Post on 03-Jun-2018
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Effect of central vision losson mutual gaze perception
Alex Bowers, Sarah Sheldon,Jessilin Quint and Heiko Hecht
Schepens Eye Research Institute
Massachusetts Eye and Ear
Harvard Medical SchoolAffiliate
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Seeing faces is important
Faces and facial expressions provide importantnonverbal (visual) information in social situations
Individuals with central vision loss (CVL) have
limited access to such cues
Prior studies: effects of CVL on recognizing and
discriminating faces and expressions
But ability to perceive mutual gaze not evaluated
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Important nonverbal visual cue that directs
conversations and social interactions
Inability to perceive mutual gaze may causedifficulties in social situations
YOU
??
Mutual gaze perception
Knowing whether or not somebody is looking at you
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Perceived to occur over a range of gaze directions
the cone of gaze
Mutual gaze perception
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Perceived to occur over a range of gaze directions
the cone of gaze
Mutual gaze perception
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Perceived to occur over a range of gaze directions
the cone of gaze
Mutual gaze perception
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Perceived to occur over a range of gaze directions
the cone of gaze Sector of space in which an observer will feel looked at if
the lookers fixation falls within
Mutual gaze perception
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Gaze perception task quantifies both the width and
direction of this gaze cone Is sensitive to differences in gaze cone widths between
controls and people with social phobias
Cone of Gaze
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Purpose
Evaluate the effect of CVL on gaze perception
Patients perspective
Self-report questionnaire
Functional abilities
Gaze perception task / performance-based measure
Examine relationship between self-reporteddifficulties and measured difficulties
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Participants
18 with CVL VA 20/60 to 20/250
11 with central scotoma
Mean 57 years (range 28 to 86)
18 normally-sighted controls
VA 20/30 or better
Mean 60 years (range 33 to 85)
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0
20
40
60
80
100
Parti
cipants(%)
Difficulty:
Mutual gaze perception
Looking at you?
Looking at
someone else?
No
Difficulty
Extreme
DifficultyNo
Difficulty
Extreme
Difficulty
CVL Normally-Sighted
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Pilot Questionnaire:Gaze perception & social communication
Opinion
3 multiple choice
Difficulty
4 multiple choice
4 open-ended
Definitely
True
Mostly
True
Somewhat
True
Somewhat
False
Mostly
False
Definitely
False
1 2 3 4 5 6
No difficulty......................................... 1
A little difficulty....................................2
Some difficulty.....................................3
Moderate difficulty.............................. 4
Extreme difficulty.................................5
Stopped doing this because of your
eyesight................................................ 6
Stopped doing this for other reasons or
not interested in doing this...................7
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Maintaining eye contact
CVL think important, but only 33% definitelydid
Add figures for importance of maintaining
eye contact and I maintain eye contact Show data for CVL and NV
Any difference between scotoma and non-
scotoma group for these two questions? ---No
O
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Opinion:
Maintaining eye contact
0
20
40
60
80
100
Participants(%)
Definitely
True
Definitely
FalseDefinitely
True
Definitely
False
Important to
socialcommunication?
CVL Normally-Sighted
But, only 33%definitely did!
O i i
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Opinion:
Maintaining eye contact
0
20
40
60
80
100
Participants(%)
Definitely
True
Definitely
FalseDefinitely
True
Definitely
False
Important to
socialcommunication?
CVL Normally-Sighted
But, only 33%definitely did!
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Difficulty with mutual gaze
Add figures for difficulty knowing somebodyis looking at you and looking at somebody
else; data for CVL and NV
Is there any difference between the scotomaand non-scotoma group for these two
questions? --- No
Diffi lt
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0
20
40
60
80
100
Participants(%)
Difficulty:
Mutual gaze perception
Looking at you?
Looking at
someone else?
No
Difficulty
Extreme
DifficultyNo
Difficulty
Extreme
Difficulty
CVL Normally-Sighted
Diffi lt
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0
20
40
60
80
100
Participants(%)
Difficulty:
Mutual gaze perception
Looking at you?
Looking at
someone else?
