe lcshfcath h `h [cpýk`nah% _crb hlcdès thdknîe
jhy rhzbecs quc ceabetrhdbs, sndp`cdcetc ce c` scetnlb abdue%
Abdb vcdbs ce c` grèfnab dès lc `h dnthl lc `bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah ce `h
rcthguhrlnh dhlrn`cøhcrhe sb`tcrbs, supcrhelb ce dès lc ue 8;# h bs ahshlbs y abestntuyce$
lb lncz vcacs dès quc c` eýdcrb lc vnulbs% C``b cs Tñgnab% Cvnlcetcdcetc, prndcrb pbr c`
a`ndh lc vnb`ceanh lc `bs prndcrbs dcscs y lcspuîs, pbrquc, huequc `h sntuhanñe dcmbrhe
h` scr hetnrrcpuk`naheb eb sc lcmhkh lc csthr ce tcrrntb rnb cecdngb y bpbecrsc h `h [cpýk`nah
crh abrrcr ue rncsgb eb pcqucøb, h vcacs c` lc `h prbpnh vnlh% C``b supbeäh quc auhelb sc cs
rcspbeshk`c lc ueh fhdn`nh pbrquc sc cs c` phlrc b thdknîe sc lnb c` ahsb pbrquc sc cs `h
dhlrc lcanlnrsc h hatuhr ce `h a`helcstnenlhl crh ue lcansnñe duy lnfäan` y dès sn jhkäh jnmbs%
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Ahpntu`b 19 Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneh
Hlcdès s n jcdbs abdprbkhlb quc cetrc `b s cecdngbs lc` [îgndce prclbdnehkh `h pbk`hanñe
mbvce jhy quc pceshr quc auhelb jukncrh jnmbs `b d è~9 jhkntuh` crh quc fucrhe lc abrth clhl
y pbr thetb lcpcelncetcs lc sus prbgcentbrcs% Csth anrauestheanh crh dès lngeh lc scr tcenlh
ce auceth sn ebs rcfcrndbs h `bs abdpbrthdncetbs dès hatnvbs abetrh `h [cpýk`nah= c`
lcrrbtnsdb c` cspnbehmc y sbkrc tblb, c` qunethab`udensdb% _br c``b ce eucstrhs
nevcstnghanbecs, jcdbs pblnlb ``cghr h `h abea`usnñe lc quc `h dhybr phrtc lc `bs qunethab$
`udensths dhlrn`cøbs crhe mñvcecs y sb`tcrbs% Ce cstc scetnlb pblcdbs `ccr c` tcstndbenb lc
ueb lc c``bs, Qhetbs H`abacr=„6:
Hlb`fb ` c auceth quc `c vh h ceahrghr abshs dès hencsghlhs pcrb sñ`b s n î` cstè lnspucstb, cs
`nkrc phrh jhacr`b b eb, y Qhetbs `c lnac=
00$Eb tc csfucracs dès% Hlb`fb% Crcs ue täb fcelueceb% \c `h mucghs dès quc ehlnc y%%%
«$_crlbeh, Qhetbs% ^b sby sb`tcrb%%%¹
Qhetbs `c lnac quc eb sc prcbaupc, quc su dumcr, \crcsh, shkc ce quî cstè dctnlb y `b hsudc%
Abdb sc bkscrvh, c` csthlb anvn` eb crh ueh aucstnñe kh`hlä h `h jbrh lc hsudnr rncsgbs
ce `h hatnvnlhl a`helcstneh abetrh `h [cpýk`nah y `bs dhlrn`cøbs quc `h lcshrrb``hkhe crhe
abesancetcs lc c``b%
Dès hýe, btrb lhtb ebs pbec lc dhenfncstb quc bs sb`tcrbs fucrbe dès lcanlnlbs h
hatuhr abetrh `h [cpýk`nah ce Dhlrnl% Lc tblbs `bs dhlrn`cøbs ahshlbs quc fucrbe lctcenlbs,
sñ`b c` 13# lc c``bs tcrdnehrbe lca`hrhlbs cecdngbs l~` [îgndce dncetrhs quc cetrc `bs
sb`tcrbs fuc ueb lc ahlh lbs lc `bs quc phshkhe pbr `bs trnkueh`cs `bs quc hahkhrbe sncelb
abelcehlbs abdb lcshfcatbs h `h [cpýk`nah ce auh`quncrh lc sus fbrdhs%
_hrh tcrdnehr jhghdbs rcfcrceanh h `bs lhtbs quc jcdbs prcscethlb rcspcatb h `h
8 6 : H@ABAC[% Qhetbs% @~ ‚Xuneth abjce„ *Dhlè@ 8>17.% D hlrnl9 G hraÎ s lc` \bra Clntbr= 8>26*p% 877.%
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlänl a`helcstneb%
rc`hanñe cetrc `h vnulcz y c` lnvbranb abe `h lcshfcaanñe 9n `h [cpýk`nah% C` quc hpcehs h`gb
dès lc` 3# lc `bs dhlrn`cøbs lcshfcatbs h `h [cpýk`nah fhcrhe vnulbs sc cxp`nah ce rc`hanñe
abe `b quc hetcrnbrdcetc jcdbs abdcethlb abe rcspcatb h `h clhl% @ñgnahdcetc, `h vnulczcs dès frcaucetc cetrc pcrsbehs lc clhl dès hvhezhlh y abdb jcdbs abdprbkhlb abefbrdc
`h clhl arcaäh lcsaceläh c` eýdcrb lc hetnrrcpuk`nahebs%
^, pbr ý`tndb thdknîe jcdbs qucrnlb rcabgcr hunquc fucrh tcstndbenh` `h prcsceanh
lc lnvbranhlbs cetrc `h lcshfcaanñe dhlrn`cøh h `h [cpýk`nah% Qñ`b jcdbs ceabetrhlb h`gb
dès lc ue ?%3# lc ahsbs lc vcanebs lc Dhlrnl lcshfcatbs quc crhe lnvbranhlbs, cs lcanr,
ueh ahetnlhl nrrc`cvhetc% Ce eucstrh bpnenñe, c``b sc lckc pbr ue `hlb h quc jhsth `h ``cghlh
lc `h [cpýk`nah ce Csphøh eb jhkäh pbsnkn`nlhl lc lnvbraYhrsc abe `b quc csthdbs jhk`helb
lc duy pbabs høbs y ce scguelb `ughr, y dès ndpbrthetc cs tcecr ce auceth quc cetrc `bs
lcshfcatbs h `h [cpýk`nah jhkäh ueh ndpbrthetc dhybräh lc ahtñ`nabs b lc scatbrcs
abescrvhlbrcs lc `h sbanclhl cetrc `bs quc `h lnsb`uanñe lc` dhtrndbenb eb crh hacpthk`c y
pbr thetb eb sc ``cvhkh h ahkb% _br tblb c``b prèatnahdcetc eb jhy lnvbranhlbs cetrc `bs
cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah%
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Dumcrcs
;6 #
Jbdkrcs y dumcrcs h `h a`helcst nenlhl dhlrn `cøh%
Jbetds
7< #
Ahpntu`b 19 Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlänl a`helcstneb%
V%6%$ Lnstrnkuanñe pbr scxbs
Ce cstc ahsb `bs lhtbs jhk`he pbr sä sb`bs% _rèatnahdcetc trcs lc ahlh auhtrb
dhlrn`cøbs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah crhe jbdkrcs% C``b abestrhsth abe `h ndpbrtheanh quc
`h dumcr tuvb ce `h hatnvnlhl qunethab`udensth, abdb abdprbkhrcdbs ce c` ahpätu`b
abrrcspbelncetc sbkrc tblb h trhvîs lc `h brghenzhanñe lc `h Qcaanñe Fcdceneh lc FC c`
‐Huxn`nb Hzu` Dhrnh _hz—% Lc c``b y lc `b quc jcdbs pblnlb abdprbkhr ce c` heè`nsns lc
tblh `h lbaudcethanñe lc `bs \rnkueh`cs _bpu`hrcs, lcluandbs quc auhelb `h dumcr dhlrn`cøh
sc nednsauäh ce `h a`helcstnenlhl dhlrn`cøh `b jhaäh lc fb9 dh duy hatnvh, abdprbdctnîelbsc
ce `hs brghenzhanbecs quc lcslc c` abrhzbe lc `h rcthguhrlnh rcpuk`naheh trhkhmhkhe ce fhvbr
lc `bs Ehanbeh`cs, y ce duajhs bahsnbecs, abdb vcrcdbs ce su dbdcetb hfrbethelb
hatnvnlhlcs quc supbeähe grhe rncsgb pcrsbeh`%
Eb bksthetc `b hetcrnbr thdknîe jcdbs bkscrvhlb ue jcajb aurnbsb= `hs hutbrnlhlcs
rcpuk`nahehs sc rcsnstähe h abesnlcrhr quc `hs dumcrcs fucrhe rch`dcetc pc`ngrbshs phrh `h
sh`ul lc su rcthguhrlnh y `bs ahstngbs y pcehs ndpucstbs h c``hs eueah sc ahrhatcrnzhrbe pbr
su cxacsnvh lurczh% Abdb vcrcdbs, sc cqunvbahkhe%
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlänl a`helcstneb%
Abdb bkscrvhdbs c` vb`udce lc dhlrn`cøbs y dhlrn`cøhs lca`hrhlbs cecdngbs lc`
îgndce h `b `hrgb lc `bs 1; dcscs lc gucrrh eb fuc abesthetc ``cghelb ce h`guebs dbdcetbs
h quc dès lc` :3 lc lcshfcatbs crhe jbdkrcs *prndcr trndcstrc lc 8>1>. frcetc h btrbs
dbdcetbs ce quc sñ`b h`ahezhkhe c` 63#% Eb bksthetc, sncdprc fuc hkrudhlbrhdcetc
dhybrnthrnh `h prcsceanh dhsau`neh cetrc `bs abesnlcrhlbs cecdngbs cdkbsahlbs lc `h
[cpýk`nah ce Dhlrnl, c nea`usb, eb jcdbs jh``hlb ueh s < 1 8 h dumcr abelcehlh pbr auh`quncr
fbrdh lc lcshfcaanñe h` [îgndce hetcs lc` 8 lc batukrc lc 8>16%
V%7%$ Abdb abea`usnñe= C` ecrfn` lc` lcshfcatb%
Lcspuîs lc tblbs `bs lhtbs quc jcdbs hpbrthlc ce c` prcscetc cpägrhfc pblcdbs
hfnrdhr quc sn qunsnîrhdbs `bah`nzhr h ue cecdngb lc `h [a pýk`nah cdkbsahlb ce Dhlrnl, abe
`hs dhybrcs prbkhkn`nlhlcs lc tcecrîxntb ce eucstrh cdprcsh, knce abdb pcrscgunlbrcs b knce
phrh uendbs h su `hkbr a`helcstneh, lckcrähdbs kusahr ce `hs a`hscs dclnhs, cspcanh`dcetc
cetrc `bs cdp`chlbs, ue jbdkrc mbvce prcfcrcetcdcetc cetrc ;? y 1? høbs y ce aärau`bs
;;7
Abdphrhanñe , h `b `hrgb lc `h gucrrh , lc `h ahetnlhl lc jbdkrcs y dumcrcsabes nlcrhlbscecdngbs lc `h [cpýk` nah %
86?% u Nf`ntrcs~Hnmcrcs
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Ahpntu`b 1= Lcfnenanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb%
acrahebs h H_ y h FC, ce cstc ý`tndb ahsb, dès hýe sn sc trhthkh lc h`gunce lc rcancetc
hfn`nhanñe% Qn ebsbtrbs qunsnîrhdbs pbecr ce dhrajh ueh hatnvnlhl a`helcstneh b fuîrhdbs yh
rcspbeshk`cs lc h`gueh haulnrähdbs h tblb `b hetcrnbr pcrb hlcdès ebs pblräh scr lc utn`nlhl
pceshr ce h`gýe abdphøcrb lc a`hsc sn îrhdbs cstulnhetcs y tcelrähdbs dès bpanñe lc
abevceacr`c lc quc sc uencrh h eucstrh `hkbr sn eb tcdh ahrghs fhdn`nhrcs, b sch sn crh
sb`tcrb% Hlcdès ce `h dhybräh lc `bs ahsbs `b ceabetrhrfndbs ce Kucehvnsth b Ajhdkcrä%
C` pcrfn`$tnpb lc` cecdngb cdkbsahlb lc `h [cpýk`nah dès hkuelhetc ce c` Dhlrnl lc
`h Gucrrh scräh c` snguncetc= ue jbdkrc mbvce lc a`hsc dclnh cdp`chlb, sb`tcrb, lc` khrrnb
lc Qh`hdheah b prbaclcetc lc `h zbeh ce tbdb h` khrrnb lc Hrgýc``cs b h` _h`hanb Ehanbeh`
y abe fn`nhanñe pb`ätnah ce H_ b sn crh lc rcancetc hfn`nhanñe ce FC huequc eb pcesèrhdbs
eueah quc fucrh ue abevceanlb mbschetbenheb sneb h`gunce quc pbr ceandh lc `h nlcb`bgäh
pbeäh tbrh `h bpcrhtnvnlhl b c` prhgdhtnsdb ce su lcscb lc `uajh abetrh `h [cpýk`nah%
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AH_Ä\S@B <= HA\SHANÑE LC@ DHL[NL A@HELCQ\NEB 8
^h jcdbs vnstb ce quî abesnstähe cshs hatnvnlhlcs lc csc scatbr a`helcstneb lc Dhlrnl
quc crh abetrhrnb h `h [cpýk`nah ce su s lnvcrshs fbrdhs lc rcsnstceanh h `h dnsdh% Ce `h s
snguncetcs `äechs vhdbs h rcf`cmhr añdb sc dhenfcsthrbe ce `h rch`nlhl lc `h ahpnth` h `b `hrgb
lc `b s ahsn trcs høbs lc gucrrh%
Hetcs lc phshr h heh`nzhr `h s auhtrb fbrdhs lc rcsnstceanh h `h [cpýk`nah quc sc
dhenfcsthrbe ce `h a`helcstnenlhl lc `h rcthguhrlnh dhlrn`cøh tceghdbs prcscetc ue jcajb=
c` lcrrbtnsdb c` cspnbehmc y `h quneth ab`udeh fucrbe hatnvnlhlcs quc sc dhenfcsthrbe
pbstcrnbrdcetc h` 8 : lc mu`nb lc 8>16, pbr thetb abesththk`cs ce `h rch`nlhl lc `b s jcajbs
pcrb `h lcshfcaanñe huequc abdb `h s hetcrnbrcs thdknîe dhenfcsthlh lcspuîs lc csh fcajh
`b quc sc pcrscguäh eb crhe hatnvnlhlcs sneb dès knce hatntulcs fbrdhs lc pceshr y ce
gcecrh` hetcrnbrcs h `h suk`cvhanñe dn`nthr%
8%$ C@ DHL[NL A@HELCQ\NEB _HQNVB= @BQ QND_@CQ LCQHFCA\BQ%
_hrh cdpczhr c` heè`nsns lc csths fbrdhs 0 c rcsnstceanh h` Csthlb rcpuk`naheb
abdcezhrcdbs pbr `h quc prndcrb sc dhenfcstñ= `h lcshfcaanñe% Cs a`hrb quc c` h`zhdncetb
dn`nthr prblumb lbs rchaanbecs abetrhpucsths `h hljcsnñe y c` rcajhzb hetcs quc p`hetchrsc
auh`quncr hatnvnlhl b haanñe ceahdnehlh h ab`hkbrhr ce ueb u btrb scetnlb% Cs lcanr sc
prblumb ‐hfcatb„ h ue khelb y lcshfcatb— h` abetrhrnb% Abdb Dhlrnl fuc lbdnehlb pbr `b s
`ch`cs h `h [cpýk`nah quncecs c` ; 8 lc mu`nb sc lncrbe auceth lc` frhahsb lc `h suk`cvhanñe ce
Auhelb `h s abesnlcrhanbecs q u c c e c s tc cpägrhfc s c rcabgce s c h e lc ahrèatcr gcecrh`, 3, trhth l c abea`usnbecs q u c cxtrhcdbs lc` heè`nsns l c `bs fbelbsl c @ b s \rnkueh`cs _bpu`hrcs *d è s l c 8 ; ? ? ? c xp c l nc e tc s y sudhrnbs. c e `bs q u c jh``hdbs Nt cxpbsnsnanñe l c `h s rhzbecs, `bs h atb s, `b s scetndncetbs pbr `b sq u c `bs dhlrn`cøbs c r h e abesnlcrhlbs lcsh`catbs h` [îgndce, s ne lcshrrb``hr enegueh hatnvnlhl abetrh î s t c sneb sî`b pbrquc s c `c s abesnlcrhkh q u c c r h r %cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah y l c s c h k h e c` trnuefb l c `b s Ehanbeh`cs h u e qu c eb ab`hkbrhsce `c fbrdh lnrcath c e c``b% \blb c``b s c jh``h c e AHSQH= @ c g h m b s %8 h < ; 1 b ahmhs 8 h 17:, prneanph`dcetc, y btrbs l nsp c rsb s c e `bs fbelbs l c `h A hu sh B a e c rh l c Dhlrnl% Hlcdès, c e lnstnetbs dbdcetbs, nea`unrcdbs%rcfcrceanhs lbaudceth`cs d è s abearcths au h e l b rcabmhdbs h`guebs a h s b s abdb cmcdp`b%
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
`h ahpnth` y jhkähe snlb lc `b s quc jhkähe lcschlb su îxntb sne jhacr dès phshkhe h cegrbshr
`h s fn`hs lc `h lcshfcaanñe h` [îgndce% Haaclcr h `h fueanñe lc cspäh `h hatnvnlhl qunethab$
`udensth b, nea`usb lcrrbtnsth yh supbeäh ueh scguelh fhsc `h lc tbdhr phrtc hatnvh ce `h
`uajh ce rcthguhrlnh abetrh `h [cpýk`nah% Ce sudh tblbs `bs cspähs qunethab`udensths b
lcrrbtnsths crhe lcshfcatbs pcrb eb h` rcvîs% _br btrh phrtc `bs lcshfcatbs quc lcanlncrbe
lclnahrsc h` cspnbehmc c` qunethab`udensdb b c` lcrrbtnsdb thrlhrbe ce brghenzhrsc y jhsth
`b s nenanbs lc 8>17 fucrbe lc csahsh ndpbrtheanh sus hatnvnlhlcs c nea`usb ce c` ý`tndb ahsb
jhkräh quc cspcrhr sbkrc tblb h 8>1:%
Dhlrn`cøbs quc lcschkhe c` fne lc `h [cpýk`nah `b s jhkäh eb yh lcslc c` 8 : lc mu`nb
lc 8>16, sneb lcslc duajb hetcs pcrb lcslc csh fcajh sc ceabetrhrbe ce ue hdkncetc jbstn`
y, sbkrc tblb pc`ngrbsb auhelb frhahsñ `h suk`cvhanñe% \bdhrbe abeanceanh lc jh``hrsc ce
ueh gucrrh ce `h quc `c s jhkfh tbahlb lcscevb`vcrsc ce `h rcthguhrlnh lc` cecdngb y sc
lnspusncrbe h vcr trhesaurrnr `h s scdhehs abe `h cspc=hezh lc quc c` abef`natb fucrh krcvc
h`gb lc `b quc sc csthkhe abevceancelb h` tcecr ebtnanhs pbrquc h pcshr lc tblb `h s tceähe
lc `bs hvheacs lc `b s Ehanbeh`cs% Duy pbabs dhlrn`cøbs *qunzè enegueb. arcäh ce `h ahpnth`
quc ‐e b phshrähe— y csb quc abesnlcrhkhe yh ue jcaèb *`h tbdh lc `h anulhl5 supbelräh c`
fne ce krcvc tncdpb lc `h gucrrh y pbr thetb thdk@îe lc` lcshsbsncgb y tcdbr lc `h quc
crh ce csc ahsb y jhsth cetbeacs pbk`hanñe lcshfcath% _crb ` `cgñ ebvncdkrc sngunñ
lnancdkrc cecrb fckrcrb dhrzb%%% y, phrhfrhschelb h Lhe Iurzdhe; sc prblumb c` dn`hgrb=
Dhlrnl rcsnstnñ c` hsclnb% Abe c``b c` abevceandncetb lc `b s lcshfcatbs ce `h lcrrbth lc `h
[cpýk`nah phsñ h scr lulh dncetrhs abetneuhkhe ce su sntuhanñe lc rncsgb pcrscgunlbs y abe
`h hdcehzh abesthetc lc `h s hutbrnlhlcs rcpuk`nahehs b `b quc crh pcbr huequc h phrtnr lc
;IS[]DHE% Lhe% Dn`hgrb c e ebvncdkrc% Khrac`beh9 Clntbrnh` Hrgbs Vcrghrh9 8 >: 8 %
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb 8 %
8>17 duajb dcebs lc `b s ``hdhlbs ‐neabetrb`hlbs—
Frhahshlh `h suk`cvhanñe `b s lcshfcatbs ce Dhlrnl fucrbe pcrscgunlbs haushlbs lc
duy lnvcrshs abshs tblhs `h s auh`cs rcf`cmhkhe rcajhzb h `h [cpýk`nah% @hs ajcahs quc
cdpczhrbe h surgnr pbr Dhlrnl ce `bah`cs lc brghenzhanbecs pb`ätnahs y snelnah`cs abdb sclcs
lc dn`nanhs lc phrtnlb abdcezhrbe `h pcrscauanñe lc `b s c`cdcetbs quc abesnlcrhkhe
pc`ngrbsbs phrh c` [îgndce% Lc `hs prndcrhs quc nenanñ csth `uajh abetrh `h lcshfcaanñe fuc
`h Ajcah bfnanh` pbr hetbebdhsnh= `h Ajcah prndcrb `c Kc``hs Hrtcs y `ucgb lc Fbdcetb%
Qcgýe lnvcrsbs tcstndbenbs auhelbc`
Lnrcatbr Gcecrh` lc Qcgurnlhl Dheuc` DuøbzDhrtäecz abduenah h nenanbs lc hgbstb h `b s rcprcscrthetcs lc `h s brghenzhanbecs lc` Frcetc
_bpu`hr ce ueh rcuenñe abe c``bs ce c` Aärau`b lc Kc``hs Hrtcs `h abestntuanñe lc cstc ``hdhlb
Abdntî _rbvneanh` lc Nevcstnghanñe _ýk`nah `c s lnac %a = 0quc `h dnsnñe lc lnajb Abdntî crh
`h lc nevcstnghr `h abeluath lc `h s pcrsbehs lcshfcaths h` [îgndce5 5 H Abdb vndbs
hetcrnbrdcetc `h @cy tblhväh eb pcrscguäh `h lcshfcaanñe lcebdneèelb`h lc csth dhecrh
pcrb csths dhenfcsthanbecs lc Dheuc` Duøbz rcvc`he quc yh nenanbs lc hgbstb lähs lcspuîs
lc `h suk`cvhanñe abesthkh `h cxnstceanh lc lcshfcatbs y lcslc `hs hutbrnlhlcs cmcautnvhs sc
tbdhkhe dclnlhs phrh hthmhr c` prbk`cdh%
Cetrc cshs dclnlhs quc prbetb sc tbdhrbe csthkhe `h s nevcstnghanbecs quc hfrbethkhe
lnstneths cetnlhlcs dhlrn`cøhs ce vhrnhlbs prbacsbs lc shechdncetb lc su pcrsbeh`= `h
lcpurhanñe% C` rcsu`thlb lc `h dnsdh tcrdnehkh abe `h cxpu`snñe lc `bs quc eb sc abesnlc$
rhkh prbkhlh su `ch`thl h `h [cpýk`nah huequc c``b eb crh tblhväh ueh abelceh pbr
lcshfcaanñe% Eb bksthetc `b quc baurräh cs quc c` cxpu`shlb crh ctnqucthlb abdb cecdngb
AHSQH= @cghmb 831?„, [hdb 1? *‚Ajcah l c Kc``hs Hrtcs y Fbdcetb„.= Lca`hrhanñe % c Vnrgn`nb Csaèdcz Dheackb *f% 16.9 nefbrdhanñe abrrbkbrhlhabe btrhs lca`hrhanbecs ce c ` dnsdb [hdb%
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb 8 %
lc` [îgndce y ahsn sncdprc ce `b s prñxndbs dcscs h`gunce haulnräh h su ahsh *sneb `b jhkähe%
jcajb hetcs nelcschk`cs< phrh lhr`c c` ‐phscb ‐. y `b s lctcelrähe khmb `h ýenah haushanñe lc
jhkcr sufrnlb `h dceanbehlh cxpu`snñe quc ce `h dhybräh lc `bs ahsbs crh lc cetnlhlcs abdb
\c`cfñenah Abrrcbs c` Hyuethdncetb lc Dhlrnl `h Hldnenstrhanñe lc Mustnanh c` Kheab lc
Csphøh *y btrbs kheabs. `h GE[ b `h Guhrlnh Anvn` y ce gcecrh` btrhs vhrnhlhs cdprcshs%
Ebrdh`dcetc `h nevcstnghanñe suksnguncetc h `h lctceanñe lctceenehkh quc cfcatnvhdcetc sc
trhthkh lc cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah%
\hdknîe ce scgunlh `h prcesh sc jnzb cab lc `h ecacsnlhl lc pcrscgunr `h
lcshfcaanñe% ^h c` ;; lc mu`nb ‐C ` Qbanh`nsth— pcläh quc sc lceueanhrh h `b s sbspcajbsbs%3 H`
tcracr läh lc su puk`nahanñe ‐HKA— abe su eucvh brncethanñe rcpuk`naheh abdcezñ h nea`unr
ce sus pègnehs lc fbrdh jhkntuh` uebs rcauhlrbs khmb c` tntu`b ‚ l c 0 0H`gb cs h`gb5 5 ce
`b s auh`cs rcabgäh csh lcpurhanñe ce brghensdbs bfnanh`cs lc fueanbehrnbs lcshfcatbs h`
[îgndce nea`uycelb `h dhybräh lc `h s bahsnbecs abdcethrnbs pnlncelb quc sc netcesnfnahsc
csth `hkbr lc `ndpnczh% Ce sudh sc hlvcrtäh y sc archkh ue csthlb lc bpnenñe abetrh `h
lcshfcaanñe huequc eb sc `c lcebdnehsc hsn%
\hdknîe duy prbetb `h hatnvnlhl lc `h Mustnanh cdpczñ h lcmhr abestheanh lc `h
hphrnanñe lc `h lcshfcaanñe pbr dclnb lc prbacsbs quc, sn knce eb crhe pbr cstc lc`ntb pbrquc
`h s `cycs hýe eb `b abetcdp`hkhe6 dhenfcsthkhe a`hrhdcetc csth hatntul b h vcacs hatnvnlhl
jbstn` h` [îgndce% Hsä c` ; 8 lc mu`nb fuc lctcenlb Ngehanb Kh``cstcrbs y Fcreèelcz haushlb
lc tceceanh n`äanth lc hrdhs quc `c fucrbe jh``hlhs ce ue rcgnstrb lc su ahsh9 lcdbstrñ quc
< Hs ä c r h e ah`nfnahlbs pbr `h prbpnh prcesh dhlrn`cøh%
‐C` Qbanh`nsth„ *;;%?7%16.%
6[cabrlcdbs q u c jhk`hdbs lc h a t b s quc, c e c s t b s dbdcetbs, 0 0eb c r h e abestntutnvbs `c `b s lc`ntbs prcvnstbs y sheanbehlbs ce c ` Añlngb _ ce h ` abdýe
yce `h s `cycs p ce h `cs cspcanh`cs%55 *Hrtnau`b 8 lc` Lcarctb l c 8 ? l c batukrc l c 8 > 1 6 , GHAC\H, 88%8?%16.
