active skins

Frei Otto (1925-2015)

2015 Pritzker Architecture Prize Jury Citation

…Taking inspiration from nature and the processes found there, he

sought ways to use the least amount of materials and energy to enclose

spaces.

He practiced and advanced ideas of sustainability, even before the word

was coined.

form-active

Palaisquartier Frankfurt Architect: Massimiliano Fuksas, Rome

Roof and Facade: Knippers Helbig

form-finding

form-finding

1997

DG Bank Berlin F.O. Gehry Ass. / Schlaich Bergermann und Partner, Stuttgart

DG Bank Berlin contractor: Gartner / Gundelfingen

Westfield – London, UK (2008) Arch Buchan Group Contractor seele

Each node consists of 18 different plates. The geometry of each node and therefore of each of this 18 plates is different.

Section list (in mm): 180(168)x65x5 ..x40 Connections: 3M16 / 3M20,10.9 or welded

Westfield – London, UK (2008) Arch Buchan Group Contractor seele

Westmill Shopping Centre, London, 2007 Architects: Benoy London

Strucutre: Knippers Helbig Advance Engineering Contractor: Seele Gersthofen

Peek und Cloppenburg, Cologne; 2005 Architect: Renzo Piano Building Workshop, Paris

Engineer Facade: Knippers Helbig, Stuttgart Shading system: clauss markisen

Model: Renzo Piano

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•  ²

42 Animation Arnold Walz

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shell action – thermal expansion – 80 Kelvin temperature range

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Drawing: Renzo Piano Building Workshop

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March 2011

Museum of Fine Arts, Houston Architect: Steven Holl

Climate Engineering: Transsolar Facade Engineering: Knippers Helbig

March 2011

The secondary skin acts as a so-called cool jacket by reducing the amount of

solar heat gain into the building – critical for Houstons sunny climate.

Invisible solar radiation is captured by the cool jacket and vented to outdoors. Initial investigations show this strategy allows windows which are 40% larger

than a traditional window wile reducing the space cooling load by 28%.

March 2011

Institute Du Monde Arabe, Architect: Jean Nouvel

VW  Beetle  1972:  4900  parts  

Today:  up  to  28.000  parts  from  4.500  suppliers  Image:  Volkswagen  

One Ocean - Theme Pavilion EXPO 2012, Yeosu / Korea Architect: SOMA, Vienna

Photo:  Soma  

Photo:  Simon  Schleicher  

Academy of Motion Pictures Architect: Renzo Piano Building Workshop, Genoa

Engineer Facade: Knippers Helbig, Stuttgart

TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING

Shading Pattern - View from Street

Solar Equinox 21st March 07:00 Shading Angle 65°: Area of Dome Shaded 570 m² Percentage of Dome Shaded 17.2%

TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING

Shading Pattern - View from Street

Solar Equinox 21st March 08:00 Shading Angle 65°: Area of Dome Shaded 736 m² Percentage of Dome Shaded 22.2%

TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING

Shading Pattern - View from Street

Solar Equinox 21st March 09:00 Shading Angle 65°: Area of Dome Shaded 921 m² Percentage of Dome Shaded 27.8%

TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING

Shading Pattern - View from Street

Norh Solar Equinox 21st March 10:00 Shading Angle 65°: Area of Dome Shaded 1.084 m² Percentage of Dome Shaded 32.7%

TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING

Shading Pattern - View from Street

Solar Equinox 21st March 11:00 Shading Angle 65°: Area of Dome Shaded 1.204 m² Percentage of Dome Shaded 36.4%

TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING

Shading Pattern - View from Street

Solar Equinox 21st March 12:00 Shading Angle 65°: Area of Dome Shaded 1.250 m² Percentage of Dome Shaded 37.7%

TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING

Shading Pattern - View from Street

Solar Equinox 21st March 13:00 Shading Angle 65°: Area of Dome Shaded 1.196 m² Percentage of Dome Shaded 36.1%

TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING

Shading Pattern - View from Street

Solar Equinox 21st March 14:00 Shading Angle 65°: Area of Dome Shaded 1.081 m² Percentage of Dome Shaded 32.7%

TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING

Shading Pattern - View from Street

North

Solar Equinox 21st March 15:00 Shading Angle 65°: Area of Dome Shaded 929 m² Percentage of Dome Shaded 28.0%

TRANSSOLAR KLIMAENGINEERING

Shading Pattern - View from Street

Solar Equinox 21st March 16:00 Shading Angle 65°: Area of Dome Shaded 749 m² Percentage of Dome Shaded 22.6%

Curved-line Folding Aldrovanda Trapping mechanism of waterwheel plants

Image: Sarracenia

midrib curved-line rib enclosure boundary

marginal portion

curved fold

Simon Schleicher Simon Poppinga

Image: Juniper, Robins, and Joel 1989

Image: T. Iijima

Image: Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg (video slowed 40x)

central portion with motorzone

marginal portion

water flea

Curved-line folding in Aldrovanda traps Comparison of different curvature ratios Validation through FE simulation Schleicher et al. IASS 2011

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Space Form Pattern

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1936   1963   2015  

0,7   aerodynamic  shape  drag  coefficient  

0,36  

0,16  

1936                                    1963                              2013                                    

drag  coefficient  

aerodynamic  shape  drag  coefficient  

year  

aerodynamic  shape  drag  coefficient  

14  liter                                  fuel  consumpCon                            1,8  liter  

e-­‐car  

4,4  sec                                                                                0  –  100                                                    3,7  sec  

acceleration

85  seconds                                                                    0  –  100                                                    3,7  seconds      

1930       today      

Bao‘an Int‘l Airport T3 Shenzhen Arch Massimiliano Fuksas Eng Knippers Helbig

concept design: subdivision of roof structure

competition stage, 2008

Versuche an Modellen – Fassadenmockup

Fassadenmockup (11.09.2009)

Illustration: Knippers Helbig

Design Parameter: Size of glass opening Slope of glass opening

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4

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1

milos bildschirm

2008

- Creating masterpoints on the original surfaces - Naming and sorting the points

-  drawing glass panes

lines of sight daylight analysis building physics

Illustrations: Fuksas, Arup, Knippers Helbig

Space Form Pattern

Engineer

Constructor

Fabrication Erection Structure Energy

Architect

optim

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Space Form Pattern

Engineer

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Fabrication Erection

Structure Energy

Architect

optim

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stru

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fabr

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Space Form Pattern

Engineer

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Fabrication Erection

Structure Energy

Architect

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fabr

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Space Form Pattern

Engineer

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Architect

optim

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Engineers

Constructor

Architect

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space

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energy gain

maintenance

light

cost

climate

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fabrication

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light

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October 2011

October 2011

Jan 2013

Oct 2013

March 2011

March 2011

March 2011

thank you for your attention