No
Difficulty
Extreme
DifficultyNo
Difficulty
Extreme
Difficulty
CVL Normally-Sighted
Diffi l
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Difficulty:Mutual gaze perception
Mostly due to difficulties seeing peoples eyes Coping strategies . Use head direction, context
of conversation
Something about distance
Diffi lt
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Difficulty:
Mutual gaze perception
Mostly due to difficulties seeing
peoples eyes
Contrast been iris and white sclera signalgaze direction
CVL = contrast sensitivity & visual acuity
Diffi lt
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Difficulty:
Mutual gaze perception
Coping strategies:
Use alternative (non-facial) cues
Head direction
Context of conversation
Conscientious of distance limitations Social interactions only within a minimum
distance
Diffi lt
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Difficulty:
Seeing other peoples reaction
0
20
40
60
80
100CVL
Normally-Sighted
Participants(%
)
No
Difficulty
Extreme
Difficulty
Diffi lt
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Difficulty:
Seeing other peoples reaction
Coping strategies:
Use alternative (non-facial) cues
Tone and inflection of voice
Conscientious of distance limitations
Avoid heavily emotional social interactions
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Gaze perception / cone task
Life-size virtual head
1 m viewing distance
Habitual spectacles
Visual axes converged
in observers plane
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Head orientation
Straight, 8 left, 8 right
D t i t k
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Decentering task
Gaze cone width
Eyes started in straight ahead position
Instructed to rotate the eyes either to the left
or to the right until they felt that the virtual
head was about to stop gazing at them
D t i t k
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Decentering task
Gaze cone width
Eyes started instraight ahead
position
Instructed to rotatethe eyes either to
the left or to the
right until they feltthat the virtual head
was about to stop
gazing at them
VIDEO 1
D t i t k
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Decentering task
Gaze cone width
Distance between the right and leftextremes = gaze cone width
D t i t k
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Decentering task
Gaze cone width
Distance between the right and leftextremes = gaze cone width
D t i t k
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Decentering task
Gaze cone width
Distance between the right and leftextremes = gaze cone width
C t i t k
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Centering task
Mean straight ahead gaze direction
Eyes started 7 to 9
left or right Instructed to move
the eyes until they
felt that the virtual
head was gazing
directly at them
VIDEO 2
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Gaze cone width
No significant difference in width between CVLand NV
Figure for mean width for NV and CVL; data collapsed across age and
head orientation
I wondered about doing a figure for the mean width that shows the
actual mean extent of the gaze cone to the right and left, with lateral
extent along the x-axis. Please makeve to the left and +ve to the
right. If you are not sure what I mean, please ask.
Im not going to say anything about variability in gaze cone width
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Normally-Sighted
CVL
Gaze Cone Width (Deg)
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Gaze cone width
No significant difference in width between CVLand NV
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Gaze Cone Width (deg)
Normally-Sighted
CVL
Error Bars = SE
Gaze cone direction (judgment of
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Gaze cone direction (judgment of
straight ahead gaze direction)
-4
-2
0
2
4
-8 0 8GazeConeDire
ction(deg)
Head Orientation (deg)
Normally-Sighted
Error Bars = SE
Gaze cone direction (judgment of
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Gaze cone direction (judgment of
straight ahead gaze direction)
-4
-2
0
2
4
-8 0 8GazeConeDire
ction(deg)
Head Orientation (deg)
CVLNormally-Sighted
Error Bars = SE
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Scotoma vs. non-scotoma
Any differences between scotoma and non-scotoma for gaze cone mean width, mean
direction, and variability of mean direction?
*** not collapsed across head orientation,but look at the next slide which seems
interesting
Scotoma vs non scotoma:
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Scotoma vs. non-scotoma:
Judgment of straight ahead gaze direction
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
-8 0 8GazeConeDire
ction(deg)
Head Orientation (deg)
Non-scotomaScotoma
Error Bars = SE
Variability in judgment of straight
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Variability in judgment of straight
ahead direction
Figure something like this
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Normally Sighted Central Vision Loss
Standard
DeviationoftheDirectionofGaze
(degree)
Vision Group
Variability in judgment of straight
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Variability in judgment of straight
ahead direction
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
CVL Normally-Sighted
VariabilityinPerceive
dGaze
D
irection(deg)
Error Bars = SE
Variability in judgment of straight
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Variability in judgment of straight
ahead direction
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
CVL Normally-Sighted
Variabil
ityinPerceivedGaze
D
irection(deg
)
Error Bars = SE
**
Relationship between self reported and
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Relationship between self-reported and
measured difficulty
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1 2 3 4 5Variab
ilityinPerceivedGaze
Direction(de
g)
Gaze Perception and SocialDifficulties Mean Score
Greater Difficulty
r2= .70**
*p< .05**p< .01
Relationship between self reported difficulty
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Relationship between self-reported difficulty
and vision measures0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
VisualAcuity
(logMAR)
C
ontrastSensitivity
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Gaze Perception and SocialDifficulties Mean Score
Greater Difficulty
r2= .47*
r2= .39
*p
< .05**p< .01
Relationship between self-reported
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Relationship between self-reported
and measured difficulty
Scatterplot for gaze perception question(s) Scatterplots for VA and CS (to show no
relationship)
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Conclusions
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Thank you!