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
tceäh `naceanh y guähs phrh pbsccr`hs `cgh`dcetc pcrb quclhräh prcsb ce `h Aèrac` _br`ncr
pbrquc sc `c abesnlcrñ lcshfcatb h` [îgndce%7 Btrb ahsb cs c` lc Dheuc` Brnh Gbezè`cz quc
haushlb lc 0 0jhacr scøh`cs h` cecdngb55
fuc lctcenlb y ce c` trhesaursb lc `hnevcstnghanñe c` Abetrb` lc Eñdnehs nefbrdñ quc ce lnajh lcpcelceanh abesthkh ueh fnajh
abe su ebdkrc y abdb hfn`nhlb h FC pbr `b quc hahkhräh sncelb abelcehlb pbr lcshfcaanñe
pbr c` Murhlb lc Srgceanh e ? 1 c` 8 > lc mu`nb lc 8 >1 „8 *auhelb yh c` lc`ntb cxnstäh abdb th `
y yh fueanbehkhe cstbs murhlbs. h 8 høb y 6 dcscs lc nrtcrehdncetb ce ahdpb lc trhkhmb%: _br
`b thetb `b s trnkueh`cs lc Mustnanh sc hlc`hethrbe ab=h `h lctceanñe pbr btrbs dbtnvbs lc
dhlrn`cøbs quc rcsu`thrähe h` fneh` abelcehlbs pbr lc~%hfcatbs auhelb yh csth fngurh lc`natnvh
fucrh abetcdp`hlh ce `h s `cycs%
Duajhs vcacs `h pcrscauanñe lc` lcshfcatb tceäh su brngce ce ueh lceueanh heñendh
ce duajhs bahsnbecs C``b supbeäh quc huequc jhkäh ahsbs ce quc jhkäh dbtnvbs sbkrhlbs
phrh sbspcajhr quc c` lceueanhlb crh cfcatnvhdcetc lc nlchs jbstn`cs jhanh `h [cpýk`nah ce
btrbs îstc eb crh dès quc bkmctb lc ueh vceghezh b ue rcscetndncetb pcrsbeh`%
Cspcanh`dcetc ce c` ahsb lc Dhlrnl `h rhzñe prneanph` phrh haushr h h`gunce lc sc r
cecdngb lc `h [cpýk`nah crh ue phshlb lc pcrtceceanh b rc`hanñe abe h`gueb lc `b s
phrtnlbs u brghenzhanbecs abesnlcrhlbs hjbrh cecdngbs lc` Frcetc _bpu`hr% Ce c``b sne
lulh c` brghensdb a`hvc fuc c` yh anthlb ce btrhs bahsnbecs Hrajnvb lc Dhtnacs b Abetrb`
lc Eñdnehs lc `h LGQ lc grhe ndpbrtheanh phrh shahr h `uz h `b s lcshfcatbs ce `h ahpnth` lc
Csphøh% Abdb yh jcdbs rcabgnlb ce c` ahpntu`b hetcrnbr pbr `h lcshfcaanñe sc pcrscgunhe%
dès quc jcajbs nlchs y sbkrc tblb hquc``hs quc sne scr abesnlcrhlhs jbstn`cs ce c`
7HJE% Fbelbs Abetcdpbrèecbs9 Hulnceanh \crrntbrnh` l c Dhlrnl% Qcrnc Arndneh`= @cghmb ;18„, Qudhrnb 1?">16%
: HJE9 Fbelbs Abetcdpbrèecbs9 Hulnceanh \crrntbrnh` l c Dhlrnl, Qcrnc Arndneh`= @cghmb 8 ? 8 „9 Qudhrnb 1 8 7 8 > 1 6 %
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
dbdcetb lc hfn`nhrsc h` phrtnlb u brghenzhanñe quc `h s rcprcscethkh sn`b crhe ce `h s hatuh`cs
anrauestheanhs lc gucrrh% ^ ce cstc hrajnvb abesthkh grhe eýdcrb lc fnajhs lc pcrsbehs quc,
pbr jhkcrsc lhlb lc h`th b tcenlb h`gueh rc`hanñe pbr krcvc b thegceanh` quc fucrh ce h`gýe
dbdcetb lc` phshlb abe cshs brghenzhanbecs hjbrh prbsarnths *jhkcr jcajb ue lbehtnvb b ueh
susarnpanñe pbr cmcdp`b. sc abevcrtähe nedclnhthd„dtc ce prcsuetbs lcshfcatbs quc crhe
bkmctb lc lctceanñe nevcstnghanñe y prbacsb% Eb bksth=htc, abdb yh jcdbs vnstb abe hetcrnbrn$•
lhl c` brngce lc `h lctceanñe crh sbkrc tblb ueh lceueanh b ue phshlb abebanlb y
sbspcajbsb lc jbstn`nlhl h `h [cpýk`nah y cetbeacs `h nefbrdhanñe lc cstc fnajcrb crh u e h %
pruckh dès pcrb lc cebrdc ndpbrtheanh quc sc sudhkh ce c` prbacsb quc sc scguäh h cstc
cecdngb lc` [îgndce%
Duajbs dhlrn`cøbs fucrbe haushlbs y tcrdnehrbe sncelb~abesnlcrhlbs lcshfcatbs sne
jhkcr rch`nzhlb ehlh lcslc c` 8 : lc mu`nb lc 8>16% @b quc suacläh cs quc ce c` phshlb sc
jhkähe hfn`nhlb h H_ FC [C ACLH cta% y c``b hjbrh supbeäh quc fucrhe pcrscgunlbs y ce
`h dhybräh lc `b s ahsbs abelcehlbs% Q c prcsudäh ueh nlcetnfnahanñe abe `h s nlchs lc csh
fbrdhanñe pb`ätnah pbsnanñe sbanh` b hatntul> y cstc brghensdb lc `h LGQ sc abestntuäh ce
a`hvc phrh su `bah`nzhanñe%
Hsä `h sndp`c rc`hanñe abe ueh lc csths fbrdhanbecs pb`ätnahs abetrhrnhs h `h [cpýk`nah
nkh hphrcmhlh ce cstbs dbdcetbs h ueh pcrscauanñe pbr lcshfcatb= duajbs lc cstbs cecdngbs
lc `h [cpýk`nah eb sc jhkähe hfn`nhlb h ehlh pcrb ce h`gýe dbdcetb jhkähe haulnlb h kusahr
trhkhmb h ueh lc `h s kb`shs quc phrh th ` fne jhkäh abestntunlb h`gueh lc csths brghenzhanbecs%
sbkrc tblb [C b FC y abdb lc c``b sc lcmñ abestheanh ce ueh fnajh hjbrh sc `c pcrscguäh
> Ce c ` Abetrb` l c Eñdnehs eb sncdprc abesthkh q u c s c jhk`h pcrtcecanlb *b è u e s c pcrt„=ecaäh. h FC, H_, [ C , cta%%%9 c e b a h s n b e c s sndp`cdcetc fngurhkhq u c s c crh dbeèrqunab, fhsansth, lcrcajnsth, b rch`nzhr hatnvnlhlcs b `h k b rc s qu c s c abes,lcrhkhe prbpnhs l c h`gunce q u c scrnh abetrhrnb h `h [cpýk`nah%
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneh @
pbr lcshfcatb% Ce btrhs bahsnbecs eb crh `h kýsquclh lc cdp`cb sneb `h pbsnkn`nlhl lc bktcecr
lnecrb pbr rch`nzhr `h `hkbr lc netcrvcetbr pbr h`gueh lc csths fbrdhanbecs ce ueh abesu`th
c`catbrh` yh quc csths phghkhe scgýe `bs tcstndbenbs uehs ;3 pcscths9 cetbeacs rcsu`thkh
lnfäan` lnfcrceanhr sn sc lcshrrb``hkh csh `hkbr pbr nlcetnfnahanñe nlcb`ñgnah b pbr c` lcscb b
ecacsnlhl lc bktcecr uebs negrcsbs cxtrhs%
_crb `h haushanñe lc cecdngb lc` [îgndce eb sc khshkh sncdprc ce fngurhr abdb
hfn`nhlb h h`gueh lc `h s fbrdhanbecs pb`ätnahs hjbrh prbsarnths% _hrh `b s lcshfcatbs dhlrn`cøbs
rcsu`thkh cxtrcdhlhdcetc pc`ngrbsb abescrvhr rcabrtcs lc prcesh eb yh pbrquc fucrhe lc
pcrnñlnabs abdb ‐HKA— b ‐C ` Lckhtc— u btrbs lc 0 0ahrèatcr lcrcajnsth5 5 sneb pbrquc
sndp`cdcetc abetuvncrhe fbtbs lc su s `älcrcs b lc hatas lc csbs phrtnlbs abetrhrnbs h` Frcetc
_bpu`hr fbtbgrhfähs lc` [cy b lc `h Fhdn`nh [ch`„? b lc` Lnathlñr _rndb lc [nvcrh b pbsccr
`nkrbs abesnlcrhlbs lcrcajnsths rchaanbehrnbs b rc`ngnbsbs b thrmcths lc h`gýe pb`ätnab lc cshs
fbrdhanbecs abetrhrnhs h `h [cpýk`nah y eb lnghdbs s n % `b quc sc abescrvhkh crhe phpc`cs lc
cshs fbrdhanbecs pb`ätnahs hjbrh prbsarnths abdb pbr cmcdp`b `h s ahelnlhturhs prcscethlhs
ce uehs c`caanbecs%
Btrhs vcacs eb sc trhthkh lc pbsccr cstc tnpb la phpc`cs b lbaudcethanñe sneb quc ue
dhlrn`cøb lcspcrthkh sbspcajhs lc scr cecdngb lc `h [cpýk`nah sne lcshrrb``hr ueh hatnvnlhl
quc `b nelnahrh pbrquc h`gunce `c abebaäh y acrtnfnahkh ueh hdnsthl b rc`hanñe abe fngurhs
lc `h lcrcajh abdb Ah`vb Qbtc`b Gn` [bk`cs b Mbsc Hetbenb b sndp`cdcetc hfnrdhkh quc
jhkäh tcenlb abe c``bs h`gýe tnpb lc rc`hanñe huequc sñ`b fucrh prbfcsnbeh`%tt \hdknîe c`
8 ?Lnghdbs q u c h c``bs s c rcfcrähe c e c s t b s a h s b s abdb 00Cx$[cy55 b 0 0Cx$[cnrh5 5 b 00Fhdn`nh Cx$[ch`55,
8 8
_br cmcdp`b% Dnguc` Ahth`èe Hzpnhzu pbr jhkcr snlb ahmcrb l c ue `bah`, ‚Dhxnds„, q ~cphrcac s c r q u c frcaucethkh M b s c Hetbenb _rndb l c [nvcrh, s c`c h au sî l c tcecr d u aj h netndnlhl abe c` `älcr l c FC y tcrdneñ pbr s c r abelcehlb pbr lcshfcatb h` lcsaukrnrsc ce `h nevcstnghanñe q u c pcrtcecaäh h `hdceanbehlh fbrdhanñe *Cxp% 8 73 l c 8 > 1 : l c N \rnkueh` _bpu`hr e„t, c e AHSQH= @cg h m c ;37„, A hmh ;?<„.%
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb 8 %
jhkcr pbrthlb ce `h sb`hph *ce c` phshlb `ñgnahdcetc yh quc ce `h s hatuh`cs anrauestheanhs
ehlnc bshräh jhacr`b. h`gueh nesngenh lc FC H_ [C cta%
\blbs cstbs crhe ahsbs lc dhlrn`cøbs quc cspcrhkhe ce su ahsh c` prbetb fne lc `h
gucrrh abe `h vnatbrnh lc `b s suybs pcrb sne ab`hkbrhr ce c``h sñ`b quc ueh vcz dès su
phshlb lcsthphkh sus scetndncetbs hetnrrcpuk`nahebs quc cvnlcetcdcetc ehlnc sc arcäh quc
jukncrhe hkhelbehlb hjbrh%
Ce rc`hanñe abe `h hatnvnlhl ce c` phshlb hphrt„~ lc `b quc dès hlc`hetc abdcethrcdbs
lc `h neanlceanh lc `b s suacsbs lc batukrc lc 8>1<, `h prcsceanh ce hatbs sngenfnahlbs ce `bs
høbs lc `h [cpýk`nah y ce cspcanh` lbs lc c``bs lc` dnsdb høb 8>16= `bs cetncrrbs lc` h`fîrcz
lc `h Guhrlnh Anvn` [cycs y sbkrc tblb c` lc Mbsî Ah`vb Qbtc`b% Xuncecs hsnstncrbe h cstbs
hatbs crhe abesnlcrhlbs abetrhrnbs h `h [cpýk`nah y par thetb l²slcmu`nb lc 8>16, cecdngbs=
lurhetc `h gucrrh ce Dhlrnl duajbs lcshfcatbs fucrbe lcsaukncrtbs pbrquc c` pbrtcrb h`gýe
vcaneb b abebanlb shkäh quc jhkähe haulnlb h th`cs hatbs y `b lceueanhkh%
\hdknîe pcrb ce dcebr dclnlh c` jhkcr hsnstnlb h `h dhsnvh abeacetrhanñe
abevbahlh c` ;; lc hkrn` lc 8>1< ce C` Csabrnh` rbr Gn` [bk`cs sc h`cghkh hjbrh phrh%
lcsvc`hr cecdnsthl abe c` [îgndce rcpuk`naheb%
Ce rc`hanñe abe tblb cstb eb ebs rcsnstndbs h lcmhr abestheanh lc ue ahsb hecalñtnab
pcrb quc rcvc`h ue ancrtb csthlb lc abefusnñe= Muhe @ueh [unz fuc abesnlcrhlb lcshfcatb *y
pbr `b s lhtbs quc sc hpbrthe ce c` cxpclncetc phrcac sc r quc sn`b crh. pbrquc ce c` khr lc T
eýdcrb <8 lc `h ah``c lc \brrnmbs jhkäh dhenfcsthlb c%h `h prndcrh quneaceh lc hkrn` lc 8>16
quc jhkäh quc vceghr `h ducrtc lc Ah`vb Qbtc`b *n2.%¡;
8 ;Ahush 8 31 l c 8 > 1 : l c 8 \rnkueh` _bpu`hre„8% CeAHSQH= @cghmb 8 8 < „, Ahmhñ`„= Qbrprcelcetc% pcrbhsäschfnrdhce `hscguelhprcgn nethlc` vcrclnatb
sbdctnlb h mur hl b p bpu`h r qu c rc sp b e l c abe ue ‚st„ h c sh aucstnñe, huequc, abdb c s abebanlb, c ` `älcrlcrcajnsth e b fu c hsc s n e hl b j hs th t rc s d cscs l c s p u î s % %
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` DhlrNl a`helcstneb @
H vcacs trhs csths haushanbecs lc h`gueh lc csths hatnvnlhlcs hjbrh rcvc`hlbrhs lc
lcshfcaanñe sc lcsaukräh ce `h nevcstnghanñe suksnguncetc `h pcrtceceanh h h`gueh fbrdhanñe
pb`ätnah prbsarnth pcrb btrhs duajhs vcacs eb crh hsä y sne cdkhrgb sndp`cdcetc csh
rc`hanñe abe ue pb`ätnab hjbrh cecdngb b `h prcsceanh ce csc hatb lc jbdcehmc abdb `bs
scpc`nbs dceanbehlbs crh sufnancetc phrh abesnlcrhr h h`gunce jbstn` h `h [cpýk`nah%
Ce c` ahsb lc `bs pcqucøbs abdcranhetcs `bs tcelcrbs lc khrrnb lcshfcatbs *y h vcacs
thdknîe abdcranhetcs lc dhybr cetnlhl abdb `b s rcprcscethetcs5 sc lcfcelähe hfnrdhelb quc
su hfn`nhanñe h ue phrtnlb b su phrtnanphanñe abdb netcrvcetbrcs rcspbeläh h` lcscb lc
abetcethr h `h a`ncetc`h auhelb îsth crh dhybrnthrnhdcetc lc lcrcajhs% [csu`thkh h`gb pbab
abevneacetc y sc puclc prcsudnr quc ce `h dhybräh lc `bs ahsbs crhe cfcatnvhdcetc cecdngbs
lc `h [cpýk`nah%
Ahsb lnstnetb crh auhelb sbkrc tblb h csbs pcqucøbs abdcranhetcs b lucøbs lc khrcs
b ahfctcrähs sc `c s jh``hkh ueh ahetnlhl lc lnecrb *ce dbeclhs b kn``ctcs. quc sc
abesnlcrhkh cxacsnvh% Cetbeacs sb`ähe h`cghr quc `b t=eähe phrh pblcr fhan`nthr ahdknb h `b s
a`ncetcs% Ebsbtrbs pceshdbs quc cstc hahphrhdncetb ce `h dhybräh lc `h s bahsnbecs eb crh
lcknlb h ue lcscb lc pcrmulnahr h `h rcthguhrlnh rcpuk`naheh huequc jukb eb pbabs ahsbs
sneb quc fuelhdceth`dcetc sc lckäh h ue hesnh lc scgurnlhl cabeñdnah ce uebs dbdcetbs
lc csahscz y ahrcstäh% Duajbs pceshdbs quc eb arhe lcshfcatbs huequc `b quc jhaähe
lnfnau`thrh `h vnlh lc `h rcthguhrlnh dhlrn`cøh%
@bs lcshfcatbs dhlrn`cøbs quc crhe `bah`nzhlbs pbr `h s hutbrnlhlcs rcpuk`nahehs pbr
su rc`hanñe abe cstbs phrtnlbs brghenzhanbecs b hsbanhanbecs abdb HA quc crhe
abesnlcrhlhs cecdnghs h`cghkhe abshs vhrnhlhs phrh %etcethr mustnfnahrsc% ^h jcdbs h`ulnlb
h quncecs hrgudcethkhe quc sñ`b jhkähe netcethlb abescgunr ueh ab`bahanñe `hkbrh` b
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb 8 %
abetcethr h su a`ncetc`h% Btrbs hrgt`ähe quc su hfn`nhanñe sc lckäh h quc csths fbrdhanbecs
pb`ätnahs lnspbeähe b fhan`nthkhe `h utn`nzhanñe lc nesth`hanbecs lcpbrtnvhs pnsanehs lbelc
prhatnahr `h ehthanñe *lcpbrtc quc pbr `b quc jcdhs abdprbkhlb abethkh abe duajbs
hlcptbs ce c` Dhlrnl lc `b s høbs 1?. b h`gýe `ughr lbelc mughr h` kn``hr b mucgbs sndn`hrcs%,
hatnvnlhlcs h `h s quc crhe hfnanbehlbs% Csth mustnfnahanñe rhrh vcz `c s sh`vhkh lc `h aèrac` pcrb
cs quc hlcdès ce bahsnbecs `c s høhläh ue dbtnvb dè=9 lc haushanñe pbrquc crh abesnlcrhlb
ue sngeb lc scøbrntnsdb%
Ce btrhs bahsnbecs sc haushkh h h`gunce lc ueh hfn`nhanñe lcrcajnsth y îstc netcethkh
mustnfnahr`h h`cghelb quc sñ`b crh phrh quc sus jnmbs pulncrhe lnsfruthr lc ueh ab`benh lc
vcrheb lc `h s quc brghenzhkhe csths fbrdhanbecs sbkrc tblb H_% _br ý`tndb ahsn h tntu`b
hecalñtnab antcdbs c` ahsb lc @cbehrlb Fcreèelcz Ccrrbtch„1 qunce eb sc rcahtî ce hfnrdhr
quc sn sc hfn`nñ h FC h`gb quc eb lcknñ vcrsc ahphz lc bau`thr 00`b jnzb phrh nefn`trhr$$
sc5 5 pbrquc î` 0 0crh abduensth5 59 cvnlcetcnr cetc eb `c arcycrbe y sn h `h `nsth quc
pbscäh `h Abdnshrnh lc Ajhdkcrä lc hfn`nhlbs h FC ce `h quc î` abesthkh y tcrdneñ pbr sc r
abelcehlb pbr su jbstn`nlhl h `h [cpýk`nah%
Jhsth hquä jcdbs vnstb `b s hetnrrcpuk`nahebs e n hlrn`cøbs dès abdprbdctnlbs pb`ntnah••
dcetc pbrquc lc ueh fbrdh u btrh hetcs lc `h gucrrh jhkähe phrtnanphlb ce fbrdhanbecs
pb`ätnahs quc lcfcelähe p`hetchdncetbs abesnlcrhlbs abetrhrnbs h `h [cpýk`nah%
_crb duajhs vcacs eb crh cstrnathdcetc c` jhkcr dn`nthlb ce ueh brghenzhanñe b
phrtnlb hjbrh prbsarntb% Q c trhthkh sndp`cdcetc c` jhkcr rch`nzhlb hatbs quc hjbrh sc
abesnlcrhkhe abetrhrnbs h `h [cpýk`nah% Huequc% ce `h dhybräh lc `h s bahsnbecs sc
cxprcshkh sndp`cdcetc hsä sne cspcanfnahr quî hatbs crhe ce btrhs sä sc cxp`nanthkhe= jhkcr
8 1Cxp% < 1 ; l c 8 > 1 6 lc` Murhlb l c Srgceanh e b 8 = AHSQH= @cghmb 8<;„, Ahmh >6„%
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
abetcethr h su a`ncetc`h% Btrbs hrgýnhe quc su hfn`nhanñe sc lckäh h quc csths fbrdhanbecs
pb`ätnahs lnspbeähe b fhan`nthkhe `h utn`nzhanñe lc nesth`hanbecs lcpbrtnvhs pnsanehs lbelc
prhatnahr `h ehthanñe *lcpbrtc quc pbr `b quc jcdbs abdprbkhlb abethkh abe duajbs
hlcptbs ce c` Dhlrnl lc `bs høbs 1 ? 5 b h`gýe `ughr laelc mughr h` kn``hr b mucgbs sndn`hrcs
hatnvnlhlcs h `h s quc crhe hfnanbehlbs% Csth mustnfnahanñe rhrh vcz `c s sh`vhkh lc `h aèrac` pcrb
cs quc hlcdès ce bahsnbecs `c s høhläh ue dbtnvb dès lc haushanñe pbrquc crh abesnlcrhlb
ue sngeb lc scøbrntnsdb%
Ce btrhs bahsnbecs sc haushkh h h`gunce lc uen hfn`nhanñe lcrcajnsth y îstc netcethkh
mustnfnahr`h h`cghelb quc sñ`b crh phrh quc sus jnmbs pulncrhe lnsfruthr lc ueh ab`benh lc
vcrheb lc `h s quc brghenzhkhe csths fbrdhanbecs sbtrc tblb H_% _br ý`tndb ahsn h tätu`b
hecalñtnab antcdbs c` ahsb lc @cbehrlb Fcreèelcz Kcrrbtch„1 qunce eb sc rcahtñ ce hfnrdhr
quc sn sc hfn`nñ h FC h`gb quc eb lcknñ vcrsc ahphz l c bau`thr 0 0`b jnzb phrh nefn`trhr$
sc5 5 pbrquc î` 0 0crh abduensth5 59 cvnlcetcdzetc eb `c arcycrbe y sä h `h `nsth quc
pbscäh `h Abdnshrnh lc Ajhdkcrä lc hfn`nhlbs h FC ce `h quc î` abesthkh y tcrdneñ pbr scr
abelcehlb pbr su jbstn`nlhl h `h [cpýk`nah%
Jhsth hquä jcdbs vnstb `b s hetnrrcpuk`nahebs dhlrn`cøbs dès abdprbdctnlbs pb`ätnah$
dcetc pbrquc lc ueh fbrdh u btrh hetcs lc `h gucr ~hjhkähe phrtnanphlb ce fbrdhanbecs
pb`ätnahs quc lcfcelähe p`hetchdncetbs abesnlcrhlbs abetrhrnbs h `h [cpýk`nah%
_crb duajhs vcacs eb crh cstrnathdcetc c` tkcr dn`nthlb ce ueh brghenzhanñe b
phrtnlb hjbrh prbsarntb% Q c trhthkh sndp`cdcetc c` jhkcr rch`nzhlb hatbs quc hjbrh sc
abesnlcrhkhe abetrhrnbs h `h [cpýk`nah% Huequc ce `h dhybräh lc `h s bahsnbecs sc
cxprcshkh sndp`cdcetc hsä sne cspcanfnahr quî hatbs arhe ce btrhs sn sc cxp`nanthkhe= jhkcr
8 1Cxp% < 1 ; lc 8 > 1 6 lc` Murhlb l c Srgceanh e ? 8 = AHSQH= @cghmb 8 < ; „, Ahmh >6„%
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
snlb fnsah` duenanph` b dncdkrb lc `h Guhrlnh Anvn` y abdb th` pcrscgunlbr lc `h a`hsc
trhkhmhlbrh jhkcr snlb lc` QBDH\CE ce `h Lnathlurh b sbkrc tblb bpbecrsc h h`gueh
juc`gh b eb scauelhr`h cspcanh`dcetc sn sc trhthkh la `h lc batukrc lc 8>1<%
Cfcatnvhdcetc lc `h s ndputhanbecs pbr `h s qu~ sc haushkh h dès dhlrn`cøbs lc scr
cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah sne lulh fuc lc cebrdc ndpbrtheanh `h s quc tceähe rc`hanñe abe
jhkcrsc bpucstb h `h juc`gh rcvb`uanbehrnh lc 8>1<%
@h dhybräh lc `h s vcacs auhelb sc t r h t h kC@ lc csth anrauestheanh c` lcshfcatb
dhlrn`cøb jhkäh hatuhlb abdb csqunrb` ce `h dceanbehlh juc`gh rcvb`uanbehrnh y c``b `c
abevcrtäh hjbrh ce cecdngb lc` [îgndce pbr scr`b lc `b s trhkhmhlbrcs%t< Cxhdnehlh `h
lbaudcethanñe lc `b s \rnkueh`cs _bpu`hrcs lc Dhlrnn bkscrvhdbs quc trcs lc ahlh auhtrb
dhlrn`cøbs csqunrb`cs ce hquc` høb fucrbe abesnlcrhlbs jbstn`cs h `h [cpýk`nah% Ce `h ahpnth`
duajbs lc cstbs lcshfcatbs hetn$juc`gunsths ce c` phshlb `bs pblcdbs hgruphr ce lbs
ahsuästnahs= uebs quc jhkähe cdpczhlb h trhkhmhr ce c T Hyuethdncetb83 ce hquc``hs fcajhs lc
batukrc lc 8>1< sne scauelhr `h juc`gh hprbvcajèelbsc lc `b s pucstbs lc trhkhmb
hkhelbehlbs pbr `b s juc`gunsths y btrbs trhkhmhlbrcs lc` pcrnñlnab dbeèrqunab ‐HKA—% Ce
hdkhs anrauestheanhs rcsu`thkh a`hrh su bpbsnanñe h` [îgndce%
Ce rc`hanñe abe `b s suacsbs lc 8>1<, thdknîe ue a`hrb sngeb lc scr jbstn` h `h
[cpýk`nah crh jhkcr phrtnanphlb ce `h rcprcsnñe pbstcrnbr h `b s jcajbs% @h haushanñe lc jhkcr
pcrscgunlb h `b s bkrcrbs fuc frcaucetc ce rc`hanñe abe `b s suacsbs lc hquc``h juc`gh
rcvb`uanbehrnh y ce btrhs juc`ghs y crh a`hrb säetbdh lc lcshfcaanñe h` [îgndce% Abdb yh
8 < Hs ä s c hfnrdhkh c e duajhs b ah snb e c s%
8 3_br cmcdp`b% Kcentb Hegu`b _h``hrîs, ajñfcr lc` Hyuethdncetb, fu c lctcenlb c ` ; ; lcmt`nblc 8>16y `ucgb s c abdprbkñ q u c c rh l a FCy fu c a b e l c e h l b
pbr lcshfcaanñe 0 A hu sh 1? lc 8 > 1 7 lc` \rnkueh` _bpu`hr b„ 8 .% Ce AHSQH= @cghmb 883„% Ahmh 6 1 %
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
jcdbs h`ulnlb grhe ahetnlhl lc pcrsbehs ce `b s prndcrbs dcscs lc `h gucrrh ``cghrbe h
Dhlrnl duajbs juycelb y `bah`nzhrbe ce `h ahpnth` h cx$guhrlnhs anvn`cs quc `b jhkähe snlb
lc su puck`b y jhkähe ab`hkbrhlb ce `h rcprcsnñe b prbpncthrnbs h `b s quc haushkhe lc
vcrlhlcrbs ahanqucs y cxp`bthlbrcs lc `bs trhkhmhlbrcs y h `b s quc lceueanhkhe abdb
lcshfcatbs h `h [cpýk`nah b quncecs jhkähe bstcethlb ue ahrgb abdb fnsah` duenanph` lcslc
c` quc pcrsnguncrbe h `h a`hsc trhkhmhlbrh%
Btrbs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah `b crhe pbrquc jhkähe lceueanhlb h bkrcrbs quc
jhkähe scauelhlb h`gueh juc`gh% ^ h vcacs c` lcsnfcatb dhlrn`cøb eb `b crh pbr jhkcr
phrtnanphlb ce `h rcprcsnñe lc 8>1< sneb sndp`cdcetc pbrquc abescrvhkh ce su ahsh rcabrtcs
lc prcesh sbkrc hquc``bs jcajbs y cstbs crhe lc pcrnñlnabs lc lcrcajhs `b auh` crh
abesnlcrhlb ue sngeb cvnlcetc lc cecdnsthl jhanh `h [cpýk`nah%
_crb eb sñ`b fucrbe `b s suacsbs lc 8>1<, auh`quncr btrh juc`gh ce `h quc eb sc jukncrh
phrtnanphlb b h `h quc ue dhlrn`cøb sc jukncrh bpuc3tb, `c neau`phkh hjbrh lc scr cecdngb
lc` [îgndce% [cauîrlcsc quc ce `h prndhvcrh lc 8>16 `h abef`natnvnlhl sbanh` fuc ndpbrthetc
y c` rcaucrlb csthkh rcancetc ce `b s pcrscgunlbrcs lc cstbs cecdngbs cdkbsahlbs quc sc
jhkähe bpucstb h h`gueh dbvn`nzhanñe bkrcrh% _crb jcdbs ceabetrhlb quc `h dcdbrnh ` `cgñ
h abths nearcnk`cs= [hdñe Dc`nè Khrqun``h„6 crh ue mbreh`crb y fuc abelcehlb pbr lcshfcatb
ahsn h `h dèxndh pceh pbrquc sc lcdbstrñ quc fuc csqunrb` ce Abrrcbs ce ¡8>8>(
Cstbs rcaucrlbs lc `h pbsnanñe hetc `h s juc`ghs pcrdhecancrbe h `b `hrgb lc tblh `h
gucrrh nea`usb ce 8>1> jh``hdbs ahsbs ce `b s quc su haushanñe lc lcshfcaanñe sc khshkh c e %
`b s jcajbs rc`hanbehlbs abe `h [cvb`uanñe lc Batukr~= ce tbreb h` 7?# lc `b s haushlbs lc
bpbecrsc h c``h tcrdnehrbe pbr scr abelcehlbs `b quc lh ueh nlch lc `h ndpbrtheanh q uc =
8 6 Cxp% 7: l c 8 > 1 : lc` \rnkueh` _bpu`hr e„ 8 % Ce AHSQH= @cghmb ;36„, Ahmh ;?1„ %
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
hlqunrnñ c` rcaucrlb lc `h s pbsturhs quc sc jhkähe hlbpthlb ce 8>1<% Cs lcanr `h bpbsnanñe
h hquc` dbvndncetb rcvb`uanbehrnb crh ue sngeb duy a`hrb lc jbstn`nlhl h `h [cpýk`nah y `b
fuc h `b `hrgb lc tblh `h gucrrh%
Hjbrh knce thdknîe baurräh quc sc abesnlcrhkh lcshfcatb h ue dhlrn`cøb e b pbr ueh
hatnvnlhl phshlh abesnlcrhlh abetrhrnh h `h [cpýk`nah en pbrquc ce c` prcscetc hatuhrh lc
h`gueh fbrdh abetrh c``h sneb prcanshdcetc pbr `h fh`th lc hatnvnlhl cs lcanr pbr nejnknrsc
b ecghrsc h ab`hkbrhr abe c` [îgndce% Hsä eb fuc nejhkntuh` quc ue dhlrn`cøb trhs sc r
lceueanhlb abdb lcshfcatb sne ueh mustnfnahanñe rch` dès quc `h vceghezh b rcean``h pcrsbeh`
h `h quc theths vcacs h`ulndbs trhs sc r nevcstnghlb sc ``cghkh h `h abea`usnñe lc quc `h
haushanñe eb tceäh fuelhdcetb pcrb sä quc cstc nevcstnghlb eb jhkäh lcshrrb``hlb en rch`nzhlb
enegýe scrvnanb ce fhvbr lc `h [cpýk`nah eb sc pbläh prbkhr quc jhkäh jcajb h`gb pbr c`
[îgndce y pbr c``b sc `c abesnlcrhkh cecdngb lc` dnsdb% Ce eb pbahs bahsnbecs sc trhthkh
lc mñvcecs87 auyh quneth jhkäh snlb dbvn`nzhlh y jhkähe abescgunlb bau`thrsc b dhetcecrsc
h sh`vb lc `h neabrpbrhanñe„: y ebrdh`dcetc c` prbacsb tcrdnehkh abe `h prcsarnpanñe abdb
ahstngb pbr su lcshfcaanñe lc quc sc `c s neabrpbrhsc h ue Khth``ñe Lnsanp`nehrnb phrh quc
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
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h `h [cpýk`nah y khsthetcs lc c``bs eb `b crhe%
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
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Ahpätu`b <= HatuhaNñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
lcspuîs csarnknräh=
0 0Ce c` Dnenstcrnb lc `h Gucrrh `h s lcfcaanbecs crhe abesthetcs% C` sctceth pbr ancetb lc `bs mcfcs
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb % 8 %
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
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Ahpätu`b <= HatuhaNñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
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ce c` phshlb c nea`usb prbtcgcrsc lc su prbpnb hpc``nlb% Qn jcdbs abdprbkhlb c` pc`ngrb quc
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[îgndce, y e b c r h e `bs h au s h l b rc s `bs q u c lckähe lcdbstrhr `h vcrlhl l c `h ndputhanñe ‚`h cxnstceanh l c lcshfcaanñe% H`gunce h au sh l b lc lcshfcatb `bc rh dnabtrhs eb s c lcdbstrhsc `b abetrhrnb%
;>AHSQH= @cghmb 8 7 , Ahmh Nt y @cghmb 8 ; 3„, Ahmh 77„= Cxp% ; l c 8 > 1 6 lc` Murhlb l c Srgceanh,,? 3%
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
y @hzb tcrdnehrbe sncelb lctcenlbs c nea`usb [hfhc` y Ahyctheb ``cghrbe h fbrdhr phrtc lc
ueh lc `h s ‐shahs— lc `h Aèrac` lc Qhe Hetñe hueqt%c tuvncrbe `h nedcesh fbrtueh lc quc
fucrh lc `h s quc ``cghrbe h su lcstneb ce H`ah`è lc Jcehrcs%1?Qn tcecr ue hpc``nlb sbspcajbsb crh pc`ngrbCb `h absh eb sc quclhkh hjä% Jukb
hutîetnahs fhdn`nhs lc lcshfcatbs ce Dhlrnl% [c`hanbe~lb abe c``b tcecr prcsb h ue fhdn`nhr
sc abevcrtäh ce dbtnvb lc sbspcajh% Lc csth dhecrh sc lctceäh y prbacshkh h pcrsbehs
haushlhs lc lcshfcaanñe pbrquc ue phlrc ue jcrdheb b c` añeyugc jhkäh snlb lca`hrhlb
lcshfcatb b h vcacs en snquncrh jhkäh ``cghlb h scr lca`hrhlb abdb th`, tblhväh csthkh c`
prbacsb sne scetceanh y sñ`b crh ue prcsuetb lcshfcatb% Knce cs ancrtb quc abdb jcdbs
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sc cetcrhe lc tblb ce ueh ahsh5% Duajhs vcacs cstbs pbrtcrbs lceueanhkh h vcanebs quc
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
ln`ngceanhs phrh abrrbkbrhr `h haushanñe lc btrh pcrsbeh b `b rcabgnlb ce c` tcdnk`c fnajcrb
lc` Abetrb` lc Eñdnehs% @ñgnahdcetc abdb ce tblh sntuhanñe lc a`helcstnenlhl `h
lnsarcaanñe ce c` trhtb abe `h gcetc crh fuelhdceth` phrh `h prbpnh scgurnlhl%
_br c``b ce duajbs ahsbs ceacrrhrsc ce `h prbpnh ahsh crh `b dcmbr *b `b ýenab5 quc
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sn eb sc pbscäh lbaudcethanñe h`gueh phrh anrau`hr% C @ dnsdb Ahyctheb @uah lc \ceh1; ebs
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ce `h dnsdh pucrth lc su ahsh `c pnlncrbe lbaudcethanñe= tuvb sucrtc pbrquc huequc ahrcanh
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@ h nelbaudcethanñe sc abearcthkh duajhs vcacs ce e b p bl cr lcdbstrhr `h
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ahrceanh lc phpc`cs rcspbeläh h quc sc crh ue cecdngb lc` [îgndce rhzñe pbr `h auh` eb sc
pbscäh csc ahrect lc cshs brghenzhanbecs lc ghrhetäh% _br thetb `b dcmbr phrh `bs lcshfcatbs
crh sne lulh pnshr `b dcebs pbsnk`c `h ah``c y pcrdhecacr ce ue rcfugnb scgurb% H sc r
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
c` prbpnb% Cs lcanr `h s yh h`ulnlhs cvhauhanbecs ce Dhlrnl ce rch`nlhl eb sñ`b sc rcfcrähe
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rcfcrnr`b h quncecs pcrdhecaähe ce `h ahpnth` pcrb ce ueh ahsh quc eb crh `h prbpnh% Abdb
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abdb c` lc Qh`hdheah% @h vcrlhl cs quc duajbs lc cs @ b s jhkähe ahdknhlb su rcsnlceanh phrh
prbtcgcrsc csabelcrsc lc ueh pcrscauanñe quc pbr su abelnanñe pbsnanñe b hatnvnlhl
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su rcsnlceanh jhkntuh` c` abevcetb bkvnhdcetc jhkä%n lcknlb hkhelbehr% Ce c` ahsb lc `h s
rc`ngnbshs eb bksthetc netcethkhe ue dblb lc prbtcaanñe quc abesnstäh ce jhacrsc phshr
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su abdpbrthdncetb b su hspcatb `c s lc`hthrh jhsth c` puetb lc quc eb pblähe bau`thr scr
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
sndn`hr quc crh `b dès scgurb. y h``ä eb pblähe pceshr ce enegýe dbdcetb ce pnshr `h ah``c
b en snquncrh `h csah`crh lc vcanebs pbrquc auh`quncrh lc cstbs b c` pbrtcrb lc `h ahsh pblähe
lcsaukrnr`bs y lceueanhr`cs pcrb sn tceähe `h dh`h fbrtueh lc quc sc prbluaäh ue rcgnstrb ce
c` neduck`c ce c` quc sc csabelähe crh prcanshdcetc z` jh``hrsc ce ue lbdnan`nb lnstnetb h`
prbpnb c` quc `cs jhaäh sbspcajbsbs lc scr jbstn`cs h `h [cpýk`nah quc ebrdh`dcetc ueh
nevcstnghanñe pbstcrnbr lcdbstrhkh% Hsä, c` lbdnan`nb cxtrhøb prbtcgäh pcrb pbläh abestntunr
ueh trhdph%
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
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ah``c lc Fuceahrrh` ce lnancdkrc lc 8>17 fucrbe lctcenlbs c` shacrlbtc Frheansab Lähz Dhrtäe
y snctc pcrsbehs dès haushlhs lc lcshfcatbs pbrquc 0 0ac`ckrhkhe c` au`tb rc`ngnbsb ahtñ`nab
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lbs pbr lcshfcaanñe eb pbr c` jcajb lc `h prèatnah rc`ngnbsh sneb pbrquc sc `c s abesnlcrñ
cecdngbs lc` [îgndce h` abdprbkhrsc quc csthkhe hfn`nhlbs uebs h H_ y btrbs h FC%1>
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C` btrb ahsb frcaucetc ce quc sc haushkh h ue grupb lc pcrsbehs lc rcuenrsc
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Ahpntu`b <= HatuhaNñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb 8 %
ce ue pnsb phrh csauajhr `h s cdnsnbecs lc rhlnb ‚fhaanbshs— c nefbrdhrsc pbr `bs crhe sus
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pbläh lnsndu`hr ce c` ý`tndb dbdcetb y ce btrhs bahsnbecs baurräh h` rcvîs= sc ndputhkh h
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb 8 %
Dhlrnl% ^h h`ulndbs ce su dbdcetb h `h scsnñe lc `h Mueth *yh Lc`cghlh. lc Lcfcesh lcT
8 8 lc fckrcrb ce `h quc hsä sc cxprcshkh Mbsî Ahrrcøb Csphøh=<„
0 0Jc pblnlb pcrahthrdc lcquc h` tcrdnehr `h cdnsnñe lc Senñe [hlnb abe `h dnsdh `begntul lc belh
ueh rhlnb fhaanbsh, qu c prcsudb c s l c Qh`hdheah, abdncezh h fteanbehr lcspbtrnahelb jhsth `bs 8;=1? jbrhs
y tblbs `h byce pucs Senñe [hlnb c s `h quc csauajh tblb Dhlrnl9 j c lnspucstb abe c` fne l c cvnthr`b qu c
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lcfnentnvh%
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prbluaäh pbr ueh lceueanh lc h`gýe abebanlb b vcaneb% _crb ce duajbs ahsbs thdknîe `h
ndputhanñe crh fh`sh y rcspbeläh h ueh vceghezh b rcean``h pcrsbeh`% Qnrvh abdb cmcdp`b c`
ahsb lc Kcentb \hpnh<1 quc fuc lctcenlb c` 1 8 lc dhyb lc 8>17 haushlb pbr sus vcanebs lc
quc abe frcauceanh sc rcueäh abe dès gcetc ce su ahsh y cetrc btrhs abshs sc lclnahkhe 0 0h%
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hksuc`tb% Ce cstbs ahsbs lc rcean``hs duajhs vcacs sc h`uläh lc phshlh abdb ueh dcetnrh dès
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb 8 %
_bläh baurrnr sne cdkhrgb quc fucrhe `b s dnsdbs hgcetcs `b s quc abesththsce quc sc
csauajhkh ueh rhlnb eb pcrdntnlh y prbaclncsce h `h lctceanñe lc sus bycetcs% C``b tuvb `ughr
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abefnlceanhs b sbspcajhs lcanlncrbe hpbsthrsc acrah lc ueh lc `h s vcethehs lc` khmb nzquncrlh
lc` eýdcrb ;; lc `h ah``c H`dcelrb y 0 0pulncrbe bär pcrfcathdcetc `h s ebtnanhs quc lhkh
c` cecdngb ce `h rhlnb lc `b s lctcenlbs55 quc fucrbe `bs dhtrndbenbs fbrdhlbs pbr Èegc`
_h`hanb y Qhturnh Dbrèe y Fî`nx @ñpcz y Dheuc` lc `h Acrh% @bs auhtrb fucrbe prbacshlbs—
y c` hphrhtb lc rhlnb lc aneab `èdphrhs lc `h dhrah ‚Ihlcttc— fuc neahuthlb% B c` ahsb lc
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lc` 1 lc hgbstb lc 8>1: csauajhelb ce su ahsh [hlnb ]hrhgbzh [cquctî ce su hphrhtb ‐_uetb
Hzu`—9 î` sc cxausñ lnancelb quc `b hahkhkh lc trhcr lc` th``cr lc rcphrhanñe y csthkh
csauajhelb dýsnah auhelb sc sbrprcelnñ h` bär h` `bautbr heueanhr quc sc trhthkh lc `h
cdnsbrh dceanbehlh y ce scgunlh lcsabecatñ `h rhlna%
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b sndphtnzhetc lc h`gýe phrtnlb abetrhrnb h` Frcetc _bpu`hr y auhelb sc hauläh h su lbdnan`nb
sn crh jh``hlb ue hphrhtb lc rhlnb phrh c` quc eb sc tceäh `naceanh c``b sc abevcrtäh ce ue
ahrgb lc haushanñe dès% Hsä c` 8 lc scptncdkrc lc 8>1: sc lctuvb h Lhanb _rndb<6 pbr
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<6AHSQH= @cghmb 8;?t Ahmh 7 ; ; = Cxp1;= A hu sh 1 6 ; l c 8 >1 : ,
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
lc aneab `èdphrhs ‐Jctrb—%
Eb bksthetc abefbrdc hvhezhkh `h Gucrrh ce scetnlb lcsfhvbrhk`c phrh `b s netcrcscs
lc `h [cpýk`nah crhe ahlh vcz dès `b s dhlrn`cøbs quc csauajhkhe cshs cdnsnbecs lc rhlnb
prbjnknlhs duajbs lc c``bs lcscbsbs lc abebacr `b s îxntbs lc su s abrrc`ngnbehrnbs% _br c``b
yh abe fcajh l c > l c fckrcrb lc 8>1> c` Abrbec` Mcfc lc` Csthlb Dhybr lc` Grupb lc
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hlbpthrähe `h s dclnlh phrh ndpbecr csth dclnh auyb3 abetrhvcetbrcs scrähe lcspbscälbs lc
sus rcacptbrcs y abdphrcacrähe hetc trnkueh`cs haushlbs lc lcshfcaanñe h` [îgndce%<7 Ce `bs
dès lc lbs høbs y dclnb lc gucrrh trhesaurrnlbs yh h `b s dhlrn`cøbs `c s jhkäh quclhlb duy
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lc `h s csauajhs a`helcstnehs sc cxtceläh läh h läh%
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dcebr ce `h prèatnah lc hatnvnlhlcs lcrrbtnsths lc csp¡behmc y sbkrc tblb pbr su utn`nzhanñe
pbr `h s brghenzhanbecs a`helcstnehs lc `h Xuneth Ab`udeh%
\crdnecdbs abe ue hphrthlb quc pblrähdbs lcebdnehr lc ndprulceanhs% Q c trhth lc
haanbecs b abdcethrnbs quc lcsaukrähe h `b s hetnrrcpukT nahebs csabelnlbs b `c s hutbneau`phkhe%
hetc ue mucz, duajhs vcacs pbr su prbpnh tbrpczh b cxacsb lc abefnhezh%
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
vnatbrnh lc uebs b lc btrbs b quc eb tceähe ueh bpnenñe fbrdhlh b quc e b tceähe c`cdcetbs
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dcebs crh ueh ducstrh lc eb hfcaanñe h `h [cpýk`nah huequc eb sc rcvc`hsc a`hrhdcetc ueh
nlcetnfnahanñe abe c` cecdngb y su s hutbrcs abdb cs ehturh` tcrdnehkhe prnsnbecrbs ce ue
Ahdpb lc \rhkhmb pbr lcshfcatbs%
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crh sñ`b pbrquc `c s bk`nghkhe b quc eb abelcehkhe c` DbvndncetbE b hfnrdhkhe quc h`gunce
acraheb h c``bs *phlrc jcrdheb jnmb cta%. jhkäh snlb väatndh lc `h vnb`ceanh lc `b s prndcrbs
dcscs lc `h gucrrh y pbr thetb eb pblrähe scetnr hfcatb jhanh c` [îgndce% Dès eudcrbsbs
fucrbe `b s ahsbs lc quncecs prbfcrähe nesu`tbs jhanh c` Gbkncreb b hutbrnlhlcs rcpuk`nahehs
y cspcanh`dcetc `b jnancrbe dumcrcs qucmbshs lc ` C @ csahscz b lc quc h sus jnmbs sc `b s
``cvhrhe h` frcetc%3? \blhs csths vhrnhlhs fbrdhs lc dhrnnfcsthrsc crh a`hrhdcetc ueh hutbneau`$
phanñe lc lcshfcaanñe pbr phrtc lc su s hutbrcs%
\hdknîe `b s jukb quc tuvncrbe `h ndprulcetc baurrceanh lc p`hsdhr sus scetndncetbs
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bpnenbecs nkhe h scr `cälhs y hatb scgunlb scrnhe lctcenlbs pbr cecdngbs lc` [îgndce y
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cs t b sneb sndp`cdcetc u e h ducstrh lc lcsprcanb jhanh `bs dhelhthrnbs rcpuk`nahebs%
@h ebth <6<; lc` QND_ *Ehanbeh`. abe fcajh nlchg bs t b lc 8 > 1 : rcabgäh `h s ‐EB[DHQ _H[H @H ACEQS[H CE @H ]BEH [BMH„ *c s u e h ducstrh
lc añdb s c nefn`trhkhe ce acetrbs bfnanh`cs `bs hg ce tcs ehanbeh`cs. y s c rcabgc ue lcaè`bg l c `h s h aan b e c s h rch`nzhr abe ue ceväb pbr abrrcb y c ` cxhdct„q u c s c prcarnk`h c rh duy dneuanbsb abe `b q u c netcethr p h s h r u e h nefbeehanñe pbr ahrh crh cstýpnlb b nefhetn ` pbrquc s c hkrähe y `cähe \BLHQ% s csb sp c aj h sc b eb l c s u abetcenlb% C s ths ‐Ebrdhs„ `h s jh``hdbs ce QJD9 HG@9 ]E= Hee% 8 6 9 [ % ;:19 @% 39 A % > *f% ;7. %
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
ecghr`b sncdprc `cs fuc lnfäan` y `h dhybräh lc `h s vcacs ndpbsnk`c% Cetrc cstbs ahsbs jcdbs
lc jhacr dceanñe lc `h nefhetn` ndprulceanh lc` Gcecrh` jbebrhrnb lc Csthlb Dhybr
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uehs ahrths y lcspuîs ce rcgnstrb lc su ahsh sc `c jh``hrbe hlcdès 1< auhrtn``hs lbk`cs dès
abe dcdkrctc y csaulb lc` Csthlb Dhybr Acetrh` ce `h s quc rcabgäh c` cxtrhatb lc `h s
ebtnanhs `hezhlhs pbr `h s csthanbecs lc rhlnb fhaanbshs lcslc c` nenanb lc` Dbvndncetb jhsth
c` ;1 lc scptncdkrc lc 8>16, lbs lähs hetcs lc su lctceanñe *¡nearcäk`c(5, hlcdès lc btrbs
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lc Fc`npc Qhnez quc fuc ``cvhlb hetc ue \rnkueh`31 haushlb pbr c` fnsah` lc csauajhr rhlnbs
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pbrquc thrhrchkhe b sn`khkhe aheanbecs lc sngeb b ahrhatcr lcrcajnsth b fhsansth, cspcanh`$
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
dcetc c` ‐Ahrh h` Qb`—% Jukb quncecs sñ`b ahethkhe c r @ sus ahshs arcycelb eb scr bälbs pcrb
ue vcaneb `b s csauajhkh y `b s lceueanhkh% Ce rc`hanñe abe cstb abdb lhtb hecalñtnab
dceanbecdbs quc c` prbpnb Muhe \h``cräh Hrrnzhkh`hgh fuc haushlb lc abdpbecr c` ‐Ahrh c`
Qb`— absh quc crh *quc cs. rngurbshdcetc ancrth= î` `b ecgñ y `c lckncrbe arccr yh quc fuc
lca`hrhlb hfcatb h` scr hksuc`tb lc lcshfcaanèe h `h [cpýk`nah%33 Aurnbsb%
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0 0C@ DHL[NL F%A% sup`nah h s u s sbanbs hfcatbs h` [îgndce phguce `bs rcankbs h su prcscethanñe
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phrtc lc` banb lc `b s dhlrn`cøbs abreb c` futkb`%
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abesnlcrhlbs jbstn`cs h `h [cpýk`nah ce `h ahpnth` `b fucrbe ce c` prndcr trndcstrc lc 8>17 y
ce dhrzb lc csc høb yh sc jhkäh abelcehlb h acth lc` <<# lc tblbs `bs lcshfcatbs
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lc abelcehlbs abdb lcshfcatbs eb h`ahezñ c` 8# b c` ý`tndb trndcstrc lc 8>1: ce quc sñ`b
AHSQH @cghmb 1 ; ? ; , Ahmh ; 7 ; ; = Cxp% : ; l c 8 > 1 6 lc` Murhlb l c Srgceanh e„ 3%
36 ‐C` Qbanh`nsth„ *83%8?%16.%
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` DhlrCl a`helcstneb @
sc lca`hrhrbe cecdngbs lc` [îgndce c` ;%73# lc tblb99 `b s quc `b fucrbe ce `b s trcneth y lbs
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lc quc sc hacrahkh `h lcrrbth y eb abdpceshkh abelcehr h quncecs crhe abrrc`ngnbehrnbs lc
`b s quc nkhe h bktcecr `h vnatbrnh%
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sñ`b ue anulhlheb hetnrrcpuk`naheb lcscbsb lc` trnuefc lc `h suk`cvhanñe pcrb sne `h lcansnñe
lc ab`hkbrhr ce î`%
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hatuhrhe lcschkhe lc abrhzñe `h lcrrbth lc `h [cpýk`ih% Ce `b s snguncetcs cpägrhfcs yh ebs
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb 8 %
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c``b.% [csu`thkh duajb dès lhøneb auhelb csbs lcshfcatbs ce `h rcthguhrlnh dhlrn`cøh sc
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hatnvnlhl lc ue scatbr lc cstbs cecdngbs cdkbsahlbs auyh haanñe eb sc lcshrrb``hkh abe c`
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sc jhaähe abrrcr ebtnanhs fh`shs abdcethrnbs lcsdbrh`nzhlbrcs hendhlvcrsnñe jhanh `h s
hutbrnlhlcs y ce sudh lcsabefnhezh ce `h vnatbrnh% @h hatnvnlhl ce aucstnñe crh c` lcrrbtnsdb
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
lcslc Dhlrnl ahpthlh pbr `b s Ehanbeh`cs rcabebanh=
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Ahpätu`b <= HatuhaNñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
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h su vcz abesancetcs lc c``b trhthkhe lc rcprndnr`b abe `h dèxndh lurczh%
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l c `h Mueth Lc`cghlh lc Lcfcesh l c Dhlrnl9 8 > 1 7 *p% 3?.% Ce AHSQH= @cghmb 83:8„%
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
`h [cpýk`nah lc `h ecacsnlhl lc aunlhr `h dbrh` phrh c` îxntb lc `h `uajh pbrquc `b abetrhrnb
crh ab`hkbrhr abe c` cecdngb y pbr thetb sc crh abdp`nac lc` hlvcrshrnb sn sc 0 0abrrbdpäh
`h dbrh`5 5%
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
c``bs abesnlcrhkhe abevcencetc thetb pbrquc `b s aheh`cs lc abduenahanñe crhe lnfnau`tbsbs
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lc` khelb Ehanbeh`% _br c``b c` ;: lc cecrb lc 8>1> trhs `h pîrlnlh lc Khrac`beh c`
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb 8 %
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
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lcdbstrhkh b eb `h vcrhanlhl lc `h haushanñe% Ce csth ahsuästnah lcsthah c` høb lc 8>1: lbelc
sc abeacetrh acrah lc` 7?# lc tblhs `h s lceueanhs pbr lcrrbtnsdb quc sc prbluace ce Dhlrnl
h `b `hrgb lc `h Gucrrh9 c` rcstb sc `b rcphrtce cetrc ue 3# ce `b s h`gb dès lc aneab dcscs
lc gucrrh ce 8>16 c` 83# ce 8>17 y c` 8;%1# ce `a s trcs dcscs lc 8>1>%
Qn phshdbs h cxhdnehr `b s lhtbs rcfcrcetcs h `b s quc cfcatnvhdcetc fucrbe abelcehlbs
pbr prèatnahs lcrrbtnsths cs lcanr sc abesnlcrñ prbkhlb quc `h s rch`nzhkhe *ce c` grèfnab c e %
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
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fuc dhsnvhdcetc pucstb ce prèatnah pbr `b s cdkbsahnbs ce `h rcthguhrlnh dhlrn`cøh lcslc
8>1: auhelb `h gucrrh ahdnehkh jhanh ueh lcrrbth fneh` lc `h [cpýk`nah ahlh vcz dès a`hrh
*c` ;; lc fckrcrb `b s Ehanbeh`cs tbdhe \cruc` y pbab lcspuîs c` 8 3 lc hkrn` h`ahezhrähe
c` Dclntcrrèecb phrtncelb `h zbeh rcpuk`naheh ce lbs.%
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jcrbnahdcetc h `h bkrh lc rcabequnsth lc `h _htrnh phrh quc sudce sus csfucrzbs h fne lc
``cvhr h ahkb `h s dnsnbecs quc sc `c s scøh`he ce `h s hlmueths nestruaanbecs%5 5 Ce ueh ebth
dheusarnth fnrdhlh pbr 0 0_cpc Segräh55 c` ;> lc cecrb lc 8>1: sc hendhkh h 00quc
sc netcesnfnquc `h haanñe lnsb`vcetc y rcvb`uanbehrnh ce `h rcthguhrlnh rbmh5 5 abdb ducstrh
lc `h ndpbrtheanh quc lcslc Kurgbs sc lhkh h `h hatnvnlhl a`helcstneh% Segräh hlcdès
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
ha`hrhkh=
00sn sc quncrcy puclc hatuhr jcrdhehlhdcetc ab e btrbs c`cdcetbs thetb dcmbr% Qn, lc haucrlb
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pbr pcqucøhs lnsphrnlhlcs lc arntcrnb rcspcatb h pcrsbehs b prbzclndncetbs `h uenlhl eb sc `bgrh eb lckc
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haanbecs quc sc sugcrähe phrh rch`nzhr ce tblb dbd~etb eucvc crhe a`hrhdcetc haanbecs
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb 8 %
brghenzhanbecs ce `h rcthguhrlnh rcpuk`naheh *pbr thetb Dhlrnl. y cetrc `h s hatnvnlhlcs quc
sc sugcrähe c` dhybr eýdcrb lc c``hs abrrcspbeläh h haanbecs lcrrbtnsths Abdb abdprbkhdbs
ce `b s lhtbs quc jcdbs hpuethlb ce Dhlrnl sc htcelnñ h cshs nestruaanbecs ce grhe dclnlh%
\hdknîe `h s anfrhs rcabgnlhs abe hetcrnbrnlhl ducstrhe quc abdb rcspucsth h `h s
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jukb ahsn theths ndputhanbecs lc lcrrbtnsdb ce Dhlrnl abdb ce 8>17 y h`gb dès lc` lbk`c
lc `hs quc jukb ce `b s aneab dcscs lc 8>16% ^, ce cstc ý`tndb høb anthlb hue sn `h gucrrh
jukncrh cdpczhlb ce cecrb h` fneh` c` eýdcrb lc dnlrn`cøbs haushlbs pbr lcrrbtnsdb eb
h`ahezhräh c` 8;%1# lc `b s sñ`b trcs dcscs lc 8>1>%
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Cs lcanr ce 8>1> sc scguäh lceueanhelb ce Dhlrnl h duajäsndh gcetc pbr prbph`hr ku`bs
ebtnanhs fh`shs scdkrhr `h lnsabrlnh dhgenfnahr `b s îxntbs lc` cecdngb y ce sudh trhthr lc
lcsdbrh`nzhr h `h rcthguhrlnh rcpuk`naheh tcencelb ce auceth hlcdès quc `h dhrajh lc `h
Gucrrh fhan`nthkh csh `hkbr% ^h jcdbs h`ulnlb pègnehs htrès h dhenfcsthanbecs lc lnrngcetcs
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lcrrbtnsdb%
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pbr lcrrbtnsdb h dhlrn`cøbs% Csb yh eb fuc hsä% Ce auhetb h `b s quc fneh`dcetc sc abesnlcrñ
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
îstc h ue høb abdp`ctb.% Cs dès sñ`b c` 8?# lc tblbs `b s haushlbs lc lcrrbtnsdb ce Dhlrnl
ce 8>1> fucrbe abelcehlbs pbr c``b auhelb ce 8>1: csh anrauestheanh sc lnb ce tbdb h`
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prcscetc trhkhmb= `h Mustnanh crh duajb dès lurh h` prneanpnb lc `h Gucrrh huequc `ucgb
arcancsc c` eýdcrb lc dhlrn`cøbs lctcenlbs pbr lcrrbtnsdb% Cstc nearcdcetb sc lckäh h quc
ahlh vcz dcebs dhlrn`cøbs pblähe bau`thr su dh`csthr prbluatb lc `h s ecgrhs pcrspcatnvhs
lc îxntb phrh `h [cpýk`nah y c` prbgrcsnvb jhrthzgb pbr `h ahlh vcz dès prcahrnh sntuhanñe lc
`h vnlh ce `h anulhl abefbrdc sc prb`beghkh `h gucrrh% Hsä dncetrhs `h s lceueanhs pbr
cxprcsnbecs lcrrbtnsths hudcethkhe sc lctcath ce `a s trnkueh`cs dcebr lurczh abe cstbs
cecdngbs lc` [îgndce *y abe tblbs ce gcecrh`. sbkrc tblb pbrquc h phrtnr lc ebvncdkrc lc
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trnuefb lc `b s Ehanbeh`cs crh necvnthk`c y eb abevceäh scr lurb ce `h rcprcsnñe lc `b s hlsarntbs
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\rnkueh`cs Cspcanh`cs lc Guhrlnh quc crhe `b s quc abebaähe lc` lcrrbtnsdb quc 0 0cetrc
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fneh` lc` prcscetc trhkhmb vb`vcrcdbs sbkrc cstc hdkncetc lc lcrrbth quc sc rcspnrhkh ce
Dhlrnl%
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
cxprcsnbecs y abdcethrnbs lcrrbtnsths ce `h rcthguhrlnh dhlrn`cøh sc prbluace sbkrc tblb
cetrc `b s anvn`cs ce sus `ughrcs lc trhkhmb *dîlnabs lc `b s jbspnth`cs b tcelcrbs qucmbsbs l c =
`h sntuhanñe. y cspcanh`dcetc y ce dhybr dclnlh cetrc `h s dumcrcs ce trcs anrauestheanhs b
dbdcetbs abearctbs= thdknîe ce su `ughr lc trhkhmb%% ce `b s dclnbs lc trhespbrtc abdb c T %
trheväh b c` dctrb y sbkrc tblb ce `h s ab`hs frcetc h `h s tncelhs quc sc abevnrtncrbe crä
jhkntuh` csthdph lc Dhlrnl lcslc fckrcrb lc 8 >17 %~ ~ Qc lctcath abdb ce dhrzb cdpnczhe
h abdphrcacr ce `b s trnkueh`cs ce prbacsbs hue abdb cxpclncetcs pbr lcshfcaanñe dumcrcs
haushlhs lc prbfcrnr frhscs lcrrbtnsths ce cshs ab`hs% Hlcdès cstc nearcdcetb lc` lcrrbtnsdb
ce `hs dumcrcs dhlrn`cøhs eb fuc ngebrhlb pbr `h s hntbenlhlcs Ehanbeh`cs y c` 3 lc dhyb
snguncetc ` `cgñ ueh nefbrdhanñe h Qh`hdheah ce `h quc `ntcrh`dcetc sc lcaäh=
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^ sc jhaähe sugcrceanhs phrh utn`nzhr csc hdkncetc ce fhvbr prbpnb y lcsdbrh`nzhr `h
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8 3 lc hkrn` vc phrtnlh `h zbeh hue khmb su abetrb` abe `h tbdh pbr `b s Ehanbeh`cs lc Vnehrbz
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`hdncetbs lc `h rcthguhrlnh dhlrn`cøh% C``b eb bksth phrh quc snguncrhe sncelb frcaucetc `b s
ahsbs lc lcrrbtnsdb lcshrrb``hlb pbr `h s dumcrcs dhlrn`cøhs ce `h s ab`hs ce csths fcajhs ce
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76QJD9 HB@9 AGB= Hrd% 39 [ % ;88= @% ;:>9 A % 8 : *fH.%
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
c` quc c` bkmctnvb `h bktceanñe lc vävcrcs rcsu`thkh dès lnfnan` y crh dhybr c` jhdkrc lc `h
quc sc phlcaäh ue høb hetcs%
C` prbpnb Dheuc` Hzhøh `b rcabebaäh cetbeacs=0 0@bs frhahsbs quc hahkb lc dceanbehr77 lcmhkhe pbab dhrgce h `h abefnhezh% *%%%. @h dlczh
lc hquc``hs `caanbecs dcmnñ prbfuelhdcetc `h dbrh`% @hs abesngehs bfnanh`cs ahlh vcz dès rngurbshs `b lhkhe
h abebacr% _br btrh phrtc, c` k`bqucb sc jhaäh scetnr aruc`dcet=% Dhlrnl tceäh jhdkrc% Ce btrhs abdhrahs
abdb Vh`ceanh y Ahth`uøh lbelc sb`äh jhkcr lc tblb cdpczhkhe h fh`thr `hs abshs dès ecacshrnhs% _crcgrnehr
ce kusah lc h`ndcetbs vneb h scr `h bauphanñe prneanph` lc `hr fhdn`nhs% @bs prcanbs sukncrbe jhsth lncz b
lbac vcacs sbkrc c` abstb ebrdh` lc `bs hrtäau`bs% @h thsh hgrhvñ `h csahscz% @bs vcelclbrcs csabelähe `bs
gîecrbs y c` pýk`nab lnsputèelbsc h fucrzh lc kn``ctcs `b pbab qu c jhkäh hac`crhkh c` ceahrcandncetb% C`
phpc` dbeclh pbr su dnsdh prbfusnñe sc lcprcanhkh ce c` dcrahlb netcrnbr% Qb`hdcetc c` phgb lc `bs
suc`lbs lc `h fucrzh hrdhlh rcqucräh ueh sudh dcesuh` quc gäbssb dblb puclc ah`au`hrsc ce uebs auhtrb$
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ue pb``b sn h`gýe ahdpcsneb sc lcanläh h vcelcr`b auhrceth lurbs9 ueh `cajugh aneab b scns pcscths9 ue phr
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dn` pcscths% @h csahscz c` jhdkrc crhe c` sup`nanb abtnlnheb duajb dès tcrrnk`c quc `bs kbdkhrlcbs lc
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sntuhanñe dn`nthr fbrzbshdcetc jhkäh lc prcguethrsc `h rcthguhrlnh sn th`cs sharnfnanbs lurhrähe duajb tncdpb
y, sn h` fneh` scrähe lc h`gueh utn`nlhl% Csth hegustnh eb hphrcaäh ce `h s rcsb`uanbecs prba`hdhs y btrhs
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c` fne lc quî25, abefcshkhe ce prnvhlb su lcscb lc vcr`h abea`unlh auhetb hetcs y lc` dblb dcebs dh`b pbsn$
7 7Qc rcfncrc h `h s lcrrbths dceanbehlhs h e tc s%
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
k`c%5 ~
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ce cxprcshr `h lnfäan` sntuhanñe2 Cs `h lcsarnpanñe lc ue hdkncetc y ueh sntuhanñe quc
pceshdbs cxp`nah abe tcrrnk`c arulczh `b quc crh ue ah`lb lc au`tnvb nlñecb phrh c`
lcrrbtnsdb y c` pbrquî lc su nearcdcetb ce csbs dbdcetbs%
Ce sudh sn bkscrvhdbs `h ndpbrtheanh quc ce h rcthguhrlnh tuvncrbe `b s abdcethrnbs
lcsdbrh`nzhlbrcs ce `h s ab`hs phrh c` hkhstcandncetb y quc jhkntuh`dcetc su s hutbrcs crhe
dumcrcs h `h vcz thdknîe ebs lhdbs auceth lc abdb `¡ sntuhanñe prcahrnh crh ahdpb hkbehlb
phrh csh prèatnah lcrrbtnsth% Eb bksthetc scgýe c` heè`nsns lc `bs sudhrnbs lc `b s \rnkueh`cs
_bpu`hrcs sc lcsprcelc quî sñ`b ueb lc ahlh auhtrb l~rrbtnsths crh ueh dumcr `ucgb c` 73#
crhe jbdkrcs% Duajbs lc c``bs eb crhe csbs h`ulnlbs sb`lhlbs sneb quc thdknîe `bs jhkäh quc
ce `b s lnstnetbs èdkntbs lc `h vnlh ce `h anulhl netcethkhe lcsdbrh`nzhr `h rcthguhrlnh%
Jhsth hquä jcdbs heh`nzhlb añdb cvb`uanbeñ `h prèatnah lc` lcrrbtnsdb h `b `hrgb lc
`h gucrrh ce Dhlrnl ce tîrdnebs gcecrh`cs% _hscdbs hjbrh h cxhdnehr `h dhenfcsthanñe ce
jcajbs abearctbs lc` lcrrbtnsdb ce `h vnlh lc `h rcthguhrlnh dhlrn`cøh%
Auhelb ebs rcfcrndbs h `h s frhscs lcrrbtnsths `h s jhkäh quc tceähe abdb bkmctnvb `h
lcsdbrh`nzhanñe lc fbrdh lnrcath b prbluaähe csc d sdb rcsu`thlb huequc eb sc jukncrhe%
fbrdu`hlb abe csh netceanñe *auhelb sñ`b crhe prbluatb lc` dh`csthr lc `h sntuhanñe.% Btrhs
vcacs crhe ebtnanhs fh`shs quc thdknîe tuvncrbe c` cfcatb lc dcrdhr c` èendb lc `h
rcthguhrlnh% Se tcracr ahsb crh c` lc `b s abdcethrnbs quc scdkrhkhe `h hendhlvcrsnñe b c`
rcajhzb jhanh `h s hutbrnlhlcs c nea`usb h vcacs sc trhthkh lc dbstrhr netceanbecs lc trhnanñe
7: H]HØH% Dheuaä, ‚Z%$ @h dbrh` l c `h rcthguhrlnh y `h s prbkhkn`nlhlcs l c phz%— Ce ‐Hrbfau`bs sbk r c `h gucrrh l c C sp høh *8>1>$8><?.— lcetrb l c Bkrhs
Abdp`cths *\bdb `NL% Dhlrnl9 Clnanbecs Gnecr9 8 > > ; *p% 3;?.%
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
abdb phshrsc h` cecdngb% Ce rch`nlhl dbstrhkhe `h lcsabefnhezh ce `h vnatbrnh h vcacs
dhgenfnahelb `b s îxntbs cecdngbs%
Ce c` ahsb lc `h lcsdbrh`nzhanñe c` dès a`hrb crh c` lc `b s sb`lhlbs abdb Cernquc
Brtnz K`heab qunce ce hkrn` lc 8>1:, hfnrdñ quc 0 0auhetb lcaäh lc `hs bpcrhanbecs `h
_rcesh lc `h zbeh `ch` crh dcetnrh pbrquc eb sufrähdbs dès quc lcsah`hkrbs5 5 %~ A`hrb quc
h vcacs `b s abdcethrnbs lcrrbtnsths sc abevcrtähe ce `h ahush quc lcsaukräh btrhs abshs= `bs
jcrdhebs Fcrehelb Frheansab y Kcrehrlb _bes Aheb,:? vcanebs lc `h ah``c lc A`hulnb
Abc``b fucrbe lctcenlbs trhs csauajèrsc`cs rcpctnlhs vcacs abdcethrnbs ce `h Krnghlh Dnxth
ce `h quc jhkähe snlb dbvn`nzhlbs nrbenzhelb sbkrc `h ahphanlhl lc `b s dhelbs y sbkrc quc
0 0`h gucrrh `h ghehrähe `b s rckc`lcs559 ce `h nevcstnghanñe sc abesthtñ quc `b s trcs crhe
fh`hegnsths `b auh` `c s rcsu`tñ dès kcecfnanbsb= yh sc Mnhknh `cgns`hlb c` lc`ntb lc lcrrbtnsdb
*crh mu`nb lc 8>17. y sc `c s abelceñ h `h dèxndh pceh pcrb pbr lcshfcaanñe quc abdb
shkcdbs crh dcebr h `h däendh quc sc prcsarnkäh phrh c` lcrrbtnsdb `ucgb sh`ncrbe ghehelb%
Abdb yh jcdbs h`ulnlb cstc tnpb lc abdcet@rnbs ce kbah lc `b s sb`lhlbs fuc dès
frcaucetc ce 8>1:% _crb cetbeacs thdknîe `hs duncrcs ce `h rcthguhrlnh abetneuhkhe
prhatnahelb c` lcrrbtnsdb jhsth c` puetb lc quc Hurbrh Fcreèelcz _cøè`vcz:8 abevbañ h sus
vcanehs lc` eýdcrb ;? lc `h ah``c lc` Dcsñe lc _hrclcs c` ;: lc lnancdkrc lc 8>1: h ueh
dhenfcsthanñe phrh prbtcsthr pbr `h s lcfnanceanhs ce `b s hkhstcandncetbs y hfnrdhr quc 0 0`bs
rbmbs sc lckähe rcelnr pbr tcecr `h Gucrrh abdp`cthd~etc pcrlnlh55% Cstb crh the ebanvb
7> AHSQH= @cghmb 8 3 , Ahmh 8 ? ; = Ahush ;: l c 8 > 1 : lc` \rnkueh` Cspcanh` l c Guhrlnh e ~ 8 %
: ? A H S QH = @cghmb 1 8 ; ; % Ahmh ; 6 1 ; = Cxp% 7 1 6 l c 8 > 1 7 lc` Murhlb lc Srgceanh e— <%
: 8 AHSQH= @cghmb 8; < ~ % Ahmh 73;= AHSQHQ lc 8 > 1 > lc` \rnkueh` Cspcanh` lc Guhrlnh e— 8 %
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
phrh `b s netcrcscs lc `h [cpýk`nah quc pblcdbs hfnrdhr quc @unsh [unz Qh`aclb:; mcfh lc
sukgrupb lc` ‐Huxn`nb Hzu` Dhrnh _hz ‐, jnzb quc netcgrhetcs lc csth brghenzhanñe a`helcstneh
lc FC lc `h quc ebs bauphdbs ce c` ahpätu`b snguncetc sc sudhrhe h csth haanñe lcrrbtnsthy lcscsthkn`nzhlbrh phrh `h rcthguhrlnh rcpuk`naheh% Cvlcetcdcetc Hurbrh *eb hsä @unsh. fuc
lctcenlh y abelcehlh pbr lcrrbtnsth pcrb `h pceh fuc ,h däendh `b quc dhenfcsthkh pbr ue
`hlb quc ce `h rcthguhrlnh yh jhkäh lcsahrb phrh rch`nzhr abshs abdb `h prcscetc y pbr btrb
quc `b s trnkueh`cs hetc cstbs jcajbs quc crhe grhvcs rcspbelähe abe pcrdnsnvnlhl abe `h
Gucrrh ahsn yh tcrdnehlh%
Abdb jcdbs vnstb ce c` ahsb hetcrnbr abe scr `bs dès eudcrbsbs huequc sc h qunzh
`b quc sncdprc dès jh trhsacelnlb eb sñ`b crh ce `h s =b`hs lbelc sc prbluaähe abdcethrnbs
lcrrbtnsths y jukb btrhs anrauestheanhs quc bkscrvhkhe thdknîe `h hphrnanñe lc` lcrrbtnsth% Ce
`h dnsdh aèrac` lc Vceths `h ebajc lc` 1 lc muenb l a 8>1:, trcs prcshs yh abelcehlhs pbr
h`th trhnanñe Mbscfneh Gnskcrt _bvclh Nshkc` A`hri Db`neh y Èegc`cs Kncsh Fcreèelcz : 1
ahethrbe 0 0c` jndeb fhsansth55 *b sch c` ‐Ahrh h` Qb`—.% Cstb sc abesnlcrñ quc crh ueh
prèatnah lcrrbtnsth huequc fucrh lcetrb lc `b s durcs lc `h prnsnñe pcrb sc `c s hksb`vnñ
pbrquc `h abelceh quc sufrähe yh nea`uäh `h lc lcrrbtnsdb%
\hdknîe jcdbs h`ulnlb h `h rch`nzhanñe lc cstc tnpb lc abdcethrnbs ce c` trhespbrtc
pýk`nab= cs c` ahsb lc Ceahrehanñe Abulcr Htcezh qund c` ; lc hgbstb lc 8>1: ce c` trheväh
e? <>eb sc `c baurrnñ btrh absh quc lcanr quc 00 bs abduensths y sbanh`nsths crhe uebs
aheh``hs quc csthkhe abdncelb h lbs ahrrn``bs dncetrhs `b s lcdès sc dbrähe lc jhdkrc5 5 %
: ; Lca`hrhanñe Murhlh c e Hrajnvb l c `h ‚Hsbanhanñe Eucvh Helhlurh„ Hscsbräh Murälnah9 Ahrpcth 8 ; 9 Lbaudcetb e— ;<>%
: 1 AHSQH= @cghmb887@, Ahmh 66„= A hu sh ; < ? l c 8 > 1 : lc` \rnkueh` _bpu`hr e„ 8%
: < AHSQH= @cghmb 8 ; < ; % Ahmh 73;= A hu sh : 3 l c 8 > 1 : lc` \rnkueh` C sp c an h lc Guhrlnh ,‚ 8 %
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb 8 %
Btrb èdkntb crhe `b s khrcs b ahfîs= Hsä Mbsc Dheuc` È`vhrcz Hrcehs c` 8 lc fckrcrb
lc 8>1: sc scetñ ce ueh dcsh lc` Ahfî ‐Iutz— lc `h Grhe Väh abe sb`lhlbs lc `h 8??h
Krnghlh Dnxth y trhs pclnr`cs ue anghrrb cdpczñ h abevcrshr abe c``bs abe bpnenbecs abdb
quc 0 0dncetrhs c``bs abdähe ce c` frcetc c` dh`lntb hrrbz `b s scøbrntbs abdähe abrlcrb
hshlb phthths frnths y dcr`uzh5 5 y sndn`hrcs netcetbs lcsdbrh`nzhlbrcs%:3
C` tcdbr"lcscspcrhanñe quc gcecrhkhe `b s abesthetcs kbdkhrlcbs thdknîe fuc
ahdpb hkbehlb phrh c` lcrrbtnsdb= c` ;> lc hkrn` lc 8>17, Abeacpanñe Lähz H`kcrrb csthelb
rcfugnhlh ce c` pbrthä <; lc `h ah``c lc Dceîelcz _c`hyb lurhetc ue kbdkhrlcb lnmb quc
0 0`bs phnscs fhsansths csthkhe lcscdkhrahelb jbdkrcs y dhtcrnh` phrh quc c` 8 lc dhyb
fucrh hrrhshlb c` phäs pbr tncrrh dhr y hnrc%5 5:6
Hphrtc lc tblb cstb abesnlcrhdbs netcrcshetc phrh jhacrebs nlch lc` tbeb lc cstbs
abdcethrnbs rcabgcr btrbs cmcdp`bs lc `b s quc sc csauajhrbe ce Dhlrnl% [cfcrcetc h `hs
dbvn`nhanbecs duajhs dhlrcs sc qucmhkhe lc quc sus jnmbs fucrhe dbvn`nzhlbs y ``cvhlbs h`
frcetc ``cghelb h hfnrdhr quc `bs abeluaähe h` dhthlcrb b quc 00 bs dîlnabs eb sbe dès
quc uebs dh`bs prhatnahetcs quc jhace h `b s jcrnlbs duy dh`hs aurhs%5 ~ Btrhs vcacs crhe%
cstbs jnmbs quncecs dhenfcsthkhe su rcajhzb scdkrhelb c` lcsèendb= Cernquc Jnlh`gb
_c`cgrneh hfnrdñ ce ebvncdkrc lc 8>17 quc sn ``hethrhe h su quneth î` sc phshräh h `bs
fhaanbsbs%::
: 3 AHSQH= @cghmb 8;1<„= A hu sh ; : 3 l c 8 > 1 : lc` trnkueh` Cspcanh` l c Guhrlnh e ~ 1
:6 AHSQH= @cghmb 8 7 3 ; , Ahmh 8 ; > „= Cxp% 1 6 1 l c 8 > 1 7 lc` Mu rhl b l c Srgceanh e :% H qu ä tcecdbs ue cmcdp`b l c ue jcajb lcrrbtnsth q u c abdb fu c
muz ghl b he t cs lc` ;; lc muenb l c 8 > 1 7 fu c trhthlb abreb lcshfcaanñe%
: 7 AHSQH= @cghmb 8;3„% Ahmh 7 : % Abdcethrnbs lcpn`hr Qhedhrrne lc` Vh``c y C`nsh \br=cs Acrcaclh, rcspcatnvhdcetc= Hd khs c e @p% 3 < ; l c 8 > 1 6 l c @
Murhlb l c Srgceanh e ? :%
:: AHSQH= @cghmb1<`„, Ahmh;>:= Cxp% :<7lc 8 > 1 7 lc`Murhlblc Srgceanhe—1% Abe,bscvcsccstndñquccrhlcshfcaanñe, auhelb, ceeucstrhbpnenñe,s c trhthkh l c lcrrbtnsdb pbrquc abdcethrnbs abdb c` nelnahlb scdkrhkhe `h lcsdbrh`nz,%anñe sbkrc tblb,
;77
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
Btrbs duajbs lc cstbs abdcethrnbs rcsu`the `cälbs jby ancrthdcetc lnvcrtnlbs% Hsä,
phrh lcsharclnthr h `hs hutbrnlhlcs rcpuk`nahehs vh @ ä h tblb y Abeacpanñe Clrcnrh Fcrrcnrb
yh ce dhyb lc 8>1: abdcetñ quc 00Ecgräe y Hzhøh cstèe cehdbrhlbs55 y pbr c``b `c
abelcehrbe pbr lcrrbtnsdb%:> Qnguncelb abe c` lcsarîlntb lc `h s hutbrnlhlcs Czcqunc` \ceh
Lèvn`h sb`lhlb quc scrväh ce ue A[MD hfnrdñ quc 00Frheab abdb gcecrh` ghehräh `h
>?
gucrrh pucs ue dîlnab eb puclc ghehr`c `h gucrrh h ue gcecrh`%5 5>8
_br btrb `hlb ce tblh gucrrh jhy quncecs s c kcecfnanhe lc `hs anrauestheanhs y
Ecdcsnb Qcqucnrbs Kbb guhrlnh lc scgurnlhl fuc abelcehlb pbr lcrrbtnsth~ pbr lcanr quc
`c gusthräh quc `h gucrrh lurhsc tblh `h vnlh 0 0phrh abkrhr trcs lurbs abdcr knce y
abescgunr dumcrcs%5 5 ^ phrh tcrdnehr rcabmhdbs ue ajnstc a`hrhdcetc lcrrbtnsth quc
anrau`ñ ce Dhlrnl=
0 0$²Ce quî sc phrcac Dnhmh h ue cefcrdb grhvc lc ` cstñdhgb2%%%
$Ce quc `b pbab quc tbdh `b lcvuc`vc%5 5~
Cstbs y btrbs ajhsahrrn``bs sndn`hrcs anrau`hkhe pbr `h ahpnth` sbkrc c` Gcecrh` u btrhs
hutbrnlhlcs y supbeähe prèatnah lc lcrrbtnsdb%
\blbs cstbs cmcdp`bs quc jcdbs rcabgnlb ebs ducstrh c` tnpb lc frhscs lcrrbtnsths quc
sc csauajhkhe ce `h anulhl lurhetc `h gucrrh%
@bs lcrrbtnsths h `b s quc sc `c s jhkäh lctcenlb pbr csth hatnvnlhl `ñgnahdcetc trhthkhe
:> AHSQH= @cghmb 8>:„, Ahmh 8 < : „= A hu sh ;: l c 8 > 1 : l c N \rnkueh` Cspcanh` l c Guhr&h e b ;%
Ecgräe crh prbfcsbr l c fnsnb`bgäh%
> 8AHSQH= @cghmb 8;<„, Ahmh 73„= A hu sh 8 8 : l c 8 > 1 : lc` \rnkueh` Cspcnah` l c Guhrýnh e ? 8 %
AHSQH= @cghmb 8;<„, Ahmh 76„= A hu sh < 1 : l c 8 > 1 : lc` \rnkueh` _bpu`hr e„ 8 %
C stc fnmc u e b l c `b s ajnstcs pbr `b s q u c Dhrnh Khrrh` Hetbrhez fnmc abelcehlh c e Cxp% : > : l c 8 > 1 7 ce AHSQH= @cghmb ;:7„, Ahmh ;1<„, \hdknîe hfnrdhC` Ahkh` `crb Hulhz q u c cs t b s c abethkh c e Dhlrnl *AH[[C\C[B, M b s c Dhräh, ‐C` AhkhT`crb Hulhz„% @h Xuneh Ab`weeh% NV Vb`udce l c @h [cvb`uanñe lc `bs _høku`hrnbs% Dhlrnl9 Clnanbecs C Ahkh``crb Hulhz9 8 >< ?% p% ;;>.%
;7:
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb 8 %
lc cxaushr abdb pblähe su abdpbrthdncetb% Seb la `b s prctcxtbs pcrb quc eb sb`äh scr
sufnancetcdcetc abevneacetc ce `b s trnkueh`cs crh quc hb sc crh abesancetc lc `b quc sc jhkäh
lnajb pbrquc sc csthkh kbrrhajb h`gb quc ebrdh`dcetc eb fueanbehkh% Btrhs vcacs sc
prctceläh abevceacr h `b s haushlbrcs h`cghelb quc c` =bdcethrnb lcsdbrh`nzhlbr jhkäh snlb
lnajb ce krbdh b ce tbeb nrñenab% Ce hdkbs ahsbs `h cxaush eb sb`äh scrvnr phrh c`ulnr `h
abelceh huequc jukb h`guebs ahsbs ce quc sn%
Btrb hspcatb lc` lcrrbtnsdb ce Dhlrnl fuc c` cdp`cb lc `h rhlnb% _hrh lcsdbrh`nzhr
`h rcthguhrlnh lc ahpnth` ndpbrtheanh fuc `h lnstrnkuanñe lc ebtnanhs ecghtnvhs phrh `h
[cpýk`nah y ce c``b `h rhlnb mugñ ue phpc` fuelhdceth`= `h csauajh lc cdnsbrhs lc` btrb khelb
y `h utn`nzhanñe lc `h s nefbrdhanbecs quc lc c``hs sc bktceähe% Ce duajhs bahsnbecs cstbs
bycetcs a`helcstnebs eb sc `ndnthkhe h csauajhr9 pbstcrnbrdcetc sc ceahrghkhe lc lnfuelnr
`h nefbrdhanñe cetrc `h gcetc lhelb hsä ue phsb dès prhatnahelb c` lcrrbtnsdb prbph`helb
ku`bs b `b quc sc tn`lhkh lc ebtnanhs fh`shs auhelb sc nrhthkh lc rcvcscs ce c` frcetc phrh `b s
rcpuk`nahebs% @h vcrlhl cs quc duajhs vcacs cshs ebtnanhs crhe ancrths pcrb `h s hutbrnlhlcs
lckähe csfbrzhrsc pbr dhetcecr abdb fucrh `h dbrh` n`th y quc eb anrau`hsce%
^ lcslc c` btrb `hlb sc netcethkh c` csfucrzb abetrhrnb% Ce `h nefbrdhanñe anthlh
pègnehs htrès ``cvhlh h Qh`hdheah c` 3 lc dhyb lc 8>17 ueh lc `h s sugcrceanhs quc sc jhanh
phrh dnehr `h rcthguhrlnh y abearcthdcetc `h dhlrn`cøh crh `h snguncetc=
0 0Qcrnh lc ue cfcatb dbrh` duy prhelc quc sc puln ~rhebär pbr `bs hphrhtbs lc rhlnb lc gh`ceh
0hsä sbe `h dhybräh lc `h s quc jhy ce Dhlrnl~ ueh hatnvh prbphehelh pbr eucstrh ahush Csb habescmh `h
abevcenceanh lc nesth`hr ueh rhlnb cdnsbrh lc hrhe pbtceanh ce `h s prbxndnlhlcs l~ st f r c e t c yh qu c `bs
sharnfnanbs quc absthrh scrähe pcrfcathdcetc abdpceshlbs abe `h cfnahanh quc sc abesngunräh%5 5
><QJ D 9 HG@9 AGG= Hrd% 39 [ % ;889 @% ;:>9 A % 8 : 9 Lba% 8 *f% 3.% C` sukrhyhlb c s lJ brngneh`%
;7>
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
Jhacr ahsb lc csths sugcrceanhs tceäh îxntb duajhs vcacs% Cshs ebtnanhs `h s rcabgähe%
dumcrcs quc `ucgb haulähe h `h s ab`hs lbelc `h s lnfuelähe= C` ; 8 lc dhyb lc 8>17, \crcsh %
Dbrhln``b Gutnîrrcz quc trhkhmhkh lc arnhlh ce ueh ahsh lc `h ah``c _bezheb haulnñ h ueh
ab`h h lnfuelnr ebtnanhs lc `bs frcetcs tbdhlhs 0 0lc cdnsbrhs fhaanbshs5 5 ~ Btrhs vcacs
haulähe h btrbs `ughrcs= B`vnlb @cñe Ah`vb>6 fuc haushlh lc lcrrbtnsdb pbrquc ` `cvñ h su %
jcrdheb Gusthvb prcsb ce `h aèrac` lc Qhe Hetñe absnlb ce phpc` duy fneb ce `h s absturhs
lc su fh`lh ebtnanh lc `b s hvheacs lc `b s Ehanbeh`cs ce c` Ckrb csauajhlbs ce cdnsnbecs lc
rhlnb ‚fhaanbshs—% Jcajbs abdb cstc `b quc supbeähe crh dhetcecr h`th `h dbrh` lc `b s prcsbs%
hetnrrcpuk`nahebs `b auh` sc cetceläh abdb ab`hkbrhr h `h lcsdbrh`nzhanñe lc `h rcthguhrlnh%
rcpuk`naheh% B`vnlb rch`nzñ su haanñe c` 8 ; lc scptncdkrc lc 8>1:, cs lcanr quc csthdbs ce
ueb lc csbs ahsbs ce quc `h s ebtnanhs quc sc jhlhe anrau`hr crhe ancrths *csc läh `b s
Ehanbeh`cs yh csthkhe h `h bfcesnvh ce `h Qncrrh lc Fhthrc``h. pcrb `ñgnahdcetc `h s
hutbrnlhlcs rcpuk`nahehs lckähe dnendnzhr auhetb y sncdprc quc pulncrhe `b s hvheacs a „
îxntbs lc su s cecdngbs y ce cstc abetcxtb cs lbelc s= cetceläh `h haushanñe lc prhatnahr c T %
lcrrbtnsdb%
Ce btrhs bahsnbecs `h s ebtnanhs hlvcrshs h `b s netcrcscs lc `h [cpýk`nah csauajhlhs ce
`h s cdnsnbecs lc rhlnb lc` btrb `hlb sc lnfuelähe ce c` `ughr lc trhkhmb= auhtrb cdp`chlbs lc`
Kheab lc Kn`khb Hetbenb Srnkc`hrrch Dbrh Mbsî B`nvh Gñdcz Dhrnb Hphrnanb y H`kcrtb
Gnrñe Hrkc rch`nzhrbe csth hatnvnlh&„~ ce mu`nb lc 8>17 y hlcdès ce c` ahsb lc H`kcrtb su
jcrdheb Mbsî csthkh abdp`nahlb ce `h brghenzhanñe lc `h Xuneth Ab`udeh lc Mhvncr
>3 AHSQH= @cghmb ;:<„, Ahmh ;18„= Cxp% 3 : 6 l c 8 > 1 7 lc` Murhlb l c Srgceanh e ? 7%
>6 AHSQH= @cghmb ;1:„, Ahmh 8 : 7 „= Cxp% 1 : > l c 8 > 1 : lc` \rnkueh` _bpu`hr e— ;%
>7 C xp % 6 > 6 lc 8 > 1 7 lc` Murhlb l c Srgceanh e ? <% Ce AHSQH= @cghmb 18<„% Ahmh ;66„%
;:?
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
Fcreèelcz Gb`fäe quc dès hlc`hetc heh`nzhrcdbs%
@h lnfusnñe lc cstbs ku`bs sc lckäh jhacr belndcetc , yh quc cs abdprcesnk`c quc
auh`quncr rhstrb csarntb ce ueh hatnvnlhl a`helcstneh rcsu`thkh duy hrrncsghlb% Eb bksthetc
ndprulcetcs y abefnhlbs thdknîe `bs jhkäh= cs c` ahsb lc Vnacetc Hgunrrc>: lctcenlb y
prbacshlb pbr lcshfcaanñe pbrquc `bs hgcetcs `c jh``hrbe ce su ahsh ue phpc` ce c` quc
abesthkh ue phrtc lc gucrrh lc` btrb khelb *ahkc dh„¡br ndprulceanh. 00tbdhelb kuceh
ebth lc `b s cdkustcs $sc `cc ce c` nefbrdc$ qunzè abe c` fne lc prbphghr`bs%5 5
Abefbrdc `h Gucrrh cvhezhkh ce scetnlb ecghtnvb phrh `h [cpýk`nah crheahlh vcz dès
quncecs csauajhkhe cdnsbrhs lc rhlnb lc` cecdngb phrh nr cetcrèelbsc lc sus hvheacs% _br
c``b c` > lc fckrcrb lc 8>1> c` Abrbec` Mcfc lc` Csthlb Dhybr lc` Grupb lc Cmîrantbs
rcabrlhkh quc 0 0quclh prbjnknlh `h csauajh lc rhlnbs fhaanbshs5 5 ^ Lcspuîs lc dès lc
lbs høbs y dclnb lc gucrrh ce Dhlrnl csth prbjnknanñe crh h`gb duy shknlb pbr `b s
anulhlhebs y su rcaucrlb supbeäh c` rcabebandncetb lc quc sc jhanh pbab ahsb lc c``h y `h s
csauajhs a`helcstnehs crhe ahlh vcz dès frcaucetcs%
_ceshdbs quc jh quclhlb knce lc`ndnthlh `h ndpbrtheanh quc `h prèatnah lcrrbtnsth tuvb
ce `h haanñe a`helcstneh ce `h rcthguhrlnh dhlrn`cøh% Jcdbs heh`nzhlb auhetnthtnvh y
auh`nthtnvhdcetc c` fceñdceb lcrrbtnsth h `b `hrgb lc `bs 1; dcscs lc gucrrh% Xuclh lcsarntb
`b quc supusb jhkncelb rcabgnlb `h s lnstneths fbrdhs ce `h s quc sc dhenfcsthkh y `b s dclnbs
nelcpcelncetcdcetc lc `h `cgns`hanñe y `h s dclnlhs heh`nzhlhs ce btrb ahpntu`b quc `h s
hutbrnlhlcs rcpuk`nahehs abe lnsaursbs ahrtc`cs prcesh cta% pusncrbe phrh `uajhr abetrh `h
lnfusnñe lc` ku`b y `h lcsdbrh`nzhanñe%
>: Ahush 1 : 3 l c 8 >1 : % Ce AHSQH= @cghmb 8 ;; , Ahmh 7 1 %
>> Q J D 9 HG@9 ][= Hd,% 3 6 9 [ % 1? 9 @% 378 9 A % 8 ; 9 Lba% ; *f% 8 3. %
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
NNN%$ C@ CQ_NBEHMC H@ DH[GCE LC @H BSNE\H AB@SDEHt
Abdb jcdbs h`ulnlb rcpctnlhs vcacs ce c` prcscetc trhkhmb c` cspnbehmc crh ueh l c $
`h s hatnvnlhlcs dès ndpbrthetcs lc `hs quc ``cvhkhe h ahkb `h s brghenzhanbecs a`helcstnehs l c =
`h Xuneth Ab`udeh% _crb ce c` prcscetc cpägrhfc nxbs vhdbs h rcfcrnr h` cspnbehmc quc
lcshrrb``hkhe hgcetcs ce abecxnñe abe c` Auhrtc` Gcecrh` lc Frheab y quc ce prneanpnb eb
sc ceauhlrhkhe ce enegueh lc cshs brghenzhanbecs hnequc, bkvnhdcetc pcrtcecaähe h csh%
a`helcstnenlhl dhlrn`cøh quc ce csth nevcstnghanñe ebs bauph% Eb bksthetc thdknîe jh``hdbs
ahsbs lc cspnhs quc fhan`nthkhe su nefbrdhanñe h h`gueh brghenzhanñe sne csthr ceauhlrhlbs
ce c``h phrh quc îsth `h jnancrh ``cghr h` btrb `hlb% \blb c``b `b vcrcdbs ce `h s pègnehs q uc =
snguce%
Qn jhk`hdbs lc` cspnbehmc lcmhelb h` dhrgce c` ``cvhlb h ahkb pbr `h s brghenzhanbecs
a`helcstnehs lc `h Xuneth Ab`udeh ebs jcdbs lc rcfcrnr h` fueanbehdncetb lc `b s scrvnanbs
scarctbs lc nefbrdhanñe,„?„ cs lcanr `b quc a`èsnahdcetc pblcdbs ``hdhr `b s cspähs% Lc csth
dhecrh, abebacrcdbs `h cstruaturh brgèenah lc` cspnbehmc rcgnlb lcslc c` Auhrtc` Gcecrh` l c
Kurgbs abdb cetnlhl cxtcreh h `h rcthguhrlnh dhlrn`=øh quc cs `b quc ebs netcrcsh ce cstc=
cpägrhfc% H` rcfcrnrebs h `bs scrvnanbs l c nefbrdhanñe l c `bs Ehanbeh`cs jcdbs l c rcabgcr `h s
fbrdhs khmb `h s quc sc prcscetñ h `b `hrgb l c `h G ucrrh= `h s scguelhs scaanbecs lc` cmîrantb,
`bbAbdb j cd bs j c aj b abe `h lcshfcaanñe y c ` lcrrbtnsdb `h s abesnlcrhanbecs g c e c rh c s = 9bj rc c ` cspnbehmc, sbk r c tblb c e `b rcfcrcetc h s u ahsunstnah, s b e
abea`usnbecs cxtrhnlhs lc` heè`nsns l c tblbs `bs fbe l bs q u c c e AHSQH s c abescrvhe l c `b s \rnkueh`cs _bpu`hrcs lc Dhlrnl% @b s a h s b s abearctbs tbdhlbsabdb cmcdp`b `bs rcabgcdbs abe `h f `u ce tc b f `uce tcs cspcanfnahs l c `bs q u c `b s cxtrhcdcs%
_ hrh c` cstulnb lc cs t c hsp ca t b lc` cspnbehmc haulndbs f`relhesceth`dcetc h ` tcstndbrnb csarntb l c u e b lc `b s prneanph`cs prbthgbensths= KC[\[ÈE ^
DSQN\Ý% M b s î = Cxpcrnceanhs l c `bs scrvnanbs lc nefbrdhanñe lc ` Ebrlcstc l c Csphøh *D F V C 5 lurhetc `h gucrrh9 Dhlrnl9 CsphshAh`pc9 8 >< ?% Du y vè`nlbrcsu`th, sbkrc tblb ce s u s l b s prndcrbs ahpätu`bs, `h duajb d è s rcancetc bk rh l c ANC[VH ^ JBACQ, [nahrlb lc `h9 8 > 1 > % Hgbeäh y vnatbrnh *C` prbtbab`b ; 7 7 5 9 _`hecth9 Khrac`beh9 8 > : > *< clnanñe., \hdknîe ceabetrhdbs duajh nefbrdhanñe, h u e qu c rcsu`th h`gb ebvc`csab, c e _HQ\B[ _C\N\, Lbdnegb%cspcanh`dcetc c e @bs lbssncrs sca r c t b s lc `h gucrrh lc Csphøh9 Khrac`beh9 Hrgbs V c rg ~ rh9 8 >7: , y, d ce bs ndpbrthetc pbr s u ahrèatcr d è s gcecrh`% @h gucrrh scarcth% @bd Hs nearcnk`c lc ` cspnbehmc *ah p % 8 y 3 cspcanh`dcetc.9 Khrac`beh9 Krug,crh9 8 >7> % \hdknîe j cd bs abesu`thlb p crb rcsu`th nefnenthdcetcl c dcebr netcrîs h _H]% Hrdhelb9 @b s scrvnanbs l c cspnbehmc c e `h gucrrh anvn` lcF%sphøh, Dhlrnl9 Q h e Dhrtäe9 ¡>76% _hrh l h t b s puetuh`cs l c `b abetcenlbc e cs t h phrtc thdknîe pblcdbs haulnr h _H@HANB H\H[B% Vnacetc9 ‐@h quneth ab`utneh, `h dbvn`nzhanñe pbpu`hr y `h rcthguhrlnh, ce Hprbxndhanñe jnstñrnah h `h gucrrh csphøb`h9 Dhlrnl9 Senvcrsnlhl l c Dhlrnl9 8 > 7 ? % b KB[[HQ% \bdès9 Q cns tbn` dumcrcs9 Dhlrnl9 Clntbrh Ehanbeh` 9 ¡>63%
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
c` QND Ehanbeh` `b s QNFEC„?; y c` QN_D„?1 quc `b azetrh`nzñ ce ueh ý`tndh cthph%
888%8%$ @bs scrvnanbs lc nefbrdhanñe eha¡be~is888%8%8%$ @hs scguelhs scaanbecs
C` prneanph` abdpbecetc dn`nthr lc `h suk`cvhanñe lc` 8 : lc mu`nb lc 8>16 abeluac h
quc thdknîe `h nefbrdhanñe sc sukbrlnehrh h` cmîrantb ‚ä, pbr thetb, tuvncrhe prcpbelcrhanh `h s
scguelhs scaanbecs h` prneanpnb% C``b ce`hzh abe `h uenlhl lc dhelb quc Frheab qucräh
ndpbecr% @hs scguelhs scaanbecs crhe `h s lclnahlhs ce ahlh uenlhl lc` cmîrantb h `h
nefbrdhanñe c` cspnbehmc y c` abetrhcspnbehmc%
H `b `hrgb lc tblh `h gucrrh huequc `ucgb hph=rcancrhe c` QND `b s QNFEC y c` QN_D%,
sncdprc pcrsnstnräh `h hatnvnlhl lc `h s scguelhs scaanbecs ce kuceh dclnlh pbrquc tceähe `h
vnrtuh`nlhl lc quc frcetc h btrhs fucetcs lc nefbrdhanñe `h quc c``bs prbpbranbehkhe crh
duajb dès puetuh` y sbkrc c` tcrrceb `b quc `h abevcrtäh ce `h dès ýtn` phrh `h dhrajh lc
`h s bpcrhanbecs% _br thetb su ndpbrtheanh csthkh ce c` ahdpb lc khth``h e b ce `h rcthguhrlnh%%
[cabgähe lhtbs lc ñrghebs nefcrnbrcs sukbrlnehlbs pcrb thdknîe lc `b s supcrnbrcs dclnhetc
`h bkscrvhanñe `h csauajh *fuelhdceth`dcetc h` netcracpthr cdnsnbecs lc rhlnb. c`
netcrrbghtbrnb lc cvhlnlbs y prnsnbecrbs y `hkbrcs lc =betrhcspnbehmc% \blh csh nefbrdhanñe
sc cstulnhkh heh`nzhkh y sc nea`uäh ce uebs ND quc sc rcdntähe h ñrghebs nefcrnbrcs
y sn `h nefbrdhanñe sc abesnlcrhkh lc ndpbrtheanh s~ rcdntäh ce fbrdh lc ebth h` Auhrtc`
8 ?; Qcrvnanbs lc tefbrdhanñe l c `h Frbetcrh lc` Ebrlcstc l c C sp h ø h %
8 ? 1 Qcrvnanb l c Nefbrdhanñe y _b`nanh Dn`nthr%
8 ? <\hetb c s t b s kb`ctnecs abdb `h lbaudcethanñe l c c s h `hkbr l c nefbrdhanñe q u c dueanbehdbs `h jh``hdbs ce c ` QN$`D9 HB @ c e `h phrtc lc ]E y
cspcanh`dcetc lcetrb lc` Hrd% 8 6 %
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
Gcecrh` lc` Gcecrh`äsndb%t?3 \hdknîe sc c`hkbrhkhe ce fbrdh lc pcrnñlnabs rcsýdcecs lc csth
nefbrdhanñe rcabgnlh%
Abe csth `hkbr c` abebandncetb lc` cecdngb crh khsthetc ebthk`c y c` snstcdh scdhetcelräh tblh `h gucrrh% Eb bksthetc trhthdbs sñ`b lc lcmhr abestheanh lc î` yh quc h` scr
prccdnecetcdcetc dn`nthr su ndpbrtheanh lcetrb lc `h hatnvnlhl lc `h rcthguhrlnh crh dcebr%
Eb baurrnrè `b dnsdb abe `hs cetnlhlcs lc `hs quc h abetneuhanñe ebs bauphdbs%
888%8%;%$ C` QND *Qcrvnanb lc Nefbrdhanñe Dn` nt~}~
Cetrc mu nb y hgbstb lc 8>16, ndeclnhthdcetc lcspuîs lc `h suk`cvhanñe, ce `h Auhrth
Lnvnsnñe *`ucgb scptuhgîsndbauhrth y, dès thrlc lcandbauhrth. lc` Frcetc lc Dhlrnl
thdknîe abebanlh abdb Lnvnsnñe [cfbrzhlh ehanñ c` QND Ehanbeh` khmb `b s huspnanbs lc`
Gcecrh` Brghz y grhanhs h `h `hkbr lc` Abdhelhetc lc `h Guhrlnh Anvn` Muhe Aheb%
Qu brngce tuvb duajb quc vcr abe `h brghenzhanñe lc `b s Qcrvnanbs Cspcanh`cs lc`
Frcetc lc Dhlrnl quc lcslc @h \brrc lc Cstckhe Jhdkrèe *\b`clb. lnrngäh c` Abrbec` Kbec`
Junan 0 0quc tuvncrbe su brngce ce `h s ecacsnlhlcs lc nefbrdhanñe quc scetäh ce `h Lnvnsnñe
lc` gcecrh` ^hgýc quc aukrähe lcslc `h A% Senvcrsnthrnh jhsth \h`hvcrh *aursb lc` räb \hmb
nea`unlb.%5 58?6 Fuc c` cdkrnñe lc` QN_D quc ehacräh pbstcrnbrdcetc h prneanpnbs lc 8>1:%
H `h cetnlhl lc Kbec` lc cebrdc ndpbrtheanh phrh `h Xuneth Ab`udeh ce c` netcrnbr
lc Dhlrnl ebs rcfcrndbs ce c` snguncetc ahpätu`b lc` prcscetc trhkhmb, pbrquc cstndhdbs quc
phrtnanph dès lc` fceñdceb qunethab`udensth y tuvb duajb quc vcr ce c` surgndncetb lc `hs
brghenzhanbecs a`helcstnehs lc `h Xuneth Ab`udeh lc FC%
8 ?3Cmcdp`b lc c s t h s `h s jh``hrebs ce c ` QJD= HB@, c e `h phrtc lc` AGB%
8 ?6 Ahrth pcrsbeh` q u c e b s rcdntnñ l b e Frheansab Kbec` Junan c` ;> l c ebvncdkrc l c 8 >> 1 %
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
C` QND, quc ce prneanpnb sc fbrenñ ce tbreb h guhrlnhs anvn`cs ce fueanñe lc abethatbs
pcrsbeh`cs rch`nzhkh trcs thrchs fuelhdceth`cs% _br ue `hlb, habdctfh `hkbrcs lc nefbrdhanñe
ce `h zbeh acetrb cspcanh`dcetc ce Dhlrnl% Ce scghelb `ughr, aunlhkh lc `h dbrh` y `h
nefbrdhanñe quc anrau`hkh lcetrb lc `hs trbphs prbpnhs y thdknîece `hs lc` cecdngb% ^, pbr
ý`tndb, thdknîe sc ceahrghkh lc` netcrrbghtbrnb lc `bs prnsnbecrbs% Cs prcanshdcetc ce csth
ý`tndh lbelc c` QND bktuvb dès îxntb ce su hatnvnlhl%
_crb c` QND lcshphrcanñ prbetb auhelb c` Gcecrh` Brghz hkhelbeñ c` dhelb ce c`
frcetc lc Dhlrnl% Cetbeacs lcshphrcanñ csh Lnvnsnñe [cfbrzhlh y c` dhelb lc `h Qcguelh
Qcaanñe lc` Csthlb Dhybr *`h aýpu`h lc `hs scguelhs sxanbecs. lcanlnñ neabrpbrhr`b% Ce csc
dbdcetb `bs Ehanbeh`cs archrbe c` Cmîrantb lc` Ac=htrb y `bs scrvnanbs lc nefbrdhanñe h
csah`h ehanbeh` y uenfnahlbs%
Csthdbs jhk`helb lc` 1? lc ebvncdkrc lc 8>17 pcrb phrh abetneuhr cetbeacs jcdbs
hetcs lc rcfcrnrebs h `bs QNFEC%
888%8%1%$ @bs QNFEC 0Qcrvnanbs lc Nefbrdhanñe lc `h Frbetcrh Ebrlcstc lc Csphøht
@bs QNFEC crhe nelcpcelncetcs lc` dhelb dnT nthr pcrb h pcshr lc csc ahrèatcr anvn`
cstuvncrbe nespnrhlbs pbr c` Gcecrh` Db`h% Ehancrbece scptncdkrc lc 8>16 y pcrdhecancrbe
nelcpcelncetcs jhsth c` ;: lc fckrcrb lc 8>1: y cetbeacs fucrbe hksbrvnlbs pbr c` cetbeacs
rcanîe archlb QN_D *ce c` quc ebs lctcelrcdbs dès hlc`hetc.%
Cstc brghensdb lc nefbrdhanñe `b lnrngä h Mbsî Kcrtrèe y Dusntý ue cx$dnenstrb lc
H`fbesb Z MN M y lc` quc fuc hkbghlb trhs `h prba`hdhanñe lc `h [cpýk`nah% Csth bpcrhanñe
rcqucräh fucrtc sudh lc lnecrb y c` ahpnth` quc sc cdp`cñ fuc sncdprc prnvhlb y ce su dhybr
phrtc prbaclcetc lc sus archlbrcs abdb c` dnsdb Kcrtrèe y Dusntñ b thdknîe lc Muhe Dhraj
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
y lc Frheansab Ahdkñ qunce, scgýe [nahrlb lc `h Ancrvh„?7 fuc c` vcrlhlcrb nespnrhlbr lc
`bs QNFEC% _hrcac scr quc cstc prñacr ahth`hensth tuvb ueh phrtnanphanñe a`hvc ce `h rcl lc
cspnbehmc lc Frheab lcslc fucrh lc Csphøh *hlbelc jhkäh junlb h` prneanpnb lc `h gucrrh. yce `bs QNFEC trhkhmhkh su dcmbr cqunpb= hphrtc lc Kcrnrèe y Dusntu, MuheCstc`rnaj Cugcenb
L Brs, Ahr`bs Qcetäs, Mbsî _äh, Mbsî Vcrgîs Dnguc` Dhtcu _äh, Bathvnb Qh`tbr, Ahr`bs
[hfhc` Dhrîs b c` dnsdb Muhe Dhraj y ce gcecrh` crhe hgcetcs prbaclcetcs lc`
QBDH\CE% Ahdkñ mughkh abe `h vcethmh lc `hs dý`tnp`cs rc`hanbecs quc tceäh csthk`canlhs
ce Ahth`uøh quc pulb trhesfbrdhr ce ueh tupnlh rcl lc nefbrdhanñe h` scrvnanb lc Db`h y lc
Frheab%
C` Auhrtc` Gcecrh` lc `bs QNFEC sc jh``hkh cr% c` Qur lc Frheanh pcrb tuvncrbe quc
trhs`hlhrsc h Nrýe pbrquc c` gbkncreb frheaîs abebanñ sus hatnvnlhlcs y `bs cxpu`sñ% Hue abe
su lcebdnehanñe rcfcrnlh h ue tcrrntbrnb abearctb lc Csphøh, cxtcelnñ fuelhdceth`dcetc sus
rclcs pbr Ahth`uøh y Hrhgñe pcrb thdknîe abe sus eths nefbrdhtnvhs aukräh c` rcstb lc `h
ehanñe abdb pbläh scr Dhlrnl„?: ce `hkbrcs lc cspnbehmc c nefbrdhanñe dn`nthr y pb`ätnah%
@bs ahdpbs lc hatuhanñe lc cstbs scrvnanbs lc nefbrdhanñe crhe `h ahrtbgrhfäh `hs
abduenahanbecs lc` cecdngb, c` cstulnb lc `h prcesh% c` abetrb` lc pucrtbs y frbetcrhs `h
nefbrdhanñe bktcenlh pbr `bs prbpnbs hgcetcs, `h nefbrdhanñe lc cvhlnlbs lc `h zbeh
rcpuk`naheh `h ahpthanñe lc tc`cgrhdhs lc csh dnsdh zbeh y c` purb cspnbehmc b abetrhcspnb$
ehmc% Hlcdès, c` Auhrtc` Gcecrh` lc Frheab `cs lhkh brncethanbecs sbkrc auè`cs crhe `hs
ecacsnlhlcs lc nefbrdhanñe quc sc prcanshkhe ce ahlh dbdcetb%
Crhe hgcetcs lc `bs QNFEC `bs rcprcscethetcs lnp`bdètnabs lc `h Csphøh ehanbeh` ce
8 ?7ANC[VH ^ JBACQ, [nahrlb l c `h , Bp% l`% *_ _ % 36 y 37.%
8 ?:Hsn, s c p u c l c abdprbkhr abesu`thelb ce c` QJD9 HB@9 AGG= Hrdhrnbs < y 3%
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb 8 %
`h s ehanbecs lbelc îsth jhkäh snlb rcabebanlh y, lbelc eb `b jhkäh snlb jhkäh ue rcprcscethe$
tc bfnanbsb y cetbeacs csc crh c` hgcetc% Btrb grupb l a hgcetcs sc cdp`chkh ce rcabgcr h `bs
cvhlnlbs y aheh`nzhr sus nefbrdhanbecs% _br ý`tndb csthkhe `bs a`èsnabs cspähs lc `b s quc c`
rcsu`thlb lc su hatnvnlhl h ebsbtrbs ce cstc trhkhmb cs `b quc ebs ndpbrth%
@h scgurnlhl habescmñ quc `b s QNFEC sc cstruatnrhkh ce fbrdh rhlnh` y hsä ahlh hgcetc
sñ`b abebacräh h su mcfc nedclnhtb y îstc abe `bs lcdès mcfcs abevcrgcrähe nelnvnluh`dcetc
ce c` acetrb lc lnrcaanñe% @bs hgcetcs csthkhe nlcetnfnahlbs abe ue eýdcrb y abe ueh `ctrh
quc crh `h nenanh` lc `h anulhl h `h quc pcrtcecaähe%
Ducstrh lc `h cfnahanh lc `b s QNFEC cs quc auhelb sc prblumb su hksbranñe pbr c`
QN_D sc rcspcthrbe su s rclcs y sus tîaenahs lc trhkhmb% huequc cetbeacs scrnh khmb ue dhelb
dn`nthr ýenab%
888%8%<%$ C@ QN_D 0Qcrvnanb lc Nefbrdhanñe y fX8n~äf`~<nf`f`r}~%
Ce ebvncdkrc lc 8>17 `bs Ehanbeh`cs ab`bahe h` frcetc lc` cspnbehmc h` Abrbec` Mbsî
Segräh phrh abbrlnehr `h s nefbrdhanbecs lc` QND *qu~ h su vcz abbrlnehkh `h s prbaclcetcs
lc `h s scguelhs scaanbecs. y lc `bs ahlh vcz dès cxtcesbs y cfnahacs QNFEC% C``b supbeäh
`h acetrh`nzhanñe lc `b s scrvnanbs lc nefbrdhanñe% C` bkmctnvb lc csth dclnlh fuc rcuenr khmb
su dhelb tblb `b rcfcrcetc h` cspnbehmc c` abetrhcspnbehmc y c` brlce pýk`nab *îstc cspcanh`$
dcetc ce `h s zbehs lc vheguhrlnh.%
Ce `h s `hkbrcs lc cspnbehmc hprbvcajhrbe `h s rclcs lc `b s QNFEC y hlcdès sc
dhetuvncrbe `b s abethatbs abe `bs grupbs qunethab`udrnsths abdb `b s lc Dhlrnl abe `bs quc
yh hetcs Kurgbs dhetceäh rc`hanñe%
C` ;: lc fckrcrb lc 8>1: c` eucvb scrvnanb phsñ h lcebdnehrsc QN_D y ebdkrhkh h`
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
frcetc h` Abrbec` lc Csthlb Dhybr Mbsî Segrnh Mndîecz% @h acetrh`nzhanñe quc crh ue jcajb
lcslc ebvncdkrc hetcrnbr hjbrh sc p`hsdhkh ce cstc Lcarctb y lc fbrdh cfcatnvh c` QND y
`b s QNFEC crhe hksbrvnlbs ce `h eucvh brghenzhanñe%
Fuc ce c` abetrhcspnbehmc lbelc c` QN_D tuvb quc trhkhmhr dès ce `h archanñe lc
eucvhs brghenzhanbecs `b quc jhy quc uenr`b h `h ecacsnlhl lc` brlce pýk`nab ce `h s zbehs
lc vheguhrlnh tcdh ce c` quc sc lckäh phrtnr prèatnahdcetc lc acrb%
@bs hgcetcs lc` QN_D thdknîe csthkhe lcsngehlbs abe ue eýdcrb y ueh `ctrh y h su
vcz sc lnvnlähe ce scatbrcs% Cstc Qcrvnanb ``cghräh h hgruphr h trcneth dn` jbdkrcs *` b quc
cqunvh`c h trcs lnvnsnbecs. thetb dbvn`nzhlbs abdb pcrsbeh` anvn` *nea`unlb dumcrcs.% C`
QN_D tceäh scaanbecs ce ahlh ueb lc `b s cmîrantbs sncelb ueh pbr cmcdp`b `bs yh anthlbs
hetcrnbrdcetc Qcrvnanbs lc @h \brrc lc Cstckhe Jhdkrèe lc` Abrbec` Kbec` lc` Cmîrantb lc`
Acetrb% @h Mcfhturh sc jh``hkh ce c` Auhrtc` Gcecrh` lc` Gcecrh`äsndb ce Kurgbs%„?> \hdknîe
ce c` sceb lc` QN_D h vcacs ceabetrhdbs quc sc h`uläh h` Qcrvnanb lc Nefbrdhanñe Cxtcrnbr
*QNC. quc csthkh abestntunlb pbr `b s hgcetcs lc` QN_D ce c` netcrnbr lc Dhlrnl y ce abethatb
abe `h s scaanbecs lc` cmîrantb h`ulnlhs= cstbs hgcetcs utn`nzhkhe c` ebdkrc ce a`hvc lc ‐@uacrb
Vcrlc—88? y abefbrdhkhe ueh rcl quc fueanbehkh ce tureb h` Abdhelhetc Mbsî Acethøb lc `h
_hz hyulhetc lc` dnsdäsndb Ahshlb y h` quc ebs rcrcrnrcdbs rcpctnlhdcetc ce c` ahpätu`b
fneh` lc eucstrb trhkhmb%
C` QN_D ce abecxnñe abe `h Xuneth Ab`udeh dhlrn`cøh mughräh ue lcsthahlb phpc` ce
c` fneh` lc `h Gucrrh ce `h ahpnth` lc Csphøh abdb vc=rcdbs ce su dbdcetb% @h abecxnñe sc
csthk`canñ sbkrc tblb h trhvîs lc `b s Qcrvnanbs lc Kbec` y btrb pucstb ce Guhlh`hmhrh `h
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¡8?ANC[VH ^ JBACQ, [nahrlb l c `h% Bp % ant% *p% 31.%
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
Qcaanñe Lcsthahlh ce Qcpý`vclh quc lnrngäh c` Abrbec` Mustb Mndîecz Brtbeclh lc dcebr
ndpbrtheanh sne lulh quc `b s lc \b`clb%
888%;%$ @h hatnvnlhl lc `b s cspähs ce c` ¡etcr¡ern`cMEn`hlrml
Ce `hs pègnehs hetcrnbrcs jcdbs heh`nzhlb `bs brghensdbs ceahrghlbs lc lnrngnr c`
cspnbehmc ehanbeh` ce `h zbeh rcpuk`naheh pbr thetb thdknîe ce `h rcthguhrlnh dhlrn`cøh pcrb
h` dhrgce lc `h hatnvnlhl lc `h s brghenzhanbecs a`helcstnehs quc thdknîe rch`nzhkhe cshs
`hkbrcs hlcdès lc btrhs huequc ce abecxnñe y rc`hanñe abe duajhs lc c``hs%
_br abetrh phrh `h `uajh abetrh c` cspnbehmc ce `h rcthguhrlnh rcpuk`naheh cxnstäh ue
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csthkh nea`unlb ce `b s Qcrvnanbs Cspcanh`cs lc` Dnenstcrnb lc Gucrrh quc lnrngäh c` hehrqunsth
Dheuc` Qh`ghlb Dbrcnrh% Hlcdès abdb vcrcdbs ce ~udbdcetb pcrsnguncrbe c` cspnbehmc
thetb c` QND *rcpuk`naheb. abdb c` LCLNLC%
Abdceacdbs pbr abdcethr quc `h ctnqucth lc ‐cspäh— fuc duy cdp`chlh nemustnfnah$
lhdcetc ce `b s prndcrbs dbdcetbs lc `h Gucrrh pcrb auhelb ebs rcfcrndbs h` cspnbehmc jhy
quc phrtnr lc quc ce 8>16, su ndpbrtheanh fuc csahsh abe rcspcatb h `b quc scräh h phrtnr lc
8>17% @h prcesh puclc vh`cr abdb rcf`cmb lc csth hfneehanñe% Lcslc `b s prndcrbs lähs lc `h
Gucrrh abdcezñ h hphrcacr rcfcrceanhs h `h lcshfcaanèe ce `b s pcrnñlnabs% Eb bksthetc phrh
`ccr nefbeehanbecs sbkrc cspnbehmc ce cstbs jhy quc haulnr h `bs lähs 1 y < lc scptncdkrc ce
quc ceabetrhdbs `h ebtnanh lc quc sc jhkäh 00lcsaukncrtb ue vhstb p`he lc cspnbehmc5 5 ,‐~
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb 8 %
sndp`c lcshfcatb lc` quc sc abebaähe sus nlchs hetnrrcpuk`nahehs crh sndp`cdcetc pbr c``b
haushlb lc cspäh,88; auhelb ce bahsnbecs pbstcrnbrdcetc c` Murhlb lc Srgceanh nea`usb `b
lca`hrhkh hfcatb, `b hksb`väh y `b pbeäh ce `nkcrthl%—1 Cs lcanr duajbs crhe lcshfcatbs*h`guebs en csb. pcrb eb jhaähe cspnbehmc quc crh lc `b quc sc `c s haushkh%
Btrb dbtnvb phrh `h ndputhanñe lc cspnbehmc crhe `h s rcuenbecs sbspcajbshs ce h`gueh
ahsh% Ce cstc ahsb `h haushanñe lc cspäh eb fuc h`gb quc cxa`usnvhdcetc sc lncrh `b s prndcrbs
dcscs lc `h gucrrh= h `b `hrgb lc tblh c``h crh frcaucetc quc vhrnhs pcrsbehs sbrprcelnlhs ce
ueh dnsdh ahsh b `ughr sbkrc tblb sn eb pblähe mustnfnahr su cstheanh h``ä fucrhe haushlhs
lc jhacr cspnbehmc huequc c``b eb sb`fh scr hsf% @h dhybräh lc `h s vcacs sc trhthkh lc ueh
lceueanh lc h`gunce quc pceshkh quc ‐`bs rcuenlbs— crhe fhaanbsbs b lcrcajnsths y `b quc
qucräh hausèelb`bs lc ‐cspähs— crh hgrhvhr su au`ph pcrb h` fneh` tblb lcrnvhkh ce ue
prbacsb pbr sndp`c lcshfcaanñe% Eb bksthetc thdknîe cs vcrlhl quc h`guehs vcacs `b quc
ce rch`nlhl abestntuähe crh ueb lc csbs grupbs qunethab`udensths hutñebdbs quc yh heh`nzh$
rcdbs dès hlc`hetc%
Se cmcdp`b lc cstbs ahsbs cs c` lc Dheuc` Farehelb y Lb`brcs Qcrrheb H`guhan` y
su phlrc H`frclb Qcrrheb Ghraäh Nkèøcz% Fucrbe haushlbs lc rch`nzhr ce batukrc lc 8>16
rcuenbecs a`helcstnehs ce su ahsh phrh cspfhr muetb h btrhs pcrsbehs eb lctcenlhs% _crb csb
eb crh vcrlhl y hahkhrbe abelcehlbs pbr lcshfcaanñe% huequc c` fnsah` pnlnñ phrh Lb`brcs `h
hksb`uanñe%—< Csthdbs ce csbs ahsbs lc `b s prndcrbs dcscs ce Dhlrnl ce quc auh`quncr
88; AHSQH= @cghmb ;>;, Ahmh ; < 8 _br cmcdp`b lbs m6vcecs cstulnhetcs Abesuc`b c Nshkc` H`khactc Arcspb= Cxps% 8 3 7 y 8 6 ; lc 8>16%
8 8 1 AHSQH= @cghmb 187„% Ahmh ;6>„% C s c` ahsb lc Mbsî lc `h Aruz ]ýøngh% Cxp% <> 6 ac 8>17%
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muzghlbs c` ; 1 lc lnancdkrc lc 8>16 00ce ngebrhlb phrhlcrb55= jhkähe snlb shahls lc `h Aèrac` Dblc`b `h dhøheh c` 7 lc ebvncdkrc y fucrbehscsnehlbs ce _hrhauc``bs lc` Mhrhdh%
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` DhlrnCl a`helcstneb @
sbspcajh lc lcrcajnsdb b hetnrrcpuk`nahensdb crh thaj~lh lc cspnbehmc auhelb eb crh vcrlhl
pbrquc rch`nzhr cstc tnpb lc haanbecs rcquncrc ue hrrbmb y vh`br eb the abdýe abdb pulncrh
phrcacr y cs lc ueh abdp`cmnlhl quc `b jhac eb h`ahezhk`c phrh tblbs%
@hs supucsths scøh`cs `udnebshs rch`nzhlhs h ` h C `äechs cecdnghs ce c` frcetc lcslc ue
pnsb h`tb b h `b s hvnbecs auhelb surahkhe c` anc`b lc `h anulhl crh btrb hrgudcetb lc
lceueanhs pbr cspnbehmc auhelb duajhs vcacs eb jhkäh ehlh lc csb% Ce `h nedcesh dhybrnh
lc `b s ahsbs sc trhthkh lc ue prctcxtb phrh lceueanhr h h`gunce abdb `b pruckh c` jcajb lc
quc eb jcdbs jh``hlb enegýe ahsb ce quc ue dhlrn`cøb fucrh haushlb lc csths haanbecs y
hahkhrh abelcehlb pbr c``hs% Qñ`b ce h`gueh bahsnñe tcrdnehkh pbr scr abelcehlb pcrb
cetbeacs `b crh pbr lcsaukrnrsc ce `h nevcstnghanñe quc `b s ceahushlbs crhe lcshfcatbs y
eueah pbrquc sc prbkhrh quc prhatnahkhe cspnbehmc rch`nzhelb cshs scøh`cs `udnebshs%
Ce cstc tcdh pucs thdknîe `h s lceueanhs fh`shs pbr h`gueh nequneh pcrsbeh` tuvncrbe
su `ughr% C` : lc cecrb lc 8>17 jhanh `h s > lc `h ebajc ce ueh ahsh lc `h ah``c lc @nsth :
vhrnbs vcanebs csthkhe mughelb h `h s ahrths auhelb sc nrblumb ue kbdkhrlcb hîrcb y ueh lc
`h s kbdkhs ahyñ acrah9 ueh heanheh lc `h s quc mughkhe h `h s ahrths sufrnñ ue hthquc lc ecrvnbs
y `h lucøh lc `h ahsh Nshkc` Qheajnz Hrrñspnlc haulnñ h` auhrtb lc khøb h pbr hguh lc
hzhjhr phrh ah`dhr`h y ceacelnñ ue dbdcetb `h `uz% @h snrvnceth lc Nshkc` `h lceueanñ y
h su dhrnlb Dnguc` Gbntnh Dhajnkhrrceh pbrquc lcaäh quc c``h jhkäh rch`nzhlb scøh`cs h `b s
hvnbecs cecdngbs y hlcdès høhlnñ quc c` dhtrndbe@b crh lc lcrcajhs% Qc prbkñ quc `h s
vcethehs lc` auhrtb ce quc sc ceacelnñ `h `uz csthkhe jcrdîtnahdcetc acrrhlhs y crh ndpbsnk`c
quc `h `uz sc jukncrh vnstb lcslc c` cxtcrnbr y en snquncrh sc abesnlcrñ quc c` dhtrndbenb crh
lcshfcatb y fucrbe hksuc`tbs `b s lbs%„83 Cs ue ahsb tnpb lc `b s quc sc lncrbe ce Dhlrnl ce quc
¶8 3AHSQH= @cghmb ;<6;, Ahmh m>1; Ahush 8111 lc 8>17 lc` \rnkueh` _bpu`hr e~ C
;>8
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrfl a`helcstneb @
ueh cxaush fh`sh sc hrgläh phrh haushr h h`gunce lc cspäh abdb vndbs pègnehs htrès quc sc
jhaäh abe `h lcshfcaanñe pbrquc qunzè ce cstc ahsb% sc pceshkh quc csth ý`tndh crh ueh
haushanñe lcdhsnhlb `cvc y sc lcschkh dhybr ahstngb phrh c` lceueanhlb jhanh c` quc sc
tceäh h`gueh hendhlvcrsnñe cspcanh`%
\hdknîe ce c` ahsb lc` cspnbehmc `h abelnanñe ahstrcesc abevcrtäh ce sbspcajbsb y
ce duajbs ahsbs dn`nthrcs frncrbe haushlbs lc cspnhs auhelb eb sñ`b eb `b crhe sneb quc
hlcdès scrvfhe abe `ch`thl h` [îgndce% Duajbs bfnanh`cs ce c` Dnenstcrnb lc Gucrrh
hksb`uthdcetc `ch`cs h `h [cpýk`nah vnvncrbe tblh `h Gucrrh abe c` cstngdh lc scr
abesnlcrhlbs trhnlbrcs nefn`trhlbs% _hrh n`ustrhr csth rch`nlhl haulhdbs h` ahsb lc` abebanlb
dîlnab dn`nthr Dhrnheb Gñdcz S``h quc sne scr`b fn nc haushlb lc cspäh%
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c` Jbspnth` dn`nthr eýdcrb 8, ce c` Jbtc` _h`hac y huequc su cspbsh sc jh``hkh ce `h Csphøh
ehanbeh` lcshrrb``ñ su `hkbr sne p`hetchrsc hkhelbehr`n h pcshr lc quc su vnlh pulncrh abrrcr
pc`ngrb pbr sbspcajhs abetrh î` lcknlb h su abelnanñe lc dn`nthr h`gb quc crh ueh rch`nlhl
abdb hsä sc tceäh abestheanh ce c` Auhrtc` Gcecrh` lc Frheab%—6 Qñ`b auhelb c` \cencetc
Abrbec` Kbec` Junl Mcfc lc `bs Qcrvnanbs Cspcanh`cs lc` Frcetc lc Dhlrnl pbr dclnb lc
su hgcetc Hetbenb Gutnîrrcz Dhetcañe *cstc sä cspäh. qunsb jhacr ``cghr h` lbatbr Gñdcz S``h
ueh ahrth phrh quc sc phshsc h `h zbeh ehanbeh` nefbrdèelb`c quc su cspbsh sc jh``hkh
cefcrdh c` anrumheb sc p`hetcñ haulnr h htcelcr`h%
\h` dnsnvh fuc netcracpthlh h` sc r lctcenlb Gutnîrrcz Dhetcañe pbr dncdkrbs lc`
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8>1: c` hgcetc rcpuk`naheb \bdès Lurèe Gbezè`cz quc jhkäh lctcenlb h Dhetcañe sc
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; > ; %
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
prcscetñ h` lbatbr Gñdcz S``h abdb hgcetc frhequnsth ‚~‚ `c cetrcgñ `h h`ulnlh ahrth lc` lbatbr
Dhrtäe Qhetbs quc prbaclcetc lc `h btrh zbeh `c abduenahkh `h lc`nahlh sntuhanñe lc su
cspbsh y `c prbpbeäh `h cvhsnñe h` btrb `hlb% C` dîlnab hacptñ c` p`he pcrb cxngnñ quc `c
habdphøhrhe sus ab`hkbrhlbrcs thdknîe dîlnabs È`vhrb C`nacs Ghssct y Lbdnegb Crgucth
@cräe y su hdngb c` dn`nthr rctnrhlb Dheuc` Aukcrb @uaceh9 tcdäh quc h` abesththr su
dhrajh `b s rcpuk`nahebs tbdhrhe rcprcsh`nhs abetrh c``bs% Lurèe hluancelb quc tceäh quc
abesu`thr`b cdp`hzñ su rcspucsth phrh uebs lähs lcspnîs y îsth fuc hfnrdhtnvh% Gñdcz S``h
y sus btrbs trcs abdphøcrbs sc abefnhrbe h Lurèe arcyîelb`b hgcetc lc Frheab% C` aruac h`h btrh zbeh lckä h rch`nzhrsc pbr Kusthrvncmb *`ughr pbr lbelc c` phsb eb crh pbsnk`c pbr
ancrtb. y h``ä `b s abelumb Lurèe ce ue abajc% Btrbs hgcetcs lc` LCLNLC quc cspcrhkhe ce
csth vn``h scrrheh cfcatuhrbe `h lctceanñe lc `b s auhtrb rcgrcshrbe h Dhlrnl y `b s cetrcghrbe
h Hegc` _clrcrb Ghraäh mcfc lc` QND *rcpuk`naheb.% C` lbatbr Gñdcz S``h y su s trcs
abdphøcrbs fnrdhrbe ueh prbdcsh h _clrcrb lc `ch`thl h `h [cpýk`nah y hfnrdhrbe quc eb
vb`vcrähe h netcethr eucvhs cvhsnbecs y lcscdpcøhrähe abe ac`b su lckcr ce c` jbspnth` pbr
`b quc fucrbe pucstbs ce `nkcrthl%
C` prbacsb quc sc `c s hkrnñ tcrdneñ abe scetceanh lc` \rnkueh` Acetrh` lc Cspnbehmc
y H`th \rhnanñe ce Khrac`beh abe fcajh lc : lc scptncdkrc lc 8>1:, pbr `h quc sc abesnlcrñ
prbkhlb quc c` lbatbr Gñdcz S``h jhkäh prcsthlb duy ndpbrthetcs scrvnanbs h `h [cpýk`nah
prndcrb ce c` Jbspnth` lc Ahrhkheajc` h` prneanpnb la `h Gucrrh y lcspuîs ce c` Jbspnth`
Dn`nthr lc` Jbtc` _h`hac auyh nesth`hanñe sc rcabebaäh prcphrñ pcrsbeh`dcetc% Hlcdès sc
rcabebaäh quc c` dbtnvb lc su netcetb lc cvhsnñe j C @ k äh snlb c` abebandncetb lc `h grhvc
cefcrdclhl lc su cspbsh% \hdknîe sc rcabebancrbe `b s scrvnanbs prcsthlbs h `h [cpýk`nah pbr
`b s btrbs trcs neau`phlbs quc ce c` ahsb lc` lbatbr Crgucth h`ahezhkhe jhsth c` jhkcr sn l b „
;>1
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
dîlnab lc `b s gcecrh`cs Mbsî Dnhmh y Vnacetc [bmb% _br tblb c``b `bs auhtrb fucrbe
hksuc`tbs% 8 8 7
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*Gutnîrrcz Dhetcañe. ce abethatb abe `h s hutbrnlhlcs ehanbeh`cs y, abdb sc ducstrh ce cstc
ahsb eb sncdprc crh phrh fhan`nthr nefbrdhanñe% _br btrb `hlb abesththdbs quc yh sc haushkh
lc trhnlbr h qunce hauläh h htcelcr h su cspbsh sne tcecr ce auceth tblbs `b s scrvnanbs y eb
pbabs quc jhkäh prcsthlb ce fhvbr lc `b s sb`lhlbs rcpuk`nahebs%
Gutnîrrcz Dhetcañe sä crh ue hutîetnab cspäh h % @ scrvnanb lc `b s Ehanbeh`cs y lckäh scr
abesnlcrhlb lc ndpbrtheanh pbr c` Auhrtc` Gcecrh` ak` Gcecrh`äsndb% Se tc`cgrhdh pbsth`
cevnhlb c` ; lc hkrn` lc 8>1: pbr c` Abdhelhetc Kbnnc` h` Mcfc lc `h Qcaanñe lc` QN_D ce
Vh``hlb`nl—: pnlc quc sc jhghe gcstnbecs phrh `bgrhr ~`ahemc lc cstc hgcetc y lc Qh`vhlbr
y Hetbenb Hacvclb Qbrnheb quncecs trhs sh`nr lc zbeh ehanbeh` c` 8 < lc ebvncdkrc lc 8>17
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C` ahdknb lckäh jhacrsc pbr btrbs trcs cspähs rcpuk`nahebs quc c``bs jhkähe ahpturhlb% Abdb
sc puclc bkscrvhr Gutnîrrcz Dhetcañe *y `bs btrbs lcs. eb crhe lc csahsh ndpbrtheanh phrh
Jbec 8 %
_crb ``cghlb h cstc puetb ahkc aucstnbehrsc qunîecs crhe cstbs cspähs%
Cstbs hgcetcs cdkbsahlbs ce Dhlrnl ce abecxnñe abe Kurgbs eb crhe prbfcsnbeh`cs
lc` cspnbehmc% Abdb ce `h s snguncetcs `äechs bkscrvhrcdbs quncecs sc abevnrtncrbe ce cspnhs
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887
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Ahpätu`h <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb 8 %
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` DhlrCl a`helcstneb @
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
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ce `h ahdnsh lc` fnehlb fh`thkh ue trbzb quc abrrcspbeläh h` `ughr lbelc sc jh``hrähe su s
nenanh`cs huequc ce `h ctnqucth lc` pheth`ñe sä csthkh csarntb h dheb= 0 0Khrñe lcKbrajgrhvc$Qr% Kbrajgrhvc%55 H`gunce rcabebanñ *nb sc prcansh qunce. ce ue lcpñsntb lc
`h ah``c lc B„Lbeec`` yh c` läh ;:, `h fnajh lc` [cgns@rb lc lcshphrcanlb `h auh` jhkäh snlb
rcdntnlh pbr c` Muzghlb lc Fuceahrrh` y `b abduenañ h `h Cdkhmhlh kc`gh% C` Añesu` s c =
pcrsbeñ ce cstc muzghlb y, h` vcr `b s lhtbs lc `h fnat, ` `cgñ h` abevceandncetb lc quc c T %
ahlèvcr cetcrrhlb crh c` lc Kbrajgrhvc `b quc abefnrdñ nlcetnfnaèelb`b pcrsbeh`dcetc c %
: lc cecrb lc 8>17, auhelb abesngunñ lc` Mucz quc hutbrnzhsc su cxjudhanñe% _rcscethkh trcs
jcrnlhs lc kh`h ueh lc c``hs ce `h ahkczh dbrth` lc ecacsnlhl scgýe `b s fbrcescs%
Ce c` nefbrdc lc `h LGQ sc hpuethe ueh scrnc lc anrauestheanhs quc pcrdntce pceshr
ce ueh hatnvnlhl duy sbspcajbsh lc Kbrajgrhvc% Qc hvcrnguñ quc eb crh lnp`bdètnab y jhkäh
`bgrhlb csh harclnthanñe dclnhetc su hdnsthl abe c` Vnacañesu` kcngh Kcrrycr% Qc trhthkh lc
ue jbdkrc lc ecgbanbs `b s auh`cs 0 0eb crhe lc ueh rcatntul cmcdp`hr5 5 jhknîelbsc`c
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sc abebanñ quc c` jnmb dhybr lc su dumcr crh dncdkrb hatnvb lc FC y jhkäh snlb ceahrac`hlb
ce `h Dblc`b h` nenanb lc `h Gucrrh y sc abebaähe `h s sndphtähs hetnrrcpuk`nahehs lc
Kbrajgrhvc% _br btrb `hlb c` abajc quc fngurhkh abdb bfnanh` `b utn`nzhkh abe ueh dhträau`h
fh`sh9 vnsnthkh `b s frcetcs sne hutbrnzhanñe lc `h MLD abe Dhra Qphcy quc sc jhaäh phshr
pbr c` cdkhmhlbr kc`gh sne scr`b *` b crh Cvcrst [bkcrt quc lcslc c` nenanb lc `h Gucrrh csthkh
8 3 ;Csth cs ueh dclnlh quc tbdhrbe `h s hutbrnlhlcs `bs prndcrbs lnhs lc `h gucrrh y quc s~ ceahrghrbe lc trhesdntnr pbr rhlnb abdb abesth ce `h s ‐Ñrlcecs
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Ahpntu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
fucrh lc Csphøh. y hdkbs abevcrshkhe abe krnghlnsths kc`ghs ``cghelb h` ahsb lc abevceacr
h ueb Lcsnrî Qbcys lc quc lcscrthrh y h btrb @cbe lc Kruye quc sc rc`hanbeñ abe c``bs
lc quc sc lclnahrh h tbdhr ebths lc `h s pbsnanbecs rcpuk`nahehs y lc` dhtcrnh` kî`nab% Îstc
scrnh sbrprcelnlb auhelb cxhdnehkh ueh sh`h lc trhesdnsnbecs y sc supb quc jhkäh dhetcenlb
rcuenbecs ehlh a`hrhs ce `ughrcs lc` frcetc% Qbe duajbs lhtbs phrh sbspcajhr quc Kbrajgrhvc
cfcatnvhdcetc lcshrrb``hkh hatnvnlhlcs abetrh `h [cpýk`nah%
Qbkrc `b s hutbrcs lc `h ducrtc phrcac a`hrb quc fucrbe gcetc lc `h AE\ huequc
Èegc` _clrcrb Ghraäh cetbeacs ce Qcrvnanbs Cspcanh`cs *hetcs lc phshr h lnrngnr c` QND lcDhlrnl. c`hkbrñ ue nefbrdc ce c` quc hfnrdhkh quc Cbrajgrhvc fuc fusn`hlb pbr dncdkrbs
lc `h s Krnghlhs Netcrehanbeh`cs ce Fuceahrrh`% Csth cs `h jnpñtcsns quc Gnrhuth fnrdh ce su
nefbrdc h` lcanr quc lcslc ue Khelb lc `h s hutbrnlhlcs dn`nthrcs lc` < lc lnancdkrc csthkh
prbjnknlb trhesnthr pbr c` frcetc *lñelc csthkh c` `ughr ce quc sc jh``ñ c` aucrpb sne vnlh lc
Kbrajgrhvc. y jhkäh cstrcajh vngn`heanh abe guhrlnhs abe ñrlcecs scvcräsndhs lc 0 0cvnthr
fnsah`nzhanbecs hmcehs5 5 pbr `b quc hfnrdhkh quc su ducrtc sc lcknñ h ueh ndprulceanh lc
Kbrajgrhvc%
_crb csth cxp`nahanñe eb cs arcäk`c pucs sn ce c` nefbrdc sc hfnrdh quc `h ducrtc fuc
h dclnbläh lc` läh ; 8 y c` aucrpb eb cs `bah`nzhlb jhsth `h s 8 ? lc` läh ;;, ²c ` supucstb
sb`lhlb lc guhrlnh quc `b dhtñ eb lhräh phrtc lc `b quc sc jhkäh vnstb bk`nghlb h jhacr y dès
auhelb eb tceäh quc prcbauphrsc pbr sn crh ue lnp`bdètnab pbrquc crh h`gb quc sc ngebrhkh
abdb sc jh vnstb2 @b quc sn phrcac cs quc `h lcansnñe lc dhthr h Kbrajgrhvc eb fuc lc h`gueh
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rc`hanbehlhs abe `bs Qcrvnanbs Cspcanh`cs `h vcrlhl lc `bs jcajbs%
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
Abdb jcdbs lnajb lc tblb `b heh`nzhlb sä pceshdbs quc Kbrajgrhvc lcknñ lc rch`nzhr
h`gueh hatnvnlhl a`helcstneh csahshdcetc a`hrh y îsth lcknb scr duy ndpbrthetc% @b ancrtb cs
quc cstc hsuetb supbec c` dès grhvc lc auhetbs pbr rhzbecs lc cspnbehmc tuvncrbe `ughr ce
cstc prndcr pcrnblb lc `h Gucrrh ce Dhlrnl y qunzè lc tblh c``h pbr `h pbsnanñe y abelnanñe
lc` prbthgbensth y väatndh lc `b s suacsbs% Lc jcajb supusb ue neanlcetc grhvc abe c`
Gbkncreb lc Krusc`hs abdb `b pbec lc dhenfncstb c` ¡efbrdc ‐Hatuhanñe lc Fc8²~ c Qèeajcz
[bneèe Gh`"nfh ‚83< fnrdhlb ce Khrac`beh ue høb lcspuîs lc `b s suacsbs c` ; 8 lc lnancdkrc
lc 8>17 y quc rc`hth c` netcrahdknb lc Ebths y c` abef`natb gcecrhlb cetrc hdkbs Gbkncrebspbr cstc suacsb% C` csphøb` sc hvneb h phghr 8 dn`@ñe lc frheabs kc`ghs h` Gbkncreb lc
Krusc`hs pcrb abdb nelcdenzhanñe 00lc brlce dbrh`55 yh quc c` Gbkncreb lc `h
[cpýk`nah csphøb`h sc ecghkh h hacpthr rcspbeshkn`nlhl h`gueh ce `b s jcajbs y, huequc `h
hatuhanñe lc `h pb`naäh eb jhkäh snlb 0 0`b sufnancetcdcetc hatnvh absh quc lcsgrhanhlhdcetc
jhy quc rcabebacr5 5, hacpthkh quc `b s dnsdbs sc sbdctncrhe h` lnathdce lc` \rnkueh`
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00quc enegýe hgcetc gukcrehdceth` phrcac jhkcr tcenlb lnrcath b nelnrcathdcetc%
phrtnanphanñe ce c` hscsnehtb lc` Khrñe lc Kbrajgrhvc%%% y quc c` Gbkncreb csphøb` eb sc
ceaucetrh abdprbdctnlb ce cstc hsuetb5 5 y c` Gbkncreb csphøb` hkhelbehkh c` dn``ñe
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
sukshehrsc y fuc acrrhlb fh`shdcetc%
_crb phrcac scr quc e b fuc Kbrajgrhvc c` ýenab lnp`bdètnab kc`gh lnspucstb h
ab`hkbrhr abe `b s Ehanbeh`cs% Qcgýe ueh ebth lc `bs QNFEC836 lc` 1 lc muenb lc 8>17, c`
Auhrtc` Gcecrh` lc Frheab rcabebanñ quc c` yh anthlb Dhra Qphcy Vhe Cegc`ce 0 0prcstî
ndpbrthetcs fhvbrcs abdb Qcarcthrnb Jbebrhrnb lc `h Cdkhmhlh lc Kî`gnah h pcrsbehs lc
lcrcajhs5 5 y phth hvh`hr csth nefbrdhanñe sc hpbrthkhe jcajbs ce ue nefbrdc ce c` quc sc
hfnrdhkhe abshs abdb quc 00lnspbec lc ueh lbaudcethanñe abdp`ctnsndh dclnhetc `h auh`
puclc phshr nelnstnethdcetc abdb csphøb` y abdb kc`~ h5 5, quc 0 0jh sh`vhlb h nefnenlhl
lc pcrsbehs `bgrèelb`hs rcsahthr lc `h zbeh rbmh5 =5, quc su jnmb csthkh `uajhelb ce c`
cmîrantb Ehanbeh` b quc 00shkce quc auceth abe duy kucehs nef`uceanhs cetrc rbmbs lc
ahtcgbräh abdb Dnhmh Gn` y Dhrnheb Gñdcz nef`uceanhs quc jh utn`nzhlb ce kcecfnanb lc su
`hkbr judhenthrnh quc jh snlb ``cvhlh h ahkb abe vcrlhlcrh netc`ngceanh y tneb%5 5 Hsä sc
hfnrdhkh ce c` nefbrdc quc Qphcy 0 0eb quncrc 0 @ c enegueh fbrdh jhacr cspnbehmc lc
auh`quncr dhecrh5 5 pcrb 0 0bfrcac utn`nzhr ce eucsnrb kcecfnanb sus hdnsthlcs c nef`uceanhs
netcrehanbeh`cs55 pbr `b quc 00pblrähe `bgrhrsc r~su`thlbs lc ueh ndpbrtheanh vnth` phrh%
`h Ahush%55 Cs lcanr abdprbkhdbs abdb btrb lnp`bdètnab quc yh vndbs quc sc dbvnñ abe
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auhelb hýe quclhkhe ahsn lbs høbs lc gucrrh% ^ pbr su phrtc `h s rclcs lc `bs QNFEC
dbstrhkhe su lnspbsnanñe h cdp`chr h cstc lnp`bdètnab ce su s haanbecs a`helcstnehs ce Dhlrnl%
_crb cspähs lnp`bdètnabs h` scrvnanb lc `b s Ehanbeh`cs `bs jukb lc btrhs ehanbeh`nlhlcs
y fucrbe vhrnhlbs `bs cpnsblnbs quc prbthgbenzhrbe%
Seb lc `bs lnp`bdètnabs quc lcshrrb``hrbe hatnvnlhlcs lc cspnbehmc fuc c` \cencetc
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb 8 %
Abrbec` @uaab hgrcghlb dn`nthr lc `h Cdkhmhlh lc Ajn`c ce _hräs h` prneanpnb% C` ;; lc
fckrcrb lc 8>17 phrtnñ lc `h ahpnth` frheacsh jhanh Dhlrnl sc lcaäh quc phrh cvhauhr ` h %
Cdkhmhlh lc Ajn`c y hsä sc nefbrdhkh ce `h ebth <7;1 lc `bs QNFEC% H c``h sc hgrcghkh ueh
ebth dheusarnth quc dhenfcsthkh quc 0 03% C %„3 7 jh r~suc`tb sc jhgh ``cghr h `h cdkhmhlh lc
Ajn`c ce _hräs c` hgrhlcandncetb lc `h Csphøh hetndhrxnsth5 5 pcrb sbkrc csth hebthanñe sc
jhkähe rch`nzhlb abrrcaanbecs yh quc h` prneanpnb `b qnc ce rch`nlhl sc lcaäh crh quc 0 0sc
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pcrsbeh ce abearctb h @uaab%„3:
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Ehanbeh`cs% _crb fuc lcsaukncrtb y fuc cxpu`shlb ce mänb lc 8>1:% @h rhzñe= sc jh``hrbe ce
su jhknthanñe lc `h Cdkhmhlh p`hebs lc bpcrhanbecs dn`nthrcs ce prbycatb% Fuc the ndpbrthetc=
`b quc sc ceabetrñ ce su pblcr quc scgýe c` mcfc lc` QND Èegc` _clrcrb Ghraäh,„3> cshs
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lc lnp`bdètnabs b pcrsbeh` rc`hanbehlb abe `h s cdkhmhlhs hdcrnahehs= c` lc Hetbenb Fcrrcr
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8 6 6AHSQH= @cghmb 83;7 *‐Cdkhmhlhs—.9 Lca`hrhanñe lc Hetbenb Fcrrcr Mhîe *f % 8?.%
18;
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
hlcdès hphrcac rc`hanbehlb abe brghenzhanbecs =`helcstnehs lc `h Xuneth Ab`udeh
dhlrn`cøh9„68 c` lc H`frclb [cgucrb Gbezè`cz cdp`chlb lc `h cdkhmhlh lc Aukh quc fuc
muzghlb pbr lcshfcaanñe„6; b c` lc `h aukheh Mu`nh tc `h Aucsth H`dbjneh haushlh ce ue
prbacsb pbr h`th trhnanñe%„61
Jcdbs vnstb c` ahsb lc @uaab ce quc c` QND lc _clrcrb sc baupñ lc î`, ce btrbs
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Qaj`hycr qunce ``cgh h hfnrdhr quc abduenahkhabe `bs Ehanbeh`cs 0 0vh`nîelbsc lc `h rhlnb
a`helcstneh lc Fh`hegc%5 5 Qch c``b b eb vcrlhl absh lnfnan` lc prcanshr `b ancrtb cs quc
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ce su s clnfnanbs abdb vcrcdbs ce c` ahpätu`b snctc QNeB quc hlcdès ab`hkbrhkhe hatnvhdcetc
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a`hdhrh abetrh `h s rcprcscethanbecs lnp`bdètnah rcpctnlhs vcacs hausèelb`hslc scr 0 0acetrb
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cdkhmhlhs @uns Qèeajcz Qhez„~ fueanbehrnb lc` Dnenstcrnb lc Csthlb pbeäh lnfnau`thlcs phrh
`h s cvhauhanbecs y ueh Bfnaneh lc Nefbrdhanñe cxhdnehkh lctcenlhdcetc `h s `nsths c`hkbrhlhs
8 6 8 Fngurh abdb hkbghlb lc Fclcrnab [bdhøhs Ghraäh ndp`nahlb ce `h ‐Brghenzhanñe Ab"fne$Ab e<b—% AHSQH= @cghmb 836<„9 _hquctc 819 Lbaudcetb
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Ahpätu`b <= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb @
phrh `hs dnsdhs 0 0y scgurhdcetc îsth `h s jhräh cxhdnehr pbr c` QND5 5%
@ucgb csthkh c` ahsb lc `b s sýklntbs cxtrhemcrbs quc hdphrhlbs ce csh anrauestheanh
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[îgndce% Fuc abebanlb ce `h a`helcstnenlhl dhlrn`cøh c` pb`hab Cstckhe Jbcensf`c`l lc qunce
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c`bgnhkhe `h hatnvnlhl ce su fhvbr%„67
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pbr Nrýe sc prcscethrh Cstckhe Jbcensfnc`l ce `h Qcguelh Qcaanñe lc` Csthlb Dhybr cs lcanr
sc nkh h pbecr h `h s ñrlcecs lc `b s Ehanbeh`cs%86: Hlcdès cstc pb`hab cs anthlb abdb
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Ahpntu`b 1= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb Nk @h Xuneth Ab`udeh%
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Ahpntu`b 3= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb Nt @h Xuneth Ab`udeh%
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Ahpätu`b 3= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb Nk @h Xuneth Ab`udeh%
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csth brghenzhanñe fh`hegnsth a`helcstneh%
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Ce HEH= Hscsbräh Murälnah9 Ahrpcth 8 ; 9 Lbaudcetb e ? ;?3%
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Ahpntu`b 3= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a helcstneb N@ @h Xuneth Ab`udeh%
netrbluanrsc ce `h s aèrac`cs= pbr cmcdp`b ‐\1— abesngunñ ceaheln`hr h ue dn`nanheb lc` QND
y quc pbr `h thrlc scrväh ce `h _rnsnñe lc Qhe @brcezb y c``b `c pcrdntnñ cetrhr ce cstc rcanetb
ahrac`hrnb `b auh` eb sñ`b `c pbsnkn`nthkh ``cvhr abshs h sus ahdhrhlhs prcsbs sneb thdknîe
nefbrdhr lcspuîs lc `h s abelnanbecs y ahrhatcrästnahs lc `h aèrac` y su fueanbehdncetb h sus
mcfhs lc `h brghenzhanñe%
NV%;%1%$ Ab`hkbrhanñe abe btrhs brghenzhanbec~&~Nhel~slehs
Jhsth hquä jcdbs vnstb `h s `hkbrcs quc rch`nzhkhe `h s dumcrcs lc FC% Abdb c` ebdkrc
lc `h Brghenzhanñe nelnah sc trhthkh fuelhdceth`dcetc lc haanbecs lc huxn`nb y lcslc
`ucgb abestntuyñ ueh lc `h s dès ndpbrthetcs brghenzhanbecs a`helcstnehs lc FC ce Dhlrnl
auyb fueanbehdncetb fuc cfnahaäsndb% Eb bksthetc ¡`guehs lc `h s dumcrcs fh`hegnsths quc
pcrtcecancrbe h` ‐Huxn`nb Hzu`— thdknîe sc lclnahkhe h btrhs haanbecs h` dhrgce lc csth
brghenzhanñe abetneuhelb dctnlhs ce `h lneèdnah lc `h s hatnvnlhlcs a`helcstnehs= sb`äh trhthrsc
lc lnfuelnr `hs ebtnanhs csauajhlhs ce c` phrtc lc gucrrh ehanbeh` pbr su 83? b ab`hkbrh$
khe abe btrbs grupbs a`helcstnebs abdb Dhrnh lc` _nhr Brtcgh Nturräh quc sc cetcrhkh pbr
su auceth lc ebtnanhs lc` frcetc y tceäh abethatb abe ue cdp`chlb lc \c`cfñenah lc `b s
abdp`nahlbs ce `h brghenzhanñe a`helcstneh quc bpcrhkh h``ä c` auh` trhesdntäh csh nefbrdhanñe
h `h btrh zbeh%„3„ H vcacs baurrnñ h` rcvîs ueh dumcr negrcshkh ce c` ‐Huxn`nb Hzu`—
prbaclcetc lc btrh brghenzhanñe a`helcstneh= @h tcsbrcrh Ahr`bth E% Gbezè`cz lc Szqucth% ,
fuc lctcenlh c` ;: lc batukrc lc 8>16 auhelb audp`äh ueh brlce eb lnac lc qunce lc ``cvhr
8 3?_br cmcdp`b, Dhrnh Ahr`bth Eýøcz y F h g b h g h *dn`nthetc lc` Grupb ‚C„.% Lca`hrhanñh Murhlh ce HEH= Hscsbräh Murälnah9 Ahrpcth 8 ; 9 Lbaudcetb e„
8 37 %
8 38 Lca`hrhanñe Murhlh ce HEH= Hscsbräh Murälnah9 Ahrpcth 8 ; 9 Lbaudcetb e ? 86?%
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Ahpntu`b 3= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb M N = @h Xuneth Ab`udeh%
hrdhs h `h Cdkhmhlh lc Fne`helnh y fuc h` scr pucsth ce `nkcrthl ce cecrb lc 8>17, auhelb
negrcsñ ce csth brghenzhanñe fcdceneh lc FC%„3; B \crcsh Muhecdh Hyusb quc csthkh
abdp`nahlh ce ueb lc `b s grupbs qunethab`udensths lc` ‐Abdp`bt lc `b s 861 ‐‚~ y pbr c``b fuclctcenlh ce dhyb lc 8>1:, `ucgb fuc pucsth ce `nkcrthl y cetbeacs negrcsñ ce c` ‐Huxn`nb
Hzu`—, yh h` fneh` lc `h Gucrrh abdb `h ‐8$@$1— lcpcelncetc lc `h mcfh lc grupb ‐S„ *Dhrnh
Fc`nsh _hrîs. quc abdb yh jcdbs dceanbehlb abe hetcrnbrnlhl crh ueh lc `h s nefn`trhlhs ce
c` abetrhcspnbehmc rcpuk`naheb hprbvcajhelb quc \crcsh pbr su lctceanñe jhkäh abebanlb
`h _rnsnñe lc Qhe @brcezb lc` QND%„3< B [bscelh K`heab Dhrtäecz y Heh Dhräh Qhez [bk`cs
quc phshrbe lc `h ‐Brghenzhanñe [blrägucz Hguhlb— h` ‐Huxn`nb Hzu` ‐%~ss
H vcacs eb sc trhthkh lc dumcrcs quc prbaclncene lc btrhs rclcs a`helcstnehs sneb quc
‐Huxn`nb Hzu`— tuvncrh h`gýe abethatb abe btrbs grnpbs% \cecdbs c` ahsb lc Hetbenb
Ghrrngucs y Lähz Ahøhkhtc y su cspbsh C`ceh Wh`icr= `h ahpn``h a`helcstneh lc `h ah``c lc
Vc`èzqucz eb crh sñ`b csb sneb thdknîe acetrb lc rcuenñe lc` pcqucøb grupb a`helcstneb ce
c` quc sc ceauhlrhkh Ghrrngucs `b quc nelnah `h rc`hanñe cetrc `h a`helcstnenlhl y Hetbenb quc
crh abesnlcrhlb abdb ueb lc `b s quc c``hs ``hdhkhe ‐prbtcatbrcs— lc `h brghenzhanñe
fcdceneh%„36 Btrb ahsb scrnh c` lc Dhtn`lc Ahshø _hk@b= csth dumcr cstuvb ndp`nahlh ce `h
‐Brghenzhanñe Gb`fäe$Abrumb ‐, c nea`usb `h hdnsthl abe Mhvncr Fcreèelcz$Gb`fne h`guebs `h
c`cvhrbe h `h ahtcgbräh lc ebvnhzgb pcrb `b quc ebs netcrcsh cs quc hlcdès Dhtn`lc crh
8 3 ; Ce HEH= Hscsbräh Murälnah9 Ahrpcth 8 ; 9 Lbaudcetb e„ 8>6%
8 31 Brghenzhanñe a`helcstneh dhlrn`cøh abe c s c eýdcrb lc netcgrhetcs y lc h j ä tbdñ s u ,bdkrc%
8 3 < AHSQH= @cghmb ;?1, Ahmh 8 3< „= _ ncz h >„ lc` Qudhrnb e„ <; lc 8 > 1 : lc` \rnkueh` ~spcanh`l c Guhrlnh e„ ;=% ^ c e Lca`hrhanñemurhlh lc \crcsh
Muhecdh Hyusb ce HEH= Hscsbräh Murälnah9 Ahrpcth 8 ; 9 Lbaudcetb e ;:8%
8 33 Lca`hrhanbecs Murhlhs ce HEH= Hscsbräh Murnlnah9 Ahrpcth 8 ; 9 Lbaudcetb e ~ ; 8 7 y ;7>%
8 36 \B lc Hetbenb Ghrrngucs y Lähz$Ahf`hkhtc%
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Ahpätu`b 3= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb Nt @h Xuneth Ab`udeh%
dn`nthetc lc` ‐Huxn`nb Hzu` ‐% \hdknîe jcdbs abesththlb quc khsthetcs dumcrcs lc` ‐Huxn`nb—
8 3 7
ab`hkbrhkhe hlcdès ce c` ‐Qbabrrb K`heab
Abe tblb cstb qucrcdbs pbecr lc dhenfncstb quc h`guehs dumcrcs lc` ‐Huxn`nb Hzu`—
hlcdès lc `h s `hkbrcs y haanbecs quc lcetrb lc `h brghenzhanñe rch`nzhkhe yh sc jhkähe
netrbluanlb ce `h lneèdnah lc `h hatnvnlhl a`helcstneh b sc rc`hanbehkheabe btrhs brghenzhanb$
ecs cdkbsahlhs b hatuhkhe ce hquc``b quc ce ue dbdcetb lhlb sc `c s baurräh quc pbläh
rcsu`thr lhøneb phrh `h rcthguhrlnh y quc duajhs vcacs crh sndp`cdcetc huequc c``b crh yh
lc pbr sä duy ebanvb phrh `h [cpýk`nah lnfuelnr `b s ku`bs lc `hs cdnsnbecs lc rhlnbehanbeh`cs%
NV% 1%$ Abea`usnñe= ndpbrtheanh y cfnahanh% pcrb eb rcabebandncetb
Eb bksthetc abdb baurrnñ abe grhe phrtc lc `b s ahsbs lc `h Xuneth Ab`udeh ce
Dhlrnl `b s vceaclbrcs eb rcabebancrbe abdb sc dcrcaähe `h `hkbr lc csths dumcrcs ueh vcz
tcrdnehlh `h Gucrrh% Qñ`b h envc` netcreb `h Qcaanñe Fcdceneh lc FC abeaclcräh h`guehs
abelcabrhanbecs ce fbrdh lc ‐^ — „ 3 : lc brb b ‐^ — lc p`hth h fh`hegnsths lcsthahlhs ce `h
a`helcstnenlhl dhlrn`cøh lurhetc `h Gucrrh%
H pcshr lc csh fh`th lc rcabebandncetb lc `b s vceaclbrcs ebsbtrbs pceshdbs quc `h s
dumcrcs lc` ‐Huxn`nb Hzu Dhøh _hz— abestntuycrbe `h brghenzhanñe a`helcstneh dès cfnancetc
y pbsnk`cdcetc dcmbr brghenzhlh lc tblh `h Xuneth Ab`udeh a`helcstneh dhlrn`cøh lurhetc
`h Gucrrh Anvn` Csphøb`h% _ceshdbs quc abe `b cxpucstb ce c` prcscetc cpägrhfc jh quclhlb„
8 3 7 Btrh brghenzhanñe a`helcstneh l c `h Xuneth Ab`udeh dhlrn`cøh, quc, fuelhreceth`dcenc% trhlnanbeh`nsth, s c lclnahkh h `h k b rc s duy sndn`hrcs h ` ‚H,h„Sa„ Hvn`„ pcrb däh vb`ahlh ce `h rcahulhanñe l c lnecrb cetrc `h a`helcstnenlhl dhlrn`cøh p hrh htcelcr `h s e c ac s nl h l c s l c pcrscgunlbs b csabelnlbs%
8 3 : Qädkb`b lc Nshkc` @h Ahtñ`nah q u c crh c ` cdp`chlb p hrh `h s abelcabrhanbecs, h envc` netcreb, l c `h Qcaanñe Fcdceneh l c FC%
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Ahpntu`b 3= HatuhaNñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb M N = @h Xuneth Ab`udeh%
lcdbstrhlh `h cebrdc ndpbrtheanh lc `h hatnvnlhl lc csths dumcrcs ce fhvbr lc` trnuefb fneh`
lc `b s Ehanbeh`cs huequc eb ce c` frcetc lc khth``h sneb lcslc `hs dnsdhs cetrhøhs lc `h
rcthguhrlnh rcpuk`naheh%
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AH_Ä\S@B 6= HA\SHANÑE LC@ DHT.[NL A@HELCQ\NEB NNN
@H BSNE\H AB@SDEH LC @H FDHEGC A@HELCQ\NEH
@h btrh dblh`nlhl lc `h Xuneth Ab`udeh dhlrn`„=øh fuc `hlc `hs rclcs quc sc dbethrbe
ce tbdb h `h Fh`hegc Csphøb`h a`helcstneh khmb `h îgnlh prneanph` lc Dheuc` Vh`lîs @hrrhøh$
gh, lcslc c` prneanpnb hfn`nhlb h `h fbrdhanñe lc Mbsc Hetbenb y hdngb pcrsbeh` lc îstc abe
c` quc abdphrtnñ prcsnlnb ce `h Aèrac` Dblc`b hetcs lcT% 8: lcmu`nb lc 8>16% Eb bksthetc, jhy
quc cspcrhr h `h prndhvcrh lc 8>17 phrh ceabetrhr h csth scguelh fbrdh lc Xuneth Ab`udeh
yh pcrfcathdcetc brghenzhlh%
@hs brghenzhanbecs a`helcstnehs lc FC lcshrrb``hkhe tblhs cshs haanbecs quc jcdbs
vnstb quc thdknîe habdctähe `hs brghenzhanbecs hutñebehs pcrb hlcdès `cvhkhe h ahkb btrhs
hatnvnlhlcs quc rcqucrähe dcmbr nefrhcstruaturh pucs crhe duajb dès abdp`cmhs% Crhe
fuelhdceth`dcetc lbs= fhan nthr lhtbs c nefbrdhanñe lc netcrîs h `bs Ehanbeh`cs y tcecr
prcphrhlb y ghrhetnzhlb c` fueanbehdncetb ebrdh` lc h vnlh y `hs nestntuanbecs phrh auhelb
cetrhrhe `hs trbphs lc Frheab ce Dhlrnl, sbkrc tblb phrh quc eb sc prblumcrhe h`tcrhanbecs
lc brlce pýk`nab% _br supucstb `h dès ndpbrthetc fuc `h prndcrh lc cshs hatnvnlhlcs pbrquc
`b scguelb crh prcphrhr ueh bpcrhanñe quc sñ`b sc lckäh pbecr ce dhrajh ce ue dbdcetb
lctcrdnehlb y auhelb cstb suaclnñ, ce dhrzb lc 8>1> ahyñ Dhlrnl y `bs Ehanbeh`cs eb
tuvncrbe enegueh lnfnau`thl ce ghrhetnzhr c` brlce pbrquc `h anulhl `cs fuc cetrcghlh, eb `h
hsh`thrbe% Cs a`hrb quc thetb ueh abdb btrh hatnvnlhl cxngähe lbs abelnanbecs= c` abethatb
pcrdhecetc abe `bs dhelbs lc` btrb `hlb y ueh ecacsheh abbrlnehanñe y lnstrnkuanñe lc`
‐trhkhmb— cetrc `hs lnstneths brghenzhanbecs quc abestntuycrbe `h rcl a`helcstneh% Csth scguelh
`hkbr cs `h quc jhaäh `h aýpu`h lc `h Fh`hegc a`helcstneh abe Dheuc` Vh`lîs h `h ahkczh%
Hsä pucs, sncdprc `bs grupbs lc FC hfrbethkhe haanbecs y sntuhanbecs dès abdp`cmhs%
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Ahpätu`b 6= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb NNN= @h Xuneth Ab`udeh lc `h Fh`hegc a`helcstneh%
Abdb `h s brghenzhanbecs hutñebdhs, thdknîe phsh`x²e dhlrn`cøbs h `h btrh zbeh pcrb `h
lnfcrceanh abe c``hs rhlnahkh ce `h nenanhtnvh= `h s brghenzhanbecs lc FC sn knce thdknîe ce
h`guebs ahsbs pulncrbe cvhauhr h dhlrn`cøbs quc abebaclbrcs lc su cxnstceanh haulähe h
c``bs ce `h dhybräh lc `h s bahsnbecs fhan`nthkhe `h cvCsnñe lc pcrsbehs quc crhe rca`hdhlhs
lcslc `b s dhelbs ce `h Csphøh lc Frheab abe `b s quc dhetceähe abduenahanñe absh quc `b s
hutñebdbs eb% ^h jcdbs abetcdp`hlb ce c` ahpätu`b hetcrnbr c` pc`ngrb quc supbeäh csth
prèatnah sn `h nefbrdhanñe quc sc tceäh ce ‐\crdneus— crh cqunvbahlh= auhelb lcslc c` dhelb
Ehanbeh` sc rca`hdhkh h ueh pcrsbeh arcycelb quc qucrräh phshrsc y sc csthkh ce ue crrbry c` rcqucrnlb sc ecghkh%
@h Xuneth Ab`udeh lc FC h` prneanpnb sc abefngurî ue pbab lcsabbrlnehlhdcetc pcrb
sncdprc ce tbdb h eýa`cbs fh`hegnsths lc Dhlrnl% Fuc yh ce `h prndhvcrh lc 8>17 auhelb sc
brghenzñ lc fbrdh abbrlnehlh thetb lcslc c` netcrnbr lc `h ahpnth` abdb abe `h s lnrcatrnacs
prbaclcetcs lc` Auhrtc` Gcecrh` lc` Gcecrh`äsndb% Dheuc` Vh`lîs @hrrhøhgh sc abestntuyñ
ce su fngurh lnrngcetc rcfcrceanh abesthetc ce tcstndbrnbs sbkrc `h Xuneth Ab`udeh h `b s quc
jcdbs haaclnlb% Qcgýe c` prbpnb Vh`lîs y abdb y h jcdbs abebanlb fueanbehkhe `bs
Qcrvnanbs lc` Frcetc lc` Abrbec` Kbec`„ lbelc sc jhkäh ndp`nahlb gcetc lc FC auhelb hýe
eb fueanbehkhe `h s brghenzhanbecs a`helcstnehs fh`hegnsths *cxacptb abdb shkcdbs `h lc `h s
dumcrcs.%
Dheuc` Vh`lîs abdcezñ `h Gucrrh prcsb ce `h Dblc`b lc hjä fuc cvhauhlb h _br`ncr
y lcspuîs phsñ yh ce 8>17, h `h Aèrac` lc Luquc lc Qcstb% Csthelb ce csth ý`tndh yh ce `h
prndhvcrh lc 8>17, î` rcabebac quc abdcezñ h abethathr abe ce`hacs quc `c dhelhkhe lcslc
`b s Qcrvnanbs lc Kbec` quc crhe hgcetcs lc` QND ehanbeh` y pbr brlce lc `b s dhelbs lc`
_br cmcdp`b, Dheuc` Gutnîrrcz Dc``hlb hscs lc ndp`nahrsc î` ce c ` grupb lc Hetbenb Kbutjc`ncr C sp h sh yh ceauhlrhlb lcetrb l c `h Fh`hegc A`helcstneh%
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Ahpätu`b & Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb NNN= @h Xunerh Ab`udeh lc `h Fh`hegc a`helcstneh%
cspnbehmc lc Qh`hdheah cdpczñ h abefngurhr `h Xunet; Ab`udeh lc `h Fh`hegc a`helcstneh%
Î dnsdb rcabebac quc fuc lcslc Qh`hdheah lbelc s ~ `c brlceñ pbecrsc h` frcetc lc csth
brghenzhanñe a`helcstneh lc FC *0 0c``bs dc pbece5 5., lnrcaanñe quc î` hsudnñ *0 0yb
`c s lby ue pbab lc ebrdh`nlhl h `h brghenzhanñe `c s lby ue pbab lc csthkn`nlhl `b quc yb
lngh u brlcec eb sc lnsautc5 5., scgýe Vh`lîs sndp`cdcetc pbrquc crh `h dèxndh mcfhturh
lc FC quc quclhkh ce Dhlrnl%; Lcslc cetbeacs sbkrc tblb ce `b quc fuc `h hatnvnlhl lc
phshr gcetc h `h btrh zbeh yh dhetuvb abethatb abesthetc abe c` QND * `ucgb QN_D. pbr
dclnb lc `b s Qcrvnanbs lc Kbec` y, ce dcebr dclnlh abe c` btrb pucstb lc cstbs scrvnanbs
lc nefbrdhanñe ce c` Frcetc lc Dhlrnl `h Qcaanñe Lc3 thahlh ce Qcpý`vclh$Guhlh`hmhrh quc
lnrngäh c` Abrbec` Mustb Mndîecz Brtbeclh2 Cs lcanr `h brghenzhanñe a`helcstneh lc FC
surgnräh pbr ndpu`sb lc `b s mcfcs lc` cspnbehmc ehanbeh` abdb ce c` Qcrvnanb lc Kbec` ce c`
quc sc jhkähe netcgrhlb duajbs fh`hegnsths y lcslc c` quc haulnrähe h Vh`lîs quc ce c`
netcrnbr lc Dhlrnl quclhkh abdb dèxndh mcfhturh lc `h fbrdhanñe lc Mbsc Hetbenb h `h quc
pblähe haaclcr yh quc h pcshr lc csthr prcsb ce _br`ncr jhkähe abdprbkhlb quc pblähe
abethathr abe î` sne cxacsnvh lnfnau`thl%
Hsä ce ebth lc `b s QNFEC *866<6.~ fcajhlh c` ;: lc scptncdkrc lc 8>17 yh sc
hfnrdhkh quc 00 h Xuneth Ab`udeh scgýe c` nefbrdhetc cstè duy knce brghenzhlh y cspcrh
c` dbdcetb prbpnanb phrh cetrhr ce haanñe%55 C` nrfbrdhetc crh c` pbrtuguîs Cdn`nb Lh
Absth @bkb cdp`chlb ce `h Lc`cghanñe ký`ghrh ce _hräs pcrb quc jhkäh ``cghlb h Nrýe
;
[ hn d u e l b Fcreèelcz A u c s th, Q c a rc th rnb G c e c rh ` lc FC h e t c s l c N 8 : lc mu`nb l c 8 > 1 6 , s thk h p r c s b * y h lnfcrceanh l c Vh`lîs sä d u y a b e trb h l b .% Q u s
p b s nk n`nl h l c s lc ha tu h a nñ e c e Dhlrnl c rhe e u ` h s y, hlc d H s , ce b a tu k rc l c 8 > 1 7 p h s h r ` h h` h b trh zb e h g rha nh s hu e a he mc pbr Mus t n e b H z a èr h tc , j c rd h e b l c Cdkhmhlbr l c `h [ c p ñ k na h ce @ b e l rc s %
\B l c Dheuc` Vh`lîs @hrrhøhgh%
Q[D9 HB@9 AGB= Hrd% 3 9 [ % ;8 8 9 @ % ;:>9 A % ; ? 9 L b a % 8 *f% 37 .
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Ahpätu`b 6= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb 8ff= @h Xuneth Ab`udeh lc `h Fh`hegc a`helcstneh%
phshelb pbr \bu`bussc lcslc Dhlrnl% Hsä c` ; lc anancdkrc lc 8>17 Dhlrnl hphrcacrnh
cdphpc`hlb lc ahrtc`cs hlvnrtncelb abetrh `h Xuneth Ab`udeh= muetb h ueh grhe brcmh ce
pbsturh lc csauajhr hphrcaäh `h `cycelh= 00C` cecdngb hacajh% ¡Ah``h(5 5~
H` nguh` quc baurräh abdb jcdbs vnstb ce su dbdcetb abe `h s dumcrcs lc` ‐Huxn`nb
Hzu` ‐, c` quc jhk`cdbs lc `h s brghenzhanbecs lc `h Fh`hegc A`helcstneh eb sngenfnah en duajb
dcebs quc tblbs sus netcgrhetcs fucrhe dn`nthetcs la `h fbrdhanñe lc Mbsc Hetbenb% _br
abetrh thdknîe vndbs abdb ce h`guebs lc csbs grupbs lc `h Xuneth Ab`udeh hutñebdh jhkäh
netcgrhetcs abe fn`nhanñe fh`hegnsth pcrb quc hatuhkhe h` dhrgce lc FC% Ce c` ahsb lc `h sbrghenzhanbecs lc FC hlcdès jcdbs lc tcecr ce auceth quc abdb vndbs ce c` tcracr
ahpätu`b `h fbrdhanñe mbschetbenheh eb tceäh ueh ndp`hethanñe ndpbrthetc ce Dhlrnl hetcs
lc 8>16 pcrb thdknîe vndbs abdb h `b `hrgb lc `h pnndhvcrh lc csc høb `h hfn`nhanñe h FC
fuc dhsnvh% Eb bksthetc duajbs qunethab`udensths lc `h s brghenzhanbecs lc FC en snquncrh
ce csh prndhvcrh sc jhkähe jcajb fh`hegnsths pcrb `b quc csthkh a`hrb cs quc h` nguh` quc ce
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auhelb cetrhrhe `b s Ehanbeh`cs y rcphrhr auh`quncr hvcräh quc sc prblumcrh% Fcnmbb abethkh
ce su grupb *‐\rèfnab—. abe tc`cfbensths ceahrghlhs lc quc ``cghlb csc dbdcetb sc pulncrhe
dhetcecr `hs abefcrceanhs urkhehs sne prbk`cdhs% @bs btrbs grupbs sc lclnahkhe h tcecr
abetrb`hlb abe quî cdp`chlbs lc tc`cfñenah sc p b l ä C @ abethr ``cghlb c` dbdcetb y ce quc
<:S eb lc `bs lbaudcetbs q u c abesthe c e c` sudhrnb c s u e h ebth dheusarnth l c Mhvncr \rnhrnh q u c cetrcgñ h Èegcäcs c e `h q u c s c lcaäh q u c y h s c jhk`h j c aj b
ue cstulnb 00phrh tcelcr ue ahk`c nedclnhthdcetc j hs t h `h Anulhè„\j,nvcrsnthrnh%5 5
Î s tc crh ue prndb lc` thdknîe qunethab`udensth Dheuc` Gutnîrrcz Dc``hlb, p crb ngeb$hdbs s u ebdkrc% 8? l c ue qune`hab`udensth auyh nlcetnlhl e b sj h rbghlb q u c eb lcsvc`cdbs%
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Ahpätu`b 6= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb NNN= @b Xune~h Ab`udeh lc `h Fh`hegc a`helcstneh%
grhlb ahlh ueb%
Btrh phrtc lc csth brghenzhanñe sc lclnahkh tndknîe h ab`hkbrhr abe c` ‐Qbabrrb
K`heab— quc tceäh ueh cspcanc lc scaanñe ce `h \c`cfñenah ce `h quc sc lnstrnkuähe sc``bs lc
abtnzhanñe abe `b s quc h``cghr fbelbs y htcelcr h cdp`chlbs lcpurhlbs lc `h Abdphøäh%
Fuelhdceth`dcetc sc trhthkh lc dumcrcs abdb Dhrnh @unsh @ñpcz Bajbh Dbtth *jnmh lc`
Gcecrh` @ñpcz Bajbh hscsnehlb ce _hrhauc``bs lc` Mhrhdh. pcrb thdknîe jhkäh jbdkrcs
abdb _hsauh` AckbLhlh Ghraäh% Qcgýe ue lbaudcetb quc \rnheh cetrcgñ h Èegc`cs phrcac
scr quc jukb ndp`nahlbs jhsth uebs 83 ? cdp`chlbs lc `bs lnstnetbs acetrbs lc \c`cfñenah ceDhlrnl%
@h dhybräh lc `b s netcgrhetcs lc csth brghenzhanñe a`helcstneh crhe lc `h Abdphøäh
pcrb thdknîe `b s jhkäh quc crhe dbvn`nzhlbs lc `h Csauc`h lc Negcencrbs Nelustrnh`cs quc sc
bauphkhe lc `h phrtc tîaenah lc `h s abduenahanbecs% @hs hutbrnlhlcs rcpuk`nahehs `h lcsdhetc$
`hrbe ce dhrzb lc 8>1: pcrb sñ`b pulncrbe lcsaukrnr h trcneth y ue ndp`nahlbs ce csth rcl
a`helcstneh y sñ`b lc `h phrtc lc `h \c`cfñenah% Huequc sbspcajhrbe quc h`gb lc c``h thdknîe
fueanbehkh ce Senñe [hlnb ce csth cdnsbrh eb `bgrhrbe lcsaukrnr `h trhdh a`helcstneh quc
ce c``h hatuhkh% _br c``b c` îxntb lc` abetrhcspnbehmc rcpuk`naheb fuc duy `ndnthlb huequc
h` hsä ``hdhlb ‐Hsuetb lc `h \c`cfñenah— sc `c lnb duajh puk`nanlhl%
_hrh tcrdnehr lbs ý`tndbs lhtbs% _br ue `hlb ueh lc `h s fngurhs dès ndpbrthetcs lc
cstc grupb qunethab`udensth fuc Mbsî Kheýs Dhslcu quc lcspuîs lc `h Gucrrh scräh prbdbtbr
lc `b s khrrnbs dhlrn`cøbs lc `h Abeacpanñe y C` _n`hr y lc` abebanlb _ucrtb Kheýs lc `h
Absth lc Qb` y quc hlcdès thdknîe csthräh ndp`nahlb ce pucstbs lc ndpbrtheanh ce c`
‐Hsuetb lc `bs 8>3—, quc h abetneuhanñe heh`nzhdbs% T5 b r ý`tndb c` scrvnanb quc lcsdhetc`ñ
csth brghenzhanñe `b nenanñ `h Krnghlh Cspcanh` lc Fcrehelb Vh`cetä pcrb h` scr abesnlcrhlb
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Ahpätu`b 6= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb NNN= @h Xuneth Ab`udeh lc `h Fh`hegc a`helcstneh%
cspnbehmc phsñ h` LCLNLC y auhelb fuc lnsuc`tb phsñ h dhebs lc` QND quc fuc qunce ce
dhyb lc 8>1: c` quc hsudnñ `h prèatnah lc `h s actceanbecs abdb au`dnehanñe lc `h
nevcstnghanñe%
8%>%$ C` ‐Hsuetb lc `b s 8>3—%~~
Cstc cs pbsnk`cdcetc c` grupb dès grhelc lc `h Xuneth Ab`udeh lc `b s quc
lcshrtnau`hrbe `hs hutbrnlhlcs rcpuk`nahehs% Qc `c lcebneneñ abdb ‐Hsuetb lc `bs 8>3 ‐pbrquc
csbs fucrbe ce prneanpnb `b s lctcenlbs% Ce rch`nlhl `ucgb sc rclumb pbrquc sñ`b h`ahezñ 818
c` eýdcrb lc `b s abelcehlbs y acrah lc `h trcnetceh `b s hksuc`tbs *pbr `b thetb 87?
prbacshlbs h` fneh`. h `bs quc sc sudhrähe btrbs quc fucrbe scphrhlbs ce btrh pnczh mulnanh`=
`b s quc hatuhkhe ce `h ahfctcräh Grhemh lc` Jcehr, lc `h Grhe Väh%
Csth brghenzhanñe lcknñ cdpczhr h fbrdhrsc ce c` vcrheb lc 8>17% Mcrñendb @ñpcz
Khthecrb jhkäh snlb lctcenlb c` 8 1 lc cecrb lc 8>17 hzushlb lc lcshfcatb huequc pbr `b quc
sc `c c ce cstc prbacsb yh cetbeacs phrcac quc dhecmhkh `h pbsnkn`nlhl lc archr ue grupb
a`helcstneb phrh hatuhr ce fhvbr lc `b s Ehanbeh`cs lcslc c` netcrnbr lc Dhlrnl% Qu cxpclncetc
pbr lcshfcaanñe fuc sbkrcscälb pbr fh`th lc pruckhs sne cdkhrgb grhanhs h csc prbacsb
3?$F[HQC[% [beh`l% [ c a u ²rlh"b tèy rcahlrlh`b h btrbs% Jnstbøh Brh` lc `h Gucrez Anvn` Csphøb ` h % Khrac`beh9 Arätnah9 8 > 7 > *p% ;;;.%
$AHSQH= @CGHMBQ= 88;„ y Ahmh 3 > 8 *_nczh s c p h rh l h lc `h Ahush e <; l c 8 > 1 : lc` \rnkueh` Cspcanh` lc Guhrlnh e b 8 abetrh Vnacetc Hrcen``hsAhpc``èe, y _nczh s c p h rh l h l c `h Ahushe? < ; l c 8 > 1 : lc` \rnkueh` Cspcanh` lc Guhrlnh b— 8 aBetrh _n`hr l c Dcr`b Eýøcz.9 8;3„ y Ahmh 77„ *_nce s c p h rh l hlc` sudhrnb e b <; lc 8 > 1 : lc` \rnkueh` Cspcanh` l c Guhrlnh e— 8 pbr h`th trhnanñeabetrh Lhdnegb Dhahrrb Lurèe y btrbs.9 8;38 y Ahmh 77„ *_nczh s c p h rh l hlc` sudhrnb e— <; lc 8 > 1 : lc` \rnkueh` Cspcanh` lc Guhrlnh b— 8 pbr h`th trhnanñe abetrh Frheansab Dbran``b Gbezè`cz y btrbs.9 ;?:„ y Ahmh 837„ *Ahushe <; l c 8 > 1 : pbr cspnbehmc lc` \rnkueh` Cspcanh` lc Guhrlnh b— 8 abetrh Mcrñendb @ñpcz Khthecrb y 8 >< dt% ‐_rbacsb l c `bs 8>3„.9 ;3:„ y Ahmh ; ? 3 =*Cxp% ;? l c 8>1> lc` Murhrlb lc Nestruaanñe l c Srgceanh e— ; pbr lcshfcaanñe abetrh M b s î y [hfhc` [bdcrb Fcreèelcz y Cuscknb Vcgh Dhrtäe.9 ; 6 < y Ahmh; 8 ? *Cxp% 6 7 l c 8 > 8 : l c N Murhlb lc Srgceanh e b ; pbr lcshfcaanñe abetrh Mcrñendb @ñm,cz Khthecrb y Lncgb Hnbesb Dhrtäecz.9 ;><„ y Ahmh ;<1„ *Cxp%7: l c 8 > 1 6 l c 8 MurhlblcSrgceanhe? 3 abetshCzcqunc`Gbezè`czKcre,cmbybtrb.9 8?<„yAhmh;3<„*Cxp% : < 8 l c `>17lc`MurhlblcSrgceanhe—3 abetrhM? 3 6 Frhgbsb Frheab.9 18?„ y Ahmh ;68„ *Cxp% 6 1 ? l c 8 > 1 7 l c N Murhlb l c Srgceanh e—< b,etrh Hetbenb Ehrhemb Qnvnlhecs y btrb.9 1;: „ y Ahmh ;:;„ *Cxp%
1 < 3 lc 8 > 1 7 lc` Murhlb l c Srgceanh e
t < abetrh Cdn`nb Abrbehlb [hdärcz.9 118„ y Ahmh ; : 6 *Cxp% < ; ; lc 8 > 1 : lc` \rnkueh` _bpu`hr e— ; abetrh Hetbenb_îrcz Ghrzñe.9 111„ y Ahmh ;::„ *Cxp% 8 ? 8 lc 8 > 1 7 lc` Murhlb lc Srgceanh b— < abetrh Hgustäe Brlbvès lc `h _cøh.9 11<„ y Ahmh ;:> „ *Cxp% 8 7 > l c 8 > 1 7lc` Murhlb l c Srgceanh e— < abetrh M
? 3 î [bdcrb Fcrrcr.9 11>„ y Ahmh ;>6 „ *Cxp% < : 6 lc > 1 7 lc` Murhlb l c Srgceanh ~? < pbr lcshfcaanñe abetrh Dheuc`Vn``hfrheah Duøbz.9 1<:„ y Ahmh 188„ *_nczh sc p h rh l h lc` Cxp% 1 : 6 l c 8 > 1 6 lc` Murhlb l c Srgceanh e— 1 pbr lcshfcaanñe abetrh f`brcetneb @ñpcz Gbezè`czy t rc s dès.9 131„ y Ahmh 18>„ *Cxp% 8 7 1 l c 8 > 1 6 lc` Murhlb lc Srgceanh e— 1 pbr lcs,¡fcaanñe abetrh Cluhrlb Kbehajcrh _ngucrclb.9 : ; > *Ahrpctn``h‐\rnkueh` Cspcanh` l c Guhrlnh e
? 8 % Q c e tc e anh s y btrbs h su e tb s% 8 >1 7, 8 > 1 : y 8>—= Q c e tc e anh prbacsb abetrh @ñpcz Khthecrb y btrbs 86>.9 83;?, \betbZV, [hdb <7„, y 8318„= [ h d b s et ; 8 y 1 1 %$8? l c ue qunethab`udensth q u c e b s jh pclnlb q u c eb rcvc`cdbs s u nlcetnlhl%
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Ahpntu`b 6 = Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb N[= @h Xundh Ab`udeh lc `h Fh`hegc a`helcstneh%
abethathe h abe `h Fh`hegc a`helcstneh= h`cgñ ueh cefcrdclhl `b quc dbtnvñ su negrcsb ce
c` Jbspnth` _centceanhrnb lc `h ah``c lc Dceîelcz _c`hyb *jby c` lc` Enøb Mcsýs. c` < lc
hgbstb9 abdb yh shkcdbs h``ä sc jh``hkh ehlh dcebs quc Dheuc` Vh`lîs @hrrhøhgh abe `b
quc @ñpcz Khthecrb abethatñ abe FC y h phrtnr lc su sh`nlh lc` jbspnth` quc sc prblumb h
fneh`cs lc csc dcs lc hgbstb lc 8>17 y duy prbkhk`cdcetc hendhlb pbr Vh`lîs cdpczñ h
abefngurhr su brghenzhanñe abdb btrh dès lc `h s quc fbrdhrbe phrtc lc `h rcl lc `h Fh`hegc
a`helcstneh dhlrn`cøh% @b jnzb cdpczhelb pbr acetrbs dhlrn`cøbs rc`hanbehlbs abe c` brlce
pýk`nab *abdb c` _hrquc Dñvn` lc `h ah``c lc Qcrrheb. lbelc tceäh abebanlbs% _br btrb `hlb
jcdbs abesththlb abdb lhtb rc`cvhetc quc abdb @ñpcz Khthecrb eb pbabs lc `b s quc sc
ndp`nahrbe ce csth brghenzhanñe a`helcstneh yh jhkähe snlb haushlbs lc lcshfcaanñe y tblbs
c``bs jhkähe snlb hksuc`tbs cs lcanr `b s trnkueh`cs `b s jhkähe abesnlcrhlb `ch`cs h ue
[îgndce abetrh c` quc hjbrh hatuhrähe dès lcanlnlhdcetc%
@h haanñe phrh tcrdnehr abe csth grhe trhdh a`helcstneh `h abdcezñ c` LCLNLC y sc
au`dneñ *`hs lctceanbecs. trhs scr lnsuc`tb îstc pbr `h Krnghlh Cspcanh` lc` QND dhelhlh
pbr Cdn`nb _crhn`c Qhjuqun``b ce hkrn` lc 8>1:% C` lcsaukrndncetb sc lcknñ h ueh abefnlceanh
lc _hk`b Dbrceb Hrgtnc``cs *h` quc h` Mcfc lc` QND la` Acetrb Èegc` _clrcrb phgñ ;???
pths%. quc jhkäh snlb scarcthrnb lc Gbnabcajch y sc vh`nñ lc` abebandncetb lc pcrsbehs
rc`hanbehlhs abe c` duelb lc `b s scatbrcs lcrcajnsths hjbrh ce `h a`helcstnenlhl dhlrn`cøh=
pbr cmcdp`b c` prbpnb Mcrñendb @ñpcz Khthecrb jhkäh snlb ahmcrb lc È`vhrb Fngucrbh Abelc
lc [bdhebecs%
@h brghenzhanñe lc Mcrñendb @ñpcz Khthecrb Catuhkh ce trcs èrchs= `h phrtc anvn` `h
phrtc dn`nthr y `h phrtc lc` brlce pýk`nab% \ceäh trcs envc`cs ce su cstruaturh= `b s ce`hacs `b s
mcfcs lc `b s lnstnetbs grupbs y `b s dn`nthetcs lc `b s dnsdbs huequc `ucgb sc abdp`nahkh scgýe
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Ahpätu`b 6= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb NNN= @h Xuneth Ab`udeh lc `h Fh`hegc a`helcstneh%
fucrhe `h s hatnvnlhlcs%
Hsä cetrc `b s ce`hacs jhkäh aneab fuelhdceth`cs= Cernquc Gucrrcrb \ucrb Èegc`
Dhrtäe Dcrneb Hehsthsnb @uns \rn``crb Cdn`nb Fbescah Dhrtne y, `h dès ndpbrthetc
Frheansah Dhrtäecz [hdärcz% Cstbs ce`hacs crhe c` ecx lc Mcrñendb @ñpcz Khthecrb abe `b s
grupbs `b s auhtrb jbdkrcs abe btrbs thetbs grupbs pcrb Frheansah abe vhrnbs%
_br ue `hlb ue grhe grupb quc lnrngäh Dnguc@ [uknb Abrtîs *hgcetc gukcrehtnvb. y
lc` quc lcpcelähe jhsth eucvc sukgrupbs lnstrnkunlbs ce acetrbs lc` brlce pýk`nab lc Dhlrnl
*h`gueh abdnshrnh abdb `h lc _h`hanb$Senvcrsnlhl b h lc Jbspnanb abdphøähs urkhehs lc
scgurnlhl c` Auhrtc` lc _betcmbs c` prbpnb Dnenstcrnb lc Gbkcrehanñe c` _hrquc Dñvn`. y
ce `b s quc hatuhkhe ue kuce eýdcrb lc hgcetcs sbkrt tblb lc` Aucrpb lc Qcgurnlhl%
_br btrb `hlb Frheansah h trhvîs lc btrbs suk$ce`hacs crh c` ecxb abe ue abemuetb
lc grupbs quc sc dbvähe ce acetrbs dn`nthrcs *_hr<uc lc Hrtn``cräh Khth``ñe @bah` lc
\rhespbrtcs Csauc`h lc \rhesdnsnbecs cta%%%. y ce `cs quc jhkäh `ñgnahdcetc hkuelheanh
lc c`cdcetbs lc` Cmîrantb%
_br btrh phrtc jhkäh btrbs grupbs quc abestntuähe `h trhdh anvn` lc csth grhe
brghenzhanñe sncelb c` dès ndpbrthetc pbsnk`cdcetc c` quc lnrngäh Lb`brcs @ñpcz Dcelnzèkh`
quc hatuhkh ce `h \c`cfñenah lc `h Grhe Väh *abethelb abe vhrnhs cdp`chlhs lc `h dnsdh
cetrc `h s dn`nthetcs. y auyb ce`hac supcrnbr crh thdknîe Frheansah%
Cetrc `b s netcgrhetcs lc `h brghenzhanñe phrh `h lcebdnehanñe lc `b s grupbs utn`nzhkhe
`h tcrdneb`bgäh fh`hegnsth lc csauhlrhs%
Fuelhdceth`dcetc csth grhe rcl lnrngnlh pbr Mcrñendb @ñpcz Khthecrb lcshrrb``hkh
su hatnvnlhl ce csbs trcs tcrrcebs anthlbs pcrb abe ue sb`b bkmctnvb fneh`= `h prcphrhanñe lc
`h sntuhanñe phrh auhelb cetrhrhe `b s Ehanbeh`cs ce Dhlrnl%
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Ahpätu`b 6 = Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb NNN= @h Xuneth Ab`udeh lc `h Fh`hegc a`helcstneh%
Ce prndcr ughr prhatnahkhe c` lcrrbtnsdb `hkbr ceabdcelhlhcspcanh`dcetc h` scatbr
lc Dnguc` Abrtîs ce `b s acetrbs gukcrehtnvbs hlcdès lc btrbs abdb c` grupb lc Dheuc`
Fnsha Dhrtäecz$Khelumb [hfhc` Abrlcrb Mbsî Kheýs Dhslcu b Lb`brcs @ñpcz%
Ce c` envc` lc `b s dn`nthetcs nelnvnluh`dcetc abesnlcrhlbs h` dhrgce lc su pcrtcece$
anh h ue grupb y cspcanh`dcetc ce c` scatbr quc sc dwäh ce `bs acetrbs dn`nthrcs thdknîe
sc prhatnañ duajb `h utn`nzhanñe lc ebdkrc supucstb phrh lcshrrb``hr hatnvnlhlcs lc cspnbehmc
lhelb auceth lc pbsnanbecs ahetnlhl lc trbphs y dhtarnh` acetrbs lc netcrîs cta%
Cshs `hkbrcs sc lcshrrb``hkhe dncetrhs hpbyhlbs ce `b s scatbrcs dn`nthr y lc brlce
pýk`nab thdknîe csth brghenzhanñe prcvcä h añdb sc lckäh hatuhr auhelb `b s Ehanbeh`cs
bauphrhe `h anulhl%
_br ý`tndb thdknîe c` ‐Qbabrrb K`heab— abeth=tñ abe csth brghenzhanñe y `b s grupbs
lc Dnguc` Abrtîs y dn`nthetcs h tntu`b nelnvnluh` abbpcrhrbe abe csh btrh brghenzhanñe lc
huxn`nb h Mh Xuneth Ab`udeh abe cspcanh` ndpu`sb c nelnahanñe lc @ñpcz Khthecrb phrh quc
hsä sc jnancrh%
_hrh tcrdnehr lnrcdbs quc cetrc `b s dn`nthetcs lc csth brghenzhanñe ahsn ueb lc ahlh
trcs crhe dn`nthrcs scgunlb ce prcsceanh hprbxnenhlhencetc ahlh ueb abe `h dnthl lc` eýdcrb
lc `b s dn`nthrcs pbr `b s cdp`chlbs *@ñpcz Khthecrb cetrc c``bs quc trhkhmhkh phrh c` Abelc
lc [bdhebecs. y fueanbehrnbs% Hlcdès jhkäh abdcranhetcs cdp`chlbs lc scrvnanbs
prbfcsnbeh`cs `nkcrh`cs bkrcrbs nelustrnh`cs h`gýe cstulnhetc y h`gueh hdh lc ahsh%
C` prbacsb h cstc grupb tcrdneñ abe ;1 scetceanhs lc ducrtc huequc scgýe haush
Hegc` _clrcrb enegueh ` `cgñ h cmcauthrsc pbrquc sc pnlncrbe rcvnsnbecs y ce `h Hldnenstrh$
anñe lc Mustnanh jhkäh cdkbsahlbs duajbs fueanbehrnbs hfcatbs h `h Ahush Ehanbeh` quc
rctrhshkhe c` prbacsb y `h Gucrrh tcrdneñ hetcs lc quc sc rcsb`vncrh%
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Ahpntu`b 6= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb NNN= @h Xuneth Ab`udeh lc `h Fh`hegc a`helcstneh%
Hphrtc lc `b s grupbs dceanbehlbs lcetrb l a cstc ‐Hsuetb lc `bs 8>3— cxnstäh ue
‐Grupb lc` Ahfî Grhemh lc` Jcehr—, quc abesnlcrhrebs h`gb hutñebdb lc` abemuetb lc `h
brghenzhanñe% Qu mcfc lc grupb *h ` quc `b s netcgrhetcs sc rcfcrähe abdb mcfc lc csauhlrh. y
ecxb abe `h rcl lc @ñpcz Khthecrb crh Lbdnegb Dhahrrb Lurèe lc` Khth``ñe @bah` lc
\rhespbecs ce auyb auhrtc` rhlnahkh c` grucsb lc cstc grupb a`helcstneb huequc thdknîe
sc netcgrhkhe c`cdcetbs sncdprc dn`nthrcs lc btrbs acetrbs% Hlcdès jukb btrbs netcgrhetcs
quc sc rc`hanbehrbe abe c` abebanlb abdb ‐Abdp`bt lc `bs 861— h` quc dès hlc`hetc ebs
rcfcrnrcdbs%
Cstc pcqucøb ‐Grupb lc` Ahfî Grhemh lc` Jcehr— lcshrrb``hkh abdb `hkbr fuelhdce$
th ` c` phsb lc gcetc h` btrb `hlb y sc netcgrhkh cetrc ` b ~ lc `h trhdh dn`nthr lc ‐ bs 8>3 ‐% _hrh
cshs haanbecs abethkhe hlcdès abe netcgrhetcs nefn`trhlbs ce lbs acetrbs= ce `h Abdnsnñe%
\bpbgrèfnah lc` Cmîrantb lc` Acetrb quncecs prbpbranbehkhe p`hebs fuelhdceth`dcetc lc `h
Qncrrh lc Guhlhrrhdh `ughr pbr cT quc sc rch`nzhkhe Th s cxpclnanbecs lc phsb lc gcetc y
thdknîe abethkh abe dncdkrbs quc hatuhkhe a`helcstnehdcetc ce c` Auhrtc` lc \rhesdnsnbecs
`b auh` rcsu`thkh duy ýtn` phrh rcanknr `h s abetrhscøhs pbr rhlnb lc `h btrh zbeh ueh vcz quc
ueh cxpclnanñe jhkäh au`dnehlb abe îxntb% Hlcdès sc prcphrhkhe phrh csthr lnspucstbs
auhelb sc prblumcrh `h cetrhlh lc `bs Ehanbeh`cs y pblcr ghrhetnzhr c` brlce%
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36
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Ahpätu`b 6 = Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb NNN= @h X une tu Ab`udeh lc `h Fh`hegc a`helcstneh%
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Ahpätu`b 6= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb 888 = @h Xuneth Ab`udeh lc `h Fh`hegc a`helcstneh%
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Ahpätu`b 6= Hatuhanñe lc Dhlrnl a`helcstneb fN@ @h Xunfn th Ab`udeh lc `h Fh`hegc a`helcstneh%
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Ahpätu`b 6= Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb NNN= @h Xune r h Ab`udeh lc `h Fh`hegc a`helcstneh%
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ce `h s brghenzhanbecs fh`hegnsths%
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ce Dhlrnl%
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y ce î` csthkh netcgrhlb c` csarntbr Qhetbs H`abacr% Hlcdès shkcdbs quc lcslc fneh`cs lc
8>17 `h ‐Brghenzhanñe Hetbenb— csthkh ce abethatb abe c` QN_D lc Segräh pbr `h rhlnb
dclnhetc netcrahdknb lc dceshmcs ce a`hvc abestrunlbs abe ueh rcthjä`h lc anfrhs%
Lurhetc c` prbacsb lc Kcstcnrb lcspuîs lc `h Gucrrh Hetbenb @ueh lca`hrñ quc ce
hkrn` lc 8>1: cdpczhrbe `b s abethatbs abe cstc sbanh`nsth phrh neanthr`c h quc eb sc ndp`nahsc
abe `h hacpthanñe lc h`gýe ahrgb ce c` Gbkncreb rcpuk`naheb y dès knce su hatuhanñe pb`ätnah
sc ceahdnehrh h vcr `h dhecrh lc `nqunlhr `h Gucrrh% Qhkcdbs pucs lc `h ndpbrthetc `hkbr
quc lcshrrb``ñ cstc grupb ce tbdb h Mu`nèe Kcstcnrb lcslc `h prndhvcrh lc 8>1:, dbdcetb
lcslc c` quc `h hatnvnlhl lc csth rcl a`helcstneh fuc fuelhdceth` y, scgýe c` prbpnb @ueh,73
ce abethatb lnrcatb abe `h aýpu`h lc FC% @h acraheäh h `1cstcnrb fuc pbsnk`c thdknîe ce kuceh
dclnlh grhanhs h quc Hetbenb @ueh y su s nedclnhtbs ab`hkbrhlbrcs @uns lc Qbsh _îrcz76
*Vnacscarcthrnb lc `h Fhau`thl lc Lcrcajb quc rcgäh Kcstcnrb. y Mu`nb Dhrtäecz Qheth B`h``h
*îstc fh`hegnsth. crhe thdknîe prbfcsbrcs uenvcrsnt@rnbs y abebaähe lc acrah h` prñacr
7<Abdb pbr cmcdp`b, `bs prbfcsbrcs Ahrdc`b Vnøhs, @uns Dbrh`cs B`nvcr, Jukcrtb _îruz l c Bssh, b `bs ahtclrètnabs Ghraäh Gñdcz y Ghraäh Kc``nlb%
73Hsä `b hfnrdñ ce s u lca`hrhanñe ce c ` prbacsb l c Kcstcnrb l c s p u î s l c `h Gucrrh%
76 Î s tc cstuvb ndp`nahlb ce c ` t<sudb lc `bs 8>3—%
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Ahpätu`b 6 = Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb ¡NN= @h Xuneth Ab`udeh lc `h Fh`hegc a`helcstneh%
sbanh`nsth%
@h prbxndnlhl h Kcstcnrb `c s ab`bañ ce `h sntuhanñe nlñech phrh quc `h hatnvnlhl dès
ndpbrthetc lc csth rcl a`helcstneh fucrh `h quc lcshrrb``ñ lcslc `h ahälh lc Ahth`uøh% H phrtnr
lc cetbeacs csth brghenzhanñe abeacetrñ su `hkbr ce prcphrhr c` fneh` lc `h Gucrrh ce Dhlrnl
y hac`crhr`b ce `h dclnlh lc `b pbsnk`c abdb vcrcdbs ce c` ahpätu`b beac lc` prcscetc
trhkhmb%
Lc csth dhecrh c` grupb lc Hetbenb @ueh abebanñ lc prndcrh dheb `h cvb`uanñe lc`
pceshdncetb lc Mu`nèe Kcstcnrb ahlh vcz dès ce abetrh lc Ecgräe y lc sus netceanbecs lcprb`beghr `h Gucrrh y pbr dclnb lc` pucstb lc Kbec` ce \b`clb `b nkh pbencelb ce
abebandncetb lc Kurgbs% Cstb jnzb abdb vcrcdbs ce c` ý`tndb ahpätu`b quc Frheab
abebancrh `hs pbsturhs lc` vncmb sbanh`nsth y añdb îsths fucrbe cvb`uanbehelb% Cstc
abebandncetb fuc th` quc c` prbpnb @ueh csauajñ lc kbah lc` dnsdb Kcstcnrb su rc`htb lc `h
vnsnth lc ebvncdkrc lc 8>1: h Hzhøh ce Khrac`brh h `h quc ebs rcfcrnrcdbs ce su
dbdcetb%77
_br btrb `hlb thdknîe `b s hgcetcs lc Hetbenb @ueh y î` dnsdb hetcs nea`usb quc h
Kcstcnrb sc hacrahrbe h` Abrbec` Ahshlb phrh sbelchr su bpnenñe y csthlb lc èendb y
hlcdès `c jhaähe ``cghr h` Abrbec` nefbrdhanbecs ecghtnvhs sbkrc `b s abduensths phrh
prclnspbecr`b abetrh c``bs% Ce cstb ý`tndb mughräh ue ndpbrthetc phpc` c` hyulhetc lc`
Abrbec` Mbsî Acethøb lc `h _hz quc hlcdès crh hgcetc lc `h Xuneth Ab`udeh% Eb bksthetc
Kcstcnrb y Ahshlb eb sc abebancrbe pcrsbeh`dcetc jhsth yh 8>1>%
Mbsî Acethøb lc `h _hz jhkäh hatuhlb abdb hgcetc lc` QN_D ce Dhlrnl ce `hkbrcs lc
cspnbehmc y shkbthmc% Ce c` eýdcrb ;7 lc `h ah``c lc Gbyh tceäh nesth`hlb ueh cspcanc lc
77@b dnsdb quc, abdb rcabgcdbs c e c` ahpntu`b beac, baurrnñ abe Mu`nèe Dhrfhs y q u c îs t c rcabgc ce s u s Dcdbrnhs
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Ahpntu`b 6 = Hatuhanñe lc` Dhlrnl a`helcstneb NNN= @h Xune¡Î Ab`udeh lc `h Fh`hegc a`helcstneh%
Auhrtc` Gcecrh` quc crh abebanlb pbr Kbec` ce @h \brrc lc Cstckhe Jhdkrèe y abe î`
abethathkh abe su prbpnh cdnsbrh lc rhlnb khmb c` ebdkrc lc ‐@uacrb vcrlc ‐, y tcencelb csth
abduenahanñe abe c` dhelb ce Kurgbs hlcdès abetrb`hkh ue grupb lc hgcetcs% Auhelb sc
vns`udkrñ c` fne lc `h Gucrrh y c` phpc` quc nkh h mughr `h Xuneth Ab`udeh dhlrn`cøh *b sch
sbkrc tblb c` lc `h ‐Brghenzhanñe Hetbenb ‐. Acethøb sc lcanlnñ h nednsaunrsc ce c``h y sc
netcgrñ ce c` cegrhehmc lc` grupb lc Hetbenb @ueh ce pcrfcatb haucrlb y abethatb
pcrdhecetc abe Kurgbs lcslc su prnvn`cgnhlh pbsnanñe lc hyulhetc lc` dnsdäsndb Abrbec`
Ahshlb y hprbvcajhelb `b s hacrahdncetbs quc yh @ueh jhk`h cfcatuhlb eb sñ`b h Ahshlb snebthdknîe h Kcstcnrb% Qbkrc tblb c``b vb`vcrcdbs ce c` ahpätu`b fneh` quc lclnahdbs h `b s
ý`tndbs dcscs lc `h Gucrrh ce Dhlrnl%
@h ‐Brghenzhanñe Hetbenb— cdp`cñ tblh `h nefbrdhanñe lc `h cvb`uanñe pb`ätnah lc `h
zbeh rcpuk`naheh phrh lnsgrcghr `h rcthguhrlnh dhlrn`cøh scdkrhr su lnvnsnñe y lckn`nthr`h%
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trhkhmhkh nefn`trhlb ce c` Abdntî lc Lcfcesh lc `h AE\ y sc ceahrghkh lc scdkrhr `h
hendhlvcrsnñe jhanh Ecgräe cetrc `b s abefclcrh`cs neanlncelb ce c` fn`babduensdb lc`
_rcsnlcetc lc` Gbkncreb%
Eb bksthetc `h hatnvnlhl dès ndpbrthetc lc `h ‐Brghenzhanñe Hetbenb— sc lcshrrb``ñ
ce csc ý`tndb høb lc Gucrrh ce quc Hetbenb @ueh y su s sukbrlnehlbs fucrbe `b s qunethab`ud$
ensths quc prbthgbenzhrbe `h s gcstnbecs ce tbdb lc Ahshlb sbkrc tblb phrh pbecr`b ce
abethatb abe Kurgbs% _br c``b abebacrcdbs dcmbr `h hatnvnlhl lc cstc grupb ce c` ahpätu`b
abrrcspbelncetc h` fneh` lc `h Gucrrh ce Dhlrnl ce quc hphrcace anthlbs pcrsbehmcs the
ndpbrthetcs abdb [nahrlb Kcrtb`bty b Lncgb Dclneh quc csthkhe netcgrhlbs ce csth rcl
a`helcstneh y hatuhkhe khmb lnrcatrnacs lc Hetbenb *pbr thetb lc Kurgbs.%
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A H _ Ä\ S @ B 7 = DM\B_[B\CAANÑE LC @BQ CECDNGBQ
LC @H [C_SK@NAH
^h jcdbs vnstb ce quî abesnstähe cshs hatnvnlhlcs lc csc scatbr a`helcstneb lc Dhlrnl
quc crh abetrhrnb h `h [cpýk`nah ce su s lnvcrshs fbrdhs lc rcsnstceanh h `h dnsdh% \hdknîe
añdb `h s hutbrnlhlcs rcpuk`nahehs `cgns`hrbe phrh jhacr frcetc h csths hatntulcs hatnvnlhlcs
y abdpbrthdncetbs jbstn`cs% Ce `h s snguncetcs `äechs vhdbs h heh`nzhr ueh ý`tndh dhenfcsthanñe
lc csth rch`nlhl lc `h ahpnth`= `h kýsquclh lc rcfugnb b lc hutbprbtcaanñe lc quncecs sc
abesnlcrhkhe cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah y, pbr thetb lckähe jh``hr ue csabelntc scgurb%
Seh vcz quc sc prblumb `h lcrrbth lc `b s suk`cvhlbs ce Dhlrnl `b s quc jhkähe
ab`hkbrhlb abec``bs b sndp`cdcetc lcschlb su îxntb quclhkhe sýknthdcetc ce `h rcthguhrlnh
lc` tcrrntbrnb cecdngb y su vnlh abrräh scrnb pc`ngrb% Ch c` prcscetc ahpätu`b ebs bauphrcdbs
lc cxpbecr añdb hatuhrbephrh cvnthr `h haanñe y pcrscauanñe lc `h s hutbrnlhlcs rcpuk`nahehs
h`gb quc sc khsñ fuelhdceth`dcetc ce c` ahdknb lc` lbdnan`nb jhkntuh` cspcanh`dcetc auhelb
sc cdpczñ h bkscrvhr ce `h ahpnth` quc sc csthkh shahelb h gcetc lc su ahsh pbr phrtc sbkrc
tblb lc `h s dn`nanhs y `ucgb cshs pcrsbehs lcshphrcaähe b sn tceähe sucrtc abdb pbab
tceenehkhe ce `h aèrac` pbr abesnlcrèrsc`cs jbstn`cs h @ rîgndce rcpuk`naheb%
C$ @H NEQCGS\[\LHL LC @BQ LBDNAN@NBQHetc c` a`ndh rcvb`uanbehrnb quc sc rcspnrhkh ce Dhlrnl lcsarntb ce ue ahpätu`b
hetcrnbr lcspuîs lc` ;? lc mu`nb enegýe cecdngb lc `h [cpýk`nah abefnhkh ce quc sn crh
lctcenlb su scgurnlhl csthräh ghrhetnzhlh en quc pulncrh abethr abe ueh hatuhanñe lc `b s
trnkueh`cs däendhdcetc hmusthlh h Lcrcajb% Hlcdès sndp`cdcetc tîeghsc ce auceth quc crh
lcslc cetbeacs ue cecdngb ce tcrrntbrnb jbstn`%
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Ahpätu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaanñe lc `bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk nah
H pcshr lc hkhelbehr sngebs cxtcrebs quc pulncrhe rcvc`hr ueh pbsnanñe sbanh` b
pb`ätnah *abrkhth auc``b lurb sbdkrcrb%% •.ä duajbs dhlrn`cøbs shkähe quc su cetbreb sbanh`
nedclnhtb crh abebaclbr lc sus nlchs abetrhrnhs h `h [cpýk`nah% Ce ue phtnb lc vcanebs sc
pbläh abebacr tblb y csc susarnptbr lc ‐HKA— lc ‐C ` T.ckhtc— b lc auh`quncr btrb pcrnñlnab
lc sndn`hr sngeb b hquc` vcaneb lc` quc sc shkäh quc h=9nstnh rcgu`hrdcetc h dnsh u btrb lc`
quc sc abebaäh quc tblb `b s dcscs phshkhe h abkhn`c `h aubth lc H_ [C FC u btrh
fbrdhanñe pb`ätnah abetrhrnh h` Frcetc _bpu`hr b ueb h` quc sc `c jhkäh vnstb rcphrtnr
prbphghelh lc ueh lc cshs fbrdhanbecs prbsarnths b sc `c jhkäh vnstb cmcrancelb lc netcrvcetbrb hpblcrhlb lc c``h auhelb c` phshlb 8 6 lc fckrcrb sc tntc h vbthr b csc vcaneb auyb jnmb sc
shkäh eb yh quc csthkh `uajhelb sneb sndp`cdcetc quc crh fh`hegnsth b ‐mhpnsth— y csthkh b
eb lctcenlb b sc prcsudäh quc `c jhkäh sbrprcelnlb h suk`cvhanñe fucrh lc Dhlrnl y sc
jh``hkh `uajhelb abe `b s ‚fhaanbsbs ‐% Auh`quncrh lc cshs anrauestheanhs crh dbtnvb dès quc
sufnancetc phrh quc ue dhlrn`cøb fucrh lceueanhlb =bdb sbspcajbsb lc cecdngb lc `h
[cpýk`nah y sn, pbr su phrtc îstc prcsudnh quc pbläh scr hsä lckäh kusahr nedclnhthdcetc
ue `ughr lnstnetb h csc lbdnan`nb jhkntuh` phrh prbtcgcrsc lc ueh pbsnk`c lceueanh y pbstcrnbr
lctceanñe%
Eb bksthetc `h sntuhanñe jnzb hf`brhr btrbs scen ndncetbs quc ehlh tceähe quc vcr abe
`h pbsnk`c lcshfcaanñe nlcb`ñgnah lc csc vcaneb lc csah`crh% Abdb h`ulndbs ce btrbs puetbs
lc` prcscetc trhkhmb eb fucrbe pbahs `h s lceueanhs dbtnvhlhs pbr rhzbecs h` dhrgce lc `h
hfcaanñe b eb lc` lceueanhlb h `h [cpýk`nah y sä duajb abe rcean``hs u blnbs pcrsbeh`cs b lc
a`hsc%
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Ahpntu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaanñe lc `bs ceb retgbs lc `h [cpýk nah%
Hphrtc lc tblb c``b csthkhe `b s ahsbs lc quncecs sc jhkfhe sngenfnahlb pýk`nahdcetc
ce `h vnlh sbanh` b pb`ätnah c nedclnhthdcetc lcspuîs lc `h suk`cvhanñe yh ebs sc `c s vb`väh
h vcr pbr su ahsh% Crhe `b s quc sc lclnahkhe b sc jhkähe lclnahlb h `h vnlh pb`ätnah abdb
lnputhlbs abeacmh`cs h`ah`lcs b auh`quncr ahrgb pýk`nab lcslc `hs fn`hs lc ueh lc cshs
fbrdhanbecs cecdnghs lc` Frcetc _bpu`hr b ce tncdpbs hetcrnbrcs h `h [cpýk`nah *`h
Lnathlurh sbkrc tblb b nea`usb hetcs lc c``h.% Ce rc`hanñe abe c` phshlb thdknîe lckäh
prbtcgcrsc qunce jukncrh pcrtcecanlb h` QBDH\CE b jukncrh snlb pbr cmcdp`b guhrlnh anvn`
ce auh`quncr puck`b y aupncrh `h pbsnkn`nlhl lc quc h`gunce lc csc `ughr sc jh``hrh b vnvncrhce Dhlrnl y pulncrh rcabebacr`c% \hdpbab jcdbs lc b`vnlhr `h abelnanñe lc dn`nthr h `h quc
rcpctnlhs vcacs jcdbs jcajb rcfcrceanh abdb sbspcanbsh lc ``cvhr hphrcmhlh pbr c` dcrb
jcajb lc th` ueh pbsnanñe abetrhrnh h `h [cpýk`nah huequc yh jcdbs abdprbkhlb ce c`
ahpätu`b tcracrb quc `h rch`nlhl eb crh csh%
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dhlrn`cøb h tcdcr pbr su scgurnlhl fucrh î` bkmctnvhdcetc b eb cecdngb lc `h [cpýk`nah *csb
phrh c` pcrscgunlb eb crh `b dès ndpbrthetc auhelb sc tcdäh pbr `h prbpnh vnlh y `b nedclnhtb
crh hphrthrsc lc `h vnlh abtnlnheh.%
¡%8%$ C` pc`ngrb ce c` prbpnb jbghr= `hs arnspähs y `b s pbrtcrbs
Csc hdkncetc rcvb`uanbehrnb quc sc rcspnrhkh ce Dhlrnl lhkh abknmb h` cefrcethdncetb
lc a`hsc y phrh `b s lcshfcatbs quc lckähe prbtcgcrsc rcsu`thrbe cspcanh`dcetc pc`ngrbshs ` h s ~
arnhlhs u btrbs cdp`chlbs lc scrvnanb sn `bs tceähe y sbkrc tblb `b s pbrtcrbs *b pbrtcrhs.„
lc `h s fneahs urkhehs pbrquc c` abethr abe su prcsceanh eb rcvc`hkh ecacshrnhdcetc pcrtcecacr
h ueh lctceenehlh abelnanñe sbanh` b cabeñdnah abdb ce c` ahsb lc` scrvnanb lbdîstnab%
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Ahpntu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaanñe lc `bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk nah%
C` rncsgb quc supbeäh auhelb sc abethkh abe pcrsbehs cdp`chlhs ce c` scrvnanb lc`
jbghr sc abearcthkh sbkrc tblb ce `h fngurh lc `h s arnhlhs% Ce duajhs bahsnbecs îsths crhe
duajhajhs mñvcecs quc knce lcslc hetcs lc mu`nb lc 8>16 b lcspuîs lc cetbeacs dhetceähe
rc`hanbecs abe h`gýe mbvce quc hjbrh cefuelhlb ce ue dbeb sc jhkäh trhesfbrdhlb ce ue
dn`nanheb% Lc eucstrhs nevcstnghanbecs y pbr h`guebs tcstndbenbs jcdbs pblnlb abea`unr quc
csth rc`hanñe abe `b s dn`nanhebs lc `h arnhlh supbeäh ue pc`ngrb phrh c` lcshfcatb= pbr cmcdp`b
`h fhdn`nh lc Mhvncr Fcreèelcz$Gb`fne ndpnlnñ quc îstc abebanlb qunethab`udensth rcsnlncrh
ce su prbpnh ahsh pbrquc `h arnhlh sc vcäh frcaucetcdcetc abe su ebvnb quc crh dn`nanheb%;
Eb fucrbe pbahs `hs lceueanhs b lca`hrhanbecs ce munanas lc arnhlhs ce abetrh lc su s scøbrcs%
_crb sne lulh `h fngurh dès pc`ngrbsh phrh c` cecdngb lc `h [cpýk`nah crh c` pbrtcrb
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tcecr khmb abetrb` c` lcshrrb``b lc `h vnlh ce `h dnsdh y h quncecs jhknthkhe ce c``h% _blcdbs
hfnrdhr hlcdès quc jhsth lnancdkrc lc 8>16, `hs lceueanhs lc `b s pbrtcrbs *y ce dcebr
dclnlh lc cshs arnhlhs y cdp`chlbs lc scrvnanb. eb sñ`b tcrdnehrbe ce `b s trnkueh`cs pbrquc
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Ahpätu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaanñe lc `bs cecttngbs lc `h [cpýk nah
lc `h hutbrnlhl y lc eb jhacr`b hsä sc cxpbeähe h scr c``bs `b s lctcenlbs%< Seh ducstrh dès
lc `h ndpbrtheanh quc sc lhkh h `h fngurh lc` pbrtcrb%
C` pbrtcrb lc `h fneah shkäh sn c` lc` qunetb crh susarnptbr lc ‐@ h Ehanñe— b c` lc`
tcracrb hauläh tblbs `b s lbdnegbs abe su fhdn`nh h dnsh h `h ng`csnh acraheh b h` lc` prndcrb
tblbs `b s dcscs `c phshkhe `h abtnzhanñe lc ueh fbrdhan3e pb`ätnah hjbrh cecdngh b sn c` jnmb
lc` vcaneb lc` scguelb sh`äh frcaucetcdcetc lc ahsh abe ahdnsh hzu` lc FC b vcrlc lc `b s
‐mhpnsths— cta%%% Ce sudh crh c` dcmbr abebaclbr lc `h vnlh lc ueh abduenlhl lc vcanebs%
^ fucrbe `b s pbrtcrbs quncecs pbr ceandh lc auh`quncr btrb scatbr b grupb sbanh` b prbfcsnbeh`
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vcrlhlcrb pc`ngrb%
Abe `b s snguncetcs lhtbs cxtrhälbs lc` heè`nsns lc `b s \rnkueh`cs _bpu`hrcs lc Dhlrnl3
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cstbs b quc `ucgb sc prcscethrbe ce c` prbacsb phrh prcsthr su tcstndbenb hprbxndhlhdcetc
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pbrtcrbs quc haulncrbe h lceueanhr b h lca`hrhr ce ue prbacsb `b jnancrbe ce abetrh cs lcanr
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`b s dhlrn`cøbs jbstn`cs h` [îgndce rcsu`thkhe%
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Ahpätu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaanñe lc `bs cecengbs lc `h [cpýk`tah%
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crh `b ýenab quc sc hpbrthkh ce c` prbacsb% Eb bksthetc `h dhybräh lc `h s vcacs quc îstc
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0 0`hs lceueanhs lc pbrtcrbs y arnhlhs eb prbluace yh `b s cfcatbs lc hetcs%5 56 Hsä ce
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Ahpntu`b 7= Hutbprbtchanñe lc `bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk nah
pcrsbehs quc jhkähe snlb lctcenlhs ce c` lbdnan`nb ce quc sc jh``hkhe csabelnlbs b
rcfugnhlbs% Csh rcsnlceanh pucs eb rcsu`thkh scr `h prbpnh pcrb prbetb sc hvcrnguhkh auè`
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sc dhetuvb ce tîrdnebs sndn`hrcs= yh jcdbs hfnrdhlb quc c` 6 8 # lc `b s ahsbs ce quc `b s
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Ahpätu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaanñe lc `bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk nah
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bauphrhe lc c``b% ^ abdb ce btrbs hspcatbs lc `h vnlh abtnlnheh dhlrn`cøh `h prb`nfcrhanñe
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dhyb lc 8>17 ce c` quc sc cxngäh h `b s pbrtcrbs ueh lca`hrhanñe murhlh ce `h quc jnancrhe
abesthr qunîecs vnvähe ce sus clnfnanbs% \rcs lähs lcspuîs c` 8 8 lc muenb c` Gcecrh` ce Mcfc
lc` Cmîrantb lc` Acetrb Mbsî Dnhmh Dcehet cdntäh btrb khelb„< ce c` quc dbstrhkh su
prcbauphanñe pbr c` abetrb` lc `h s csph`lhs lc su cmîrantb lc `h pbk`hanñe lc `h rcthguhrlnh
y, h` nguh` quc c` H`ah`lc brlcehkh h `b s pbrtcrbs y h `b s abdntîs lc vcanebs quc
ab`hkbrhrhe ce c` abetrb` lc csh pbk`hanñe tcencelb pcrfcatb abebandncetb sncdprc lc hquc``bs
quc vnvähe ce su clnfnanb% ^ pbr ý`tndb ueh tcracrh nestntuanñe lbs dcscs lcspuîs
rcspbeshkn`nzhkh h `b s pbrtcrbs lc` abetrb` lc `h pbk`hanñe ce rcthguhrlnh= ue khelb lc`
Gbkcrehlbr Anvn` lc Dhlrnl,83 Hetbenb \rngb Dhnrh` a` 6 lc hgbstb brlcehkh h ahlh pbrtcrb
quc lncrh auceth lc `b s nequn`nebs cvhauhlbs ce sus clnfnanbs h `hs abdnshrähs lc lnstrntb% \rcs
lnspbsnanbecs lnstneths lc btrhs theths nestntuanbecs pcrb quc sc rcfcrähe h `b dnsdb= c` abetrb`
¡1QJD9 HG@9 zh= H rd b % 38 9 [ % <8: 9 @% 1<39 A % ;9 Lba% 1 1 %
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Ahpätu`b 7= Hutbprbtcha`èe lc `bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah%
lc `h pbk`hanñe lc Dhlrnl%
Ce sudh `b quc sngenfnahkhe `h s lnspbsnanbecs rcabgnlhs hetcrnbrdcetc crh quc
dclnhetc c``hs `h s hutbrnlhlcs gukcrehtnvhs qucrähe tcecr abetrb`hlb h tblbs `b s anulhlhebs
*phrh `b quc ebs bauph h tblbs `b s rcsnlcetcs ce Dhlrnl. cstuvncrhe b eb ce su rcsnlceanh
jhkntuh`% C``b supbeäh abdb jcdbs vnstb ce c` ahsb lc Qhkhs quc sc abesnlcrhkh quc hquc`
quc netcethkh bau`thr su rcsnlceanh h `h s hutbrnlhlcs pbr cmcdp`b dclnhetc ueh nlcetnlhl fh`sh
sc abesnlcrhkh quc csthkh csabelnlb vnväh ce `h a`helcstnenlhl y pbr thetb crh pcrscgunk`c
h` dcebs abdb sbspcajbsb% @h rch`nlhl cs quc ce duajbs ahsbs crh rch`dcetc lcshfcatb ysc bau`thkh pbr c``b% Cstc tcdh thdknîe jhy quc rc`hanbehr`b abe `h Xuneth Ab`udeh yh quc
jukb grupbs qunethab`udensths quc tuvncrbe abdb acetrb lc rcuenñe b abeacetrhanñe
pcesnbecs abdb jcdbs vnstb ce `b s ahpätu`bs abrrcspbelncetcs%
Csh nescgurnlhl lc `b s lbdnan`nbs ``cvhkh h duajbs lcshfcatbs cecdngbs lc `h
[cpýk`nah h hkhelbehr`bs pcrb eb sñ`b csb% \hdknîe Nrhs junr lc su ahsh duajbs nenanhkhe
ue pcrcgrnehmc pbr lnvcrsbs neduck`cs ce Dhlrnl phe@ cvnthr scr `bah`nzhlbs% Dncetrhs c``b
baurräh c` dnsdb pcrscgunlb b `h dhybräh lc `h s bahsnbecs `h cspbsh `b s phlrcs `b s
jcrdhebs b hdngbs `c s gcstnbehkhe c` negrcsb ce h`gve clnfnanb prbtcgnlb pbr ueh khelcrh
cxtrhemcrh= `h s cdkhmhlhs `cghanbecs abesu`hlbs b pnsbs khmb su prbtcaanñe% Lc c``b ebs
bauphdbs ce `h s snguncetcs pègnehs%
NN%$ KÝQXSCLH LC@ @SGH[ DÈQ QCGS[Bt @HQ CDKHMHLHQ
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pbabs lähs lcspuîs lc `h suk`cvhanñe abdcezhrbe y ~ ä abe `h prbtcaanñe lc pcrsbehs y, sn
pblähe `b s kncecs lc cstbs cdpczhelb pbr sus rcspca`nvbs abdphtrnbths h `b s quc `h Gucrrh
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Ahpätu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaanñe lc `bs cece„tngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah%
`cs abgnñ ce Dhlrnl b gcstnbehelb su cvhauhanñe lc `h ahpnth`% _br btrb `hlb h`guebs lc
cstbs dnsdbs cxtrhemcrbs prbetb `bgrhrbe ueh acrtnfnahanñe lc `h rcprcscethanñe lc su phäs quc
ab`ghkhe lc `h pucrth lc su ahsh abdb prbtcaanñe c``bs dnsdbs sc ab`bahkhe krhzh`ctcs abe
sc``b lnp`bdètnab b pbeähe ce su vcjäau`b ueh khelcrCä lc su phäs phrh abescrvhr`b%
_crb abdb jcdbs pblnlb abesththr ce `h s pègnens hetcrnbrcs phrh c` lcshfcatb `h ah``c
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y sus nlchs crh jbstn` h `h [cpýk`nah lckäh kusahr ue rcfugnb scgurb knce lbelc cspcrhr
phsnvhdcetc c` fne lc `h Gucrrh sn ce su èendb b su ahrèatcr eb csthkh ab`hkbrhr lc fbrdhhatnvh ce `h `uajh abetrh `h [cpýk`nah lcslc `h rcthguhrlnh b knce hatuhelb ce abetrh lc c``h
lc auh`quncr fbrdh quc dnehsc su rcsnstceanh y `h lc `b s quc `h lcfcelähe ce c` frcetc lc
abdkhtc%
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crh c` dès scgurb `h s cdkhmhlhs abesu`hlbs y ue grhe eýdcrb lc pnsbs h `bs quc `h
ab`bahanñe lc ueh khelcrh lc ueh lctcrdnehlh ehanñe btbrghkh c` prnvn`cgnb lc `h prbtcaanñe
pbr `h cxtrhtcrrntbrnh`nlhl% Abdb lnac Qhetnhgb Ahrrn`T%b, `bs quc h``ä sc rcfugnhkhe=
0 0crhe sne lulh gcetc lc lcrcajhs% *%%%5 ^ ce hquc` dbdcetb scr lc lcrcajhs ce eucstrh zbeh
crh duy pc`ngrbsb% _rbkhk`cdcetc crh gcetc quc eb csthkh abespnrhelb%%% pcrb `ucgb jhkäh duajh Xuneth
Ab`udeh brghenzhlh y rch`%5 5
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prbetb abdcezñ ueh `hkbr lc habgnlh ce su s clnfnanbs prbtcgnlbs pbr `h cxtrhtcrrntbrnh`nlhl
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pcrscgunlbs pbr scr cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah%
\B lc Qhetnhgb Ahrrn``b Qb`hrcs%
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Ahpätu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaanñe lc `bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk nah%
88%8%$ C` dhrcb lc hatuhanbe
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prbtcaanñe lc ueh khelcrh cxtrhemcrh% Ce eucstrh nevcstnghanñe jcdbs ``cghlb h abdprbkhr
pbr cmcdp`b quc `h [cpýk`nah Lbdnenaheh h`ahezñ `h anfrh lc 6: pnsbs lnstrnkunlbs pbr `h
anulhl quc sc prbtcgncrbe abe su phkc``ñe%
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cdkhmhlh hrgcetneh y habgnñ rcfugnhlbs% Ce btrhs bahsnbecs cstbs neduck`cs pcrtcecaähe h
anulhlhebs lc `h ehanñe khmb auyh khelcrh sc ab`bahkhe y quc eb tceähe duajhs sndphtähs pbr
`h [cpýk`nah% Cstb sc lnb ce khsthetcs lc `b s 6: pnsbs lc `h [cpýk`nah Lbdnenaheh%
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h quc c` cdkhmhlbr h` prbluanrsc `h suk`cvhanñe sc jh``hkh lc vhahanbecs fucrh lc Dhlrnl *eb
sc b`vnlc quc c` h`zhdncetb dn`nthr tncec `ughr ce p`ceb vcrheb lc 8>16. abdb fuc c` ahsb
lc` pcruheb Muhe Bsdh y _hrlb quc csthkh ce Knhrrntz = ~ , ce prneanpnb eb rcgrcsñ h `h ahpnth`
y auhelb `b jnzb `ucgb sc vb`vnñ h dhrajhr bauphelb su pucstb ue csphøb`% Eb bksthetc
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Ahpätu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaa`ñe lc `bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah%
rcspcatnvbs cdkhmhlbrcs b dnenstrbs%
_crb `b s lnp`bdètnabs eb sc quclhrbe sñ`b ce bfrcacr rcfugnb h `b s pcrscgunlbs% Cs ue
jcajb abebanlb c` cebrdc a`ndh lc vnb`ceanh quc rcsp rhkh `h ahpnth` lc Csphøh lurhetc `b s
prndcrbs dcscs lc `h Gucrrh% Abdb heh`nzhdbs ce btrbs ahpätu`bs lc cstc trhkhmb lurhetc csc
pcrnblb `b s ahlèvcrcs lc vnatndhs lc `bs ‐phscbs— crhe `h jhkntuh` trègnah csthdph lc `h
anulhl tblhs `h s dhøhehs y `h sntuhanñe ce `h s aèrac`cs jhaähtcdcr pbr `h vnlh lc `b s prcsbs
abdb sc pusb lc dhenfncstb ce `h s abebanlhs cxtrhaanbrcs dhsnvhs lc ebvncdkrc y lnancdkrc
lc 8>16 quc tcrdnehrbe trègnahdcetc% ^ frcetc h cshs trègnahs anrauestheanhs thdknîe netcrvnebc` Aucreb Lnp`bdètnab%
Hsä c` cdkhmhlbr lc Sruguhy Frheansab Dn`hes ]hkh`cth sh`vñ lc ueh ahsn scgurh
ducrtc h Mbsî ]uknzhrrcth Gutnîrrcz,8: auhelb crh shahlb lc su lbdnan`nb= Mbsî pnlnñ hyulh
h Dn`hes qunce `b ``cvñ h `h LGQ y trhs ha`hrhr `h sntuhanñe pulb rcfugnhrsc y su fhdn`nh abe
î` ce `h @cghanñe uruguhyh%
Ce btrhs bahsnbecs `h s cdkhmhlhs bfrcaähe prb @caanñe h pcrsbehs pucsths ce `nkcrthl
y quc tcdähe pbr su vnlh ce auhetb sh`ncrhe h `h ah``c= cs c` ahsb lc Dheuc` Gutnîrrcz
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yh cx$prcsbs sc trhs`hlhrhe h `h s cdkhmhlhs b neduck`cs khmb prbtcaanñe lnp`bdètnah quc
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Ahpntu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaa`ñe lc `bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk nah%
ebrdh`dcetc fhdn`nhrcs b hdngbs `c jhkähe gcstnbehlb hetcrnbrdcetc%;8
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quc cfcatnvhdcetc c` dnclb h scr ‐phschlb— b lctcenlb *duajhs vcacs pbrquc sc c`ulähneabrpbrhrsc h `b s lckcrcs dn`nthrcs auhelb sc brlceht h h`gueh dbvn`nzhanñe. crh ue dbtnvb
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ueh `cghanñe lnp`bdètnah b acetrb sndn`hr sngenfnahkh `h sbspcajh lc lcshfcaanñe h `h
[cpýk`nah y sc lhkh c` ahsb lc lctceanñe lc pcrsbehs quc pbr ueh rhzñe u btrh tceähe rc`hanñe
abe ueh cdkhmhlh= jhkcr csthlb hsn`hlb ce ueh tcecr ne fhdn`nhr rcfugnhlb csthr cdp`chlb
ce ueh sclc lnp`bdètnah scr sbrprcelnlb jhk`helb pbr tc`îfbeb abe h`gueh b ``cvhr h`gýe
rcahlb h btrh% Auh`quncr rc`hanñe lc cstc tnpb crh dbtnvb h`cghlb sbkrc c` quc dhetcecr ueh
haushanñe pbr lcshfcaanñe hetc ue trnkueh`%;1
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_hrh haaclcr h `b s clnfnanbs khmb prbtcaanñe lnp`bdètnah;< jhkäh quc abethr abe `h
hutbrnzhanñe lc` rcprcscethetc lnp`bdètnab y lcspuîs supcrhr `b s rncsgbs lc scr lctcenlb ce
c` dbdcetb lc cetrhr ce c` rcanetb prbtcgnlb% Ce prneanpnb `h hutbrnzhanñe phrh c` negrcsb
; 8 C s t b sc abesthth ce eudcrbsbs tcstndbenbs jh``hlbs ce AHSQH= _ ncz h NNN= *‐Aèrac`cs y shahs—.%
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Ahpätu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaanñe lc `bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk nah
sñ`b `h lckäh lhr c` Mcfc lc Dnsnñe pcrb lcknlb h ` h C cspcanh`cs anrauestheanhs lc Dhlrnl
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`h ehanbeh`nlhl lc` phäs lc` quc sb`nanthkhe hsn`b y ce `h prèatnah sc hdp`nhrbe `b s arntcrnbs
habgncelb thdknîe h `b s quc csthkhe cdphrcethlbs abe pcrsbehs lc csh ehanbeh`nlhl= Se
cmcdp`b duy frcaucetc lc c``b fuc c` ahsb lc Aukh= duajbs quc ehancrbe ce `h ns`h ahrnkcøh
auhelb îsth crh pbscsnñe csphøb`h ahsn 3? høbs lcspuîs lc `h nelcpcelceanh crhe hjbrh
dhlrn`cøbs quc h`cghkhe pbsccr `h ehanbeh`nlhl aukheh phrh haaclcr dès fèan`dcetc h `b s
clnfnanbs khmb prbtcaanñe lc `h ehanñe hetn``heh%
_crb c` ahuac dès utn`nzhlb phrh `bgrhr netrbluanrsc ce ue `bah` lnp`bdètnab crhe `h s
rc`hanbecs lc ahrèatcr pcrsbeh`= abebacr h` Mcfc lc Dnsnñe b h`gunce lc` pcrsbeh` lnp`bdètnab
b hldnenstrhtnvb lc `h rcprcscethanñeb abebacr pcrsbehs quc pbr su abelnanñe pb`ätnah b sbanh`
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fbrdèelbsc hsä ueh ahlceh%
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pbr su vnlh b su `nkcrthl%
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ah``c lc `b s Jcrdhebs Kîaqucr : y abethkh abe 8?? rcfugnhlbs nefbrdhanñe quc abebanh
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Csths ph`hkrhs supbece ue rcabebandncetb h pbstcrnbrn lc tblh csh hatnvnlhl ce c`
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Ahpätu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaanñe lc `bs cecvdtgbs lc `h [cpýk`nah%
h`guebs abdb Hkrhjhd Vèzqucz Qècez lc Jcrdýh quc trhs ueh krcvc lctceanñe h` sh`nr
`nkrc sc uenräh h ueh lc `h s brghenzhanbecs dès ndpbrthetcs lc `h Xuneth Ab`udeh dhlrn`cøh=
`h lc Hetbenb Kbutjc`ncr C s p h s h 9 \ D y hlcdès jhkäh btrhs pcrsbehs thdknîe pcrfcathdcetcabeacptuhk`cs abdb î` lc lcshfcaths h `h [cpýk`nah%
C` cdkhmhlbr fne`helîs `cmbs lc ecghr `b s jcajbs jnzb pýk`nah ueh ebth ce `h quc
dhenfcsthkh su sbrprcsh hetc `h s nefbrdhanbecs lc quc ce c` clnfnanb lcpcelncetc lc su
rcprcscethanñe sc lncrh abknmb h lcshfcatbs y sc guhrlhrhe hrdhs% Ce enegýe dbdcetb ecgñ
h`gueh lc `h s ndputhanbecs lc `h L B Q : 3 y c` Dnenstrb lc Csthlb jnzb pýk`nah ueh ebth ce `h
quc pcläh `h rctnrhlh lc` cdkhmhlbr fneîs rchfnrdhelb `h prcsceanh lc `b quc ah`nfnahkh lc
Xuneth Ab`udeh y lc hrdhs ce c` `bah` hsh`thlb^ _blrähdbs pceshr quc cstbs suacsbs
rcspbelähe h ueh fbrdh lc ``hdhr `h htceanñe sbkrc quc `h [cpýk`nah eb csthkh lnspucsth h
tb`crhr `b s hkusbs lc` lcrcajb lc hsn`b quc cvnlcetcd„~etc sc csthkhe prbluancelb% @h ebth
lähs lcspuîs lc `h `cghanñe dcxnaheh quc rcabgcdbs 8 \ @ h s hlc`hetc phrcac dhenfcsthr quc `b s
lnp`bdètnabs jhkähe ahpthlb c` hvnsb%
Cfcatnvhdcetc cstc hdkncetc lc sbspcajh jhanh `h s rcprcscethanbecs lnp`bdètnahs
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fne`helcsh fuc qunzè `h rhzñe quc dbtnvñ `h puk`nahanñe ce `bs pcrnñlnabs,:7 c` 6 lc
lnancdkrc lc csh ebth lc `h Cdkhmhlh lc Dîxnab rhanñe auyb hpbyb h `h [cpýk`nah crh
abebanlb ce `h quc ha`hrhkh quc ce su sclc sñ`b sc rcabgäh h pcrsbehs sne tcecr ce auceth
:<\B lc Czcqunc` M hq u c t c [hdh% Btrb a h s b c s c ` l c Hetbenb Ghraäh Vneucsh, lctcenlb thdknîe hquä, y q u c p u cs t b ce ` nkcrthl, fbrdhr`h phrtc l c `h
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Ahpätu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaanñe lc `bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk nah%
su nlcb`bgäh y eb hrdhs en cxp`bsnvbs c nefbrdhkh quc sñ`b pbscähe uehs hrdhs phrh jhacr
frcetc h ‐neabetrb`hlbs— sn cstbs sc prcscethsce%
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htrhs% Dnclb fuelhlb pbrquc cstbs hsh`tbs vb`vcrähe h prbluanrsc%
@h ebajc lc` 3 h` 6 lc dhyb lc 8>17 fucrzhs cevnhlhs pbr `h s hutbrnlhlcs lc Dhlrnl
cetrhrbe ce `b s `bah`cs lc` Abesu`hlb lc _crý ce `h ah``c lc` _räeanpc lc Vcrghrh 1: y
csah`behlhdcetc sc fucrbe ``cvhelb h `b `hrgb lc vhrnbs lähs h tblbs `b s h``ä rcfugnhlbs= dès
lc 1?? csphøb`cs y 6? pcruhebs%:: C` hsh`tb `b jnancrbe dn`nanhebs ceahkczhlbs pbr c` Lnrcatbr
Gcecrh` lc Qcgurnlhl Wceacs`hb Ahrrn``b y c` prctcxtb fuc `h cxnstceanh lc ue hphrhtb
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`h vcrlhlcrh rhzñe crhe `h s sndphtähs dbstrhlhs pbr c` Gbkncreb pcruheb jhanh `b s
Ehanbeh`cs% Qc pusb ce `nkcrthl h phrtc lc `bs rcfngnhlbs pcrb 8 : lc c``bs mñvcecs y
abebanlbs pbr su fn`nhanñe lcrcajnsth fucrbe ``cvhlbs h `h _rcvceanñe lc `h LBQ ce [belh
lc Htbajh *lbelc sufrncrbe duy dh`bs trhtbs>?., lc hjn phshrbe h Qhe Hetñe `ucgb h `h
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:> ‚Jcrh`lb l c Dhlrnl„ *7%?3%17.%
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q u c hfnrdhkh q u c csthkhe ce 00pîsndhs abelnanbecs l c judhenlhl c nea`usb h`guebs l c c``bs sbdctnlbs h d h b s trhtbs5=5 *AHSQH= @cghmb 3>8„.,phshelbpbr c` \B l c h`gunce q u c cstuvb h``ä lctcenlb cetbeacs, abneanlncelb abe c s t b s h``ä lctcenlbs, pcrb q u c e b s pnlnñ q u c e b rcvc`èrhdbs s u nlcetnlhl,j hs th abesu`thr c` cxpclncetc q u c `h prbpnh LGQ, hkrnñ h `b s dncdkrbs lc `h Krnghlh l c Vh`cetä q u c fueanbehkh c e cs t c acetrb pbr c s b s d h b s trhtbs%
> 8Ce btrb ahpätu`b l c cs t c trhkhmb e b s jhacdbs cab lc c s t c prbacsb%
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Ahpätu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaanñe lc `bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk nah%
fneh` c` Gbkncreb lc _crý rbdpnñ su s rc`hanbecs lnp`bdètnahs abe c` Gbkncreb rcpuk`naheb
c` 8 7 lc dhrzb lc 8>1: y c` 8 3 lc mu`nb `h s hutbrnlhlcs lc Dhlrnl hsh`thkhe `b s `bah`cs lc su
@cghanñe ce Dhlrnl h ahrgb cetbeacs lc `h C d kh mh l C @ lc Ajn`c%
Bajb dcscs lcspuîs lc `b s suacsbs lc` Abesu`hlb lc _crý sc prbluanräh c` hsh`tb h
`h @cghanñe lc \urquäh% C` ;: lc cecrb lc 8>1: hgcetcs lc` QND y lc `h pb`naäh nrrudpncrbe
ce c` ; 8 lc `h ah``c lc ]urkheb sclc lc `h @cghanñe Srah y sc ``cvhrbe h `b s hsn`hlbs quc
h``ä quclhkhe% Csth [cprcscethanñe jhsth cetbeacs jhkäh snlb trhthlh abe pcrdnsnvnlhl
pbrquc jhy quc tcecr ce auceth quc \urquäh crh ue phäs ndpbrthetc phrh `h [cpýk`nah pucsabetrb`hkh `b s cstrcajbs lc` Kñsfbrb y Lhrlhec`bs vn`h`cs phrh c` hkhstcandncetb dhrätndb
lc dhtcrnh` lc gucrrh lcslc `h Senñe Qbvnîtnah% Huequc cxnstäh c` \rhthlb lc Dbetrcux lc`
;? lc mu`nb lc 8>16, quc pcrdntäh c` phsb lc khraas lc auh`quncr ehanbeh`nlhl pbr `b s
cstrcajbs ce abelnanbecs duy fhvbrhk`cs c` 8 lc scptn;dkrc snguncetc \urquäh jhkäh pucstb
ce cmcauanñe c` \rhthlb lc Eb netcrvceanñe>1 y abe auh`quncr prctcxtb pblräh jhkcr lctcenlb
y cxhdnehlb auh`quncr khrab sbvnîtnab abe c` abesnguncetc csaèelh`b h` vcr `h ahrgh lc hrdhs%
_br c``b `h ehanñe btbdheh lnsfruthkh lc csc =rhtb f`cxnk`c `b quc `c pcrdntnñ pbr
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]urkheb auhelb cetrc cstbs auelnñ c` pèenab pbr c` hsh`tb lc` neduck`c lc `h ah``c lc
Vc`èzqucz c` < lc lnancdkrc lc 8>16 huequc hsä sc lup`nahrh c` eýdcrb lc rcfugnhlbs ce c`
`bah` turab *`bs <:; lc` rcfugnb fne`helîs jnancrbe quc c` eýdcrb lc hsn`hlbs khmb khelcrh
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ebdkrhr h Bathvnb Ahkrcrb, Añesu` Gcecrh` lc` _ cb . ce Khrac`beh, abdb ceahrghlb l c ecgeanbs ‚hl kba„ phrhjhacrsc ahrgb l c `b s 8 : rcfugnhlbs y shahr`bsl c C sp h øh % C` Gbkncreb l c Khrac`beh eb hacptñ cs t h fñrdu`h, p u c s abdprceläh q u c th e prbetb s c jukncsc sb`uanbehlb c ` prbk`cdh l c `b s rcfugnhlbs c`Gbkncreb l c @ndh rctnrhr`h `h p`cenpbtceanh h s u Añesu` Gcecrh` c e Khrac`beh% ^ thdpbab % t acp t ñ hetrcghr c s t b s rcfugnhlbs h ue tcracr phns, q u c crh `h btrhh`tcrehtnvh prbpucsth pbr c` Gbkncreb pcruheb% Ce HZ<HC= [$671= Cxp= 8?= [cabgnlb ce GÑDC] [CB^B Dhrnh lc` Ahrdce% B p % a nc % *pp% >? y s s . %
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Ahpätu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaanñe lc `bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah%
turah phshrh h scr lc :?:.9 b quc ce hkrn` lc 8>17, c` Gbkncreb rcpuk`naheb hacpthrh sne
p`hetchr prbk`cdh h`gueb `h cvhauhanñe lc cetrc 7?? y :?? rcfugnhlbs>< brghenzhlh pbr `h
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trhtb h `h [cprcscethanñe turah h` prbpbranbehr `h cxaush phrh acshr ce `h abelcsacelceanh abe
quc crh trhthlh csth @cghanñe y hahkñ dbtnvhelb d csc ~ n lcspuîs `h netcrvceanñe quc pblcdbs
hfnrdhr abdb vcrcdbs tceäh pbr vcrlhlcrb bkmctb ` C % lctceanñe lc qunethab`udensths%
C` jcajb cs quc sc prblumb ue neanlcetc ce c` Khrab turab Ihrhlcenz quc cvhauhkh h
csbs hsn`hlbs= Qc jhkäh csthk`canlb quc sñ`b pblrähe lcscdkhrahr ce Qnrhaush *Nth`nh eb sc
b`vnlc. dumcrcs enøbs y jbdkrcs ce clhl eb dn`nthr ‚ r sc netcrehräh h` rcstb ce clhl dn`nthr
*h`gb dès lc 8??.% ^h hetcs ce ueh csah`h ce Dh`th lncz lc cstbs ý`tndbs netcethrbe junr
`b s neg`cscs `b s lcvb`vncrbe y sc zhemñ c` neanlcetc pcrb h` ``cghr h Qnrhaush lbacehs lc
cxpclnanbehrnbs sc `hezhrbe h` dhr h`ahezhelb h ehlb `h brn``h y `b s ahrhknencrt eb jnancrbe
ehlh pbr ndpclnr`b h`cghelb quc eb tceähe fucrzh,~ sufnancetcs phrh lctcecr h `b s quc
hkhelbehkhe c` khrab% @h dhybr phrtc lc cstbs rcfugnhlbs phshrähe `ucgb h `h Csphøh ehanbeh`
h kbrlb lc` khrab nNh``heX Grhlnsah,~ Cstc neanlcetc ahusñ ce c` Gbkncreb rcpuk`naheb grhe
nelngehanñe pcrb c` lc Heihrh eb sc abesnlcrhkh rcspbeshk`c lc `h hatuhanñe lc `h s fucrzhs
lc brlce pýk`nab lc ue tcracr phäs abdb Nth`nh% Eb bksthetc cstbs jcajbs fucrbe c` tc`ñe lc
fbelb lc` hsh`tb lc` ;: lc cecrb lc 8>1:%
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c` eýdcrb lc `bs q u c cdkhrahrbe ce Vh`ceanh fuc 73?= Ce QJD9 HG@= AGG9 Hrnh,% 39 [ % ;889 @% ;:>9 A% NK9 Lba% 8 *ff% 16 y 6<.%
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Ahpätu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaanñe lc `bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk nah%
C` prctcxtb nedclnhtb quc h`cgñ c` QND, cmcautbr lc `h haanñe phrh c` hsh`tb fuc quc
`h s fucrzhs lc` brlce jhkähe snlb hgrclnlhs pcrb sc hatuñ sne prcvcenr lc c``b h` Mcfc lc
Dnsnbe Ibpcr`cr quc ` `cgñ nea`usb h scrdh`trhthlb% Ce c` dbdcetb lc` hsh`tb ce `b s `bah`cs
lc \urquäh quclhkhe 8:? pcrsbehs *<? scøbrhs 6? dn@nthrcs y :? jbdkrcs anvn`cs. h`guebs
lc c``bs duy ndpbrthetcs pbr pcrtcecacr h `h Xuneth Ab`udeh y vcrlhlcrbs bkmctnvbs lc `h
bpcrhanñe abdb cxp`nahdbs dès hlc`hetc% \blbs fucsbe lctcenlbs y trhs phshr pbr c` QND
y cT Dnenstcrnb lc Gucrrh tcrdnehrbe ceacrrhlbs ce c` khrab prnsnñe Vn``h lc Dhlrnl ce cT
pucrtb lc Khrac`beh% @ucgb `h s dumcrcs scrähe ``cvhlhs h `h aèrac` lc @cs A„brts%
H pcshr lc `h bpbsnanñe ceîrgnah lc` turab Ibr„cr`cr su hatntul ahdknñ rhlnah`dcetc
auhelb c` Dnenstcrnb lc Csthlb `c hausñ lc tcecr dès rcfugnhlbs lc `b s quc jhkäh lca`hrhlb
h`guebs nea`usb abe ebdkrc fh`sb sc abebanñ quc `h s hutbrnlhlcs jhkähe ceabetrhlb ue
ndpbrthetc hrsceh` *6? hrdhs lc fucgb y 8?? ahmhs lc duenanbecs lc fusn`. y eudcrbsbs
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h` Dnenstrb lc Csthlb cxausèelbsc^ Seh vcz dès jcdbs lc lcanr quc cs nevcrbsndn` c n`ñgnab
quc `b s rcfugnhlbs lnsphrhsce lcslc c` netcrnbr abdb h`cghrbe `h s hutbrnlhlcs rcpuk`nahehs *y
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hrsceh` phrcac scr quc `h s hrdhs fucrbe pucsths `ucgb pbr `h s hutbrnlhlcs rcpuk`nahehs y en
snquncrh lckähe pcrtcecacr h `b s qunethab`udensths%>:
Eb bksthetc abdb yh jcdbs dceanbehlb arccdbs ce abetrh lc `h bpnenñe lc Gñdcz
[cbyb^ quc c` dbtnvb lc cstc hsh`tb eb fuc c` neanlcetc lc `h cvhauhanñe lc` dcs lc hkrn`
>7HDH[= [%671= CxpäQ% [cabgnlb ce GÑDC] [CB^B Dhrnh lc` Ahrdce% Bp% ant% *pp% >? y s s . %
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Ahpätu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaanñe lc `bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah%
hetcrnbr huequc pulncrh h`cghrsc abe ancrtb fuelhdcetb pbr phrtc lc `h s hutbrnlhlcs
rcpuk`nahehs% @h prneanph` rhzñe y prndbrlnh` bkmctnvb lc` h``hehdncetb lc `h @cghanñe turah
fuc `h lcshrtnau`hanñe lc ueh rcl a`helcstneh lc `h Xuneth Ab`udeh%
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phrtc lc `h bpcrhanñe quc `h lcsdbetñ% Lcslc pbr `b dcebs ue høb hetcs shkcdbs quc `bs
scrvnanbs lc abetrhcspnbehmc rcpukTnahebs abebaähe quc ce `h @cghanñe turah sc lcshrrb``hkhe
hatnvnlhlcs a`helcstnehs= trhs c` hsuetb lc `h fh`sh Cdkhmhlh lc Qnhd h` quc ebs rcfcrnrcdbsdès hlc`hetc H`fbesb @ñpcz lc @ctbeh fuc lctcenlb y c` 8 ? lc cecrb lc 8>17 lca`hrhkh hetc
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dbethlb5 5, y Dheuc` Qh`ghlb Dbrcnrh Mcfc lc csbs Qcrvnanbs Cspcanh`cs lc` Dnenstcrnb
lc Gucrrh lca`hrhräh c` 8 ; lc dhyb lc 8>17, quc @ñpcz lc @ctbeh `cs abduenañ tblh `h
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Ahpätu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaanñe lc `bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah%
Hegc` _clrcrb hfnrdhräh lcspuîs quc `h brlce lc netcrvcenr prbacläh lc `h Mcfhturh Acetrh`
lc` QND ce Khrac`beh% _br thetb `b quc sc lcducstrh c ~ quc c` hsh`tb h `h @cghanñe turah crh
prneanph`dcetc ueh haanñe ceauhlrhlh ce `h `uajh abetrh `h Xuneth Ab`udeh dhlrn`cøh quc
yh jcdbs hfnrdhlb ce btrhs bahsnbecs sc hrtnau`hkh ce phrtc utn`nzhelb `h s rcprcscethanbecs
lnp`bdètnahs%„?1 ^h jcdbs abebanlb ce c` ahpätu`b hetcrnbr `h rc`hanñe cetrc `h ‐Brghenzhanñe
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tcelrähe quc rcaurrnr h` Aucrpb Lnp`bdètnab% Hsä ce a` QJD jcdbs jh``hlb ue lbaudcetb
quc rcf`cmhräh abdb sc ahdknhrbe `b s phpc`cs h` fdh` tc `h Gucrrh% Mbsc Dhräh Xunøbecs lc
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Ahpätu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaanñe lc `bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk nah%
rcfugnb lc `b s lcrrbthlbs frcetc h su prcvnsnk`c pcrscaua %ñe pbr `b s vceaclbrcs trhs `h vnatbrnh%
88%3%$ @hs hatuhanbecs n`cgh`cs= @h fnatnanh Cdkhmhlh lc Qnhd y `hs fh`shs
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prndcrbs dcscs lc `h Gucrrh phrh `uajhr abetrh `b s cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah cdkbsahlbs
ce Dhlrnl% Ce cstb abesnstnñ ce `h abestntuanñe lc fnatnanbs `bah`cs lnp`bdètnabs y c` dbethmc
lc cvhauhanbecs fh`shs%
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ueäh `h abefnhezh quc csths nespnrhkhe h `b s lcshfcatbs dhlrn`cøbs% Cstbs fhatbrcs fhan`nthrbe
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Ahpätu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaanñe lc `bs cecdnghs lc `h [cpýk`nah%
lnrcatnvb quc hatýh khmb `h ndpuenlhl lc` ‐lcrcajb lc hsn`b—% ²Jhsth auèelb cstc prbk`cdh
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cxnstceanh lc vcrlhlcrbs hrsceh`cs lc hrdhs y hphrhtbs lc rhlnb cetrc btrhs ce `h s cdkhmhlhs
lc Ajn`c y _crý% _crb nkh dès h``è% Anthkh h` ajn`ceb Kbkky Lcg`heî h qunce haushkh lc
hatnvnlhlcs lc cspnbehmc y sc ndputhkh h Eýøcz Dbrg=nlb c` jhkcr abescgunlb `h `nkcrthl lc
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lc cspäh h Ajn`c%
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Eýøcz Dbrghlb%
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Ahpntu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaatñe lc `bs cecdngBs lc `h [cpýk nah%
Dbrcnrh„8? Stn`nzhrähe h H`fbesb @ñpcz lc @ctbeh qunce pbr jhkcr snlb scarcthrnb lc
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lc @ctbeh `c prbpusb csth bpcrhanñe Hetbenb Vcrhrlnen Läcz lc Fcrrctn quc hatuhkh abdb
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Ahpätu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaa`ñe lc `bs cecdngbs lc `h[cpýk nah
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hehrqunsths phrh `bah`nzhr y c`ndnehr cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk`nah ce `h rcthguhrlnh% Dnhmh
rcprcscethetc lc `h hutbrnlhl rcpuk`naheh ce `h ahpnth` pusb fd h csth n`cgh` bpcrhanñe pbrquc
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phrtcs lc csc trhkhmñ y `h MLD netcethkh `uajhr abetrh `b s cecdngbs lc` [îgndce thdknîe
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Ahpätu`b 7= Hutbprbtcaa`ñe lc `bs cecdngbs lc `h [cpýk nah%
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h `b s hsn`hlbs b h su s fhdn`nhrcs bfrcanîelb`cs ueh cvhauhanñe sh`vhlbrh% C` pbrtcrb lc` pnsb
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